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Pne Expert Rmkec gk tne De`almcmk` Rnysagcgoalmc Adpmlts gjLgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

LGK@ULPE@

EKEVOQ_EMRGK\

PNE NEMCPN EJJELP\ GJ

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PNE NEMCPN EJJELP\ GJ LGK@ULPE@ EKEVOQ _EMRGK\

Pne Expert Rmkec gk tne De`almc mk` Rnysagcgoalmc Adpmlts g Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

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aa Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

PNE LGUKLaC GJ LMKM@aMK MLM@EdaE\ & PNE LMKM@aMK MLM@EdQ GJ NEMCPN \LaEKLE\

=>2 Ecok \treet, Gttmwm, GK Lmkm`m I6R 6I-=-16:55>-:0-: (p`)

=. \tuk ouksNemctn mspelts. 6. Kgkcetnmc wempgksNemctn mspelts.

A. Lguklac g Lmkm`amk Mlm`edaes. Expert Rmkec gk tne De`almc mk` Rnysagcgoalmc Adpmlts g Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks, mutngr

NZ?1

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aaa

Pne Lguklc g Lmkm`mk Mlm`ees\laekle M`vale ak tne Rufcal Akterest

Pne Lguklac g Lmkm`amk Mlm`edaes as mk ak`epek`ekt,

kgt-gr-prgt lgrpgrmtagk tnmt suppgrts ak`epek`ekt,

slaekle-fmse`, expert mssessdekts tg akgrd pufcal pgcaly

`evecgpdekt ak Lmkm`m. Ce` fy m =6-dedfer Fgmr` gOgverkgrs mk` m`vase` fy m =:-dedfer \laektal M`vasgry

Lgddattee, tne Lguklacs wgri eklgdpmsses m frgm`

`ekatagk g slaekle, aklgrpgrmtako tne kmturmc, sglamc, mk`

nemctn slaekles ms wecc ms ekoakeerako mk` tne nudmkataes.

Lguklac mssessdekts mre lgk`ulte` fy ak`epek`ekt,

ducta`aslapcakmry pmkecs g experts rgd mlrgss Lmkm`m

mk` mfrgm`. Mssessdekts strave tg a`ektay ederoako assues,

omps ak ikgwce`oe, Lmkm`amk strekotns, mk` akterkmtagkmc

trek`s mk` prmltales. Upgk lgdpcetagk, mssessdekts prgva`e

ogverkdekt `elasagk-dmiers, mlm`edam, mk` stmiengc`ers

watn naon-qumcaty akgrdmtagk requare` tg evecgp akgrde`mk` akkgvmtave pufcal pgcaly.

Mcc Lguklac mssessdekts uk`erog m grdmc repgrt revaew mk`

mre pufcasne` mk` dm`e mvmacmfce tg tne pufcal ree g lnmroe

ak Ekocasn mk` Jrekln. Mssessdekts lmk fe reerre` tg tne

Lguklac fy guk`mtagks, kgk-ogverkdektmc gromkazmtagks,

tne pravmte seltgr, gr mky cevec g ogverkdekt.

Pne Lguklac as mcsg suppgrte` fy ats tnree guk`ako Dedfer

Mlm`edaes8 tne Vgymc \glaety g Lmkm`m (V\L), tne Lmkm`amk

Mlm`edy g Ekoakeerako (LME), mk` tne Lmkm`amk Mlm`edy

g Nemctn \laekles (LMN\).

www.sleklem`le.lm

Bsleklem`le

Pne Lmkm`mk Mlm`ey g Nemctn \lekles

Pne Lmkm`amk Mlm`edy g Nemctn \laekles (LMN\)

prgva`es slaektal m`vale gr m nemctny Lmkm`m. At as m kgk-

prgt lnmratmfce gromkazmtagk, akatamte` ak 6220 tg wgri

ak pmrtkersnap watn tne Vgymc \glaety g Lmkm`m mk` tne

Lmkm`amk Mlm`edy g Ekoakeerako. Lgcceltavecy, tnese tnreefg`aes lgdprase tne guk`ako tnree-dedfer Lguklac g

Lmkm`amk Mlm`edaes. Pne Lmkm`amk Akstatute g Mlm`edal

De`alake, wnaln pcmye` m cem`ersnap rgce ak `evecgpako tne

Lmkm`amk Mlm`edy g Nemctn \laekles, eksure` tne aklcusagk

g tne frgm` rmkoe g gtner nemctn slaekle `aslapcakes.

LMN\ as dg`ecce` gk tne Akstatute g De`alake ak tne

Ukate` \tmtes mk` prgva`es tadecy, akgrde`, mk` ukfamse`

mssessdekts g uroekt assues meltako tne nemctn g

Lmkm`amks. Pne prgless g LMN\s wgri as `esaoke` tg

mssure mpprgpramte expertase, tne akteormtagk g tne fest

slaekle, mk` tne mvga`mkle g fams mk` lgkjalt g akterest9tne cmtter as m requekt `ykmdal tnmt lgkguk`s sgcutagks

tg `aluct prgfceds ak tne nemctn seltgr. Pne mssessdekts

lgk`ulte` fy LMN\ prgva`e mk gfheltave weaonako g tne

mvmacmfce slaektal eva`ekle mt mrds cekotn rgd pgcatalmc

lgksa`ermtagks mk` watn m glus gk tne pufcal akterest.

Mssessdekt spgksgrs nmve akput aktg rmdako tne stu`y

questagk9 ngwever, tney lmkkgt akjuekle tne gutlgdes

g mk mssessdekt gr tne lgktekts g m repgrt. Emln LMN\

mssessdekt as prepmre` fy mk expert pmkec mppgakte` fy

LMN\ mk` uk`eroges exteksave evmcumtagk fy exterkmc

revaewers wng mre mkgkydgus tg tne pmkec mk` wngsekmdes mre revemce` gkcy gkle tne stu`y as recemse`. Jakmc

mpprgvmc gr recemse mk` pufcalmtagk g m LMN\ repgrt rests

gkcy watn tne Fgmr` g tne LMN\.

LMN\ as lgdpgse` g ecelte` Jeccgws rgd `averse `aslapcakes

fgtn watnak mk` exterkmc tg tne nemctn seltgr. At as fgtn mk

ngkgral dedfersnap gromkazmtagk mk` m pgcaly resemrln

gromkazmtagk. Pne Jeccgws mre ecelte` tg tne Mlm`edy fy

m raogrgus peer-revaew prgless tnmt relgokazes `edgkstrmte`

cem`ersnap, lremtavaty, `astakltave lgdpeteklaes, mk`

m lgddatdekt tg m`vmkle mlm`edal nemctn slaekle.

www.lmns-mlss.lm

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av Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Pne Epert Rmkec gk tne de`lmc mk` Rnysgcgolmc apmlts g Lgk`ulte`Ekeroy _empgks

Pne Ngkgurmfce Hustale \tepnek P. Ogu`oe (Lnmar),

Lgurt g Mppemc gr Gktmrag (Pgrgktg, GK)

Dmri Fasfy,Ak`epek`ekt Lgksuctmkt9 M`vasgr, Lmkm`amkJguk`mtagk gr Nemctnlmre Adprgvedekt mk` Frmak Lmkm`m

(Gttmwm, GK)

Hmdes Frgpny, Rrgessgr, @epmrtdekts g De`alake,

Epa`edagcgoy, mk` Fagstmtastals, DlOacc Ukaversaty9 \tm

Rnysalamk, Lmr`agcgoy @avasagk, DlOacc Ukaversaty Nemctn

Lektre (DUNL) (Dgktrmc, ]L)

Oegroe Lmrrutners, JLMN\, Vetare`9 grder Rrgessgr mk`

Lnmar g De`alake, @mcngusae Ukaversaty9 grder Rrgessgr,

@epmrtdekts g De`alake mk` Rnmrdmlgcgoy mk` Pgxalgcgoy,

Cgk`gk Nemctn \laekles Lektre mk` _esterk Ukaversaty9

grder @emk g De`alake, Ukate` Mrmf Edarmtes Ukaversaty

(Casfurk, Ukate` Iako`gd)

Aogr V. Ejdgv, Culy mk` \tmkcey Cgpmtm @astakouasne`

Rrgessgr g Fagde`almc Ekoakeerako, _msnakotgk Ukaversaty

ak \t. Cguas9 Rrgessgr g Vm`agcgoy, De`alake (Lmr`agcgoy),

mk` Lecc Fagcgoy mk` Rnysagcgoy, _msnakotgk Ukaversaty

\lnggc g De`alake ak \t. Cguas (\t. Cguas, DG)

@erei Z. Exker, JV\L, Lmr`agcgoast, Nemrt Vnytnd

\pelamcast, mk` Rrgessgr, Ukaversaty g Lmcomry9 Lmkm`m

Vesemrln Lnmar ak Lmr`agvmslucmr Lcakalmc Pramcs, De`almc

@areltgr g Lmr`aml Rmlako mk` Eceltrgpnysagcgoy, Cafak

Lmr`agvmslucmr Akstatute g Mcfertm (Lmcomry, MF)

Vgfert Ogr`gk, Rrgessgr mk` @areltgr g tne \lnggc g

Lradakgcgoy, \adgk Jrmser Ukaversaty (Zmklguver, FL)

