the human body in health and illness...the human body in health and illness sixth edition barbara...
TRANSCRIPT
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TheHumanBodyinHealthandIllness
SIXTHEDITION
BarbaraHerlihy,BSN,MA,PhD(Physiology),RNProfessorofBiology,UniversityoftheIncarnateWord,SchoolofMathematics,Science,andEngineering,SanAntonio,Texas
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TableofContents
Coverimage
Titlepage
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgments
TotheInstructor
TotheStudent
Chapter1.IntroductiontotheHumanBody
AnatomyandPhysiology:WhatTheyAre
WhyDoINeedtoKnowThis?
TheBody’sLevelsofOrganization
MajorOrganSystems
Homeostasis:StayingtheSame
AnatomicalTerms:TalkingAbouttheBody
AnatomicalPosition
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RelativePositions
PlanesoftheBody
RegionalTerms
CavitiesoftheBody
DorsalCavity
VentralCavity
Chapter2.BasicChemistry
Matter,Elements,andAtoms
Elements
Atoms
ChemicalBonds
IonicBonds
CovalentBonds
HydrogenBonds
Polarity
Ions
IonFormation
Ionization
MoleculesandCompounds
Compounds
SomeImportantCompoundsandMolecules
ChemicalReactions
AcidsandBases
Acids
Bases
NeutralizationofAcidsandBases
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Measurement:ThepHScale
Energy
FormsofEnergy
ConversionofEnergy
EnergyTransfer:TheRoleofAdenosineTriphosphate
Mixtures,Solutions,Suspensions,andPrecipitates
Mixtures
Solutions
Suspensions
Precipitates
Chapter3.Cells
TypicalCell
CellMembrane
InsidetheCell
OntheCellMembrane
MovementAcrosstheCellMembrane
PassiveTransportMechanisms
ActiveTransportMechanisms
CellDivision
CellCycle
CellDifferentiation
StemCells
Order,Disorder,andDeath
Chapter4.CellMetabolism
Metabolism
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
UsesofGlucose
TheBreakdownofGlucose
TheMakingofGlucose
Lipids(Fats)
UsesofLipids
Proteins
AminoAcids
UsesofProteins
ProteinSynthesisandDNA
DNAStructure
StepsinProteinSynthesis
Chapter5.MicrobiologyBasics
WhatIsDisease?
TypesofPathogens
Microorganisms(Microbes)
Other(Multicellular)Disease-CausingOrganisms
LaboratoryIdentificationofPathogens
TheSpreadofInfection
PortalsofEntryandExit
FiveGerm-LadenStories
Dr.SemmelweisScreams,“WashThoseMitts!”
FloraandHerVaginalItch
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Rick,Nick,andtheSickTick
WhyTyphoidMaryNeededtoLoseHerGallbladder
APoxNewsAlert!
Chapter6.TissuesandMembranes
EpithelialTissue
WhatDoesItDo?
WhatIsItLike?
Classification
SimpleEpithelia
StratifiedEpithelia
GlandularEpithelia
ConnectiveTissue
WhatDoesItLookLike?
TypesofConnectiveTissue
NervousTissue
Neurons
MuscleTissue
SkeletalMuscle
SmoothMuscle
CardiacMuscle
TissueRepair
Membranes
Chapter7.IntegumentarySystemandBodyTemperature
FunctionsoftheIntegumentarySystem
StructureoftheSkin
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LayersoftheSkin
SkinColor
AccessoryStructuresoftheSkin
Hair
Nails
Glands
BodyTemperature
HeatProduction
HeatLoss
Regulation
WhenSkinIsBurned
ANoteAboutSkinCare
Chapter8.SkeletalSystem
ArrangementandFunctionsofBones
TheSkeletalSystem:WhatItDoes
ManySizesandShapesofBones
BoneTissueandBoneFormation
CompactandSpongyBone
LongBones
Ossification
GrowingBones
DivisionsoftheSkeletalSystem
AxialSkeleton
AppendicularSkeleton
Joints(Articulations)
JointClassification
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NamingJoints
MovingSynovialJoints
Clinically“Big”SynovialJoints
Chapter9.MuscularSystem
TypesandFunctionsofMuscles
SkeletalMuscle
SmoothMuscle
CardiacMuscle
StructureoftheWholeMuscle
LayersofConnectiveTissue
MuscleAttachments
StructureandFunctionofaSingleMuscleFiber
HowMusclesContract
TheRoleofCalciumandAdenosineTriphosphate
SkeletalMusclesandNerves
TheMotorUnit
TheNeuromuscularJunction
MuscleResponses
EnergySourceforMuscleContraction
MuscleFatigue
MuscleTerms
PrimeMover,Synergist,andAntagonist
MuscleOveruseandUnderuseTerms
HowSkeletalMusclesareNamed
Size
Shape
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OrientationofFibers
Location
NumberofOrigins
OriginandInsertion
MuscleAction
MusclesFromHeadtoToe
MusclesoftheHead
MusclesoftheNeck
MusclesoftheTrunk
MusclesoftheShoulder(Pectoral)GirdleandArm
MusclesThatMovetheForearm
MusclesThatMovetheWrist,Hand,andFingers
MusclesThatMovetheThigh,Leg,andFoot
MusclesThatMovetheLeg
MusclesThatMovetheFoot
Chapter10.NervousSystem:NervousTissueandBrain
TheNervousSystem:StructureandFunction
DivisionsoftheNervousSystem
FunctionsoftheNervousSystem
CellsThatMakeUptheNervousSystem
Neuroglia
Neuron
WhiteMatterVersusGrayMatter
