The History and The History and Development of the Development of the

European Therapeutic European Therapeutic CommunitiesCommunities

Eric BroekaertEric Broekaert

University Växjö, Sweden, November 2009University Växjö, Sweden, November 2009

Broekaert, E., Vanderplasschen, W., Temmerman, I., Broekaert, E., Vanderplasschen, W., Temmerman, I., Ottenberg, D., & Kaplan, C. (2000). Ottenberg, D., & Kaplan, C. (2000). Retrospective study of Retrospective study of similarities and relations between the American drug-free similarities and relations between the American drug-free and the European therapeutic communities for children and and the European therapeutic communities for children and adults. adults. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32(4), 407-417.(4), 407-417.

Eric Broekaert, Kathy Colpaert, Veerle Soyez, Wouter Eric Broekaert, Kathy Colpaert, Veerle Soyez, Wouter Vanderplasschen, Stijn Vandevelde. Transatlantic Vanderplasschen, Stijn Vandevelde. Transatlantic Dialectics:Dialectics: A study on similarities and dissimilarities in A study on similarities and dissimilarities in approaches to substance abuse problems in the United approaches to substance abuse problems in the United States and Europe. Submitted to: States and Europe. Submitted to: Therapeutic Communities: Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal for Therapeutic and Supportive The International Journal for Therapeutic and Supportive Organizations.Organizations.

Early TC’s In EuropeEarly TC’s In Europe

World War II: Innovation of World War II: Innovation of psychiatrypsychiatry ‘‘Northfield experiments’Northfield experiments’

Treatment of psychiatric casualties of warTreatment of psychiatric casualties of war Dealing with psychiatric problems in social settingsDealing with psychiatric problems in social settings

““A transitional A transitional

space of space of

experienceexperience””

HaroldHarold BridgerBridger

Maxwell JonesMaxwell Jones

“ Social learning is Social learning is

complicated and complicated and

painfull painfull ””

The drug-free TCThe drug-free TC

The Oxford- groups, Moral The Oxford- groups, Moral Rearmement, AA-movementRearmement, AA-movement

Synanon Synanon American Behavioristic American Behavioristic

CommunitiesCommunities Integrated European Communities: Integrated European Communities:

behaviorists, psychopedagogues, behaviorists, psychopedagogues, humanist Christianshumanist Christians

French CommunitiesFrench Communities

The Oxford-groups, The Oxford-groups, Moral Rearmement, Moral Rearmement, AA-movementAA-movement

Dr. Frank N.D. BuchmanDr. Frank N.D. Buchman

“ “ A search for A search for

spiritual authority spiritual authority ””

SynanonSynanon

Charles DederichCharles Dederich

““Today is the first Today is the first

day of the rest of day of the rest of

your lifeyour life””

SynanonSynanon

The cradle of the drug-free TC

Msgr William Msgr William O’BrienO’Brien

Charles J. DevlinCharles J. Devlin

““You can not do You can not do it aloneit alone””

American Behavioristic CommunitiesAmerican Behavioristic Communities

Integrated European Integrated European Communities: BehavioristsCommunities: Behaviorists

The NetherlandsThe Netherlands

EmiliehoeveEmiliehoeve

““My house, My house, is a very very is a very very nice housenice house!”!”

Martien KooymanMartien Kooyman

Integrated European Integrated European Communities: psychopedagoguesCommunities: psychopedagogues

BelgiumBelgiumGeorges van der Straten Georges van der Straten

TrempolineTrempoline

““European companionshipEuropean companionship in education, the formation in education, the formation

trough the journeytrough the journey””  

““Progetto per l’ Progetto per l’ UomoUomo””

Don Mario PicchiDon Mario Picchi

““ I am like a sail, I I am like a sail, I catch the wind catch the wind ””

Yuan Parés y PlansYuan Parés y Plans

Integrated European Communities: Integrated European Communities: humanist Christianshumanist Christians

Dr. Donald Dr. Donald OttenbergOttenberg

““Taking decisions in Taking decisions in

a life that is valueda life that is valued

””

French CommunitiesFrench Communities

FranceFrance

Lucien Lucien

EngelmajerEngelmajer

‘‘Le Patriarche’Le Patriarche’