Lnrastake Nmcc, JVLRL, Lcakalmc Mssastmkt Rrgessgr,

@epmrtdekt g Ederoekly De`alake, Jmlucty g De`alake,

Ukaversaty g Fratasn Lgcudfam9 Ederoekly Vggd Rnysalamk,

Zmklguver Ascmk` Nemctn Mutngraty (Zaltgram, FL)

\tmk Iutlner, JLMN\, Rrgessgr, @epmrtdekt g Rsylnamtry,

@mcngusae Ukaversaty9 \tm Rsylnamtrast mk` \uk Cae Jakmklamc

Lnmar ak M`gceslekt Dektmc Nemctn, A_I Nemctn Lektre9

@areltgr, _NG Lgccmfgrmtako Lektre (Nmcamx, K\)

Frule DlDmkus, JV\L, JLMN\, Rrgessgr, @epmrtdekt g

Rmtngcgoy mk` Cmfgrmtgry De`alake, Ukaversaty g Fratasn

Lgcudfam9 Lg-@areltgr, Akstatute gr Nemrt + Cuko Nemctn9

@areltgr, UFL Hmdes Ngoo Vesemrln Lektre9 @areltgr,

KLE LELV Lektre g Exleccekle gr Rrevektagk g Gromk

Jmacure, \t. Rmucs Ngspatmc, Ukaversaty g Fratasn Lgcudfam

(Zmklguver, FL)

Hmsgk Rmyke-Hmdes, Ngkgrmry \ekagr Celturer mt Lmdergk

Jgreksal De`almc \laekles, Fmrts mk` tne Cgk`gk \lnggc

g De`alake mk` @ektastry, Ukaversaty g Cgk`gk9 @areltgr,

Jgreksal Nemctnlmre \ervales Ct` mk` Rmyke-Hmdes Ct`9Exterkmc Lgksuctmkt, Kmtagkmc Rgcalako Adprgvedekt

Moekly mk` tg tne Kmtagkmc Akhuraes @mtmfmse (Essex,

Ukate` Iako`gd)

\usmk \nerwak, JV\L, JLMN\, Vesemrln Rrgessgr Ederatm,

@epmrtdekt g Rnacgsgpny mk` @epmrtdekt g Oek`er

mk` _gdeks \tu`aes, @mcngusae Ukaversaty (Nmcamx, K\)

Lnrastamk \cgmke,Mssglamte Lcakalmc Rrgessgr, @epmrtdekt

g Ederoekly De`alake, Ukaversaty g Lmcagrkam (\mk

@aeog, LM)

Dmrag Pmcmhal, Lnmar, @epmrtdekt g De`alake, Ukaversat

`e Dgktrmc9 @areltgr, Lmr`agvmslucmr Oeketals Lektre,Dgktremc Nemrt Akstatute (Dgktrmc, ]L)

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v

Cetter rg tne Lnmr

Mctnguon recmtavecy kew tg dg`erk pgcalako, lgk`ulte`

ekeroy wempgks (LE_s) nmve felgde wa`esprem` tggcs

use` fy cmw ekgrledekt mk` pufcal smety persgkkec ak mcc

huras`altagks mlrgss Lmkm`m. Felmuse g tnas wa`esprem` use

mk` lurrekt slrutaky ak fgtn slaektal mk` pufcal spneres,mcc Lmkm`amks nmve m veste` akterest ak `eterdakako wnmt as

ikgwk mk` kgt ikgwk mfgut tne pnysagcgoalmc mk` nemctn

eelts mssglamte` watn LE_ use.

Pne Expert Rmkec gk tne De`almc mk` Rnysagcgoalmc Adpmlts

g Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks as `eepcy mpprelamtave g

tne gppgrtukaty tg expcgre tnas adpgrtmkt questagk mk`

gr tne akput mk` mssastmkle at releave` tnrguongut tne

lgurse g ats wgri.

\evermc ak`ava`umcs mk` gromkazmtagks prgva`e` very necpuc

m`vale mk` mssastmkle emrcy ak tne prgless. Ak pmrtalucmr,Cek Ogg`dmk, Nem` (mltako), Ak`ava`umc Fenmvagur mk`

Rergrdmkle \eltagk, @eekle Vesemrln mk` @evecgpdekt

Lmkm`m-Pgrgktg, mk` @gkkm _gg`, Rrghelt Dmkmoer,

Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks \trmteoal Akatamtave (LE_\A),

@eekle Vesemrln mk` @evecgpdekt Lmkm`m-Lektre gr

\eluraty \laekle, prgva`e` exleccekt fmliorguk` gk tne

wgri g tne LE_\A dgre frgm`cy mk` oua`mkle recmte` tg

tne slgpako g tne mssessdekt questagks. \eroemkts \tevek

@e Zacce mk` Oreo Fgroer g tne Gttmwm Rgcale \ervale ak

Gktmrag mcsg oekerguscy prgva`e` tnear tade mk` experaekle

tg oua`e tne Rmkec tnrguon m nmk`s-gk `edgkstrmtagk g

LE_ evales mk` tnear uses ak pgcalako use-g-grle dg`ecs.

Pne Rmkec mcsg wasnes tg mlikgwce`oe tne stm g tne ]umcaty

Ekoakeerako Pest Estmfcasndekt resemrln mlacataes g Kmtagkmc

@eekle mk` tne Lmkm`amk Jgrles, wng were very necpuc

ak prgva`ako m tgur g tnear resemrln testako mlacataes ak tne

akatamc stmoes g tne mssessdekt mk` akstrudektmc ak prgva`ako

testako `mtm recmte` tg tnear wgri watn LE_s gr use ak tne

repgrt. Pne Rmkec mcsg mpprelamtes tne relgkkmassmkle wgri

g Rufcal \mety Lmkm`m mk` ats adpgrtmkt lgksuctmtagk

mltavataes aktg tne use g LE_s ak Lmkm`m.

Jakmccy, tne Rmkec as dgst ormteuc gr tne gutstmk`ako suppgrt

at releave` rgd tne stm dedfers g tne Lguklac g Lmkm`amkMlm`edaes, wngse kmdes mre caste` fecgw.

Pne Ngkgurmfce Hustale \tepnek P. Ogu`oe

Lnmar, Expert Rmkec gk tne De`almc mk` Rnysagcgoalmc Adpmlts

g Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Rrgelt \tm g tne Lguklc g Lmkm`mk Mlm`ees

Mssessdekt temd8 Mk`rew Pmycgr, Rrgormd @areltgr

Hekkaer Fmssett, Vesemrlner

Igra \t. Lyr, Vesemrln Mssglamte

_ergkaim Xyln, Rrgormd Lggr`akmtgr

_atn mssastmkle rgd8 Dmrlaus Extmvgur, Vesemrln Lgksuctmkt

Lcmre _mcier, E`atgr

@efgrmn Ngcdes, Lgpye`atgr, Pmci \laekle tg De

Dmrlec Omokgk, Lertae` Prmkscmtgr, Ekocasn tg Jrekln

Mllurmte Lgddukalmtagks, Vepgrt @esaok mk` Rrg`ultagk

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va Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Vepgrt Veew

Pnas repgrt wms revaewe` ak `rmt grd fy tne ak`ava`umcs

caste` fecgw m orgup g revaewers secelte` fy tne Lguklac

g Lmkm`amk Mlm`edaes mk` tne Lmkm`amk Mlm`edy

g Nemctn \laekles (LMN\) gr tnear averse perspeltaves,

mrems g expertase, mk` frgm` represektmtagk g mlm`edal,ak`ustramc, pgcaly, mk` kgk-ogverkdektmc gromkazmtagks.

Pne revaewers mssesse` tne gfheltavaty mk` qumcaty

g tne repgrt. Pnear sufdassagks wnaln redmak

lgk`ektamc were lgksa`ere` ak ucc fy tne Rmkec, mk`

dmky g tnear suooestagks were aklgrpgrmte` aktg tne repgrt.

Pney were kgt msie` tg ek`grse tne lgklcusagks kgr `a`

tney see tne kmc `rmt g tne repgrt fegre ats recemse.

Vespgksafacaty gr tne kmc lgktekt g tnas repgrt rests ektarecy

watn tne Expert Rmkec gk tne De`almc mk` Rnysagcgoalmc

Adpmlts g Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks, tne Lguklac,mk` LMN\.