TheNeuronCarryingInformation
TheNerveImpulse:WhatItIs
TheNerveImpulse:WhatCausesIt
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TheNerveImpulse:WhatCausesIttoMove
TheNerveImpulse:WhatCausesIttoMoveQuickly
SynapseAcrossNeurons
PartsofaSynapse
EventsattheSynapse
Brain:StructureandFunction
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
BrainStem
Cerebellum
StructuresAcrossDivisionsoftheBrain
ProtectingtheCentralNervousSystem
Bone:FirstLayerofProtection
Meninges:SecondLayerofProtection
CerebrospinalFluid:ThirdLayerofProtection
Blood–BrainBarrier:FourthLayerofProtection
Chapter11.NervousSystem:SpinalCordandPeripheralNerves
WhattheSpinalCordIs
GrayontheInside,WhiteontheOutside
WhattheSpinalCordDoes
Reflexes
TheReflexArc
Many,ManyReflexes
PeripheralNervousSystem
Nerves
ClassifyingthePeripheralNervousSystem
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SpinalNervesAttachedtotheSpinalCord
Chapter12.AutonomicNervousSystem
Autonomic(Visceral)Reflexes
Pathway
OrganizationandFunctionoftheAutonomicNervousSystem
AutonomicToneandVasomotorTone
AutonomicNervousSystemNeurons
NeuronsoftheSympatheticNervousSystem
NeuronsoftheParasympatheticNervousSystem
NamingFibersandNeurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters:TerminationofActivity
ReceptorsoftheAutonomicNervousSystem
CholinergicReceptors
AdrenergicReceptors
AutonomicTerminology:“Doing”AutonomicPharmacology
Chapter13.SensorySystem
ReceptorsandSensation
SensationandPerception
ExperiencingaSensation
TheGeneralSenses
Pain
TouchandPressure
Temperature
Proprioception
TheSpecialSenses
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SenseofSmell:TheNose
SenseofTaste:TheTongue
SenseofSight:TheEye
SenseofHearing:TheEar
SenseofBalance:TheEar
Chapter14.EndocrineSystem
EndocrineGlands
ClassificationofHormones
Targets
HormoneReceptors
ControlofHormoneSecretion
PituitaryGlandandtheHypothalamus
AnteriorPituitaryGland
PosteriorPituitaryGland
ThyroidGland
ThyroidFollicle
WhatThyroidHormones(T3andT4)Do
RegulationofSecretion
TheNeedforIodine
Calcitonin
ParathyroidGlands
PTHDeficiencyandHypocalcemicTetany
AdrenalGlands
AdrenalMedulla
AdrenalCortex
Pancreas
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Insulin
Glucagon
Gonads
ThymusGland
PinealGland
OtherHormones
Prostaglandins
AdiposeTissueHormones
Chapter15.Blood
WhatBloodDoes
CompositionofBlood
BloodHasTwoParts
OriginofBloodCells
BoneMarrowWoes:TooLittle,TooMuch
BloodCells
WhiteBloodCells
Platelets
BloodCounts
Hemostasis:PreventionofBloodLoss
BloodVesselSpasm
FormationofaPlateletPlug
BloodCoagulation
BloodTypes
AntigensandBloodTypes
AntibodiesandBloodType
Antigen–AntibodyInteraction
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CompatibilityandIncompatibilityofBloodTypes
RhClassificationSystem
Chapter16.AnatomyoftheHeart
Function,Location,andSizeoftheHeart
LayersandCoveringoftheHeart
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Pericardium
ADoublePumpandTwoCirculations
TheHeart’sChambersandGreatVessels
RightAtrium
RightVentricle
LeftAtrium
LeftVentricle
GreatVesselsoftheHeart
HeartValves
AtrioventricularValves
SemilunarValves
HeartSounds
PathwayofBloodFlowThroughtheHeart
BloodSupplytotheMyocardium
IschemiaandInfarction
CardiacEnzymesandLeakyCells
CardiacConductionSystem
PartsoftheCardiacConductionSystem
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AutomaticityandRhythmicity
Electrocardiogram
Chapter17.FunctionoftheHeart
TheCoordinatedandAdaptablePump
AutonomicControloftheHeart
HeartTalk
HeartTalk:ReceptorLanguage
TheFailingHeart:WhentheHeartCan’tPump
LeftHeartFailure
RightHeartFailure
Chapter18.AnatomyoftheBloodVesselsandSpecialCirculations
Circles,Circuits,andCirculations
BloodVessels
BloodVesselWalls:TheLayeredLook
BloodVessels:WhatTheyDo
MajorArteriesoftheSystemicCirculation
Aorta
BranchesoftheAorta
MajorVeinsoftheSystemicCirculation
VenaeCavae
SpecialCirculations
BloodSupplytotheHeadandBrain
BloodSupplytotheLiverandtheHepaticPortalCirculation
FetalCirculation
Pulse
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WhatCanYouLearnAboutaPatientbyFeelingthePulse?
Chapter19.FunctionsoftheBloodVessels
BloodVesselsDeliver
BloodVesselsRegulateBloodPressure
BloodPressureinDifferentBloodVessels
WhatDeterminesBloodPressure?
HowBloodPressureStaysWithinNormalLimits
BloodVesselsActasExchangeVessels
WhatIsanExchangeVessel?
WhyCapillariesAreGoodExchangeVessels
CapillaryForces:Exchange
BloodVesselsDistributeBlood
BloodVesselsRegulateBodyTemperature
Chapter20.LymphaticSystem
LymphandLymphaticCirculation
LymphaticVessels
WhatCausesLymphtoMove?