La BoèreLa Boère

“ “ A life without A life without

drugs drugs ””

Chronology of American Chronology of American predecessors and European predecessors and European

TC’sTC’sYearYear NameName FoundersFounders

19581958 Synanon, USASynanon, USA Chuck DederichChuck Dederich

19641964 Daytop Village NY, USADaytop Village NY, USA

William O’BrienWilliam O’Brien

Charles DevlinCharles Devlin

David DeitchDavid Deitch

19671967 Phoenix House NY, USAPhoenix House NY, USAMitchell RosenthalMitchell Rosenthal

George De LeonGeorge De Leon

19681968

Pink Villa Huts (Saint-James Pink Villa Huts (Saint-James Hospital), which was later called Hospital), which was later called Phoenix House, Alpha Unit and Phoenix House, Alpha Unit and ultimately was re-launched as ultimately was re-launched as

Alpha House, UKAlpha House, UK

Ian Christie Ian Christie

David Warren-HollandDavid Warren-Holland

Jane GreenJane Green

Robert StoreyRobert Storey

Year ‘69 – ‘71Year ‘69 – ‘71

YearYear NameName FoundersFounders

19691969Featherstone Lodge Project Featherstone Lodge Project (FLP), which later became (FLP), which later became

Phoenix House, UKPhoenix House, UK

Griffith EdwardsGriffith Edwards

Denny YusonDenny Yuson

Madeleine MaldoMadeleine Maldo

David Warren-HollandDavid Warren-Holland

David TomlinsonDavid Tomlinson

19691969 L’Incontro, ItalyL’Incontro, Italy Don Piero GelminiDon Piero Gelmini

Beginning of Beginning of 1970s1970s Klinik Bad Herrenalb, GermanyKlinik Bad Herrenalb, Germany Walter LechlerWalter Lechler

19711971 Le centre du Levant, Le centre du Levant, SwitzerlandSwitzerland Pierre ReyPierre Rey

Year ‘71 – ‘72Year ‘71 – ‘72

YearYear NameName FoundersFounders

19711971 Ley Community (Littlemore Ley Community (Littlemore Hospitall), UKHospitall), UK

Bertram MandelbroteBertram Mandelbrote

John McCabeJohn McCabe

19711971 Synanon, GermanySynanon, Germany CollectiveCollective

19721972 Emiliehoeve, The NetherlandsEmiliehoeve, The Netherlands

Martien KooymanMartien Kooyman

Denny YusonDenny Yuson

Brian DempseyBrian Dempsey

19721972 Daytop, GermanyDaytop, GermanyUllrich Osterhues Ullrich Osterhues

Martin Lutterjohann Martin Lutterjohann

Year ‘73 – ‘74Year ‘73 – ‘74

YearYear NameName FoundersFounders

19731973 Vallmotorp, later Daytop, Vallmotorp, later Daytop, SwedenSweden

Lars BrembergLars Bremberg

Paul d’AndreaPaul d’Andrea

19731973 Aebi Hus, SwitzerlandAebi Hus, Switzerland Karl DeisslerKarl Deissler

19731973 Coolmine Lodge, IrelandCoolmine Lodge, IrelandLord RossmoreLord Rossmore

James CombertonJames Comberton

19741974 De Sleutel, BelgiumDe Sleutel, BelgiumJohan MaertensJohan Maertens

Jos LievensJos Lievens

19741974 La Boère, FranceLa Boère, FranceLucien Engelmajer Lucien Engelmajer

(Le Patriarche)(Le Patriarche)