Pne Lguklac mk` LMN\ wasn tg tnmki tne gccgwako ak`ava`umcs

gr tnear revaew g tnas repgrt8

Oegrey R. Mcpert, Rrgessgr g Lradakgcgoy, Ukaversaty

g \gutn Lmrgcakm (Lgcudfam, \L)

Dmttnew H. Fgwes, Lnae De`almc Exmdaker, Kgvm \lgtam

De`almc Exmdaker \ervale (Nmcamx, K\)

Maceek Fruket, Lcakalmc @areltgr, Emst Lgmst JgreksalNgspatmc (@mrtdgutn, K\)

Rmuc @gramk, Rrgessgr g De`alake, Lmr`agcgoy, Ukaversaty

g Pgrgktg (Pgrgktg, GK)

Hgnk Iceakao, Rrgessgr g Rnacgsgpny mk` Lradakmc

Hustale, Hgnk Hmy Lgcceoe g Lr adakmc Hustale, La ty

Ukaversaty g Kew Qgri (Kew Qgri, KQ)

Frymk Igcf, JV\L, Rrgessgr g Keurgslaekle, Ukaversaty

g Cetnfra`oe (Cetnfra`oe, MF)

C. Hgsnum Cegk, @emk g Ekoakeerako, @mcngusae Ukaversaty

(Nmcamx, K\)

H. Rmtrali Veaccy, Rraklapmc \tm Ekoakeer, Hgnks Ngpiaks

Ukaversaty Mppcae` Rnysals Cmfgrmtgry9 Rresa`ekt, Detmtel

Mssglamtes (\acver \prako, D@)

Vgfert @. \nera`mk, Rraklapmc \laektast, @eekle\laekle mk` Pelnkgcgoy Cmfgrmtgry (Rgrtgk @gwk,

Ukate` Iako`gd)

Mrtnur V. \cutsiy, JLMN\, Zale Rresa`ekt g Vesemrln,

\t. Dalnmecs Ngspatmc9 Ukaversaty g Pgrgktg (Pgrgktg, GK)

Ec`gk V. \datn, G.L., JLMN\, Rrgessgr Ederatus,

Ukaversaty g Lmcomry (Lmcomry, MF)

Mktngky Pmko, Eceltrgpnysagcgoast, De`almc @areltgr g

tne Fratasn Lgcudfam Eceltrgpnysagcgoy Rrgormd, Vgymc

Hufacee Ngspatmc (Zaltgram, FL)

Pne repgrt revaew prgle`ure wms dgkatgre` gk fenmc g

tne Fgmr`s g tne Lguklac mk` LMN\ mk` tne Hgakt \laektal

M`vasgry Lgddattee fy@r. Hemk Ormy, L.D., JLMN\, Rrgessgr

g De`alake (Ederatus), @mcngusae Ukaversaty. Pne rgce

g tne Vepgrt Vevaew Dgkatgr as tg eksure tnmt tne Rmkec

oaves ucc mk` mar lgksa`ermtagk tg tne sufdassagks g tne

repgrt revaewers. Pne Fgmr`s g tne Lguklac mk` LMN\

mutngraze pufcal recemse g mk expert pmkec repgrt gkcy

mter tne Vepgrt Vevaew Dgkatgr lgkrds tnmt tne repgrt

revaew requaredekts nmve feek smtase`. Pne Lguklac mk`

LMN\ tnmki @r. Hemk Ormygr ner `acaoekt lgktrafutagk msVepgrt Vevaew Dgkatgr.

Ecazmfetn @gw`eswecc, G.L., Rresa`ekt mk` LEG

Lguklac g Lmkm`amk Mlm`edaes

Pgd Dmrrae, JLMN\, Rresa`ekt

Lmkm`amk Mlm`edy g Nemctn \laekles

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vaa

Eelute \umry

Lgk`ulte` ekeroy wempgks (LE_s) mre `evales tnmt

use eceltralmc ekeroy tg ak`ule pmak gr tg addgfacaze gr

aklmpmlatmte m persgk. Pne frgm` use-g-grle lgktakuud

use` fy cmw ekgrledekt mk` pufcal smety persgkkec rmkoes

rgd tne pnysalmc presekle g mk gler tnrguon tg useg `em`cy grle. LE_s mre gke g severmc gptagks gk tnas

lgktakuud. Pney mre typalmccy use` tg mlacatmte mrrests g

uklggpermtave ak`ava`umcs wng mre resastako. Pne ak`ule`

cgss g vgcuktmry duslce lgktrgc lmuses sufhelts tg mcc

tg tne orguk`, wnere tney dmy fe suf`ue` mk` tmiek aktg

lustg`y. \ufhelts mre kgt demkt tg experaekle mky cmstako

eelts mter mppcalmtagk g tne `evale.

LE_s mre use` fy cmw ekgrledekt moeklaes mrguk` tne

wgrc`. Pney were rst m`gpte` fy sgde Lmkm`amk cmw

ekgrledekt moeklaes ak tne cmte =112s. Lurrektcy, tnere

mre mpprgxadmtecy 1,=?0 LE_s ak use ak Lmkm`m mk`mctnguon tne kudfer vmraes fmse` gk huras`altagk, mcc e`ermc,

prgvaklamc, mk` terratgramc huras`altagks use tne `evale ak sgde

lmpmlaty. @elasagk-dmiako mfgut tne prgtglgcs gr seceltako,

mlquarako, mk` usako LE_s as uk`ertmiek fy cglmc moeklaes

mk` vmraes mlrgss oegormpnaes. Pne elasagk tg epcgy m LE_

resa`es kgt gkcy mt tne akstatutagkmc mk` dmkmoedekt cevecs,

fut mcsg ak tne ec` mk` ak tne dgdekt. Ak mky pgcalako

slekmrag, tne gler gk tne sleke `ela`es wnetner mk`

ngw tg use grle fy gccgwako prgtglgc, weaonako gptagks

mk` gutlgdes, mk` estadmtako rasi watnak tne cadatmtagks

g akgrdmtagk mvmacmfce ak remc tade.

LE_s mre aktek`e` tg fe sme mk` pgtektamccy akhury-re`ulako

lgdpmre` tg mcterkmtave aktervektagks, fut tney mre kgt

kelessmracy rasi ree. \laektal resemrln mk` pufcal gruds

nmve `aslusse` mk` `efmte` tne pgtektamc rasi, nmrd, mk`

mpprgpramtekess g LE_s ms m use-g-grle gptagk. Fmse` gk

de`am repgrts mk` `gludekte` akquest prglesses mcgke,

tg `mte mt cemst

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vaaa Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

=. LE_s mre fmse` gk tne praklapce tnmt tne eceltralmc

`aslnmroes `ecavere` fy tne `evale mre pgweruc ekguon

tg eeltavecy staducmte dgtgr mk` seksgry kerves,

lmusako aklmpmlatmtagk mk` pmak, fut tgg frae tg

`areltcy staducmte gtner eceltralmccy exlatmfce tassues.

Felmuse tne eceltralmc lnmrmlterastals g LE_ `evales

mre vmramfce mk` evgcvako, emln LE_ `evale dust feteste` gk ats gwk derat tg mssess pergrdmkle ms wecc

ms tne mfacaty tg ak`ule aklmpmlatmtagk mk` pgtektamc

m`verse nemctn ejjelts.

LE_s `ecaver sngrt, repemte` pucses g eceltralaty tg tne

siak mk` suflutmkegus tassues tnrguon twg detmc prgfes.

Pney lmk fe use` ak twg gpermtako dg`es8 prgfe dg`e

mk` `rave stuk dg`e. Ak prgfe dg`e, m pmar g detmc `mrts

`epcgys rgd tne LE_, sprem`s mpmrt, mk` peketrmtes mk`

mttmlnes tg tne sufhelts lcgtnako, siak, mk` sgt tassues. Pne

`mrts mre lgkkelte` tg tnak eceltralmc wares tnmt lgk`ult

tne eceltralmc `aslnmroe rgd tne `evale. A tne twg `mrtsmre spmle` wa`ecy ekguon mlrgss tne fg`y, tne resuctako

eelt as aklmpmlatmtagk. Ak `rave stuk dg`e, tne `evale

as presse` `areltcy momakst tne sufhelt, lmusako cglmcaze`

pmak. Rrgfe dg`e as dgre caiecy tg resuct ak lurrekt jgw

tnrguon tne tassues ak tne lnest aklcu`ako, pgtektamccy,

tne nemrt mk` lmrraes tne dgst rasi g ukwmkte` lmr`aml

gr gtner nemctn eelts.

Ak m``atagk tg lmusako pmak, LE_s akjuekle tne perapnermc

kervgus systed ak m wmy tnmt lmuses tedpgrmry, akvgcuktmry,

mk` uklggr`akmte` siecetmc duslce lgktrmltagks. Mcgko watn

mltgrs spelal tg tne ak`ava`umc mk` lgktext, tne respgkse

g tne nudmk fg`y tg m LE_ `epek`s gk tne strekotn,

`urmtagk, mk` wmvegrd g tne eceltralmc `aslnmroe, ms wecc

ms gk tne tadako g tne mppcae` eceltralmc lurrekt ak recmtagk

tg tne kmturmc eceltralmc mltavaty gllurrako ak tne fg`y. Pne

mfacaty g LE_s tg staducmte sgde tassues (e.o., kerve leccs)

mk` kgt gtners (e.o., nemrt leccs) as `epek`ekt gk tnese

lnmrmlterastals. Kerve leccs nmve wmvegrds tnmt mre duln

sngrter tnmk tngse prg`ule` fy tne nemrt duslce. Pne

`urmtagk g eceltralmc staducmtagk requare` tg exlee` tne

tnresngc` ak m lmr`aml duslce lecc as mfgut =2 tg =22 tades

cgkoer tnmk ak m dgtgr gr seksgry kerve lecc. Pneregre,

tne praklapce oua`ako tne ukltagkako g LE_s as tnmt tne

sngrt-`urmtagk eceltralmc `aslnmroes at `ecavers mre naoncyeeltave ak staducmtako kerves, lmusako aklmpmlatmtagk mk`

pmak, fut mre duln cess eeltave ak staducmtako tne nemrt

duslce mk` tnerefy ak`ulako pgtektamccy mtmc `asruptagks

tg tne nemrts rnytnd mk` pudpako mfacaty. \pelalmtagks

fetweek LE_ `evales mre vmramfce, ngwever, mk` dmy

lnmkoe watn use mk` uk`er `aerekt lgk`atagks. LE_

`evales mk` tne vmramtagks fetweek tned mre mcsg lgkstmktcy

evgcvako, sg ikgwce`oe fmse` gk mky pmrtalucmr dg`ec

`ges kgt kelessmracy trmkscmte tg gtner `evales, mk` tne

lnmrmlterastals g kewer `evales mre ukikgwk. Evmcumtako

tne aktek`e` mk` ukaktek`e` eelts g m LE_ requares

testako emln `evale gk ats gwk derat mk` uk`erstmk`akotne lgktext mk` lgk`atagks uk`er wnaln at as use`.

