the historical relationship of elms and vines

8/11/2019 The historical relationship of elms and vines

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Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For (2004) 13 (1), 7-15

The historical relationship of elms and vines

P. Fuentes-Utrilla, R. A. Lpez-Rodrguez and L. Gil*Uni versidad Poli tcnica de Madr id . 28040 Madr id. Spain

Abstract

In Spanish, the expression You cannot ask an elm for pears denotes something that is impossible. Although itsorigin is unknown, it can be dated back to the 1stcentury BC, when appeared the Latin maximPir um, non ulmum ac-cedas, si cupi as pi ra(You should go to a pear-tree for pears, not to an elm), a sentence from which we believe the Spa-nish saying comes. The objective of this paper is to show how the historical relationship of elms and vines can be re-lated to these expressions, because elms did not give pears but, f iguratively, did give grapes. The cultivation of vines wassoon included among the domestic plants at the beginning of the Neolithic Age. During the Assyrian Empire (7thcen-tury BC), vines are represented growing up around pine-like trees. The first documentary evidence of the marriagebetween elms and vines is found in the Ancient Greece: a wine calledPteleaiks oinosis mentioned, which refers to

the region where it was produced, Ptelea (Elm). During the Roman Ages, the cultivation of vines married to elms be-came more important as it is reflected in the treatises in agriculture. This technique was so common that it appearsrecurrently as a topic in Poetry and Drama. The classical books were copied during the Middle Ages, and only the Ara-bian agronomists in the Iberian Peninsula gave new evidence of the relationship between vines and elms in the 12th

century. Some four hundred years later the use of elms as props for vines was rare in Spain and, although not to elms,the marriage of vines to trees lasted in the South of Spain until the 19th century. In Italy, elms and vines were evenplanted together in the 20th century, before the Dutch Elm Disease began to kill the plantations of trees and farmerswere forced to replace them with poles.

Key words:history, elm cultivation, agriculture.

Resumen

Relaciones histricas entre olmos y vides

En castellano, la expresin No se le puede pedir peras al olmo indica algo imposible. A pesar de que su origenes desconocido, puede situarse en el siglo I A.C., cuando aparece la mxima latinaPi rum, non ulmum accedas, si cu-pias pira(A l peral acude, no al olmo, si quieres peras), de la cual creemos que procede la expresin espaola. En es-te trabajo se pretende mostrar que la relacin histrica de los olmos y las vides puede estar relacionada con estas ex-presiones en la medida en que los olmos no daban peras mas, en sentido f igurado, daban uvas. La vid fue una de lasprimeras plantas cultivadas ya desde el comienzo del Neoltico. En el Imperio Asirio (s. VII A.C.), las vides aparecenrepresentadas creciendo alrededor de rboles que se asemejan a pinos. La primera evidencia documental del marida-

je de olmos y vides la encontramos en la Grecia Clsica, donde se menciona un vino llamadoPteleaiks oinos que ha-ce referencia a la regin dnde se produca, Ptelea (Olmo). Durante la poca Romana el cultivo de las vides marida-das a los olmos adquiere mayor importancia, como se refleja en los tratados de agricultura. La prctica fue tan comnque aparece de modo recurrente como tpico en la literatura. Los textos clsicos son copiados durante la Edad Me-dia, y slo los agrnomos rabes de la pennsula Ibrica proporcionan nuevas evidencias de la relacin entre vides yolmos ya en el siglo XII. Cuatro siglos despus la utilizacin de olmos como tutores de las vides era rara en Espaa,

pero el maridaje de las vides con rboles, aunque no olmos, dur en el Sur de Espaa hasta el siglo XIX. Sin embar-go en Italia olmos y vides se plantaban juntos incluso en el siglo XX, antes de que la grafiosis comenzara a matar lasplantaciones de rboles y los agricultores se vieran obligados a sustituirlos por postes.

Palabras clave: historia, cultivo del olmo, agricultura.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]: 02-09-03; Accepted: 09-12-03.


