the holocaust and the end of wwii. the holocaust, 1941-45 “the final solution” until 1941,...
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The Holocaust and the end of WWII
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The Holocaust, 1941-45“The Final Solution”
• Until 1941, Hitler and Nazis did not agree on what to do with Jews• Emigration• Madagascar
• TURNING POINT: June 1941, Operation Barbarossa
• Einsatzgruppen: “Mobile Killing Groups” or “Single-task groups”
• Jews• Communists• Gypsies• Poles
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Einsatzgruppen, 1941-42
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Final Solution (cont.)
• The ghettos were already sealed (1940)• Poison gas vans tested the use of gas• Auschwitz-Birkenau• Systematic annihilation of Jews and Gypsies• 1942–1944: one million killed
• Anonymous slaughter• People were tortured, beaten, and executed
publicly
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Auschwitz-BirkenauWhat is it?
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Who did this?Reserve Police Battalion 101 from Hamburg
• Ordinary Germans obeying orders• July 1942-Nov. 1943: killed more than 38,000 Jews• deported 45,000 others.
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Who knew?
• Extermination involved the knowledge and cooperation of many not directly involved in killing.
• Most who suspected the worst were terrified and powerless.
• Many Europeans believed “the Jews” were a problem that needed “solving”.
• Nazis tried to conceal the death camps.• What of other governments?
• Vichy France required Jews to wear special identification.
• Italians participated less actively.• Hungarian government dragged its feet.
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Resistance?
• Little resistance seemed to be possible
• Rebellions at Sobibor, Auschwitz and Treblinka
• Warsaw ghetto uprising (1943)• 80 percent of the residents had been
deported• Small Jewish underground movement• 56,000 Jews were killed
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Death Camps
Camp name KilledAuschwitz II 1,000,000Belzec 600,000Chełmno 320,000Jasenovac 58–97,000Majdanek 360,000Maly Trostinets 65,000Sobibór 250,000Treblinka 870,000
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Overall human costs
• 5.1-6.0 million Jews– 800,000 in Ghettos– 1,400,000 in open-air shootings– 2,900,000 in camps
• 1.8-2.0 million Poles• 2-3 million Soviet POWS• 200,000 Roma & Sinti• 20,000-25,000Slovenes• 270,000 people with disabilities• 10,000-15,000 gay men• 2,500-5000 Jehovah's Witnesses
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Near obliteration of Jewish culture
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Near obliteration of Jewish culture (e.g. Beliec)
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Beliec’s absence