the hydrology of pakistan of pa… · hydro.logy the term hydrology is from greek: hydōr,...
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hydro.logy
The term hydrology is from Greek: hydōr, "water"; and, logos,
"study".
noun
the science dealing with the occurrence, circulation, distributio
n, and properties of the waters of the earth and its atmosphere.
HYDROLOGY | Definition
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HYDROLOGY | History
Along the Indus
River, Pakistan, the
Tigris and Euphrates
in Mesopotamia,
Hwang Ho in China,
and the Nile in Egypt
that the first hydraulic
engineers created
canals, levees, dams,
subsurface water
conduits, and wells
The Romans constructed
numerous aqueducts to bring
water from distant sources
into their cities and towns.
Waste water was removed by
complex sewage systems and
released into nearby bodies
of water. Some aqueducts
also provided water for
mining, processing,
manufacturing, and
agriculture.
Leonardo da Vinci
and Bernard Palissy
independently
reached an accurate
representation of the
hydrologic cycle
Perault
Linked rainfall to
flow of the river
Seine
Marriotte
Combined velocity
and river cross
section to obtain
discharge of the
river Seine
Pitot
Bernoulli
Euler
Chezy
Dalton
Made progress in
applications of
mathematics, fluid
mechanics,
and hydraulics
Darcy
Worked on
groundwater
hydrology
Poiseuille
Stokes
Manning
Reynolds
Mead
Meyer
Hazen
Gumbel
Hurst
Meinzer
Hubbert
Prandtl
Chow
Thornthwaite
Penman
Horton
4000 BC 200 AD 1500 1800 19001850
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HYDROLOGY | Branches
Study of
chemical
characteristics
of water
Study of
interactions
of living
organisms
and the
hydrologic
cycle
Hydrogeology HydrometeorologySurface
Hydrology
Drainage Basin
Management
Water Quality
Study of the
distribution
and movement
of groundwater
in the soils and
rocks of the
Earth’s crust
Study of the
transfer of water
and energy
between land
and water body
surfaces and the
lower
atmosphere
Study of
hydrologic
processes
that operate
at or
near Earth's
surface
Covers water-
storage, in the
form of
reservoirs,
and flood-
protection
Chemistry of
water in
rivers and
lakes, both of
pollutants
and natural
solutes
Eco
Hydrology
Chemical
Hydrology
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HYDROLOGY | ApplicationsDetermining the
water balance
for a region
Determining
agricultural
water balance
Designing buffers
Predicting
floods
Designing
irrigation
schemesDesigning
drainage
systems Designing
Urban
drinking
water and
sewer
systemsAssessing
export of
sediment &
nutrients
from fields
to water
systems
Assessing impacts
of natural and
human induced
environmental
change on water
resources
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Evaporation
Transpiration
Infiltration
Condensation
Runoff
Precipitation
Subsurface flow
HYDROLOGY | the hydrologic cycle
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BASICS OF HYDROLOGY
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HYDROLOGY | distribution of earth’s water
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/node/701
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WATER DISTRIBUTION
• Oceans 97.5%
• fresh water 2.45%
– Ice Caps and Glaciers 1.92%
• Distribution of water availability for Pakistan– Glacier-melt Runoff 65%
– Rainfall (Liquid Portion) 35 %
• Monsoon Season 65%
• Winter Season 25%
• Mean Annual rainfall
– Lower Indus Plain < 100 mm
– Upper Indus Plain > 750 mm
• Pakistan divided in three hydrological units:
– Indus basin, covering an area of over 566,000 km2
– Kharan desert in west Balochistan with its inland drainage
– The arid Makran coast along the Arabian Sea in the south. The total watershed area of the Indus basin, or the region that drains into the river, as well as the river system itself, is 944,000 km2, 60% of which lies in Pakistan.