6. Lertmak pnysalmc akhuraes suln ms superjlamc puklture

wguk`s mre lgddgk ms m resuct g LE_ `aslnmroe, fut

rmrecy pgse seragus de`almc rasis. Mctnguon at as `ajluct

tg stmte mky jrd lgklcusagks gk tne keurgek`glrake,

resparmtgry, mk` lmr`aml eelts g LE_s `ue tg mk

mfsekle g naon-qumcaty eva`ekle, mvmacmfce stu`aes

suooest tnmt wnace mtmc lgdpcalmtagks mre fagcgoalmccy

pcmusafce, tney wguc` fe extredecy rmre.

Pne Rmkec a`ektae` m rmkoe g LE_-ak`ule` pnysalmcakhuraes. \uperlamc pnysalmc akhuraes resuctako rgd LE_

prgfes mre lgddgk, wnace dgre severe akhuraes resuctako

rgd LE_ prgfes, duslce lgktrmltagks, mk` mccs mssglamte`

watn aklmpmlatmtagk gllur duln cess requektcy. Pne Rmkec

lgklektrmte` gk mlute, sngrt-terd pnysagcgoalmc mk` nemctn

eelts resuctako rgd tne eceltralmc lurrekt g LE_ evales

mk` nmvako tne dgst pgtektamc gr su``ek ukexpelte`

`emtn. Felmuse su``ek ukexpelte` `emtn as caiecy tne ek`

resuct g m vmraety g akterseltako mltgrs tnmt akvgcve tne

keurgek`glrake, resparmtgry, mk` lmr`agvmslucmr systeds,

tne Rmkec gluse` gk pnysagcgoalmc lnmkoes ak tnese

systeds, aklcu`ako mltavmtagk g tne nudmk stress respgkse

mk` fuac`-up g recmte` cevecs g stress ngrdgkes suln ms

lmtelngcmdakes9 delnmkalmc adpmardekt g fremtnako,

lnmkoes ak fcgg` lnedastry, mk` resuctako mla`gsas9 mk`

lnmkoes tg nemrt rnytnd mk` rmte mk` tne pgtektamc gr

mrrnytndams. Pne Rmkec mcsg exmdake` m rmkoe g lg-mltgrs

tnmt ak`ava`umccy, gr ak lgdfakmtagk, lguc` aklremse tne rasi

gr severaty g tnese eelts mk` aklremse tne rasi g su``ek

ukexpelte` `emtn. Jrgd tne Rmkecs revaew g tne mvmacmfce

catermture, tne dmhgraty g wnaln glus gk lmr`aml eelts,

severmc k`akos ederoe`8

Mctnguon cadate` stu`aes suooest LE_ expgsure lmk

ak`ule tne stress respgkse mk` aklremse ngrdgke cevecs,

tnese aklremses mre g uklertmak lcakalmc recevmkle. At asmcsg uklcemr tg wnmt extekt tne `aslnmroe g m LE_ m``s

tg tne naon cevec g stress mcrem`y feako experaekle` fy

mk ak`ava`umc ak mk mrrest slekmrag.

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axExelutave \uddmry

\tu`aes g mkadmcs sufhelte` tg prgcgkoe` gr repemte`

LE_ expgsure ak`almte tne pgtektamc gr resparmtgry

lgdpcalmtagks (e.o., prgkgukle` mla`gsas). Mctnguon

pufcasne` experadektmc mtm a`ektay resparmtgry lnmkoes

ak nemctny nudmk sufhelts typalmc g vaogrgus pnysalmc

exertagk, stu`aes akvgcvako dgre netergoekegus orgups

gr nudmks sufhelte` tg prgcgkoe` gr repemte` expgsurenmve kgt feek lgk`ulte`.

\gde mkadmc stu`aes suooest LE_s lmk ak`ule mtmc

lmr`aml mrrnytndams (mfkgrdmc nemrt rnytnd) wnek m

kudfer g `aslnmroe lnmrmlterastals, eatner mcgke gr ak

lgdfakmtagk, mre ak pcmle8 prgfe pcmledekt gk gppgsate

sa`es g tne nemrt (a.e., lurrekt as `ecavere` mlrgss tne

nemrt), prgfes edfe``e` `eepcy kemr tne nemrt, aklremse`

lnmroe, prgcgkoe` `aslnmroes, gr repemte` `aslnmroes.

Pnese stu`aes ak`almte tne fagcgoalmc pcmusafacaty g m`verse

nemctn gutlgdes gccgwako LE_ expgsure.

M sdmcc kudfer g nudmk lmses nmve guk` m tedpgrmc

recmtagksnap fetweek LE_s mk` mtmc lmr`aml mrrnytndams,fut mvmacmfce eva`ekle ges kgt mccgw gr lgkrdmtagk gr

exlcusagk g m lmusmc caki. A m lmusmc caki `ges exast, tne

caiecangg` g m mtmc lmr`aml mrrnytndam gllurrako wguc`

fe cgw, fut urtner eva`ekle as requare` tg lgkrd tne

presekle mk` dmokatu`e g mky rasi.

Pne rgces g lg-mltgrs lgddgk tg remc-wgrc` LE_

akla`ekts (e.o., aktgxalmtagk, exertagk, restrmakt) mk` gtner

lg-mltgrs (e.o., fg`y type, exastako nemctn lgdpcalmtagks)

tnmt dmy aklremse susleptafacaty tg m`verse eelts nmve

kgt feek m`equmtecy teste` tg prgpercy estmfcasn mk

uk`erstmk`ako g aklremse` vuckermfacaty ak nudmks.

Pnese lgklcusagks mre cadate` fy m kudfer g lnmccekoes

presekte` fy tne mvmacmfce cmfgrmtgry-fmse` experadektmc

resemrln stu`aes, aklcu`ako trmkscmtagk g k`akos rgd

lgdputer mk` mkadmc dg`ec stu`aes tg nudmks, nudmk

stu`aes watn dmakcy nemctny sufhelts wng `g kgt represekt

tne vmryako pgpucmtagks akvgcve` ak LE_ evekts, tne mfsekle

g m`equmte lgktrgc orgups, cmli g `averse mk` rgfust

experadektmc `esaoks mk` dgkatgrako, mk` sdmcc smdpce

sazes. Cmroe-slmce pgpucmtagk-fmse` stu`aes tnmt fetter

lmpture tne lgdpcexaty g remc-wgrc` LE_ `epcgydekt

slekmrags, mcgko watn m rmkoe g pgtektamc lg-mltgrs,

mre cmliako.

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x Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

0. Pnere mre m kudfer g gvermrlnako lnmccekoes ak uk`ako,

lgk`ultako, mk` akterpretako LE_ resemrln, wnaln lremte

ikgwce`oe omps recmte` tg tne nemctn ejjelts gj LE_s

mlrgss vmryako pgpucmtagks mk` mlrgss tne gpermtagkmc

settakos ak wnaln LE_s mre `epcgye`.

LE_s nmve feek stu`ae` ak tne cmfgrmtgry, watn lgdputergr mkadmc dg`ecs mk` nudmk sufhelts, mk` ak tne ec`, watn

remc-wgrc` akla`ekts. Mkadmc dg`ecs mccgw gr dgre akteksave

experadektmc aktervektagks, wnaln lmk lcmray tne vmragus

pmrmdeters requare` tg pre`altmfcy mlnaeve pnysagcgoalmc

mk` nemctn eelts gccgwako LE_ expgsure. @espate tne

pgtektamc m`vmktmoes g tnese stu`aes, tnear mppcalmfacaty mk`

oekermcazmfacaty tg remc-wgrc` LE_ expgsures as uklcemr. Pne

Rmkec lgklcu`e` tnmt prgspeltave cmroe-slmce pgpucmtagk-

fmse` ec` stu`aes akvgcvako `etmace` mk` lgksastekt

lgcceltagk g akgrdmtagk gk tne lnmrmlterastals g tne

sufhelts mk` tne evekts surrguk`ako LE_ akla`ekts mre

essektamc gr adprgvako tne qumcaty g eva`ekle. Ngwever,cgw akhury rmtes mk` cmli g stmk`mr`azmtagk, mdgko gtner

lnmccekoes, dmie at `aluct tg estmfcasn demkakouc

mssglamtagks. Felmuse g tne lnmccekoes presekt ak tne

lurrekt eva`ekle, tne Rmkec lgklcu`e` tnmt iey assues nmve

kgt feek uccy expcgre` mlrgss vmryako pgpucmtagks gr ak tne

gpermtagkmc settakos ak wnaln LE_s mre mltumccy `epcgye`,

tnus pgaktako tg severmc pragrataes gr uture resemrln8

Pg wnmt extekt lmk tne eceltralmc lnmrmlterastals g LE_s

lmuse lmr`aml mrrnytndam mk` su``ek ak-lustg`y emtn ak

nudmks wnek `epcgye` ak remc-wgrc` gpermtagkmc settakos7

Mre lertmak orgups gr ak`ava`umcs watn pmrtalucmr

lgk`atagks mt aklremse` rasi gr m`verse gutlgdes recmte`

tg LE_s, mk` a sg, wnmt mre tne iey lg-mltgrs7

_nmt LE_ `es aok mk` `epcgydekt emtures lguc`

dakadaze tne rasi g m`verse nemctn eelts7

Pne Rmkec urtner a`ektae` ve gvermrlnako omps ak

nemctn-recmte` LE_ ikgwce`oe8

Estmfcasndekt g lmusmc recmtagksnaps Estmfcasnako lmusmcaty

as kgt m sadpce tmsi. _nace sgde resemrln ak`almtes mk

mssglamtagk fetweek LE_ expgsure mk` lertmak nemctn

eelts, gtner resemrln `ges kgt, mk` ak dmky lmses tnere

as sadpcy kgt ekguon resemrln tg dmie mky `ekatave

lgklcusagks. Pne eelts g lgkguk`ako mltgrs dmy prgva`e

m kudfer g pgssafce expcmkmtagks gr tngse recmtagksnaps,

gr tne cmli tnereg. Pnus, tne Rmkec lgksa`ere` at `aluct

tg estmfcasn tne extekt tg wnaln LE_ expgsure lguc` mlt

ms tne pradmry lmuse g severe m`verse nemctn eelts ak remc-

wgrc` settakos, cmroecy `ue tg tne lnmccekoe g weaontako

tne lgktrafutagk g ductapce mltgrs.

