the history of u.s. immigration here is not merely a nation, but a teeming nation of nations.walt...
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The History of U.S. The History of U.S. ImmigrationImmigration
Here is not merely a nation, but a teeming nation of nations. Walt Whitman
Why Immigrate?Why Immigrate?
1607-1830
Push factors:
Political Freedom
Religious Tolerance
Economic Opportunity
Refugees
Slavery
Family Reunification
Why Immigrate?Why Immigrate?
1830-1890
Pull Factors:
Land
Jobs
“streets paved with gold”
Why Immigrate?Why Immigrate?
1890-1924
Jews for religious freedom
Italians/Asians for work
Russians to escape persecution
“Land of opportunity”
Why Immigrate?Why Immigrate?
1968-Present
Higher wages
Less harassment, chance of getting arrested, chance of getting deported
Waves of ImmigrationWaves of Immigration1820-1860
Great Britain, Germany, Ireland
1860-1890
Add Scandinavian nations
1890-1910
Austria, Hungary, Italy, Russia
Ellis IslandEllis Island
Ellis IslandEllis Island
European immigrants
5+ hours
Physical examination
Government Inspector
- proper documents
- literacy test
- ready for life in U.S.
Ellis Island Examination RoomEllis Island Examination Room
Angel IslandAngel Island
Angel IslandAngel Island
*Asian immigrants*Harsh questioning*Many interrogations*Ramshackle buildings*Terrible conditions Riot of 1919 Chinese exclusion until
1943
The Naturalization ProcessThe Naturalization Process
18 years old Lawful residence Good moral character Understand some
basic English
Some basic knowledge of government
Some basic knowledge of U.S. history
Oath of Allegiance
Naturalization Oath of Naturalization Oath of Allegiance to the U.S.A.Allegiance to the U.S.A.
I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potenate, state, or sovereignty, of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely without any mental or purpose of evasion; so help me God.
Countries of OriginCountries of Origin
1820-1996
63,140,227 total
Germany 7.1 million
Mexico 5.5 million
Italy 5.4 million
U.K. 5.2 million
Ireland 4.8 million
Destination of the ImmigrantsDestination of the Immigrants
PolishPolish
Chicago
Cleveland
Buffalo
Detroit
Milwaukee
ItaliansItalians
New York
Chicago
Cleveland
Buffalo
Detroit
Milwaukee
GermansGermans
New York
Chicago
Milwaukee
Cleveland
Philadelphia
IrishIrish
New York
Boston
Philadelphia
Chicago
RussiansRussians
New York
Philadelphia
Boston
Chinese/JapaneseChinese/Japanese
California
Hawaii
Problems of UrbanizationProblems of Urbanization
Attraction of the CitiesAttraction of the Cities
Loss of farming jobs
Cheaper to live in cities
Unskilled labor positions
Social support for immigrants
Cultural opportunities
“an extraordinary crazy quilt”
The CitiesThe Cities
The CitiesThe Cities
Urban ProblemsUrban Problems
Housing, transportation, water, sanitation
Problems developed as a result of population explosions in cities
HousingHousing
Live in outskirts; commute to work
Boardinghouses in cities (share bathrooms/kitchens/
Solution:Row housestenements
TransportationTransportation
Lack of decent, safe transportation
Walked, horse drawn vehicles
Solution:
Cable car (1873) SF
Subway (1897) Boston
WaterWater
Bought from vendorsLack of adequate clean water
Solution: Public WaterCleveland, New York1850: public water1893: chlorination1908: filtration
SanitationSanitation
Horse manure
Sewage (open gutters)
No dependable trash removal (scavengers)
Solution:
Underground sewers (1900)
FireFire
Limited water supplyWooden dwellingsCandlesKerosene heatersVolunteer firefightersOccurred in most major cities
Chicago Fire 1871Chicago Fire 1871
29 hours 300 dead 100,000 homeless 3 square miles
destroyed $200 million in
damage 17,500 building
destroyed
Chicago Fire 1871Chicago Fire 1871
San Francisco 1906San Francisco 1906
Major earthquake (28 seconds)
4 days of fires 478 dead 250,000 homeless 5 square miles destroyed $500 million in damage 28,000 building destroyed
San Francisco 1906San Francisco 1906
San Francisco 1906San Francisco 1906
Fire Fire
Solution:
1853: first paid fire department-Cincinnati
1900: in most cities
1874: auto fire sprinkler
Use of brick, concrete, stone
ClevelandCleveland
ClevelandCleveland
ClevelandCleveland
ClevelandCleveland
ClevelandCleveland
ClevelandCleveland
ClevelandCleveland
Political Machines and the Political Machines and the Gilded AgeGilded Age
Political MachinesPolitical Machines
Group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city
Offer support services to voters/businesses in exchange for political/financial support
Machine OrganizationMachine Organization
City Boss: controls activity of a political party/try to get their candidate elected
