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The History of Architecture
Egyptian Architecture
Mastabas 3000 BC
Step Pyramids 2600 BC
Straight Pyramids
2000 BC
Greek Architecture
Temple to Athena at the Acropolis,
The Parthenon
448-432 BC
Temple to Nike
420 BC
Roman Architecture
The Pantheon
The Coliseum 72AD
Medieval
Gothic
Notre Dame Cathedral, France
1145-1220 AD
Ancient Far East
1st Century AD stacked Pagoda
Forbidden City: Imperial Palace, Beijing
1200-1400 AD built/ rebuilt
Most commoners lived in one room mud huts
Early Southwest and South
American
Dwellings/Structures
Aztec Burial Pyramid 1100 AD
Mesa Verde, Colorado 1100 AD
India
Taj Mahal 1630-1650
Baroque
Palace of Versailles, France Originally a hunting lodge, 1624
Louis XIV, rebuilt it in later 1600’s
American Architecture can fit
into four main categories
• Renaissance Revival -based on English, Italian, French and
Dutch Architectural Methods of the 14th+ Century
• Classical Revival -based on Greek and Roman Architecture
• Medieval Revival -based on Dark Ages/Medieval Architecture
• Modern -based on putting aside the past and looking toward the future
Renaissance Revival:
(Colonial 1607-1830) 1775—1783: American Revolutionary War.
Despite winning their independence, the colonies continue to model their architecture on English forms for many years.
1789: US Constitution Ratified. George
Washington becomes 1st President.
1801: Thomas Jefferson becomes President of
the United States. Rise of Federal Era.
English Colonial
Seventeenth-century settlers from England brought with them a rural English architecture that resembled late medieval forms. The familiar New England Saltbox and Cape Cod styles were common to this era.
Dutch Colonial
Houses in the Dutch colonies incorporated steeply pitched gambrel roofs, batten
doors and paired chimneys — details common to the architecture in their homeland.
French Colonial
Elements of French Colonial architecture still exist in southern Louisiana and Mississippi. French Colonial homes featured tall, narrow doors and windows. The roofs were hipped or side gabled, and windows often had paired shutters.
Spanish Colonial One story, low-roofed
dwellings characterized the homes and public buildings of Spain's American colonies. These homes often had a number of external doors but few windows. Stucco and adobe walls and flat or red tile roofs gave these dwellings their distinctive appearance. This style continues to influence the architecture of the American Southwest
Georgian
Georgian homes incorporated characteristics of the well-known English Colonial homes along with paneled doors with ornate crowns and support pilasters. Georgian homes were designed to be high-style formal dwellings. They were typically symmetrical and evenly proportioned, with gabled or hipped roofs and double-hung windows with nine to twelve panes for each sash.
Mostly found in the southern states.
Square, symmetrical shape
Paneled front door at center
Decorative crown over front door
Flattened columns
on each side of door
Five windows across front
Paired chimneys
Medium pitched roof
Minimal roof overhang
Federalist/Adam Shortly after the adoption of
the U.S. Constitution, the Federal, or Adam, style became widely popular throughout the newly unified country. Based on the designs of British architect Robert Adam, this style incorporates many features found in Georgian homes, such as cornices with tooth-like dentils or other decorative molding and double-hung windows with six panes in each sash. Additionally, they often incorporate an elliptical fanlight over the front door, with side lights and decorative crowns as ornamentation
Low-pitched roof, or flat roof
Windows arranged symmetrically around a
center doorway
Semicircular fanlight over the front door
Narrow side windows flanking the front door
Decorative crown or roof over front door
Tooth-like dentil moldings in the cornice
Palladian window•Circular or elliptical windows
Shutters•Decorative swags and garlands
Oval rooms and arches
Significant Dates
• 1800: Completion of first White House -Federal style heavily influenced
by Georgian architecture.
• 1803: Louisiana purchase. America's territory expands past the
Mississippi River. Westward immigration begins.
• 1812 — 1815: War of 1812. The war marks a shift from America's
dependence on English trade and architectural forms.
• 1814: British forces burn the first White House and much of
Washington DC.
• 1825: Erie Canal is completed, speeding the immigration of European
settlers into the western territories.
• 1861—1865: US Civil War. The war marks the end of the popularity of
Federal architecture. Much of the historical architecture of the Southern states is destroyed during the war
Classical Revival (1780-1940)
Greek Revival
America began to define its own emerging architectural independence from its European heritage. Greek Revival exteriors may include an entry porch supported by square or round columns, decorative pilasters, hipped or gabled roofs, transom windows and side lights surrounding the front door. These buildings often had flat roofs and colonnades inspired by the monuments of ancient Greece.