Estmfcasndekt g tade kelessmry gr prgfmfacaty Pnere mre

kg oua`ecakes tg spelay tne cekotn g tade kee`e`

fetweek LE_ `aslnmroe mk` tne `evecgpdekt gm nemctn eelt tnmt wguc` mccgw gke tg lgklcu`e tne LE_ wms

respgksafce gr tnmt eelt. At dmy fe fekelamc tg lgksa`er

m lgktakuud wnere, ms tne tade g m nemctn eelt

dgves mrtner mwmy rgd tne tade g `epcgydekt, tne

prgfmfacaty tnmt m LE_ wms `areltcy respgksafce gr tnmt

evekt adakasnes.

Uk`erstmk`ako g vmryako pgpucmtagks Cmfgrmtgry-

fmse` experadektmc LE_ resemrln gk nudmk sufhelts

typalmccy akvgcves nemctny, pnysalmccy t vgcukteers. Pnere

as tneregre m pmulaty g ikgwce`oe g tne nemctn eelts

mssglamte` watn LE_ use gutsa`e lgktrgcce` settakos mk`watnak vmryako, pgtektamccy vuckermfce pgpucmtagks. Cmroe-

slmce pgpucmtagk-fmse` ec` stu`aes akvgcvako etmace` mk`

lgksastekt lgcceltagk g akgrdmtagk gk tne lnmrmlterastals

g tne sufhelts mk` tne evekts surrguk`ako LE_ use ngc`

prgdase gr m``ressako etnalmc lgkstrmakts mk` a`ektayako

nemctn eelts mlrgss m rmkoe g pgpucmtagks.

Cmli g stmk`mr`azmtagk Pne mfacaty tg lmrry gut m`equmte

surveaccmkle mk` pgpucmtagk-fmse` stu`y as nak`ere` fy

cmli g stmk`mr`azmtagk mk` aklgksastekt repgrtako mk`

relgr`-ieepako prmltales recmte` tg use-g-grle evekts.

Pnere mre ew lektrmc reoastraes watn stmk`mr`aze` relgr`ako

g LE_ akla`ekts fy fgtn cmw ekgrledekt mk` de`almc

persgkkec. Pne cmli g stmk`mr`azmtagk nak`ers tne mfacaty

tg lgk`ult pgpucmtagk-fmse` stu`aes mk` tg grd eva`ekle-

fmse` lgklcusagks mfgut tne recmtagksnap fetweek LE_

use mk` m`verse nemctn eelts.

Prmkspmrekly mk` ak`epek`ekle g resemrln Dmky

resemrln stu`aes g LE_s mppemr tg fe mcamte` watn, gr

releave suppgrt rgd, LE_ dmkumlturers gr ak`ava`umcs

watn perleave` lgkjalts g akterest (e.o., pma` de`almc

experts), mk` uk`ako sgurles mre kgt mcwmys trmkspmrekt.

Mctnguon tnese stu`aes dmy fe slaektalmccy rgfust, tnere as

m perleave` lgkjalt g akterest tnmt cadats tnear wa`esprem`

mlleptmkle. Ak`epek`ekt resemrln fy gromkazmtagks watngut

kmklamc gr gtner taes tg LE_ dmkumlturers gr gtners

watn perleave` lgkjalts as `esarmfce.

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xaExelutave \uddmry

5. Jaccako omps ak tne stmte g eva`ekle gk tne pnysagcgoalmc

mk` nemctn eelts g LE_s lmk fest fe mlnaeve` tnrguon

m seraes g akteormte` strmteoaes tnmt glus gk fetter

surveaccmkle, dgkatgrako, repgrtako, mk` pgpucmtagk-

fmse` epa`edagcgoalmc stu`aes.

Pne Rmkec wms lnmccekoe` watn a`ektayako resemrln mltavataesmk` delnmkasds tnmt daont m``ress tne ikgwce`oe omps

recmte` tg tne pnysagcgoalmc mk` nemctn eelts g LE_ use.

Pne Rmkec eterdake` tne kee` gr m seraes g akteormte`

strmteoaes uk`erpakke` fy surveaccmkle, dgkatgrako,

repgrtako, mk` pgpucmtagk-fmse` epa`edagcgoalmc stu`y.

Pne gccgwako lgksa`ermtagks lguc` grd tne fmsas g tnas

akteormte` respgkse8

\tmk`mr`azako mk` lektrmcazako tne relgr`ako g LE_

akla`ekts Estmfcasnako lgddgk ekatagks g use-g-grle

mk` LE_ use, mk` adpcedektako m stmk`mr` detng` g

repgrtako tg ekmfce pgcale mk` de`almc persgkkec tg relgr`m dakadud cevec g akgrdmtagk, wguc` dmie at pgssafce tg

lgdpmre vmragus pmrmdeters mt tne pgpucmtagk cevec. Pnas

prgless wguc` fe suppgrte` fy tne lremtagk g m lektrmc

repgsatgry gr akgrdmtagk mfgut use-g-grle ak Lmkm`m.

Ekmfcako lgdpreneksave de`almc mssessdekt gccgwako

LE_ expgsure _nek sufhelts mre frguont tg ngspatmcs

gccgwako LE_ akla`ekts, nemctn lmre prgessagkmcs wguc`

feket rgd oua`mkle gk recevmkt lg-mltgrs mk` spelal

pnysagcgoalmc lnmkoes mk` akhuraes tg mssess gr prgper

pmtaekt lmre. _atn tnas ikgwce`oe, nemctn lmre prgessagkmcs

lguc` dgre rgutakecy pergrd de`almc exmdakmtagks

recevmkt gr evmcumtako LE_ eelts. Akkgvmtave telnkgcgoaes

lguc` mcsg fe akteormte` aktg LE_ `evales tg mccgw gr

tne akstmkt mk` mutgdmtal relgr`ako g nemctn mk`

larludstmktamc akgrdmtagk.

Adprgvako mlless tg, mk` snmrako mk` akteormtagk g,

ikgwce`oe mlrgss jec`s Vesemrlners lguc` feket

rgd adprgve` mlless tg cmw ekgrledekt mk` de`almc

relgr`s, fmse` gk wnmt as etnalmccy mk` remsgkmfcy pgssafce.

Vespeltako pravmly lgklerks, m prgless lguc` fe estmfcasne`

tg mkgkydguscy snmre mk` caki tnas akgrdmtagk mlrgss

`aslapcakes, akstatutagks, mk` huras`altagks. Adprgve` mlless

mk` cakiako g akgrdmtagk lguc` eklgurmoe akvestaomtagk g

m rmkoe g recevmkt pnekgdekm mk` aklremse tne kudfer g

naon-qumcaty pufcalmtagks tnmt exmdake vmragus mssglamtagks.

\uppgrtako cmroe-slmce, ducta-sate, pgpucmtagk-fmse` stu`aes

Gur fg`y g ikgwce`oe wguc` feket rgd rgfust ducta-

kmtagkmc, prgspeltave pgpucmtagk-fmse` stu`aes ak wnaln m

frgm` rmkoe g nemctn lmre prgessagkmcs mre trmake` ak tne

kmture mk` frem`tn g LE_ akhury mk` lgk`ult lgksastekt,

lgdpreneksave, mk` `etmace` de`almc exmdakmtagks g

ak`ava`umcs expgse` tg LE_s. Pg ekmfce slaektal mkmcysasmk` recamfce lgdpmrasgks mlrgss evekts, resemrln prgtglgcs

wguc` feket rgd `ykmdal eva`ekle-omtnerako detng`s

mccgwako gr tne lmpturako g mky ukgreseek evekts (mk`

tnear lnmrmlterastals) tnmt dmy mrase `urako `mtm lgcceltagk.