LymphaticTissue
LymphaticOrgans
LymphNodes
ThymusGland
Spleen
LymphaticNodules
Chapter21.ImmuneSystem
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ClassificationoftheImmuneSystem
NonspecificImmunity
SpecificImmunity:ThirdLineofDefense
TypesofImmunity
GeneticImmunity
AcquiredImmunity
OtherImmuneResponses
AllergicReactions
Chapter22.RespiratorySystem
Structure:OrgansoftheRespiratorySystem
NoseandNasalCavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
BronchialTree:Bronchi,Bronchioles,andAlveoli
Lungs
PleuralMembranes
CollapsedandExpandedLungs
WhyLungsCollapse
WhyLungsExpand
SayingItAnotherWay:Compliance
RespiratoryFunction
AmountsofAir
ControlofBreathing
Chapter23.DigestiveSystem
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OverviewoftheDigestiveSystem
DigestionandAbsorption
LayersandMembranesoftheDigestiveTract
StructuresandOrgans
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
SmallIntestine
LargeIntestine
AccessoryDigestiveOrgans
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
DigestionandAbsorption
CarbohydratesandCarbohydrate-SplittingEnzymes
ProteinsandProtein-SplittingEnzymes
Fats,Bile,andFat-SplittingEnzymes
Nutrition:ConceptstoKnow
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats(Lipids)
Vitamins
Minerals
HealthandaBalancedDiet
Chapter24.UrinarySystem
Excretion
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UrinarySystemOrgans
UrinarySystemTerms
Kidneys
Structure
BloodSupply
NerveSupply
FunctionsoftheKidneys
UrineMaking:TheNephronUnit
UrineFormation
HormonesThatWorkontheKidneys
Aldosterone
AntidiureticHormone
NatriureticPeptides
ParathyroidHormoneandCalcitonin
CompositionofUrine
UremiaandDialysis
YourPlumbing
Ureters
UrinaryBladder
Urination
Urethra
AnAutonomicMoment
Chapter25.Water,Electrolyte,andAcid–BaseBalance
BodyFluids:DistributionandComposition
CompositionofBodyFluids
WaterBalance
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WaterIntake
WaterOutput
WaterImbalances
WhyDoesFluidShift?
FluidSpacing—inOtherWords
ElectrolyteBalance
QuickReference:Electrolytes
MostImportantIons
Acid–BaseBalance
QuickReference:AcidsandBases
WheretheAcidComesFrom
HowtheBodyRegulatespH
Buffers
Lungs
RespiratoryActivityastheCauseofChangesinpH
RespiratoryActivityastheCorrectionforChangesinpH
Acid–BaseImbalances
Acidosis
Alkalosis
Chapter26.ReproductiveSystems
MaleReproductiveSystem
Testes
GenitalDucts
AccessoryGlands
Semen
ExternalGenitals
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MaleSexualResponse:Erection,Emission,Ejaculation,andOrgasm
MaleSexHormones
FemaleReproductiveSystem
Ovaries
GenitalTract
ExternalGenitals
FemaleSexualResponse
HormonalControloftheReproductiveCycles
TwoReproductiveCycles
FemaleBreastandLactation
MethodsofBirthControl
Chapter27.HumanDevelopmentandHeredity
Fertilization
WhenFertilizationOccurs
WhereFertilizationOccurs
HowFertilizationOccurs
HumanDevelopment
PrenatalDevelopment
EarlyEmbryonicPeriod
EmbryonicPeriod
FetalPeriod
ChangesintheMother’sBodyDuringPregnancy
Birth
PostnatalChangesandDevelopmentalStages
DevelopmentasaLifelongProcess
Heredity
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DNA,Genes,andChromosomes
It’saBoy;It’saGirl:HowtheSexoftheChildIsDetermined
CongenitalandHereditaryDisease
AnswerstoReviewYourKnowledgeandGoFigureQuestions
Glossary
Index
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Copyright
3251RiverportLaneSt.Louis,Missouri63043
THEHUMANBODYINHEALTHANDILLNESS,SIXTH
EDITION ISBN:978-0-323-49844-9Copyright©2018,ElsevierInc.Previouseditionscopyrighted2014,2011,2007,2003,2000
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthePublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspolicies,andourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgencycanbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compoundsorexperimentsdescribedherein.Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedical
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sciences,inparticular,independentverificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade.Tothefullestextentofthelaw,noresponsibilityisassumedbyElsevier,authors,editorsorcontributorsforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Herlihy,BarbaraL.,author.Title:Thehumanbodyinhealthandillness/BarbaraHerlihy.Description:Sixthedition.|St.Louis,Missouri:Elsevier,[2018]|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.Identifiers:LCCN2017031809|ISBN9780323498449(paperback:alk.paper)Subjects:|MESH:PhysiologicalPhenomena|PathologicProcesses|HealthClassification:LCCQP34.5|NLMQT104|DDC612--dc23LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017031809
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Dedication
Toallwholivecompassionately,seeingthedivineineachother,ourfurfriends,andMotherEarth.Weareallconnectedinlife.
Love,
Barbara
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Acknowledgments
Thepublishingandrepublishingofananatomyandphysiologytextrequirethecombinedeffortsofvariouspersonswithdiversetalents.IhavebeenblessedtoworkwithmanygenerousandtalentedindividualsatElsevierandoffermygratefulthanks,especiallytoElizabethKilgore,KellieWhite,andAnneKonopka.Liz,yourpatience,kindness,organizationalskills,andmotivational“encouragements”aremuchappreciated.
ManythanksalsotomystudentsandfriendsattheUniversityoftheIncarnateWord.Theyhavegraciouslysupportedmethroughallsixeditions.AspecialthankstoDr.BonnieMcCormick,thewisestandkindestof“bosses”attheUniversityoftheIncarnateWord.Thankstomyhusband,Jerry;hehascontributedmuchtothistextbyconstructingtables,proofreading,andofferingmanyhelpfulhints;he,too,isaphysiologist.ThankstomydaughterKellie,aclinicalnursespecialist,whoproofread,rewrote,andphotocopiedinthemidstofbeingamomtothreeadorabletoddlers.Whew!Thankstomychildren,grandchildren,andracquetballbuddiesfortheirinsistenceonleisureandplay;theyareinchargeofmymentalhealth.Ihighlyrecommend“grannyhood”;itisbeyondjoyandgetsbetter!
ThankstomyfurbabiesAnnieandLucy(woofandwoof)andMinky(purr)forthehourstheyhoveredaroundmeandmylaptop.Asusual,aspecialacknowledgmenttomybeloveddachshund,Pretzyl,wholaboredsohardonthefirsttwoeditions.Fourotherfurryhelpers—Julia,Kenner,Cajun,andZeke—aremissedbutcertainlynotforgotten.Awell-fedferalcatpopulationhasbeenadded,andwiththecompletionofthisedition,Iwillrewardmyselfwitha“rescue”dachshund…ortwo.Toallofyouwhohumormeaboutmypetcollectionanddevotion,many,manythanksforunderstanding.
Lastbutcertainlynotleast,manythankstothosewhousedpreviouseditionsandwerekindenoughtoforwardcommentsandsuggestions.Yourassistanceissoappreciated.Keepthecommentscoming!