Year ‘76 - ‘79Year ‘76 - ‘79

YearYear NameName FoundersFounders

19761976 De Kiem, BelgiumDe Kiem, BelgiumEric BroekaertEric Broekaert

Rudy BrackeRudy Bracke

19781978 San Patrignano, ItalySan Patrignano, Italy Vincenzo MuccioliVincenzo Muccioli

19781978 Choisis! and later Trampoline, Choisis! and later Trampoline, BelgiumBelgium

George Van der StratenGeorge Van der Straten

Ruud BruggemanRuud Bruggeman

19791979 De Spiegel, BelgiumDe Spiegel, BelgiumPaul van Deun Paul van Deun

Johan MartensJohan Martens

19791979 Tannenhof, GermanyTannenhof, Germany Horst BrömerHorst Brömer

Year ‘79 – ‘82Year ‘79 – ‘82

YearYear NameName FoundersFounders

19791979 San Carlo (CeIS), Progetto San Carlo (CeIS), Progetto per l’uomo, Italyper l’uomo, Italy

Don Mario PicchiDon Mario Picchi

Juan CorelliJuan Corelli

19791979 Pellas community, later Kisko Pellas community, later Kisko community, Finlandcommunity, Finland

Kalliolan KannatusyhdistysKalliolan Kannatusyhdistys

Katriina PajupuroKatriina Pajupuro

End 1970’s End 1970’s – beginning – beginning

1980’s1980’s

Programmas Libres de Programmas Libres de Drogas, SpainDrogas, Spain

Juan Francisco OrsiJuan Francisco Orsi

Aitor ArestiAitor Aresti

19821982 Veksthuset, later Phoenix Veksthuset, later Phoenix House Haga, NorwayHouse Haga, Norway

Rafael AseplundRafael Aseplund

Dag FuruholmenDag Furuholmen

Stuart RoseStuart Rose

Inger VennerodInger Vennerod

Anthony SlaterAnthony Slater

Year ‘83 – ‘90Year ‘83 – ‘90

YearYear NameName FoundersFounders

19831983Ithaka/ Kethea, GreeceIthaka/ Kethea, Greece

Phoebus ZafiridisPhoebus Zafiridis

Babis PoulopoulosBabis Poulopoulos

In the years In the years 19901990

Dianova, Belgium and other Dianova, Belgium and other countriescountries

Lucien Engelmajer Lucien Engelmajer

(Le Patriarche)(Le Patriarche)

Swedish FriendsSwedish Friends

Jan HenningJan Henning " "MoltasMoltas" " EriksonErikson, född 29 november 1932, död 1 juni 1988, var en svensk , född 29 november 1932, död 1 juni 1988, var en svensk underhållare samt psykiater vid Ulleråkers sjukhus i Uppsalaunderhållare samt psykiater vid Ulleråkers sjukhus i Uppsala

Swedish FriendsSwedish Friends

Lars Bremberg was an important person within the TC movement. He arranged the first Lars Bremberg was an important person within the TC movement. He arranged the first Eupropean TC meeting in Sweden 1976. He started Vallmotorp 1973 and Daytop Eupropean TC meeting in Sweden 1976. He started Vallmotorp 1973 and Daytop

Sweden some years later.Sweden some years later.

European IdentityEuropean Identity

American Behaviourist traditionAmerican Behaviourist traditionPsycho-analytical-based milieutherapyPsycho-analytical-based milieutherapy1970’s-ideologies, marxism and critical 1970’s-ideologies, marxism and critical

theorytheory Integration of democratic and hierarchical TC Integration of democratic and hierarchical TC

approaches.approaches.Social learningSocial learning

Adaptation of American Adaptation of American models into own culture:models into own culture:

Evolution towards more empathic Evolution towards more empathic behaviour modification and dialogue.behaviour modification and dialogue.

Traditional European educational theories, Traditional European educational theories, new school movement and reform new school movement and reform pedagogy.pedagogy.

Integration of humanistic therapy into TC Integration of humanistic therapy into TC methodology.methodology.

Introduction of existentialist family therapyIntroduction of existentialist family therapy

More professionalismMore professionalism Health care professionals and priestsHealth care professionals and priests ResearchersResearchers Less important role of ex-addictsLess important role of ex-addicts

Scientific ResearchScientific Research Counterweight against spiritual and self-Counterweight against spiritual and self-

confirming tendenciesconfirming tendencies Transition towards integrative recovery and Transition towards integrative recovery and

integrated treatment systemsintegrated treatment systems

EFCT EFCT collaboration and information exchangecollaboration and information exchange Links with EWODOR, European universitiesLinks with EWODOR, European universities

What can we expect from What can we expect from the futurethe future ? ?

Post Modern TimesPost Modern Times

Michel FoucaultMichel Foucault

“ “ To change To change

something in the something in the

minds minds

of people of people ””