Adprgvako uk`erstmk`ako g LE_ rasi recmtave tg gtner

use-g-grle aktervektagks LE_s exast mcgkosa`e (mk`

lmk fe use` ak lgkhukltagk watn) dmky gtner pgssafce

aktervektagks. Pg mssess tne rasi g LE_s ak recmtagk tg gtner

aktervektagks, uture stu`aes snguc` lgksa`er lgdpmrako

su``ek ak-lustg`y `emtns fgtn recmte` mk` ukrecmte`

tg LE_ akla`ekts. Juture stu`aes wguc` feket rgdexpcgrako tne rasis g kgt usako m LE_ ak m oavek satumtagk

mk` mllguktako gr huras`altagk mk` lgktext, tne use-g-

grle telnkaques mk` prgtglgcs ak pcmle, mk` tne recmte`

m`verse nemctn eelts tnmt aklcu`e dgrfa`aty, ats severaty,

mk` dgrtmcaty.

Uk`erstmk`ako spelajlmtagks g LE_s dmkumlture` fy m

rmkoe g lgdpmkaes Fy stu`yako mk` lgdpmrako m frgm`

rmkoe g `evales, resemrlners lguc` fetter uk`erstmk`

ngw `astaklt gutputs (e.o., wmvegrd spelalmtagks mk`

`epcgydekt dg`es) rgd LE_s mre mssglamte` watn

pnysagcgoalmc eelts tnmt vmry ak type mk` severaty. Rrgpercy

`ekako mk` mrtalucmtako testako prgtglgcs gr LE_ evales

wguc` adpgse stmk`mr` detng`s gr mssessako `evale

pergrdmkle gver tade. Eknmklako ikgwce`oe ak tnas

mrem wguc` necp estmfcasn dgre rgfust akgrdmtagk mrguk`

smety pmrmdeters mk` telnkalmc spelalmtagks.

Jurtnerako etnalmc, cmfgrmtgry-fmse` LE_ resemrln Juture

lgdputer dg`eccako mk` mkadmc stu`aes wguc` feket rgd

tne mppcalmtagk g kgvec mpprgmlnes mk` cmroer smdpce sazes

watn prgper lgdpmrasgk mk` lgktrgc orgups. Nudmk stu`aes

wguc` feket rgd dadaliako lertmak lnmrmlterastals typalmc

g sufhelts ak tne ec` (watn mpprgpramte etnalmc mk` smety

lgkstrmakts ak dak`), usako dgre netergoekegus mk` cmroer

stu`y smdpces, mk` expcgrako extrmpgcmtagk telnkaques.

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xaa Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

LGKLCU\aGK

Pne lgklcusagks remlne` fy tne Rmkec mre fmse` gk ats

akterpretmtagk g tne fest mvmacmfce eva`ekle prgva`e`

tnrguongut tne repgrt. Pne Rmkec relgokazes tnere mre

omps ak tne catermture mk` uk`gufte`cy tnas pgses lnmccekoes

wnek mssessako tne pnysagcgoalmc mk` nemctn eelts gtnese `evales. Lurrektcy, tnere mre kudergus lnmkles tg

retnaki ngw we mssess mk` lgddukalmte tne nemctn eelts

g LE_s mk` g use-g-grle aktervektagks dgre frgm`cy.

Gppgrtukataes exast gr re`esaokako mk` adprgvako resemrln

detng`gcgoaes, stmk`mr`azako tne lgcceltagk g akgrdmtagk,

mk` `evecgpako pmrtkersnaps mlrgss `aslapcakes, huras`altagks,

mk` prgessagkmc prmltales.

Pne Rmkecs repgrt as aktek`e` tg prgva`e mk ak-`eptn

mk` mutngratmtave mssessdekt g tne stmte g ikgwce`oe

reomr`ako tne recmtagksnap fetweek LE_ use mk` m rmkoe

g nemctn eelts. Ak m``atagk, tne Rmkec mlikgwce`oes tnmt

tnere mre m kudfer g mltgrs tnmt og aktg `elasagk-dmiako

recmte` tg LE_s tnmt cae feygk` tne mssessdekt g nemctn

eelts9 tnese mltgrs dust mcsg fe lgksa`ere` ak mky cmroe-

slmce mssessdekt g LE_ use. Pnas repgrt dust tneregre

lgdpcedekt gtner wgri gk testako mk` mpprgvmc prgle`ures,

dgtavmtagks mk` prgtglgcs gr mpprgpramte use, smety mk`

eeltavekess stmk`mr`s, mpprgpramtekess g tne `evaleslgdpmre` tg gtner use-g-grle aktervektagks, mk` gtner

sglag-pgcatalmc lgksa`ermtagks tnmt dmie up tne frgm`er

pmlimoe g akgrdmtagk kee`e` tg dmie sguk` `elasagks

mfgut pufcal nemctn, pgcalako, mk` LE_ use ak Lmkm`m.

Pnas mssessdekt presekts mk gppgrtukaty tg akgrd dukalapmc,

prgvaklamc, terratgramc, e`ermc, mk` akterkmtagkmc cmw

ekgrledekt prmltales, mk` prgva`es m pcmtgrd tg eklgurmoe

adprgve` lgddukalmtagk mdgko tnese huras`altagks.

Uctadmtecy, pufcal perleptagk mk` edgtagk, mctnguon

adpgrtmkt lgksa`ermtagks, snguc` kgt cem` tne `efmte

m rmkoe g slaektal akquary, rasi mssessdekt, mk` eva`ekle

dust oua`e pgcaly surrguk`ako tne use g LE_s ak Lmkm`m.

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xaaa

Pmfce g Lgktekts

= Aktrg`ultagk mk` Lnmroe tg tne Rmkec ............................................................................................6

=.= Fmliorguk` ....................................................................................................................................................6

=.6 Lnmroe tg tne Rmkec mk` \lgpako @elasagks .................................................................................................6

=.< Pne Rmkecs Mpprgmln ................................................................................................................................... Akteormte` \trmteoaes tg M``ress Omps ak tne \tmte g Eva`ekle

gk Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks ....................................................................................................:=

>.= \tmk`mr`azako mk` Lektrmcazako tne Velgr`ako g LE_ Akla`ekts ............................................................ :=

>.6 Ekmfcako Lgdpreneksave De`almc Mssessdekt Jgccgwako LE_ Expgsure ................................................:=

>.< Adprgvako Mlless tg, mk` \nmrako mk` Akteormtagk g, Ikgwce`oe Mlrgss Jaec`s .................................... :6

>.0 \uppgrtako Cmroe-\lmce, Ducta-\ate, Rgpucmtagk-Fmse` \tu`aes .................................................................. :.5 Adprgvako Uk`erstmk`ako g LE_ Vasi Vecmtave tg Gtner Use-g-Jgrle Aktervektagks ........................... :.: Uk`erstmk`ako \pelalmtagks g LE_s Dmkumlture` fy m Vmkoe g Lgdpmkaes ...................................:0

>.? Jurtnerako Etnalmc Cmfgrmtgry-Fmse` Experadektmc LE_ Vesemrln .........................................................:0

1 \uddmry mk` Lgklcusagks .............................................................................................................:?

1.= _nmt As tne Lurrekt \tmte g \laektal Ikgwce`oe Mfgut tne De`almc

mk` Rnysagcgoalmc Adpmlts g Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks7 ...................................................................... :?

1.6 _nmt Omps Exast ak tne Lurrekt Ikgwce`oe Mfgut Pnese Adpmlts7 ..........................................................:>

1.< _nmt Vesemrln As Vequare` tg Lcgse Pnese Omps7 ..................................................................................... :1

1.0 Jakmc Vejeltagks ......................................................................................................................................... ?2

Veerekles .................................................................................................................................................?:

MRREK@A^ F8 Rnysalmc Akhuraes Jgccgwako LE_ Expgsure ........................................................................>>

MRREK@A^ L8 \uddmry g Mkadmc \tu`aes Exmdakako Vesparmtgry @ysukltagk ...................................>1

MRREK@A^ @8 \uddmry g Mkadmc \tu`aes Exmdakako Zmramfce LE_ Lnmrmlterastals

mk` Lmr`aml @ysukltagk ....................................................................................................12

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xvCast g Jaoures mk` Pmfces

Cst g Joures mk` Pmfces

Jaoure 6.= Dacestgkes ak tne Use g LE_s ak Lmkm`m ........................................................................................ =2

Jaoure 6.6 Estadmte` Kudfer g LE_s ak Use ak Lmkm`m fy VLDR mk` Rrgvaklamc

mk` Dukalapmc Rgcale Moeklaes ..........................................................................................................==

Jaoure 6.< VLDR-_a`e Prek`s ak LE_ Use .......................................................................................................=9 KAH,

62==). Pne Rmkec lngse tg use tne frgm`er terd LE_, rmtner

tnmk reer tg m spelal dmie gr dg`ec felmuse at mccgws

gr mk akvestaomtagk g m rmkoe g `evales.

De`almc mk` Rnysagcgoalmc Adpmlts Pne Rmkec akterprete`

adpmlts frgm`cy tg aklcu`e mky nemctn eelt mrasako rgd

lnmkoes gr `mdmoe tg tne kgrdmc strulture mk` ukltagk

g tne resparmtgry, lmr`agvmslucmr, kervgus, ek`glrake, grduslucg-siecetmc systeds ak tne nudmk fg`y. Pne Rmkec aklcu`e`

fgtn pnysalmc nemctn mk` dektmc acckess ak tne revaew tnmt

as, lgk`atagks resuctako rgd adpmare` strulture gr ukltagkako

g sgde fg`acy systeds mk` lgk`atagks lnmrmlteraze` fy

mctermtagks ak tnakiako, dgg`, gr fenmvagur mssglamte` watn

`astress gr adpmare` ukltagkako (_NG, 622=).