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TotheInstructor
Heresheis…thesixtheditionofTheHumanBodyinHealthandIllness…older,wiser,stillsmilingandeagertowalkwithyouonyourjourneyintothehealthprofessions.It’sanexcitingjourneyforall,andwewishyouallthebest.
TheHumanBodyinHealthandIllnesstellsthestoryofthehumanbodywithallitspartsandthewaythesepartsworktogether.Itisastorythatwehavetoldmanytimesinourclasses.Itisalsoastorythatgetsbetterwitheachtellingasthebodycontinuestorevealitsmysteriesandhowmarvelouslyithasbeencreated.IhopethatyouenjoytellingthestoryasmuchasIdo.
TheHumanBodyinHealthandIllnessisabasicanatomyandphysiologytextaddressedtothestudentpreparingforacareerinthehealthprofessions.Itiswrittenforstudentswithminimalpreparationinthesciences;nopriorknowledgeofbiology,chemistry,orphysicsisrequired.Thetextprovidesallthebackgroundscienceinformationneededforanunderstandingofanatomyandphysiology.
ThebasicprinciplesofchemistryandbiochemistryarepresentedinChapters2and4,andtheysetthestageforanunderstandingofcellularfunction,fluidandelectrolytebalance,endocrinefunction,anddigestion.Chapter5,MicrobiologyBasics,presentsclinicallyrelevantmicrobiologicaltopics.Checkoutthestories“Rick,Nick,andtheSickTick”and“Dr.SemmelweisScreams:‘WashThoseMitts!’”Thelatterisanamusingpresentationofasadtaleinthehistoryofmedicineandcorrespondstothecurrentemphasisonhandhygieneandhealthcare–associatedinfection.
Theanatomyandphysiologycontentispresentedinatraditionalorder,fromsimpletocomplex.Thetextbeginswithadescriptionofasinglecellandprogressesthroughthevariousorgansystems.Therearetwokeythemesthatrunthroughoutthetext:(1)therelationshipbetweenstructureandfunction—thestudentmustunderstandthatanorganisanatomicallydesignedtoperformaspecificphysiologicalfunction,and(2)homeostasis—therolethateachorgansystemplaysinsustaininglifeandwhathappenswhenthatdelicatebalanceisdisturbed.
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Thetextaddressestwoconcernsabouttheselectionofcontent.Thefirsthastodowiththeamountofcontent.Thefieldofanatomyandphysiologyishuge;thereforetheremustbeaselectionofcontentthatcanbemasteredintheshortperiodoftimethatasemester(oreventwo)allows.Thistextfocusesonthephysiologythatisbasicandmostclinicallyrelevant.Pathophysiologyisintroducedprimarilytoclarifyphysiologicalfunction.Forinstance,thedifferenttypesofanemiasillustratethevariousstepsinthemakingoftheredbloodcell.Asecondconcernhastodowiththerecognitionthatwearenotpreparingphysiologists;instead,wewantthestudenttobeabletousethephysiologytounderstandclinicallyrelevantcontentsuchaspathophysiology,physicalassessment,diagnostics,andpharmacology.Anunderstandingofphysiologyiscrucialforadvancementinthemedicallyrelatedsciences.
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TextbookStrengths•Anatomyandphysiologyareclearlyandsimplyexplained.Ameticulouslypreparedsetofillustrations—completewithamusingcartoons—supportsthetext.Infact,thestoryofthebodyistoldasmuchthroughtheartasthroughthewrittenword.
•Thetexttrulyintegratespathophysiology;itisnotmerelyboxedinortackedonattheend.Theintegratedpathophysiologyisusedprimarilytoamplifythenormalanatomyandphysiology.TheexpandedMedicalTerminologyandDisorderstablesandfrequentreferencestocommonmedicalterminologyallowthetexttobeusedforanintroductorycourseinpathophysiologyandmedicalterminology.
•Inadditiontothepathophysiology,othertopicsareliberallyintegratedthroughoutthetext.Theseincludecommondiagnosticproceduressuchasbloodcount,lumbarpuncture,urinalysis,andelectrocardiography.Pharmacologicaltopicsarealsointroducedand,likethepathophysiology,areusedtoamplifythenormalanatomyandphysiology.Forinstance,thediscussionoftheneuromuscularjunctionisenhancedbyadescriptionoftheeffectsoftheneuromuscularblockingagents.Becauseoftheeffortofthetexttomakeclinicalcorrelations,itsetsthestageforthemoreadvancedhealthsciencecourses,includingpharmacologyandmedical-surgicalnursing.
•Re-Thinkboxesareliberallydistributedthroughouteachchapterandencouragestudentstomasterthatcontentbeforeprogressingthroughthechapter.RampItUp!boxesdevelopselectedclinicallyrelevanttopicsthataresimplytooadvancedtobeincludedinthetextasbasicinformation.Theseboxedfeaturescontainneworadvancedcontentcommonlyusedintheclinicalsettingandallowinstructorstoscaletheircoverageinamannerappropriatetothecourse.Theyofferstudentsthechancetomakefurtherconnectionsbetweenthetextandtheirfuturecareers.(SeetheTotheStudentprefaceonpageixfordescriptionsandexamplesofeachofthechapterfeatures.)
•Medicalterminologyisintroduced,defined,andusedthroughoutthetext.Commonclinicaltermssuchashyperkalemia,vasodilation,hypertension,anddiagnosisaredefinedandreusedsothatthestudentgraduallybuildsupasubstantialmedicalvocabulary.TheexpandedMedicalTerminologyandDisorderstablesweredeliberatelyconstructedtomaximizetheuseof
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commonmedicaltermsanddisorders.Tohelpfosterabroaderunderstandingofmedicalterminology,wordpartsandtheirmeaningsareincludedfornearlyeverytermpresented.Repetitionofthesehelpsstudentsgaingreatergroundinunderstandingtheveryspecificmedicallanguagetheywillbelearningtouseforafutureinthehealthprofessions.Adescriptionisalsoprovided,whichgivesthedefinitionorotherpertinentinformationonthetopic.