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From Neolithic Era to the AssyrianEmpire

The cultivation of vines (Viti s vini feraL.) dates fromthe beginnings of ancient agriculture during the Neo-lithic Age (Zohary and Hopf, 2000). The planted vi-nes belong to the dioecious subspecies Vitis vini ferasubsp. sativa(DC) Hegi. I t seems that they were se-lected from the natural populations of the wild, mo-noecious subspeciesV. vini fera subsp.sylvestris(Gme-lin) Hegi in the region of South Caspian Sea andSouthern coast of the Black Sea (Scossiroli, 1988). Thewild vine is a climber that naturally grows coveringtrees in riparian forests, i. e.Ulmus(Oceteet al ., 1999),and the first farmers might have imitated this naturalgrowing habit when they decided to grow them near

their settlements.The origins of viticulture are based on the presen-ce of yeast on the grapes that transforms sugar into al-cohol during the fermentation process of wine. Thedrink became soon related to a particular religiousconscience that grew from this region in the MiddleEast, and for this reason wine production reached bothsymbolic and economic importance (Unwin, 1991).Several data indicate that trees were used for vine prop-ping in very Ancient times. In The Epic of Gilgamesh,a Sumerian poem from the 2ndmillennium BC, Gilga-mesh approaches the bejewel led shrubsand he finds

The carnel ian bears its frui t, And hung i t i s with go-odly vines.(Temple, 1991), before visiting Siduri atthe garden of gods. We find one artistic representationof the marriage between trees and vines as early as inthe 7thcentury BC. In an Assyrian high relief, the kingAshurbanipal rests under vines full of grapes, whichare growing up around pine-like trees (Fig. 1). The pro-gressive influence of different religious aspects of the-se Mesopotamian cultures on the Eastern Mediterra-nean religions helped the expansion of viticulturewestwards (Unwin, 2001), and with it the use of livingtrees in vineyards. New tree species were available in

these Mediterranean regions, and the new farmers hadthe opportunity to select those which were more sui-table for their lands and wich gave the best by-pro-ducts.

The Ancient Greece

The importance of vines and wine in AncientGreek culture (1st millennium BC) is represented by

Dionysus, God of wine who was often seen wearinggrapes over him:

And so hail to you, D ionysus, god of abundant clusters!(Homeric Hymns 26 to Dionysus)

Li knitos Dionysos, bearer of the vine, thee I invoke tobless these ri tes divine

(Orphic Hymn 46 to Licnitus)

At the same time, elms were acquiring a symbolic

value in the Greek tradition. In Homers Iliad (7th

cen-tury BC), Andromache tells her husband Hector abouthis father Etion, K ing of Thebe, who was killed byAchilles:

He slew Eti on, yet he despoi led him not, for his soulhad awe of that; but he burnt him i n his armour, ri chlydight, and heaped over him a barr ow; and al l aboutwere elm-trees planted by nymphs of the mountai n,daughters of Zeus that beareth the aegis

(Iliad, VI; Murray, 1965)

The fact that the elms where planted by the nymphs

Oeads, daughters of Zeus, and around the tomb of aKing, indicates their status as sacred trees. I t is alsodeduced from the texts that the Greeks knew that thespecies could be easily planted, an quality that makeelms suitable for cultivation with vines. Although tre-evines (mpelos nadendras) are often mentioned inGreek literature since the 6th century BC (Hagenow,1972), it is in the 3rdcentury BC that we find the rela-tionship between elms and vines: Theocritus Idyllsmentioned a wine calledPteleaiks oinos. That name

8 P. Fuentes-Ut r il la et al. / Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For (2004) 13 (1), 7-15

Figure 1.Ashurbanipal and his Queen enjoying a banquet. No-te the vines growing around the pine-like trees behind the Mo-narchs. The Garden Party relief from the North Palace of As-hurbanipal. Nineveh, northern Iraq. Neo-Assyrian, about 645

BC. The British Museum. London.


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refers to the region where it was produced, Ptelea(Elm), and Ptelea and Pteleon were frequent toponymsin Ephesus, Arcadia and Attica because vines wereusually associated with elms (Hunter, 1999).

