The Human Body

MjamesApril 8, 2013

period

Bell ringers 4/16/13

• Monday– find 3 science words that describe you and explain why. Extra credit if they start with the same letter as your name.

Table of contents (inside front cover)

system pages Main organs

Circulatory system 1-3

Respiratory system 4-6

Digestive system 7-9

Excretory system 10-11

Nervous system 12- 14

Muscular system

Skeletal systems

circulatory system

function

Heart Causes blood to flow through the body by its pumping action

Vessels Tubes that carry blood throughout the entire body Most arteries carry blood that has oxygen and

nutrients to all the parts of the body. Most veins carry waste products (for example

carbon dioxide) from all the parts of the body back to the heart.

Capillaries are very small vessels where oxygen and nutrients leave the blood to go into the cells and carbon dioxide and other waste products enter the blood from the cells.

Blood Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma that have different functions.

p. 1

p. 2 draw and label the heart

p. 3 top HEART WORDS • Atrium– top sections of heart• Ventricle– bottom sections of heart• Septum– wall between right and left sides of heart.

Separates blood with O2 from blood w/o O2.

• Oxygenated– having oxygen• Red blood cells– carry oxygen using hemoglobin, red

color because of Iron• White blood cells– fight infection, much larger than

RBC’s • Platelets– cell fragments that plug holes to prevent

bleeding

• Plasma– liquid part of the blood• Double circulation– blood passes through heart

twice (right side lungs left side body)• Cardiovascular– dealing with heart and blood

vessels• Stroke– blood clot in brain causes part of brain to

go w/o oxygen and it dies. • Heart attack– blood clot in the vessels that feed the

heart and that part of the heart goes w/o oxygen and dies.

p. 3 bottom HEART WORDS

p. 4 topWords for respiratory system

• Inhale– breathe in• Exhale– breathe out• Respiration rate--- # breaths/minute• Inspiration– lungs fill up• Expiration—Lungs empty• Oxygen– gas we need• Carbon dioxide– gas we get rid of

p. 4 bottomWords for respiratory system

• Lungs– where gas exchange takes place• Alveoli– small bubbles in lungs that are

wrapped with blood vessels• Windpipe– air tube that connects back of

mouth and nose to bronchi (tubes into lungs)• Hard palate– roof of mouth , has ridges• Soft palate– soft area behind hard palate

NoseCollects air from the environment and moistens and heats the air before it enters the trachea.

TracheaThe windpipe; moves air from the nose to the lungs.

Bronchi (sg., bronchus)

Tubes that move air from the trachea to the lungs; one bronchus leads to each lung; part of each bronchus is outside the lung and part is inside.

Lungs

The main organs where gases are exchanged between air and the blood; the alveoli in the lungs are where the gas exchange takes place.

Diaphragm

The muscle that aids in the breathing process.

p. 5

p. 6 draw and label the respiratory system organs

Mouth

Begins to break down food into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion; saliva in the mouth starts the process of chemical digestion.

EsophagusThe transport tube that carries chewed food to the stomach.

Stomach

Continues the process of mechanical digestion; and secretes gastric juices that continue the process of chemical digestion started in the mouth.

Small intestines

The organ where most of the chemical digestion of food takes place; nutrients from food are also absorbed through the small intestines.

Large intestines

The organ where water is absorbed from the food and taken into the bloodstream; prepares the remaining undigested food for elimination from the body.

p. 7

Rectum and anus

The rectum is a short tube that stores solid waste until it is eliminated from the body through the anus.

LiverA secondary organ of the digestive system that produces bile, which is used by the body to break up fat particles.

Gallbladder

A secondary organ to the digestive system that functions to store bile produced by the liver.

Pancreas

A secondary organ to the digestive system that functions to produce digestive juices that help to further break down the food in the small intestine.

p. 8

p.9 label the organs of the digestive system

The excretory system p. 10Kidneys

The two kidneys get rid of urea, excess water, and some other waste materials released by the cells. These are eliminated as urine.

Ureters Tubes which connect each kidney to the bladder

BladderA saclike muscular organ which stores urine until it is released from the body.

UrethraTube through which urine passes before it is removed from the body

p. 11 diagram of the excretory system

p. 12 The nervous system

Brain

An organ of the central nervous system, which as three distinct parts that all serve to control and coordinate the activities of the body. The cerebrum controls thoughts, voluntary

actions, and the sensations related to the five senses.

The cerebellum helps with balance and coordination.

The brain stem is located at the base of the brain and controls vital and involuntary processes (for example, breathing, the beating of the heart, and digestion).

Spinal cord

A bundle of nerves that begins at the brain stem and continues down the center of the back through the vertebrae. It connects with the peripheral nerves.

Peripheral nerves

A network of nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and connect to the rest of the body and transmit signals to and from the brain through the spinal cord.

p. 13 the diagram of the nervous system

p. 14 top Nerve words• Nerve– fiber that connects sensors in body to

brain and brain to muscles.• Brain– organs made of nerves that decode

nerve messages and decide what to do. • Impulses– electrical messages that travel

through the nerves. • Sense organs– how we gather information

about our surroundings• Neuron –nerve cell

p. 14 bottom Nerve words• Paralyzed– break in the nerve pathway, no

control below that break• Spine –bone that make up the backbone. • Spinal cord– thick cord or rope that runs

through the bones and carries messages. • Reflex– body responds to nerve messages

without thinking about it

p. 15 Draw and label the skeletal system

Week of 4/15/13 bell ringers: Monday: What are 3 science

words that describe you?Tuesday: What are 3 science

words that could describe a dog or cat? Explain why.

ORGAN SYSTEM

STRUCTURE FUNCTION

SKELETAL BONES—(beg 300+ adult 206)bones are framework

Support mass of body, make RBC’s, Enclose/protect organs, allow movement

CARTILAGE—soft rubbery substance at the ends of bones, nose and ears

Ease movement, give shape, prevent bones grinding

p. 16

p.17 Notes on skeleton• There are 206 bones in the average human

body.• Bones are made of layers, with marrow in the

center. • The marrow is responsible for making blood

cells. • The spongy layer of bone is to add support

without adding a lot of mass. • The skeleton is designed to provide structure

and support to the body.

SKELETAL—attached to bonesVoluntary

Move bones

SMOOTH—looks like ribbons, line blood vessels, digestive tract, uterus and vagina

Move blood, food, and babies Involuntary

CARDIAC--makes up heart, combination of smooth and skeletal

involuntaryMoves blood

p. 18 muscular system

p.19 Notes on muscular system

• There are more than 600 muscles in the body. • The muscles create most of the heat in the

body.• The muscles move your body, move things

within your body, and respond to the nerve messages.

p. 20. INTEGUMENTARY systemEpidermis Outer layer of skin, covers

the body, waterproof, layers of dead cells

dermis Layers of living cells, second layer from outside, has blood vessels and nerves

Subcutaneous layer( fatty) Cushions the bones as well as helps maintain the body’s temperature, stores extra energy in form of fat

Need to add 3 sheetsstaple to inside back cover

• While you are waiting/ finish for homework • Voc on p. 38D, sections 2, 4, and 5 only