•TheReviewYourKnowledgesectionhasbeenexpandedtoincludequestionsthatrequireananalyticalresponse.TheGoFigurequestionsarebasedonthestorytoldbytheartwork.Thequestionscanonlybeansweredbyanalyzingtheartand/ortheinformationpresentedinthetables.Thisexerciseencouragesthestudenttoseebeyondthe“prettypictures”andrealizethatapictureistrulyworthathousandwords.Iwouldencourageyoutoassistyourstudentstoseethattheartandthetextareconveyingthesamemessage.
•Thetextissupportedbymanyactivities,exercises,puzzles,andgames(e.g.,BodyBingo)onEvolve(http://evolve.elsevier.com/Herlihy).Theseactivitiesemphasizethefocusofthistext—clinicallyrelevantanatomyandphysiology.
•Last,thetextincorporatesmanyamusinganecdotesfromthehistoryofmedicine.Althoughthehumanbodyisperfectlylogicalandpredictable,wehumansthink,do,andsaysomestrangethings.Talesfromthemedicalcryptprovidesomegoodlaughsandmuchhumility.
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ClassroomResourcesMaterialsfromtheStudyGuideandEvolveInstructorLearningResourcescanbeusedto:
1.Remediatestudentswhoarehavingdifficultyingraspingthecontent.2.Remediatestudentswhohavemissedclass(es).3.Providereviewforstudentsengagedinpathophysiologyandpharmacologywhosememoriesneedtoberefreshedinthephysiology.
StudyGuideTheStudyGuideforTheHumanBodyinHealthandIllnessofferssomethingforstudentsatalllevelsoflearningandisaready-maderesourceforinstructorslookingforhomeworkassignments.Eachchapterincludestwoparts:PartI,MasteringtheBasics,withmatching,labeling,andcoloringexercises;andPartII,PuttingItAllTogether,containingmultiple-choicequestions,casestudies,andwordpuzzles.Textbookpagereferencesareincludedwiththequestions,andtheanswerkeyisavailableontheEvolvewebsite,onlytoinstructors.
EvolveInstructorLearningResourcesTheEvolvewebsiteforTheHumanBodyinHealthandIllness(http://evolve.elsevier.com/Herlihy)includesalloftheStudentResources,aswellasthefollowingInstructorResources:
•AnswerKeyfortheStudyGuide,AudienceResponseSystemquestions,ImageCollection,andExamViewTestBanksthatincludeover2300questions!
•Instructor’sChapterExams,ClassroomActivities—includingBingo,Line‘EmUp,Sorting,andWordPuzzles—andtheTEACHInstructorResource.
TEACHInstructorResourceonEvolveInstructorswhoadoptthetextbookwillalsoreceiveaccesstotheTEACHInstructorResource,whichlinksallpartsoftheHerlihyeducationalpackagewithcustomizableLessonPlansbasedonobjectivesdrawnfromthetext.TheTEACHLessonPlansarebasedonthechapter-by-chapterorganizationofTheHumanBodyinHealthandIllnessandcanbemodifiedorcombinedtomeet
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yourcurriculum’sschedulingandteachingneeds.
TEACHhasbeencompletelyupdatedandrevisedforthisedition.TheTEACHLessonPlanshelpinstructorsprepareforclassandmakefulluseofthericharrayofancillariesandresourcesthatcomewiththetextbook.Thecontentcoveredineachtextbookchapterisdividedacrossoneormorelessonplans,eachdesignedtooccupy50minutesofclasstime.Lessonplansareorganizedintoeasilyunderstandablesectionsthatareeachtiedtothechapterlearningobjectives:
•InstructorPreparationThissectionprovidesachecklistofallthethingsyouneedtodotoprepareforclass,includingalistofalltheitemsyouneedtobringtoclasstoperformanyactivityordemonstrationincludedinthelessonplan.
•StudentPreparationTextbookreadings,studyguideexercises,onlineactivities,andotherapplicablehomeworkassignmentsforeachlessonareprovidedhere,alongwithanoverallestimatedcompletiontime.
•The50-MinuteLessonPlanAlectureoutlinethatreflectsthechapterlectureslidesthatcomeaspartofTEACHisincluded,aswellasclassroomactivitiesandonlineactivities,oneormorecriticalthinkingquestions,andtimeestimatesfortheclassroomlectureandactivities.
•AssessmentPlanToensurethatyourstudentshavemasteredalltheobjectives,theTEACHInstructorResourceincludesaseparateAssessmentPlansection.Aneasy-to-usetablemapseachassessmenttooltothelessonplansandchapterobjectivessothatyoucanseeallyourassessmentoptions—bychapter,bylesson,andbyobjective—andchooseaccordingly.
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TotheStudent
Thisbookwilltakeyouonanamazingjourneythroughthehumanbody.Youwilllearnmanybodypartsand,moreimportantly,howtheyworkinanintegratedmannertokeepyougoing.Youwillusethisinformationinyourclinicalpracticewhenpatientsbecomeillwithdisordersofthosestructures.Thefollowingspecialfeatureswerecreatedtohelpmakelearningenjoyableandfun.
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TextbookFeaturesKeyTermsKeytermsarelistedatthebeginningofeachchapter,alongwithapagereference.Eachis(1)presentedinthetextinblueprint,(2)accompaniedbyapronunciationguide,(3)thoroughlyexplainedwithinthechapter,and(4)definedintheglossary.
ObjectivesNumberedobjectivesidentifythegoalsforeachchapter.
IllustrationsOriginalillustrationsandfull-colorcartoonshelpyoumakesenseofanatomyandphysiologyusinghumor,clarity,andinsight.
DoYouKnow…Mostoftheseboxedvignettesrefertoclinicalsituations;othersrelatetointerestingandamusinghistoricaleventsrelatedtoanatomyandphysiology.
RampItUp!Thesefeatureschallengeyouwithmoreadvancedanatomyandphysiologytopics.
Re-ThinkThesequestionsareliberallyplacedthroughoutthechaptertohelpreinforceimportantconcepts.
AsYouAgeTheseboxedfeaturescontainnumberedlistsdescribinghowtheagingprocessaffectshumananatomyandphysiology.