Elms,vines and the Romans

The Roman conception of life was more pragmaticthan the more scientific Greek one. As a result, the pro-duction of wine increased because it gave good bene-fits to farmers.

Many Roman books on Agriculture have lasted to thepresent day. CatosDe Agri Cultura(2ndCentury BC) isthe oldest known prose work written in Latin. Differentauthors (Brehaud, 1933; Sez 1996) indicate that theimportance given by Cato to vines and olives reflectsthe transition from subsistence agriculture, based on ce-reals, towards a more commercial agriculture, in whichwine and olives played a significant role. In his oeuvre,Cato explains the way vines should be married to trees,and how both should be pruned:

Be sure to begin in good time to prune vines trai nedon trees and to layer vi nes.Be sure to t rai n vines upwards, as much as you can.The trees are to be pruned thus: the branches that youleave to be well separated; cut straight; do not l eavetoo many. Vines should have good knots on each tree-

branch. Take great care not to precipi tate the vine andnot to ti e i t too ti ght. Be sure that trees are wel l ma-r r ied, and that vines are planted in sufficient numbers:where appropri ate, detach vines enti rely fr om the tree,layer to the ground, and separate from the stock twoyears later.

(De Agri Cultura 32; Dalby, 1998).

Although he did not indicate which species shouldbe used, elms are cited many times in his book: theyprovide fodder for sheep and oxen (De Agri Cul tura5, 6, 17, 30 and 54) and how and where they can be

transplanted is also indicated (De Agri Cultura 28and 40).

The second Roman reference to the cultivation ofelms is found in Varros De Re Rusti ca. Marcus Te-rentius Varro (116 BC-27 BC) was Roman senator andled Pompeian forces in the Iberian Peninsula duringthe civil war. In his text, he considers elms the besttrees for plantations because they are good props forvines, good fodder for cattle, they provide good polesfor fences and firewood (Gil et al., 2003).

By the 1st century BC the cultivation of elms and vi-nes together had become such a frequent part of theItalian landscape that the plant motif began to be usedby Latin poets. Gaius Valerius Catullus (c. 84 BC-c.54 BC), Roman writer contemporary of Varro, intro-duced the topic of the marriage of vines and elms toliterature. Catullus identified vine and elm with wifeand husband, respectively, in Carmina(Poem LXII:Nupt ial Song By Youths And Damsels, verses 49-60;Burton and Smithers, 1894):

E en as an unmated vine which born in fi eld of the barestNever uprai ses head nor breeds the mellowy grape-bunch,But under weight prone-bowed that tender body a-bendingMakes she her root anon to touch her topmost of tendril s;Tends her never a hind nor tends her ever a herdsman:Yet if haply conjoi ned the same with elm as a husband,

Tends her many a hind and tends her many a herdsman:Thus is the maid when whole, uncultured waxes she aged;But when as union meet she wins her at r ipest of seasons,More to her spouse she is dear and less shes i rk to herparents.Hymen O Hymenaeus, Hymen here, O Hymenaeus!

The Latin poet and mime Publius Syrus also livedin the 1st century (c. 85 BC-43 BC). Native of Syria(hence his name), he was brought as a slave to Italy,but soon he was freed and educated by his master. Hismimes became well known in the provincial towns of

Italy and at the games given by Caesar in 46 BC. Allthat remains of his work is a collection of Sentences(Sententiae), a series of moral maxims. One of thesesentences saysPi rum, non ulmum accedas, si cupiaspira (You should go to a pear-tree for pears, not to anelm; Nisard, 1903). This maxim is probably the ori-gin of the Spanish expression No se le pueden pedirperas al ol mo(You cannot ask the elm for pears) andthe Portuguese No pode o ulmeiro dar peras(Theelm cannot give pears). With the meaning of askingfor somethi ng that is impossi ble, the Spanish ex-pressions would appear seventeen centuries later in

CervantesDon Quixote, when vines were rarely plan-ted together with elms as we shall see. But why didSyrus compare a pear tree with an elm, a species thatdoes not produce edible fruits, instead of with anyfruit tree like an apple, a cherry or a plum tree? Thereason is, in our opinion, the cultivation of elms withgrapevines, more frequent than other fruit tree plan-tations because of the higher prof it obtained from thewine. Thus, although not pears, for Syrus the elmsdid give a fruit: grapes.