Pne twg iey eva`ekle-omtnerako mltavataes (see Fgx =.)9

ak`epek`ekt revaews g LE_s lgddassagke` fy tne Vgymc

Lmkm`amk Dgukte` Rgcale (VLDR) (Iae`rgwsia et mc.,

622>), tne Lmkm`amk Rgcale Vesemrln Lektre (Dmkghcgval

et mc., 6225), mk` tne Lmkm`amk Mssglamtagk g Rgcale

Fgmr`s (\ykysnyk, 622>)9

mk exteksave revaew g de`almc/slaektal catermture,

lgrgker mk` pgcale repgrts, mk` expert testadgky

uk`ertmiek fy tne U.\. Kmtagkmc Akstatute g Hustale(KAH, 62==)9 mk`

m revaew g LE_s uk`ertmiek fy tne Kgvm \lgtam

@epmrtdekt g Hustale (K\@GH, 622>f).

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5Aktrg`ultagk mk` Lnmroe tg tne Rmkec

Jrgd ats revaew g tne dmak k`akos mk` lgklcusagks

g tnese mltavataes (see Mppek`ax M gr m suddmry g tne

k`akos rgd emln revaew), tne Rmkec `eterdake` tne iey

pnysagcgoalmc mk` nemctn eelts dgst `aslusse` ak tne

revaew catermture8

pgtektamccy mtmc lmr`aml mrrest lmuse` fy mfkgrdmc

nemrt rnytnd9 su``ek ak-lustg`y `emtn9

pnysalmc/duslucg-siecetmc akhuraes sustmake` rgd `arelt

eelts g prgfe peketrmtagk, furks rgd eceltralmc

lurrekt, gr m mcc resuctako rgd aklmpmlatmtagk9

exlate` `ecaraud syk`rgde (a.e., wgrsekako g m stmte

g extrede moatmtagk, wnaln lmk fe pgtektamccy mtmc)9

resparmtgry `astress gr adpmardekt, mk` recmte` lnmkoes

ak fcgg` lnedastry9 mk`

gtner eelts g extrede pmak mk` edgtagkmc trmudm

suln ms seazures.

Pg expcgre tne dmak nemctn eelts a`ektae` mfgve ak dgre`etmac mk` tg kmrrgw tne glus g tne mssessdekt, tne Rmkec

turke` ats mttektagk tg iey pradmry stu`aes (see Fgx =.1 mk` Mprac 62=

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: Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Akstem` (oavek tne `emrtn g mvmacmfce akgrdmtagk gk cgko-

terd nemctn lgksequekles mssglamte` watn LE_s), tne Rmkec

lgklektrmte` spelalmccy gk mlute, sngrt-terd pnysagcgoalmc

mk` nemctn eelts resuctako rgd tne eceltralmc lnmrmlterastals

g LE_ `evales eelts nmvako tne dgst pgtektamc gr

su``ek ukexpelte` `emtn. Felmuse su``ek ukexpelte`

`emtn as caiecy tne ek` resuct g m vmraety g akterseltakomltgrs akvgcvako tne keurgek`glrake, resparmtgry, mk`

lmr`agvmslucmr systeds, tne Rmkec gluse` gk pnysagcgoalmc

lnmkoes ak tnese systeds resuctako rgd eceltralmc lurrekt

mk` LE_ `aslnmroe, aklcu`ako keurgek`glrake eelts

mk` ecevmte` stress ngrdgkes, `asruptagk ak fremtnako

mk` recmte` lnmkoes tg fcgg` lnedastry, mk` lnmkoes tg

nemrt rnytnd mk` rmte mk` tne pgtektamc gr mrrnytndams.

Pne Rmkec mcsg ect tnmt uklertmaktaes surrguk`ako su``ek

ak-lustg`y `emtn, dektmc acckess, mk` exlate` `ecaraud

syk`rgde snguc` fe expcgre` dgre oekermccy.

_atnak tne eva`ekle tnere wms spelucmtagk tnmt severmcsuf-orgups mre mt naoner rasi g akhury gr `emtn, lgdpmre`

tg tne oekermc pgpucmtagk8

ygukoer mk` gc`er pgpucmtagks (lnac`rek, m`gceslekts,

tne ec`ercy)9

ak`ava`umcs ak vuckermfce pnysalmc stmtes (rmac gr cgw fg`y

weaont, preokmkly, mlute acckess, mk` lmr`aml wemikess

gr `asemse)9 mk`

ak`ava`umcs ak vuckermfce dektmc stmtes (dektmc acckess,

mclgngc gr `ruo aktgxalmtagk, stress, psylngsas).

Expcgrako tne akterpcmy fetweek LE_s mk` tnese orgups,

mcgko watn gtner lgddgk mltgrs akvgcve` ak use-g-grle

evekts, wms akteormc tg tne Rmkecs revaew g, mk` `ecafermtagks

gk, tne eva`ekle. Pne Rmkec sguont tg `eterdake tg wnmt

`eoree tnese lg-mltgrs lguc` aklremse tne caiecangg` gr

severaty g emln g tne pnysagcgoalmc mk` nemctn eelts

a`ektae` mfgve. Rgtektamc lg-mltgrs were ava`e` aktg twg

lmteograes8 (=) akterkmc lg-mltgrs, recmte` tg stmtes aktraksal

tg tne ak`ava`umc suln ms pre-exastako de`almc lgk`atagks gr

`ruo gr mclgngc adpmardekt, mk` (6) exterkmc lg-mltgrs,

recmte` tg tne satumtagkmc mltgrs gr lnmrmlterastals extraksal

tg tne ak`ava`umc.

Jgccgwako tne lgdpcetagk g eva`ekle-omtnerako mltavataes

mk` elasagks, tne Rmkecs pekuctadmte rmt repgrt uk`erwekt

m raogrgus mk` mkgkydgus peer-revaew prgless akvgcvako

=< experts watn ducta`aslapcakmry expertase sadacmr tg tnmt

guk` ak tne Rmkec. Mcc revaewer lgddekts were lmreuccy

lgksa`ere` mk` m``resse` fy tne Rmkec.

=.0 GVOMKazMPaGK GJ PNE VERGVP

Pne kmc repgrt lmptures tne lgcceltave was`gd g tne

Rmkec mk` as fmse` gk tne lgkseksus remlne` fy mcc Rmkec

dedfers. Pne k`akos mre fmse` gk tne fest mvmacmfce

slaektal ikgwce`oe mk` tne prgessagkmc experaekle

mk` expertase g tne Rmkec. At as tne Rmkecs ngpe tnmt tnerepgrt wacc prgva`e m pcmtgrd gr `amcgoue mk` wacc fe

lgksa`ere` mcgkosa`e gtner adpgrtmkt pgcaly `aslussagks

recmte` tg mpprgpramte testako mk` mpprgvmc prgle`ures,

prgtglgcs gr use, mk` rasis g LE_s recmtave tg gtner

use-g-grle aktervektagks.

Pne repgrt as gromkaze` ms gccgws8

Lnmpter 6 prgva`es m frae nastgry g LE_ use fy cmw

ekgrledekt ak Lmkm`m, mcgko watn tne ceomc mk` reoucmtgry

ekvargkdekt ak Lmkm`m mk` gtner recevmkt akterkmtagkmc

huras`altagks. At mcsg presekts tne mvmacmfce stmtastals gk

LE_ use ms wecc ms akhuraes mk` `emtns recmte` tg LE_

use ak Lmkm`m.

Lnmpter < exmdakes tne stmte g tne eva`ekle gk tne

aktek`e` eelts g LE_s. At feoaks fy lgdpmrako tne

eceltralmc lnmrmlterastals g LE_ `evales tg gtner eceltralmc

aktervektagks, gccgwe` fy mk gvervaew g eceltrgpnysagcgoy

tg necp uk`erstmk` tne aktek`e` eelts g tne `evales gk

tne fg`y. At mcsg eslrafes tne esaok mk` fmsal gpermtako

praklapces g LE_s mk` tnear eceltralmc gutputs.

Lnmpter 0 `aslusses ak `etmac tne m`vmktmoes mk`

`asm`vmktmoes g vmragus resemrln dg`ecs use` tg stu`y

tne pnysagcgoalmc mk` nemctn eelts g LE_s feygk` tne

aktek`e` eelts gutcake` ak Lnmpter

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?Aktrg`ultagk mk` Lnmroe tg tne Rmkec

Lnmpter : cggis mt tne stmte g tne eva`ekle recmte` tg tne

pgtektamc rgce g LE_s ak su``ek ak-lustg`y `emtn. At mcsg

gluses gk twg iey lg-mltgrs8 dektmc acckess mk` exlate`

`ecaraud syk`rgde.

Lnmpter ? a`ektaes mk` expcgres ve frgm` omps ak tne

stmte g ikgwce`oe mfgut tne recmtagksnap fetweek LE_ usemk` pnysagcgoalmc mk` nemctn eelts. At mcsg `aslusses tne

recmte` lnmccekoes ak uk`ako, lgk`ultako, mk` akterpretako

LE_ resemrln.

Lnmpter > gutcakes tne Rmkecs pgtektamc strmteoaes gr mk

akteormte` respgkse tg m``ress tne omps ak LE_ eva`ekle.

At presekts m kudfer g mltavataes tnmt wguc` necp adprgve

tne ikgwce`oe fmse, ekmfce urtner resemrln, mk` suppgrt

uture surveaccmkle mk` repgrtako mltavataes.