Pedimented gable
Symmetrical shape
Heavy cornice
Wide, plain frieze
Bold, simple moldings
Entry porch with columns
Narrow windows around front door
Neo-Classical
Very similar to Greek
Revival but may have
more elaborate column
work- Corinthian
columns rather than
Doric, always extending
the full height of the
house and with front
gable pediment.
Medieval Revival
1837 – 1914 Significant Dates
• 1837: Queen Victoria I begins reign in United Kingdom.
• 1848: European and American immigrants populate the newly opened territories, spreading American architectural forms into Texas, California, and the Midwest.
• 1865: Transcontinental Railroad finished, speeding America's industrialization and westward expansion.
• 1890: Louis Sullivan designs the Wainwright Bldg. — considered by some the first skyscraper.
• 1914—1918: World War I marks the decline of Victorian styles.
Gothic Revival Early Victorian houses drew
inspiration mostly from Western Europe, usually reinterpreting medieval forms. Multi-colored and textured walls, steeply pitched roofs and asymmetrical facades are traditional features. Gothic Revival homes are most easily identified by the elaborate “gingerbread” trim below the gables, and the strong vertical emphasis of the windows and rooflines
Steeply pitched roof
Pointed windows
Grouped chimneys
Asymmetrical floor plan
Veranda
Spires
Gabled roofs
Towers
Italianate
Italianate homes featured elaborate porch decoration, decorative eaves, symmetrical facades and arched windows which were often paired. Some Italianate homes featured a central square tower or cupola, and most had flat or low-pitched hipped roofs.
Low-pitched hip or flat roof
Balanced, symmetrical rectangular shape
Tall appearance, with 2, 3, or 4 stories
Wide, overhanging eaves with brackets/corbels
Square cupola
Tall, narrow, double-paned windows with hood moldings
Side bay window
Heavily molded double doors
Roman or segmented arches above windows and doors
Second Empire
Inspired by the ornate cityscapes of Paris, Second Empire architecture incorporates rectangular or square floor plans, tall flat facades capped by Mansard roofs with dormer windows, and double entry doors. Roofs are frequently patterned and bay windows are also common.
Mansard roof
Dormer windows project like eyebrows from roof
Brackets beneath the eaves, balconies, and bay
Cupola
Patterned slate on roof
Wrought iron cresting above upper cornice
Classical pediments
Paired columns
Tall windows on first story
Small entry porch
Victorian: Queen Anne
Queen Anne homes frequently feature irregular floor plans, multiple steep roofs and porches with decorative gables. Dominant octagonal or circular towers, corbelled
chimneys, and highly decorative windows and entry doors with glass panels.
Steep roof
Complicated, asymmetrical shape
Often front-facing gable
One-story porch that extends across one
or two sides of the house
Round turrets or square towers
Wall surfaces textured with decorative shingles
Ornamental spindles and brackets
Bay windows
The Voigt House
Victorian: Eastlake
Hackley and Hume Homes in Muskegon
This colorful Victorian home is a Queen Anne, but the lacy,
ornamental details are called Eastlake or Stick. The
ornamental style is named after the famous English designer,
Charles Eastlake, who was famous for making furniture
decorated with fancy spindles.
Victorian: Shingle Style
A Victorian home covered
in shingles.
Typically found in New
England coastal
regions.
Asymmetrical
Shingles
Arches
Open Porches
Richardson Romanesque Romanesque architecture
features massive stone walls, large arched windows, porches, and entries, paired columns, extensive use of sculptural stonework, and grandly scaled interiors reminiscent of the great palaces of Europe. Often found in public buildings, rarely in homes.
Constructed of rough-faced, square stones
Round towers with cone-shaped roofs
Columns and pilasters with spirals and leaf designs
Low, broad "Roman" arches over arcades and doorways
Patterned masonry arches over windows
Tudor Revival The inclination away from
standardization was nowhere better portrayed than in the ideals of the Tudor Revival. Exterior color schemes were typically of brown, white and black, sometimes combined with red brick. Incorporating exposed framing, thatch or shingle roofs, and rough-hewn stonework, Tudor Revival homes were intentionally made to appear older than they actually were. In fact, the apparently primitive construction details of such houses were often purely decorative
Decorative half-timbering
Steeply pitched roof
Prominent cross gables
Tall, narrow windows
Small window panes
Massive chimneys
Decorative chimney pots
Modern 1890 – 1940+
Significant Dates
• 1830: Inventions of Railroad and Steam Power. Arts & Crafts movement is a reaction against industrialization.