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elms in Italy. Since one of them is called wild (silves-tr is;Hi s. Nat. XVI, 17), it is likely that the others we-re known because of their use in plantations.

During the decadence of the Roman Empire in the5th century, Pallatius wrote a compilation of the most

important works in Agriculture titledOpus Agri cultu-rae(Moure Casas, 1990). Like the previous authors,he recommends the elms for vine propping (Op. Agr.III, 10, 4). Another compendium in agricultural worksis the Eclogaeby Cassianus Bassus, written one cen-tury later. This oeuvre, known as Geoponica(Meanaet al., 1998), also mentioned the role of elms holdingthe vines because their roots do not extend far and thecanopy is not very low (Geop. IV, 1, 2). Cassianus Bas-sus, like Pliny the Elder, mentions a type of elm thathe considers as wild elm (ptela agra,Geop. II , 6,24). The dispersion of planted elms had to be so wideand common that the author noticed this wild type thatindicated places with water (Geop. II, 6, 23):

[ ...] and in general, ever ything that sprouts withouthaving been planted, but being spontaneously green,exuberant and l uxuriant, indicates that water has pro-vided it with food

(Geop. II, 6, 25).

Thus, the natural populations of elms were confi-ned to isolated, steep-sided watercourses, where agri-culture was not feasible.

The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages represented an impasse in bothsciences and technology until the Renaissance. In theChristian world, studies of botany were reduced to theclassical authors, whose books were copied withoutquestioning what was stated in them. On the other hand,the Arabian scientists in the Iberian Peninsula acted asintermediaries between Orient and Europe, enrichingat the same time medieval knowledge with new studies.

It is worth remembering that thanks to the Arabic li-braries many classical books were preserved from di-sappearing after the decline of the Roman Empire.

Although forbidden by the Koran, the Muslims inAl-Andalus did consume wine (Lvy-Provenal,1950). The Andalusian agronomist Ibn al-Awwan (12th

century AD) wrote theKitab al Fil aha(Book of Agri-culture; Banqueri, 1802), one of the most importantand encyclopaedic of the medieval writings of the Eu-ropean west. He explained the cultivation of vines ex-

tensively, including the trees that should be plantedwith them he wrote in the chapter VII:

[ ...] among which the most suitable for training the vi-nes are (accordi ng to Sagr i t) those with onl y one stem,

and (accordi ng to Kutsami) the best for thi s are the pi -nes and the elms [ ...]

The f irst notable book on Agriculture in theChristian Europe was written at the beginning of the14th century, already in the Late Middle Ages. Pietrodi Crescenzi (ca. 1228-ca. 1321), a native of Bologna,composed a treatise based on classical authors but al-so on his own experience. He wrote theOpus rurali umcommodorumat the end of his life, when he retired cu-riously enough, to his Villa dellOlmo (Elms Villa),some ten miles from Bologna itself. This book wastranslated into different languages and many editionswere published in Central European countries. Cres-cenzi also recommended elms to hang the vines on. Inthe Book II, Chapter 28, he explains:

And if it is all a fi eld, there the elm i s the best treeamong the others and i t can be pruned often. And itcan well support vi nes to have the grapes and it pro-vides good greenery and pl easant shade to the peopleand the cattl e and from i t we take poles and branchesfor hedges and it i s good to bur n and i t has more otherthings

(Crescenzi, 1486).

