The High Middle Ages

(1050-1350)

Establishment of Regional States

• Otto I• Later day

Charlemagne—capital at Aachen.

• Silver find

Frederick Barbarossa

• Eager to build on Otto I and Charlemagne.

• Forged treaties with Pope against Normans in Southern Italy.

• When he attacked Northern Italy for his own consolidation he lost Papal support.

Roger II of Sicily

Capetian France

• Under Hugh Capet, the Capetian dynasty-Europes longest ruling family-was able to (somewhat) consolidate control of France in 1089.

Norman England

• The Bayeux Tapestry• A feudal dispute with

Harold of Hastings over the successor in England following the death of Edward the Confessor.

Power Vacuum

• Harald Haldradda• Harold of Hastings• William of Normandy

• William wins out.• Play the game at

BBC.com.• England is “joined

with European continent”.

Domesday Book

• Consolidation of Fuedalism, a “census” of economics in England—who owns what? Precursor to land rights in England.

Italian situation

• Italian city states—their method of political organization.

• Papal states.

Muslim Spain

Economic revitalization

• Expansion of arable land

• Technology:– Crop rotations– New plows– New crops (Legumes)– Watermills– Horse collar and shoes

Population Boom!

• 29,000,000 in 800

• 79,000,000 in 1300

• Then a dip?

Revival of Towns and Trade

• Urbanization• Specialization• Developing Industry• Development of Italy• Hanseatic League• Expansion of Credit• Protective measures of

Cities• Decline of Vikings• Expansion of Guilds and

Class

Hanseatic League

Evolution of Christianity

• Cathedral Schools• Emphasized liberal

arts and the gospel• Evolved into

Universities

Philosophy

• The synthesis of Aristotelian logic and theology.

• Europe’s foremost Theologian.

Medieval Heresy: Anti-Clerical

• Waldensians: Poverty and Piety

• Cathars: belief in duality, Manichaeism.

• Bogimilism: Gnosticism

• Subject to Crusade such as this image: Expulsion of the Cathars.

Treatment of Medieval Jews

• Treated with incredible intolerance.

• Expelled from areas• Property confiscated• Brutalized in

Crusades• Forbidden from

owning land• Mandated apparel for

easy identification.

Medieval Expansion

• Vikings in the Atlantic• Teutonic Knights• Crusades• Pope Urban’s call for

Crusade

Council of Clermont

• “Jerusalem is the navel of the world; the land is fruitful above all others, like another paradise of delights. This royal city, therefore, situated at the center of the world, is now held captive by His enemies, and is in subjection to those who do not know God, to the worship of the heathens. She seeks therefore and desires to be liberated, and does not cease to implore you to you to come to her aid. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the kingdom of heaven.”

8 Crusades

Consequences of the Crusades

• Establishment of new States in Palestine and Syria

• Legacy of hatred, misunderstanding, and bitterness.

• Trade increase

• Ideas and cultural diffusion

• Role of Women?

Legal Highlights

• Other than persecuted groups such as Jews, Witches, and Homosexuals, Medieval society saw an increase in the capacity to receive fair justice.

• Days of the “ordeal of god” were gone as England and France instituted court systems (Parlement of Paris) and trial by Juries.

Magna Carta

• Magna Carta was originally created because of disagreements between Pope Innocent III, King John and his English barons about the rights of the King. Magna Carta required the king to renounce certain rights, respect certain legal procedures and accept that the will of the king could be bound by law.

Gothic Cathedrals

Key Papal Doctrines

• College of Cardinals: 1059

• Papal Curia: unification of Church and Secular law.

• Unam Sanctum: all Christians subject to Pope.