The High and Late Middle Ages

Chapter 8Page 242

1050-1450

Section 1Royal Power Grows

• A. Between 1000 and 1300, monarchs across Europe began consolidating their power

• The modern nations would begin to emerge

B. English Kings

• Anglo Saxons conquered Britain• Began calling it England• Became more unified under King Edward• However, Edward died without heir• Nobles chose Harold• However, William, Duke of Normandy said was

promised throne• Invaded and defeated Harold at Battle of

Hastings• Became William The Conqueror

• William was French• Came up with Doomsday book– Better way to tax the people

• King Henry- 1154- educated• Came up with common law-• Jury- • However, would start to have conflict with

church• Who had more power? Taxes each other?• Henry’s hot headed knights???

C. Evolving Traditions of Govt

• King John-not a nice guy• Lost lands in France to King Phillip II of France• Was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III• English Nobles forced him to sign the Magna

Carta- 1. 2• Also guaranteed Due Process of the Law and

Habeas corpus

• Development of Parliament • English Kings would summon Parliament to

discuss certain items• Eventually would become permanent with

two houses– House of Lords– House of Commons

• Had the power to levy taxes

D. Successful Monarchs in France

• France remained a patchwork of power lords much longer than England

• Hugh Capet in 987 was elected King of areas around Paris

• Eventually, his ancestors would consolidate the lands of France

• Capetian Kings lasted 300 years- hereditary

• Phillip II- Ruthless, conquered lands that English Nobles held in France

• Louis IX and Saint- very pius- crusaded for the church and was sainted 30 years after his death

• However, Louis grandson Phillip the IV clashed with church- tried to tax church

• Eventually, papacy was “kidnapped” and brought back to Avignon France

• Estates General?

Section 2The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

• A. The Holy Roman Empire– During 1000’s, the power of monarchs was on the

rise in Europe– Popes struggled to keep power over these

monarchs • Holy Roman Empire

B. Otto I

• 962- Otto helps pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles

• Crowns him Emperor of Holy Roman Empire• Mostly Modern day Germany and Italy • Tried to keep control, but local control

dominated– Local lords

C. Feud between Pope and Emperor

• Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII would come into conflict

• Who had more power? Church or State• Gregory banned Lay investiture- put church

under state jurisdiction • Gregory excommunicated Henry• Henry backed down• Concordat of Worms- compromise

D. Struggle for Italy

• Frederick Barbarossa becomes Holy Roman Emperor

• Tries to take over all of Italy• His son Frederick II also failed to take Italy• Germany remained disunited for almost 600

more years

E. Church Power Reaches Its Height

• Pope Innocent III declared Papal supremacy over all monarchs

• Any leader who defied him, he excommunicated

• 1209- launched Albigensian Crusade in Southern France that killed Christians that did not adhere to official church doctrine

Section 3The Crusades and the Wider World

• A. Loss of the Holy Land – In the 1000’s, world cultures were beginning to

interact more and more– Byzantine empire came into conflict with Seljuk

Turks– The lost Asia Minor and more importantly the

Holy Land-1071– Holy Pilgrimages could not cross into Muslim lands

B. The Crusades

• Byzantine Emperor Alexius I called on Pope Urban II for Christian aid to put fight against Muslims

• Council of Clermont 1095- Pope called on Christians to liberate Holy Land– GOD WILLS IT

• Thousands of Knights converge on Jerusalem– Religion, wealth, honor, adventure

• Pope had motives too– Increase papal power– Bring Eastern Orthodox back under pope’s control

• First Crusade- Actually succeeded in taking Jerusalem- established 4 crusader states – Slaughtered everyone in the city

• Second Crusade- Sent to reinforce the Crusader states– Failed, Muslims took Jerusalem– Muslim Leader Saladin

• 3rd Crusade- Failed to retake Jerusalem– Famous Crusade- Richard the Lion Hearted

• 4th Crusade- Got sidetracked- – Actually sacked the Christian city of

Constantinople

• 5th Crusade- Also Failed

• Last Christian stronghold fell in 1204- Port of Acre

C. Impact of the Crusade

• Crusaders brought back goods from foreign countries they would continue to want

• Economy’s based on currency– Needed money to raise armies

• Church’s power rose and declined• Power of Monarchs increased • Europeans would continue to expand their

influence into the rest of the world

D. The Reconquista

• Religious intolerance would continue• Muslim Moors had conquered Spain• Ferdinand and Isabella would finish

Reconquista to expel Muslim invaders which took 200 years

• Completed in 1492• Then expelled Jews and Muslims• Inquisition- get rid of heretics and other

religions in Spain

Section 4 Learning and Culture Flourish

• A. Medieval Universities Emerge– 1100’s- Gov’t bureaucracies and clergy need

educated people to handle daily business– Universities spring up around Europe- Salerno and

Bologna– Students life

• 5am to 10 am classes, lunch, classes to 5 pm, rest of night to study

• Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic

• Attending 3 to 7 years

B. Europeans Acquire “New” Learning

• 1100’s, Muslims had translated Greek and Roman literature

• This was translated into Latin which was brought to Europe

• Some classical studies contradicted church teachings

• Scholasticism- tried to use reason to reaffirm church teachings- all should lead to same end

• Thomas Aquinas- Faith and reason

• New Approaches to Science and Math– Studied Greek and Roman methods– Adopted Arabic numerals instead of Roman

numerals

C. Medieval Literature

• Works begin appearing in the Vernacular- language of the region- English- French

• Epics- Song of Roland• Dante’s Divine Comedy- Dante Alighieri-

journey from Heaven to hell• Canterbury Tales- Geoffrey Chaucer

D. Architecture and Art

• Early Cathedrals dark and enclosed• Gothic Style- Relied on Flying Buttresses to

hold up huge church ceilings- could then leave large windows to let in large amounts of light

• Stained Glass Windows- • Illuminations-

Section 5A Time of Crisis

• A. Black Death– 1347- traders from Genoa arrive in Messina

bringing the Bubonic Plague– It shortly spreads through the rest of Europe and

parts of Asia– Kills 1 in 3– Spreads from flees on rats to people– Epidemic kills millions

• Normal life breaks down– Many think God is punishing the earth– Jews and other religions blamed– Inflation and wages rise– Some people isolate themselves– Much land is converted to herding grounds putting

many out of work– Takes 100 years to recover from effects of the

plague

B. Upheaval in the Church

• Many monks and priest killed• Pope moved to Avignon France- living in

Luxury• Sometimes as many as 3 popes fighting for

control• Schism• Eventually, all popes discredited and

compromise pope Martin V elected and sent back to Rome

• John Wycliffe and Jan Hus lead many away from church

• Why do priest live in such luxury? They are corrupt

• Translate Bible into English and other languages

• Don’t have to rely on the church• Many executed as heretics

C. Hundreds Year War

• Between 1337 and 1453• English try to hold onto French lands as France

tries to unite it’s territory • English Victories– Crecy in 1346, Poitiers in 1356, Agincourt 1415– Longbow was deadly weapon

D. Joan of Arc• 1429- 17 year old peasant claims sent by God• Leads French Army to several victories• Captured and burned as a witch• However, rallied French to many victories• Cannon also helped• More powerful weapons made knights

obsolete• Castles and private armies became less

powerful as monarchs turned to profession paid armies