From the 15th Centuryto the present day

After Gutenbergs invention the number of editionsof books on agriculture increased. In Spain one of themwas theAgri cultura Generalby Gabriel Alonso de He-rrera. Between 1500 and 1512 he travelled over mostof the Spanish provinces, and the experiences and ob-servations that he acquired in his tour were included inhis oeuvre whose first edition was in 1513. This work

represented the last treatise of the classical and me-dieval tradition, and Herrera was greatly influenced bythe previous agronomic books. Although he indicatedthe use of elms as props for vines, he recommended thistechnique only on humid soils. Instead, he advised thecultivation of vine stocks on the others. Nevertheless,Herrera pointed out that the plantation of elms with vi-nes was typical of Italy (Herrera, 1551).

Plantations of vines and trees were also uncommonin Muslim Africa, as it is found in The Hi stor y and

Elms and vines 11


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Descri ption of Afri ca and of the Notable Things The-rein Contai ned, by Leo Africanus. Al-Hasan b.Muhammad al-Fasi was born in Granada in 1494.Soon, his family moved to Fez in Morocco, where hereceived university education. For several years, he ca-

rried out commercial and diplomatic missions on be-half of the Wattasid Sultan Muhammad II al-Burtuqa-li, acquiring a good knowledge of many regions inNorth Africa and Middle East. Around 1518 he was cap-tured by Christian corsairs while returning to Tunisfrom Constantinople. Al-Hasan b. Muhammad washanded to the Pope Leo X, who freed and protectedhim. Muhammad became Christian and received thename Johannes Leo de Medicis, known as Leo Afri-canus. He completed his description of African geo-graphy in 1526 although it was not published until1550. In the text, when he wrote about his travelsaround Morocco, he gave several references about thecultivation of vines, but most of the time there are me-re indications of presence of vineyards (Rebuffat,1990). But in the region of Hascora (North Morocco),he observed that the vines are in form of climbing vi-nes and they are supported by the tree-tr unks(Rebuf-fat, 1990), the manner explained in Ibn al AwwansBo-ok of Agri culture(Banqueri, 1802).

At the same time that the Ancient cultivation of vi-nes married to elms was being abandoned in most Me-diterranean countries apart from Italy, the presence of

this plant topic in the arts increased significantly du-ring the 16thand 17thcenturies, in parallel with the in-terest in the study of the classical texts that took pla-ce during the Renaissance. For instance, the Ovidianmyth of Vertumnus and Pomona was reflected on can-vas by Leonardo da Vincis pupil Francesco Melzi(1493-1570). In the centre of the scene, behind the hu-man figures, the painter placed a vine climbing to thecanopy of an elm tree (Fig. 3).

But the popularity of the vine embraced to the elmas a symbol of Friendship or Love in its supremeform reached its zenith after the publication of An-

drea Alciatos Emblematum l i ber. Andrea Alciato(1492-1550) was very well known during his lifetime,principally for his interpretations of Roman law. ButhisEmblematum li ber, theBook of Emblems, which hewrote in his spare time as a kind of jeu desprit, alsokept his reputation alive. This book began as transla-tions of or variations on fables and poems in the Gre-ek Anthol ogy, a series of cycles of Greek lyric and epi-grammatic poems by scores of writers both Ancientand Medieval Christian, assembled in a series of co-

llections from Antiquity onwards. Already in the firstedition (1531) the motif of the vine and the elm appea-red (Green, 1872), with the title Amici ti a etiam postmor tem durans (Friendship lasting even after death,Fig. 4). The translated text in Alciatos book is:

A vi ne, covered in vi brant greenery, has embraced anelm, dry wi th age and even str ipped of foli age. It ack-nowledges natural change, and grateful ly gi ves back


Figure 3.Melzi, Francesco: Pomona and Vertumnus (1517-1520). Staatliche Museen, Berlin. As in the Ovidian myth, a vi-ne is growing embraced to an elm behind the characters.

Figure 4.Woodcut of A lciatos emblem Amicitia etiam postmortem durans. Alciato, 1531.


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to i ts parent the reciprocal obli gations of service. Andso by example it counsels us to seek out fr iends thosewhose pact of fr iendship is not broken even by death.