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SumItUp!Thesefeaturesappearregularlythroughoutthechaptersandhelpyousynthesizekeyconcepts.
MedicalTerminologyandDisordersTablesThesetablesdescribemedicaltermsandspecificdisordersrelatedtoindividualbodysystems,withafocusondevelopingastrongworkingmedicalvocabulary,whichisnecessaryforacareerinthehealthprofessions.
End-of-ChapterFeaturesSummaryOutlineAdetailedoutlineattheendofeachchaptersummarizeskeyconceptsandservesasanexcellentreviewofthechaptercontent.Useitasastudytooltoreviewyourreadingandprepareforexams.
ReviewYourKnowledgeThematchingandmultiple-choicequestionsinthissectioncoverthemajorpointsofthechapterandallowyoutotestyourcomprehension.
GoFigureThisreviewsectionasksyoutointerpretthefiguresinthechapterandreinforcestheimportanceoftheconceptspresented.
AnswerstoReviewYourKnowledgeandGoFigureQuestionsTheAppendixcontainsanswerstoallReviewYourKnowledgeandGoFigurequestionsfoundinthetextbook.
GlossaryTheglossaryincludesapronunciationguideandabriefdefinitionofallkeytermsandmanyotherwordsinthetext.
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StudyGuideEnhanceyourlearningofthetextbookcontentwiththeaccompanyingStudyGuideforTheHumanBodyinHealthandIllness.TheStudyGuidehassomethingtoofferstudentsatalllevelsoflearning,fromlabelingandcoloringexercisestomultiple-choicepracticetestsandcasestudies.
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CHAPTER1
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IntroductiontotheHumanBody
OBJECTIVES
1.Definethetermsanatomyandphysiology.2.Listthelevelsoforganizationofthehumanbody.3.Describethe12majororgansystems.4.Definehomeostasis.5.Describetheanatomicalposition.6.Listcommontermsusedforrelativepositionsofthebody.7.Describethethreemajorplanesofthebody.8.Listanatomicaltermsforquadrantsandregionsofthebody.9.Describethemajorcavitiesofthebody.
KEYTERMS
abdominopelviccavity(p.10)anatomicalposition(p.6)anatomy(p.1)cranialcavity(p.10)dorsalcavity(p.9)frontalplane(p.7)homeostasis(p.6)mediastinum(p.10)organs(p.2)
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pericardialcavity(p.10)physiology(p.1)pleuralcavities(p.10)quadrants(p.10)sagittalplane(p.7)spinal(vertebral)cavity(p.10)thoraciccavity(p.10)transverseplane(p.7)ventralcavity(p.9)viscera(p.9)http://evolve.elsevier.com/HerlihyThehumanbodyisawonderfulcreation.Millionsofmicroscopicpartsworktogetherinacoordinatedfashiontokeepyougoingforabout75years.Mostofusarecuriousaboutourbodies—howtheywork,whytheydonotwork,whatmakesustick,andwhatmakesussick.Asyoulearnmoreaboutthebody,youwillsometimesfeellikethiscartooncharacter:“Whatisthis?WhydoIneedit?Howdoesitwork?Whydon’tIhaveone?”Asyoustudyanatomyandphysiology,youwilllearntheanswerstothesequestions.
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AnatomyandPhysiology:WhatTheyAreWhat’sItMean?Anatomy(ah-NAT-o-mee)isthebranchofsciencethatstudiesthestructureofthebody.Forexample,anatomydescribeswhattheheartlookslike,howbigitis,whatitismadeof,howitisorganized,andwhereitislocated.ThewordanatomycomesfromtheGreekwordmeaningtodissect.Thescienceofanatomyarosefromobservationsmadebyscientistscenturiesagoastheydissectedbodiesthatwereusuallystolenfromthelocalgraveyard.Physiology(fiz-ee-OL-o-jee)isthebranchofsciencethatdescribeshowthe
bodyfunctions.Forexample,physiologydescribeshowtheheartpumpsbloodandwhythepumpingofbloodisessentialforlife.Pathophysiology(path-o-fiz-ee-OL-o-jee)isthebranchofsciencethatdescribestheconsequencesoftheimproperfunctioningofthebody—thatis,howabodypartfunctionswhenapersonhasadisease.Pathophysiologydescribeswhathappensduringaheartattackandwhentheheartfunctionspoorlyornotatall.
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FIG.1.1 Structureandfunctionarecloselyrelated.
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WhyDoINeedtoKnowThis?Whystudyanatomyandphysiologyaspartofyourprofessionalcurriculum?Unlessyougainagoodunderstandingofnormalanatomyandphysiology,youcannotunderstandthediseasesanddisordersexperiencedbyyourpatients,norcanyouunderstandthebasisforthevariousformsoftreatment,suchasdrugtherapyandsurgicalprocedures.Youwanttogiveyourpatientsthebestpossiblecare,soyoumusthaveasoundunderstandingofthehumanbody.Anatomyandphysiologyarecloselyrelated.Structureandfunctiongo
together.Whenyouexaminetheanatomyofabodypart,askyourselfhowitsstructurerelatestoitsfunction.Forexample,thestructureofthehandisrelatedtoitsfunction:itsabilitytograspanobject(Fig.1.1).Theheartpumpsblood,andthelong,strong,flexibletailofthemonkeyallowsittohangfromthetree.Structureandfunctionarerelated.
Re-Think
1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanatomyandphysiology?2.Usinganyhouseholditem,explainwhatismeantby“structureandfunctionarerelated.”
DoYouKnow...WhyThisGraveIsBeingRobbed,andWhytheGraveRobberIsinBig,BigTrouble?Dissectionofthehumanbodyduringmedievaltimeswasnotallowed.Thus,theonlywaythatearlyanatomistswereabletoobtainhumanbodiesfordissectionwastorobgraves.Medievalscientistshiredpeopletorobgraves.Punishmentforrobbinggraveswasswiftandsevere.Thisladwillbeinbig,bigtroubleifheiscaught,anditlooksasifhewillbe.Surprisingly,graverobbingwascommonearlyinthiscenturyandinthiscountry.Manyamedicalstudentwhoenrolledinthemostprestigiousmedicalschoolshadto“get”hisowncadaver.