10
11
MAJOR WATER RESOURCES
So
urc
es o
f W
ate
r Rainfall
Snowfall
Snow/Ice melt
Reservoirs
Plants
12
Westerly Wave
(Mid Latitude Weather Systems)
Tracks of Monsoon & Winter Weather Systems
Monsoon
Monsoonal
Zone
Rainfall Pattern 0ver Pakistan
13
MEAN ANNUAL & SEASONAL RAINFALL
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PAKISTAN’S CRYOSPHERIC RESERVOIRSNumber of
Glaciers
Area of Glaciers
(km2)
Volume of Ice
(km3)
Ranges
7259 11780 2066 Himalaya
Karakoram
Hindukush
15
Karkoram
Himalaya
Hindukush
Astor
Jhelum
IndusShingo
Pakistan
Sub basins of Himalaya
Glaciated Region of Pakistan
Major regions
16
GLACIERS OF HKH REGION
17
SNOW RESIDENCY
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb Jan Feb
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
km
2
Feb
Jan
• Decreasing Trend of Snow Cover
• Snow Accumulation Maxima Shifting Toward February
18
NUMBER OF GLACIERS IN TEN RIVER
SUB-BASINSSub-Basin Number of Glacier Area (km2) Ice Reserves (km3)
Astor 373 242.9 17.2
Shingo 197 45.3 1.4
Shyok 978 3013.2 730.6
Shigar 437 2372.8 601.8
Hunza 1359 2736.8 415.7
Gilgit 967 938.2 71.3
Chitral 909 1468.5 171.7
Swat 327 127.3 5.2
Indus 1344 720.3 45.3
Jhelum 368 123.3 5.1
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KEY WATER INFORMATION
No. of major rivers 5 (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab,
Ravi and Satluj)
No. of major reservoirs 2
No. of barrages / HW / Syphons 23
No. of main canal system 45
No. of interlink canals 12
Length of canals 60800 Km
Length of watercourses 1.6 Million Km
Average canal water diversion 104.7 MAF
Groundwater abstraction 41.6 MAF
No. of tubewells >550,000
Irrigated area 36 Million Acres
Average escapade to the sea 39.4 MAF
Jhelum
Sutlej
Ravi
Major River in Pakistan
Indus
INDIA 21
Dams and Barrages on Indus River
22
LINK CANAL OF PAKISTAN
23
TARBELA DAM at INDUS
MANGALA DAM at JHELUM
Live Capacity = 9.69 MAF
Live Capacity = 5.34 MAF
Live Capacity = 6.73 MAF
Live Capacity = 4.54 MAF
24
SURFACE AND GROUND WATER
25
ESTIMATED GROUND WATER RESOURCES
26
SURFACE WATER ACCOUNT(1960-2002)
Average annual volume of water
from rainfall and snow melt
154.00
From Western Rivers 144.91
From Eastern Rivers 9.14
Diversion for irrigation 104.73
Flow to sea 39.40
System losses 9.90
MAF
Source: GISC, Islamabad, Pakistan
RIVER FLOWS AND WATER AVAILABILITY
(1979-2015)Average(MAF)
Total river inflows (a) 143.3
Ground water available (b) 50
Total water supply (a+b) 193.3
Average withdrawal through canals 101
Escapage below Kotri 26.7
Evaporation and other losses 15.6
Water availability (agriculture)
Average withdrawal through canals
101
Losses (from canal head to farm
gate)
24.3
Water available at farm gate (c) 76.7
Groundwater withdrawal (d) 47.0
Overall water availability (c+d) 123.7 123.7
28Data source: Water and Power Development Authority
ESCAPAGE BELOW KOTRI BARRAGE
29
Souce: Handbook on water statistic of Pakistan(2015-16)
SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES AND
CONSUMPTIONS
Source: IJAZ -UL-HASSAN KASHIF SMALL DAMS ORGANIZATIONISLAMABAD
GROUND WATER
Total Groundwater Potential = 55 MAF
Groundwater Abstraction = 41.5 MAF
Punjab (81 % abstraction) 80 % Fresh water, 20 % Saline
Sind (12 % abstraction)
23 % Fresh water & 77 % Saline
NWFP (5 % Abstraction)
Balochistan (1.2 % Abstraction)
Source: Simi Kamal Conference on The Future of Water for Food
3rd – 5th May 2009 University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska
GROWTH IN USE OF TUBEWELLS
WATER CRISIS an OVERVIEW for PAST,
PRESENT AND FUTURE
33
WATER SECURITY-MAJOR CONCERNS
Highly Variable inflows due to increased variability of monsoon and winter precipitation.
Increased Frequency of droughts and floods
Higher irrigation demand and less water available.
Shrinking Glaciers have serious implications for sustainable water supply.
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35
PER CAPITA STORAGE CAPACITY
in DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
Source: World Bank
PER CAPITA WATER-AVAILABILITY in SELECTED
COUNTRIES (M3 )
36
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
China Mexico Philippines Iraq USA Pakistan
1955 4597 11396 13507 18441 14934 2490
1990 2427 4226 5173 6029 9913 1672
2025 1818 2597 3072 2356 7695 837
Wa
ter A
va
ilib
ilit
y (
m3
)
1955
1990
2025
Source: Population Action International, 2003
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990 2000 2025
Wheat
Cotton
Rice
S Cane
Others
Total
168.32 MAF188.28 MAF
261.14 MAF
WHEAT
WHEAT
WHEAT
COTTON
RICE
S C
ANE
OTHERS
TOTALCOTTON
COTTON
RICE
RICE
S C
ANE
S C
ANE
OTHERS
OTHERS
TOTAL
TOTAL
Agricultural Water Demands (MAF)
37
Year 1990 2000 2025
Population (Million)
110 140 210
Water Demand (MAF)
4 5.2 9.7
Water Demand for Domestic Use
38
FUTURE WATER REQUIREMENT
DETAILSYEAR 2025
(MAF)
Water Availability 237
Water Requirement 271
Shortage 3439
Source:ADB,Report
WATER AVAILABILITY
In early 1950s per Capita Water Availability in Pakistan was 5000 m³per capita which has dwindled to 1200 m³ per capita.
- Storage Capacity of the three Reservoirs has dropped from 15.75 MAF to11.54 MAF showing a decline of almost 40% due to siltation.