(Alciato, 1531)

Alciato, like Francesco Melzi, lived in Italy andshould have been familiar with the traditional way ofgrowing vines with elms. Therefore, the interpretationsof the plant union given by the classical poets would beeasy for them to accept. From Italy the topic passed toother European countries as the different translated edi-tions of Alciatos Emblematum l iberwere published:French (1536), German (1542), Spanish (1549) and Ita-lian (1549). There were in all (Green, 1872) 171 edi-tions from 1531 to the end of the 17th century.

Alciatos emblem book had a great success, and wassoon imitated by different authors. Many of these new

books included emblems already present in the Em-blematum liber, some of them merely transcribed ortranslated, some including comments, and in other oc-casions introducing new interpretations of the motto-es (Fig. 5). These books were widely read, and em-blems like the one of the elm and the vine becameincluded by many poets and writers in their oeuvres.

This was the case for many Spanish authors duringthe Golden Age of literature (late 16thcentury-17thcen-tury). One of them was Miguel de Cervantes (1547 1616), who made use of the image of the two woody

plants in the Novela de la gitanil la(Navarro Durn,1995). But Cervantes not only mentioned the emblemof the elm and the vine. In the second part of Don Qui-xote, which appeared in 1615 (Casasayas, 1986), San-cho said to his master-you may as well expect pearsfrom an elm(Part II, Book II , Chap. XL; Adler, 1991).As stated before, the expression is related to PubliusSyrus maxim. I t is worth noticing how, despite He-rrera considering that the cultivation of elms with vi-nes was infrequent in Spain in the early 16th century,the expression quoted by Sancho, whose origin was re-lated to the agricultural technique, had remained in thelanguage since the 1st century BC.

HerrerasAgri cultura Generalbecame very popu-lar, and numerous editions were published until the19th century, when the last one was brought out in1818. In this edition, revised and expanded with thecurrent knowledge, Clemente (1818) added new com-ments to the chapter on vines hung on trees. He loca-ted this method of growing vines, so accompli shedand so national, in some regions of the Eastern coastand Andalusia, but this time the elms were not amongthe species that he mentioned (Celti s australi s, Mo-rus sp.). Some years later, in 1855 (Esteban Collan-tes and Alfaro), this method of growing vines had be-en abandoned in Spain, and remained only in Italy andin some French departments. In France, at the begin-ning of the 19th century, the wine-growers from the

Oise (region located North of Paris), let the vines growover fruit trees (peach, pear, apple, cherry...) but notelms (Rozier, 1809).

The marriage of vines to trees lasted in the South ofSpain until the 19th century. But in other countries itwas still present in the 1950s (Manaresi, 1957): Fran-ce (valleys in the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Cvennes),Georgia, Turkistan, and above all, in many regions inItaly. According to Manaseri, in Central and NorthernItaly the elms were, together with maples (Acer cam-pestreL.), the most common trees planted with the vi-nes (Fig. 6). C. Buisman (1933) saw various ways of

growing the vine on trees, in combination with agri-cultural crops, in Italy.Acer campestrewas widely usedin the province of Tuscany, whereas elms were favou-red in Emilia, as farmers there wanted to feed the cat-tle on the twigs; the leaves of maple are bitter and notgood for the animals. The elms were gradually repla-ced during the 20thcentury by wood or concrete polesas they died of DED (Manaresi, 1957; Spadoni andMatassoni,pers. comm.). Therefore, the cultivation ofvines married to elms lasted at least since the Ancient

Elms and vines 13

Figure 5.Figure corresponding to Heinsiusemblem Ni mesmela mort. Heinsius, 1608. The emblem of the tree and the vine re-presented for the author the idea of Love lasting after Death.


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Greece (3

rd

century BC) until the last century, that is,more than 2,200 years of human selection, plantationand propagation of the elms in Mediterranean coun-tries. During this time, the agricultural union of thesetwo woody plants inspired poetic metaphors and wasthe origin of one moral maxim, whose expressivenesshas remained thanks to popular culture. Although theunderlying sense that was given to the Latin sentencein the 1st century BC is unknown, the history of the cul-tivation of vines with elms gives us the opportunity togain an insight into its origin.

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Elms and vines 15

the historical relationship of elms and vines

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