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TheBody’sLevelsofOrganizationThebodyisorganizedfromtheverysimpletothecomplex,fromthemicroscopicatomtothecomplexhumanorganism.NotetheprogressionfromsimpletocomplexinFig.1.2.Tinyatomsformmolecules.These,inturn,formlargermolecules.Thelargermoleculesareeventuallyorganizedintocells,thebasicunitoflife.Specializedgroupsofcellsformtissues.Tissuesarethenarrangedintoorgans,suchastheheart,stomach,andkidney.Groupsoforgans,inturn,createorgansystems.Eachorgansystemhasafunction,suchasdigestion,excretion,orreproduction.Alltheorgansystemstogetherformthehumanorganism.Fromsimpletocomplex,thebodyisbuiltfromthetinyatomtothehumanbeing.
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MajorOrganSystemsTwelvemajororgansystemsmakeupthehumanbody.Eachperformsspecificfunctionsthatenablethehumanbodytooperateasacoordinatedwhole.RefertoFig.1.3andidentifythelocationanddistributionoftheorgansofeachsystem.•Theintegumentary(in-teg-yoo-MEN-tar-ee)systemconsistsoftheskinandrelatedstructures,suchashairandnails.Theintegumentarysystemformsacoveringforthebody,helpsregulatebodytemperature,andcontainssomeofthestructuresnecessaryforsensation.
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FIG.1.2 Levelsoforganization,fromatomstohumanorganism.
•Theskeletalsystemformsthebasicframeworkofthebody.Itconsistsprimarilyofbones,joints,andcartilage.Theskeletonprotectsandsupportsbodyorgansandenablesustomovearound.
•Themuscularsystemhasthreetypesofmuscles.Skeletalmusclesattachtothebonesandareresponsibleformovementoftheskeletonandthemaintenance
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ofbodyposture.Smoothandcardiacmusclesarefoundinvariousorgansandtubes;contractionandrelaxationofthesemuscleshelptheorgansystemscarryouttheirfunctions.
•Thenervoussystemismadeupofthebrain,spinalcord,nerves,andsenseorgans.Sensorynervesreceiveinformationfromtheenvironmentandbringittothespinalcordandbrain,whereitisinterpreted.Decisionsmadebythebrainandspinalcordaretransmittedalongmotornervestovariousbodystructures.
•Theendocrine(EN-doh-krin)systemcontainsnumerousglandsthatsecretehormonesandchemicalsubstancesthatregulatebodyactivitiessuchasgrowth,reproduction,metabolism,andwaterbalance.
•Thecirculatory(SER-kyoo-lah-tor-ee)systemconsistsoftheblood,heart,andbloodvessels.Thissystempumps(heart)andtransports(bloodvessels)bloodthroughoutthebody.Bloodcarriesnutrientsandoxygentoallthebody’scellsandalsocarriesthewasteawayfromthecellstotheorgansofexcretion.
•Thelymphatic(lim-FAT-ik)systemismadeupofthelymphnodes,lymphaticvessels,lymph,andotherlymphaticorgans.Lymphandlymphaticstructuresplayanimportantroleinfluidbalanceandinthedefenseofthebodyagainstpathogensandotherforeignmaterial.
•Theimmunesystemisanelaboratedefensesystemthatprotectsthebodynotonlyfrompathogens,butalsofromallergens,suchaspollens,beevenom,andsomeofourowncellsthathavegoneawry(cancercells).Theimmunesystemiswidelydistributedthroughoutthebody(itisnotshowninFig.1.3).
•Therespiratorysystemcontainsthelungsandotherstructuresthatconductairtoandfromthelungs.Oxygen-richairmovesintothelungs;theoxygenispickedupbythebloodanddistributedthroughoutthebody.Carbondioxide–richairmovesoutofthelungs,therebyriddingthebodyofwaste.
•Thedigestivesystemiscomprisedoforgansdesignedtoingestfoodandbreakitdownintosubstancesthatcanbeabsorbedbythebody.Foodthatisnotabsorbediseliminatedaswaste.
•Theurinarysystemcontainsthekidneysandotherstructuresthathelpexcretewasteproductsfromthebodythroughtheurine.Moreimportantly,theurinarysystemhelpscontrolwater,electrolyte,andacid–basebalanceinthebody.
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FIG.1.3 Majororgansystemsofthebody.
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•Thereproductivesystemismadeupoforgansandstructuresthatenablehumanstoreproduce.
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Homeostasis:StayingtheSameHomeostasis(ho-me-o-STAY-sis)literallymeansstaying(stasis)thesame(homeo).Thetermreferstothebody’sabilitytomaintainastableinternalenvironmentinresponsetoachangingenvironment.Forexample,inahealthyperson,bodytemperaturestaysaround98.6°F(37°C),evenwhenroomtemperatureincreasesto100°Fordecreasesto60°F.Theamountofwaterinyourcellsstaysthesamewhetheryoudrink2,3,or4liters(L)ofwaterperday.Yourbloodsugarremainswithinnormallimitswhetheryouhavejusteatenaturkeydinnerorhavefastedfor6hours.Mechanismsthathelpmaintainhomeostasisarecalledhomeostaticmechanisms.Homeostaticimbalanceresultsindiseaseordysfunction.
SumItUp!
Anatomyandphysiologydescribethestructureandfunctionofthebody.Thebodyisconstructedfromsimpletocomplex(atomstomoleculestocellstotissuestoorganstoorgansystemstothehumanorganism).The12majororgansystemsareshowninFig.1.3.Homeostaticmechanismsenablethebodyto“staythesame”despitechanginginternalandexternalenvironments.
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AnatomicalTerms:TalkingAbouttheBodySpecialtermsdescribethelocation,position,andregionsofbodyparts.Becausethesetermsareusedfrequently,youshouldbecomefamiliarwiththemnow.Peopleinthemedicalfieldareoftenaccusedofspeakingtheirownlanguage.Indeed,wedo!Wealwaysusethesetermsasifthebodywerestandinginitsanatomicalposition.