Irrigation consumes 94% of the available water while the rest goes todomestic and industrial consumption.
25% of GNP, is attributed to agriculture and 50% of the rural workforce is engaged in it and it contributes 60% the total exports.
Irrigated agriculture accounts for 80% the total agricultural output.40
WATER SECURITY
WATER SCARCE AREAS OF THE WORLD
41
Source: International Water Management Institute
42
WATER DEMAND SCENARIO
Source: DEVELOPMENT ADVOCATE PAKISTAN, Water Security in Pakistan: Issues and Challenges NDP, Volume 3, Issue 4
0
2
4
6
8
10T
ons/h
a
Pakistan India Egypt China USA
Wheat Rice Cotton
43
LAND PRODUCTIVITY VERY
POOR COMPARISON OF MAJOR
CROPS YIELDS
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
tons/ cub. m
Pakistan India California Argentina
Wheat Maize
44
WATER PRODUCTIVITY
EXTREMELY POOR COMPARISON
WITH OTHER COUNTRIES
Source: World Water Productivity: Current Situation and
Future Options Ximing Cai and Mark W. Rosegrant
45
WATER POTENTIAL & REQUIREMENTS Water Availability (Avg 1976-2009) 138.70 MAF
Water Requirement for the Country with reference to Accord 1991 (117 MAF)
ProvinceWater Accord Allocation
Water Availability or used
{Avg (1976 -2009)}
Shortage /
Excess
Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Value %age
Punjab 37.07 18.87 55.94 34.16 18.66 52.82 -3.12 -5.6
Sindh 33.94 14.82 48.76 28.95 13.84 42.79 -5.97 -12.2
Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
3.48
+1.80
5.28
2.30
+ 1.20
3.50
5.78
+3.00 (Civil Canal)
8.78
4.09 2.51
6.60
- 3.00
3.60
-2.18 -24.8
Balochistan 2.85 1.02 3.87 1.23 0.80 2.03 -1.84 -47.5
Total 77.34 37.01 117.35 68.42 35.81 104.23 -13.12 -11.18
Average Water Availability 2000 – 2010 105 MAF(Currently Pakistan is suffering from water shortage cycle)
POPULATION VS WATER
46
Source: Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
WATER QUALITY
47
48
Pakistan is historically prone to Extreme Weather Events/Disasters,
such as;
GLOF/Snow-melt Flooding
Heavy Rains/River Flooding
Torrential Rain/Flash Flooding
Cyclones/Coastal Flooding
Urban Flooding
Extreme Heat in May/June
Extreme Rainfall (Monsoon)
Extreme Rainfall (Monsoon)
Extreme Rainfall (Monsoon)
Tropical Cyclones (Pre & Post Monsoon)
Droughts Deficient Rainfall (Winter & Monsoon)
In Pakistan, more than 70% High Impact Weathers (Extreme Weather
Events) are associated with Monsoon Season. Flash Floods, Floods &
Urban Floods are frequent High Impact Weathers in Pakistan
Pakistan’s Hydrology Related Disaster
Fog Dry and Extreme Winters (Nov-Dec)
Federal
WAPDA Act 1958
Water Accord 1991
IRSA ACT 1992
Environment Act 1992
Council of Common
Interests(Constitutional
body)
National Water Policy
Provincial
Irrigation and Drainage Act
1873
Balochistan Water
Ordinannce 1980
Punjab Soil Reclamation
Act 1952
PIDAs Atc 1997
Water Users Association
Act 1982
49
LAWS AND REGULATIONS
50
GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS
Federal Ministry of water and power
Min. of Science and Technology
Min. of Agriculture
Min. of Environment
Atomic Energy Commission
WAPDA, IRSA, FFC,PMD
PCRWR
Federal Water Management Cell
Provincial Irrigation departments
Local government dept
Line agencies
• NO Hydrology Society
• Implementation of legislation regarding
rivers/river law
• Collaboration among organization
• Data Bank for Researchers
• Lack of Technology
GAP IN PAKISTAN’S HYDROLOGY SYSTEM
51
52
53
The Schematic of Hydrological Cycle
54
55
56
57
Potential for water development per annum
Water source MAF
Surface water reservoir (Kalabagh, Basha, and Dassu) 17
Surface water reservoir (12 small dams sites proposed) 16
Water lost in canals and distributaries 21
Water lost in minors 5
Water lost in water courses 15
Groundwater 9
Sub-total 83
ITarar, 1997; 2Afzal, 1997; 3Khalid 1997; and 4WAPDA 1987; MAF
= Million acre-feet.
INDUS AND JHELUM OFF CHANNEL STORAGE SITES
KALABAGH DAM
Dam Height 260 Ft.
Storage 6.18 MAF
River INDUS
BASHA DIAMER DAM PROJECT
LocationAbout 200 miles(320 km) upstream of
Tarbela Dam.
Dam Type
Length
Height
Dam Roller Compacted concrete
3402 Ft.
909 Ft.
Canal Length 0 Miles
Canal Capacity 0
SURFACE STORAGE IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
SURFACE STORAGE IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
63
SEDIMENTATION AND STORAGE CAPACITY