• 1849: California Gold Rush prompts many to go west. Spanish Colonial architecture influences the rise of Mission style architecture.
• 1865: End of Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction mark the rise of Arts and Crafts Movement in earnest.
• 1901: Gustav Stickley begins publication of "The Craftsman". The first issue is dedicated to William Morris and the second to John Ruskin, leaders of the Arts & Crafts movement in Europe.
• 1908: Sears Roebuck catalog introduces the mail order house: the average kit home has 30,000 pieces. Between 1908 and 1940, 100,000 homes are sold.
• 1929 — 1939— The Great Depression: The comparatively affordable bungalow gains popularity over more elaborate styles.
• 1935: Frank Lloyd Wright builds Fallingwater; modern architecture with elements drawn from the Arts & Crafts Movement.
• 1941: Start of World War II marks the decline of Arts & Crafts movement.
Arts and Crafts:
Craftsman
/Bungalow
Its greatest American proponent was Gustav Stickley, whose periodical "The Craftsman" gave the style its name. Craftsman houses were generally one and a half to two stories tall. They were environmentally sensitive structures that made exceptional use of their surroundings.
Wood, stone, or stucco siding
Low-pitched side gabled roof
Wide eaves with triangular brackets
Exposed roof rafters
Porch with thick square or round columns
Stone porch supports
Exterior chimney made with stone
Open floor plans; few hallways
Numerous windows
Some windows with stained or leaded glass
Beamed ceilings
Dark wood wainscoting and moldings
Built-in cabinets, shelves, and seating
Arts and Crafts:
Prairie Another stylistic variation
within the Arts and Crafts Movement is the Prairie style, popularized through the work of Frank Lloyd Wright. Often appearing to nestle into their surroundings, Prairie forms often are horizontal in emphasis with low pitched roofs and large over-hanging eaves. Although firmly grounded in the Arts and Crafts tradition, their forward looking use of materials such as reinforced concrete and dramatic expanses of windows, have lead many to consider this the first Modern style.
Low-pitched roof Overhanging eaves Horizontal lines Central chimney Open floor plan Rows of small windows One-story projections
Meyer -May House
Arts and Crafts:
Four-Square Prairie
Symmetrical design
with a “box”
foundation, although
porch may be off-
centered.
Most prominent
characteristic of prairie
would be the long
overhanging eaves.
Mission As populations in California
and America's Southwest expanded, architecture throughout America was increasingly influenced by the remnants of Spanish colonial design. One resulting style was Mission, spanning not only architecture but furniture design and other decorative arts. Mission architecture showcases stucco walls with decorative parapets, red tile roofs, arched rooflines above square piers, and open, widely overhanging eaves.
Smooth stucco siding
Roof parapets
Large square pillars
Arcaded entry porch
Red tile roof
Art Nouveau 1890-1905 Known as the New
Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design. The style spread to interior architecture and furniture in the 1890s. Art Nouveau buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like designs.
Art Deco 1925-1935 These were the
buildings of the future: sleek, geometric, dramatic. With their cubic forms and zigzag designs, art deco buildings embraced the machine age and scientific planetary discovery.
Stream-line
Curved walls
Vertical juxtaposition against rectilinear
Glass walls
Horizontal or zig zag banding
International Style 1930’s -
Box- like
White-typically
Glass
Open floor plan
Part of the Modern Movement.
Architects working in the
International style gave
new emphasis
to the expression of structure,
the lightening of mass,
and the enclosure of dramatic
spaces.
Form follows Function.
Post WW 2 Homes
early 1950’s- • Pos- war housing.
• Cheap, product-
based home.
• Pre-manufactured
elements
• Tight fit
neighborhoods
• Limited decorative
exterior and interior
Mid Century Modern Ranch
Influenced by the Early
Modern Movement.
Homes are known for
being one story with
walk out. Open floor
plans with wood interior
and large south facing
glass exteriors to patio.
Large stone fireplaces
typically two sided.
Earth Friendly Homes -1960’s- • Earth bermed/ earth sheltered /hay bail homes
• Solar-Passive
• Natural Materials that are native to the land
• Directional placement
• Wind powered
Current Trends in Architecture
• “Mc Mansions” – Urban sprawl
– Building for the extremes
• New Urbanism
– Combating urban
sprawl
– Building
communities through
intentional
architecture and
landscape
New Town of Kentlands, MD
• Co-Housing
– Intentional
community
– Shared work and
resources
– Environmentally
conscious
• Sustainable and Green
Architecture
– Recycling of materials
– Advantages of the
systems of the earth
– Combating global
housing needs
– LEED certification
– Concern for environment
– Concern for social and
political issues