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AnatomicalPositionInitsanatomicalposition,thebodyisstandingerect,withthefaceforward,thearmsatthesides,andthetoesandpalmsofthehandsdirectedforward(Fig.1.4).
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RelativePositionsSpecifictermsdescribethepositionofonebodypartinrelationtoanotherbodypart.Thesearedirectionalterms.Theyarelikethemorefamiliardirectionsofnorth,south,east,andwest;however,whereasdescribingCanadaasbeinglocatednorthoftheUnitedStateswouldbecorrect,describingtheheadas“northofthechest”wouldsoundstrange.Therefore,inlocatingbodyparts,weuseotherterminology.Thetermscomeinpairs.Notethatthetwotermsineachpairaregenerallyopposites.Remember,thereferencesarevalidonlyforthebodyinitsanatomicalposition.
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FIG.1.4 Anatomicalposition.
•Superiorandinferior.Superiormeansthatapartisaboveanotherpartorisclosertothehead.Forexample,theheadissuperiortothechest.Inferiormeansthatapartislocatedbelowanotherpartorisclosertothefeet.Thechest,forexample,isinferiortothehead.
•Anteriorandposterior.Anteriormeanstowardthefrontsurface(thebellysurface).Posteriormeanstowardthebacksurface.Forexample,theheartisanteriortothespinalcord,buttheheartisposteriortothebreastbone.Anotherwordforanteriorisventral,andanotherwordforposteriorisdorsal.Considerthedorsalfinofafish.Itisthedorsalpartofthesharkthatcanbeseenmovingeffortlesslyandveryquicklytowardyoursurfboard!
•Medialandlateral.Imaginealinedrawnthroughthemiddleofyourbody,dividingitintorightandlefthalves.Thisisthemidline.Medialmeanstowardthemidlineofthebody.Thenose,forexample,ismedialtotheears.Lateralmeansawayfromthemidlineofthebody.Forexample,theearsarelateraltothenose.Intheanatomicalposition,thehandisclosertothelateralthighthantothemedialthigh.
•Proximalanddistal.Proximalmeansthatthestructureisnearertothepointofattachment,oftenthetrunkofthebody.Becausetheelbowisclosertothepointofattachmentthanisthewrist,theelbowisdescribedasproximaltothewrist.Thewristisproximaltothefingers,meaningthatthewristisclosertothetrunkthanarethefingers.Distalmeansthatapartisfartherawayfromthepointofattachmentthananotherpart.Forexample,thewristisdistaltotheelbow,andthefingersaredistaltothewrist.
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FIG.1.5 Planesofthebody.(A)Sagittal.(B)Frontal(coronal).(C)Transverse.
•Superficialanddeep.Superficialmeansthatapartislocatedonornearthesurfaceofthebody.Theskinissuperficialtothemuscles.Deepmeansthatthebodypartisawayfromthesurfaceofthebody.Thebones,forexample,aredeeptotheskin.
•Centralandperipheral.Centralmeansthatthepartislocatedinthecenter.Peripheralmeansawayfromthecenter.Theheart,forexample,islocatedcentrally,whereasthebloodvesselsarelocatedperipherally(awayfromthecenterandextendingtowardthelimbs).Thebrainandspinalcordarecalledthecentralnervoussystem,andthenervesarecalledtheperipheralnervoussystem.
Re-Think
1.Usethetermsproximalanddistaltodescribetherelationshipofthewristtotheelbow.
2.Usethetermsproximalanddistaltodescribetherelationshipofthefingerstothewrist.
3.Usethetermsmedialandlateraltodescribethepartsofthethigh.Dothe
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samewiththeeye.
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PlanesoftheBodyWhenwerefertotheleftsideofthebody,thetophalfofthebody,orthefrontofthebody,wearereferringtotheplanesofthebody.Eachplanedividesthebodywithanimaginarylineinonedirection.Fig.1.5showsthefollowingthreeimportantplanes:1.Sagittalplane(seeFig.1.5A).Thesagittalplanedividesthebodylengthwiseintorightandleftportions.Ifthecutismadeexactlydownthemidlineofthebody,therightandlefthalvesofthebodyareequal.Thisdivisionisamidsagittalsection.2.Frontalplane(seeFig.1.5B).Thefrontalplanedividesthebodyintoanterior(ventral)andposterior(dorsal)portions.Thisplanecreatesthefrontpartofthebodyandthebackpartofthebody.Thefrontalplaneisalsocalledthecoronalplane.Coronalmeans“crown,”sotheimaginarylineforthecoronalplaneismadeacrossthepartoftheheadwhereacrownwouldsitandthendownwardthroughthebody.3.Transverseplane(seeFig.1.5C).Thetransverseplanedividesthebodyhorizontally,creatinganupper(superior)andalower(inferior)body.Whenthebodyoranorganiscuthorizontallyortransversely,itiscalledacrosssection.
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FIG.1.6 Regionalterms.(A)Anteriorview.(B)Posteriorview.
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RegionalTermsSpecifictermsdescribethedifferentregionsorareasofthebody.Fig.1.6illustratesthetermsusedtoidentifytheregionsontheanteriorandposteriorsurfacesofthebody.Ontheanteriorsurface,identifythefollowingregions:
Abdominal:anteriortrunkjustbelowtheribsAntecubital:areainfrontoftheelbowAxillary:armpitBrachial:armBuccal:cheekarea;cavitybetweenthegumandcheekCephalic:headCervical:neckregionCranial:nearertotheheadDigital:fingers,toesFemoral:thighareaFlank:fleshyareaalongeachsidebetweenthelowerribsandthetopofthehipbones
Inguinal:areawherethethighmeetsthetrunkofthebody;oftencalledthegroinOral:mouthOrbital:areaaroundtheeyePatellar:frontofthekneeoverthekneecapPedal:footPlantar:soleofthefootPubic:genitalareaSternal:middleofthechest(overthebreastbonearea)Umbilical:navelOntheposteriorsurface,identifythefollowingregions:Caudal:neartothelowerregionofthespinalcolumn(nearthetailbone)Deltoid:roundedareaoftheshoulderclosesttothearmGluteal:buttocks
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FIG.1.7 Majorbodycavities.