Ward Boss: tries to secure votes in all precincts in return for city jobs, contracts, appointments
Precinct Workers/Captains: worked to gain voters support on a city block or neighborhood
The City BossThe City Boss
Controlled thousands of city jobs (fire, police, sanitation)
Controlled business licenses & inspections
Influenced courts/judges
Provided gov’t support for businesses
Problem solving: loyalty= votes
Immigrants and Political Immigrants and Political MachinesMachines
Received sympathy & understanding
Many bosses could relate to immigrant problems
Immigrants would support machines in return
Power CorruptsPower Corrupts
In order to win elections some bosses turned to fraud
Added fake names to voting lists
Received kickbacks from gov’t contracts
Favors for businesses in return for gifts (graft)
Accept bribes to allow illegal activities to continue
Tammany HallTammany Hall
Society of St. Tammany (1789) to promote patriotism and fraternity
Became linked to the mayor’s office (NYC) and the Democratic Party during the Civil War era
Fernando Wood became the first Tammany Democrat to be elected mayor of NYC
Tammany HallTammany Hall
William “Boss” Tweed helped unite Democrats with Tammany Hall as chairman
Boss Tweed was head of Tammany from 1863-1871
Boss TweedBoss Tweed
Tweed convinced the city legislature give City government more power
Tweed sought rapid expansion of infrastructure (extending streets & sewers)
Tammany Hall gained much power and became caught up in one of the biggest political scandals of the nation’s history
The Tweed RingThe Tweed Ring
Corrupt politicians led by Tweed that used power to “line their pockets”
Pocketed $200 million through graft and kickbacks
Thomas NastThomas Nast
Samuel Tilden called for early reform
Nast drew political cartoons for Harper’s Weekly
Began a campaign to expose the Tweed Ring
Tweed sentenced to 12 years
Led to political reform movement
Nast CartoonsNast Cartoons
Nast CartoonsNast Cartoons
The End of TweedThe End of Tweed
The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age
The external glitter of wealth conceals a corrupt political core that reflects the growing gap between the very few rich and the very many poor.
America in the 1870’s-1890’s
coined by Mark Twain
Hayes-Tilden Election 1876Hayes-Tilden Election 1876
Tilden- DemocratHayes- Republican
Tilden originally projected as President
Fla, La, SC still countingRepublican officials sent
south to “observe”Both parties offered bribes to
secure votes
Hayes-Tilden Election 1876Hayes-Tilden Election 1876
The 3 states in questioned turned in 2 sets of electoral votes
Congress left to decide the outcome
Southern Democrats voted for Hayes in exchange for the end of Reconstruction
Kennedy-Nixon 1960Kennedy-Nixon 1960
113,000 votes separated candidates
Votes in Texas, Illinois, California could have gone either way
Widespread rumors of fraud
Kennedy family tied to organized crime
Kennedy-Nixon 1960Kennedy-Nixon 1960Texas: voting machines fixed, people voted
illegally, move votes than voters
Chicago: ghost voting, more votes than voters, voters voting twice,
Most are unsubstantiated rumors, Nixon never pushed the issue
Election Fraud 1960Election Fraud 1960
Patronage vs. Civil ServicePatronage vs. Civil Service
Spoils SystemSpoils System
“To the victor go the spoils”
Most federal jobs given out by the President
Interfered with the function of government
A merit system was called for to give federal jobs to qualified people
Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant1869-18771869-1877
One of the worst examples of scandal
Congressmen received bribes/kickbacks
Cabinet cheated Indians on reservations
“Whiskey Ring” distillers bribed treasury official not to pay taxes
Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes1877-18801877-1880
Began civil service reform
Named independents to his cabinet
Investigated gov’t corruption(fired 1,000)
Enraged Conkling & the Stalwarts
Republican FactionsRepublican Factions
Stalwarts: opposed change
Mugwumps: wanted reform
Half-Breeds: wanted reform, but loyal to party
James A. GarfieldJames A. Garfield18811881
Ties to reformers, but VP was Chester Arthur (Stalwart)
Garfield gave most jobs to reformers
Garfield assassinated by a Stalwart that did not get a job
Chester A. ArthurChester A. Arthur1881-18851881-1885
Turned reformer after he became President
Signed the Pendleton Act (1883)
Created commission to make appointments of federal jobs
Today 90% are merit jobs
Pendleton ActPendleton Act
Increased number of merit jobs
Politicians could no longer uses spoils system to gain power (decrease of contributions)
Tie between government and big business became stronger