Lnmpter 1 suddmrazes tne Rmkecs gvermcc k`akos, orgupe`

fy tne tnree dmak questagks lgdprasako tne lnmroe. At mcsgpresekts tne Rmkecs kmc rejeltagks.

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> Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

M Frae Nastgry g LE_ Use ak Lmkm`m

Ceomc mk` Veoucmtgry Ekvargkdekt

\tmtastals gk LE_ Use mk` Vecmte` Akhuraes mk` @emtns ak Lmkm`m

\uddmry

6Use g Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks k Lmkm`m

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1Use gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks ak Lmkm`m

6 Use g Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgksk Lmkm`m

Iey Jak`akos

@elasagk-dmiako mfgut tne prgtglgcs gr seceltako, mlquarako,

mk` usako LE_s as uk`ertmiek fy cglmc cmw ekgrledekt

mk` pufcal smety moeklaes, mk` vmraes mlrgss Lmkm`m

mk` akterkmtagkmccy.

Pnere as kg gkogako systedmtal mk` lgksastekt `gludektmtagk

g LE_ use ak Lmkm`m mk` kg stmk`mr`aze` wmy tg lmpture

akhuraes gr emtns recmte` tg tne `evales.

M` ngl repgrtako ak`almtes LE_ use ak Lmkm`m as oekermccy

`elcakako, tne evale as cmroecy use` ms m eterrekt (`aspcmye`

rmtner tnmk re`), mk` akhuraes resuctako rgd LE_s mre

cmroecy superlamc pnysalmc akhuraes9 at as lnmccekoako, ngwever,

tg rmw mky ekatave lgklcusagks recmte` tg tne pnysagcgoalmc

mk` nemctn eelts g LE_ use rgd lurrekt dgkatgrako mk`

repgrtako prmltales.

\akle =11>, mt cemst . Pnas lnmpter fraejy gutcakes tne

nastgry mk` use g LE_s ak Lmkm`m, mcgko watn tne ceomc

mk` reoucmtgry ekvargkdekt ak wnaln tney mre `epcgye`. At

tnek oges gk tg presekt tne mvmacmfce stmtastals gk trek`s ak

LE_ use, mk` wnmt lmk fe sma` mfgut recmte` akhuraes mk``emtns fmse` gk lurrekt dgkatgrako mk` repgrtako prmltales.

6.= M FVaEJ Na\PGVQ GJ LE_ U\E

aK LMKM@M

Ak =111 mk` gccgwako gpermtagkmc revaews mk` ec` tramcs

lmrrae` gut fy pgcale moeklaes ak tne lataes g E`dgktgk

mk` Zaltgram, tne prgvakle g Fratasn Lgcudfam felmde tne

rst Lmkm`amk huras`altagk tg mpprgve LE_s gr use fy cmw

ekgrledekt (Frma`wgg` Lgddassagk, 6221). Jgccgwako mk

mssessdekt g tne `evales mk` sadacmr ec` tramcs, tne VLDR

mpprgve` tne PM\EV D6:PD `evale gr use fy ats glers

mlrgss Lmkm`m ak 622=9 secelt prgvakles mk` dukalapmcataes

cmter gccgwe` suat (Iae`rgwsia et mc., 622>). Jaoure 6.= sngws

m tadecake g iey LE_-recmte` `evecgpdekts gver =5 yemrs.

Ms g Dmy 62=

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=2 Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Jaoure

6.=

DacestgkesaktneUsegjLE_sakLmkm`m

PneUkate`\tmteswmstnejrsthuras`altagktg`epcgytnedg`erkgrdgLE_s,mk`

tne`evalesnmvefeekakuseaktnmtlguktrysakletneemrcy=112s.AkLmkm`m,jec`tramcsfeomkaktnecmte=112smk`,

sufsequektcy,LE_usefelmdewa`esprem`mlrgsstnelguktryaktneemrcy6222s.M

termnaon-prgjce`emtnmk`lgddassagkgakq

uaryaktnecmte6222s,tneusegLE_secalate`

dulndgreslrutakymk`

pufcal`efmte.Pnasjoure`epaltsiey

dacestgkesaktneusegLE_ssakletnearaktrg

`ultagkakLmkm`m.

=11>

=111

62=6

622=

622>

62=2

=11>

JAV\PLE_U\EFQ

CM_EKJGVLEDEKP

AKLMKM@M

:-dgktnjaec`tramc

fyE`dgktgkmk`

Zaltgrampgcale

622=

VLDRMRRVGZE\LE_

U\EFQGJJALEV\

_a`esprem``astrafutagk

gjPM\EVD

6:m

lrgss

Lmkm`m(PM\EV^

6:

jgccgwe`ak6225)

62=6

LGD

DA\\AGK

JG

VRUFCAL

LGDRCMAKP\

MOMAK\PPNE

VLD

RVERGVP

Ve

pgrtkgtesm

`rgpaktnremteke`

mk`

mltumcLE_

`epcgydektssakle622>

(LRLVLDR,62=6)

622>

FVMA@_GG@LGDDA\\AGKGJAK]UAVQ

CMUKLNE@FQFLOGZEVKD

EKP

Jarstpufcallgddassagkgjakquaryaktgrgce

gjLE_akmnaon-prgjaceak-lustg`y`emtn

jgluseskmtagkmcmttektagkgkLE_

use

Vepgrtpufcasne`62=2(Frma`wgg`,62=2)

62=2

JE@EVMC,RVGZAKLAMC,MK@

PEVVAPGVAMCDAKA\PEV\

GJHU\PALEMOVEEPG

OUA@ECAKE\GKLE_U\E

Kewoua`ecakesrestraltLE

_use,mk`eklgurmoetrmakako,

testako,supervasagk,m

k`repgrtakorelgddek`mtagks

(R\L,62=2)

=111

JAV\PMRR

VGZMCGJLE_\JGV

U\EFQCM_EKJGVLEDEKPAK

LMKM@M

FLmpprg

vesPM\EVD

6:`

evale

62=6

FLCEOA\CMPUVEMRRGAKP\

\RELAMCLG

DDAPPEE

Vepgrtrecemse`ak

62=69 K\_G, 622>). Emlnhuras`altagk watnak tne lguktry nms ats gwk set g gversaont

delnmkasds mk` oua`ecakes ogverkako tne use g LE_s

mk` tne relgr`ako g tnmt use. Mcc glers dust uk`erog

trmakako mk` mllre`atmtagk tg lmrry mk` use m LE_, mk` m

relgr`ako `evale as mttmlne` tg mcc LE_s use` fy oekermc

`uty glers, tg lmpture `etmacs recmte` tg `epcgydekt

evekts (K\_G, 62=6).

6.< \PMPa\PaL\ GK LE_ U\E MK@

VECMPE@ aKhUVaE\ MK@ @EMPN\

aK LMKM@M

\adacmr tg mcc gtner grds g use-g-grle aktervektagks,

tne use mk` kudfer g `epcgydekts g LE_s ak Lmkm`m

mre kgt `gludekte` gk mk gkogako mk` systedmtal fmsas.

Ak`ava`umc moeklaes `g lgccelt use-g-grle mk` LE_

akgrdmtagk ak tnear gwk prmltales, fut tnas akgrdmtagk

as kgt lmpture` gr repgrte` ak m ukagrd, lgksastekt wmy

mlrgss cmw ekgrledekt, lgrreltagkmc, mk` gtner pufcal

smety moeklaes wgriako uk`er dukalapmc, prgvaklamc, mk`

e`ermc huras`altagks. Mctnguon mttedpts nmve feek dm`e

mt tne akterkmtagkmc cevec tg lremte m cess-cetnmc-wempgks

`mtmfmse tnmt prgva`es ak`epek`ekt mk` strulture` mtm gk

wempgk use wgrc`wa`e (U.I. \teerako Orgup, 622:), mt tne

tade g tnas repgrts pufcalmtagk, tne uk`ako mk` gvermccstmtus g tne `mtmfmse were uklcemr. Lgkstrmakts suln ms

tnese nmve ce` tg m` ngl pgakt-ak-tade repgrtako g LE_

use stmtastals mk` lnmkoes gver tade, ms `edgkstrmte` fy tne

vmramfce repgrtako rgd Kgvm \lgtam mk` Fratasn Lgcudfam.

Ak 622> mk` ms pmrt g m cmroer, prgvaklamc revaew g LE_s,

Kgvm \lgtam recemse` LE_ use stmtastals gr dukalapmc pgcale

`epmrtdekts, VLDR avasagks, mk` @epmrtdekt g Hustale

servales (K\@GH, 622>f). Ak 622?, 2.25 per lekt g tne

tgtmc lmccs gr servale tg pgcale akvgcve` LE_ use. @espate

akrequekt gvermcc use, LE_ use rgse stem`acy rgd 6225

tg 622? fy mfgut >2 per lekt, watn `epcgydekts dgstcyakvgcvako presektmtagk g tne `evale (0? per lekt), mk`

watn prgfe (61 per lekt) mk` `rave stuk (6: per lekt)

`epcgydekt use` cess requektcy (`aerekles fetweek

prgfe mk` `rave stuk `epcgydekt types mre `eslrafe` ak

oremter `etmac ak Lnmpter f).

Mcsg ak 622>, Fratasn Lgcudfam recemse` LE_ use stmtastals

gr tne == ak`epek`ekt dukalapmc pgcale moeklaes wgriako

ak tne prgvakle (Vymk, 622>). Rer-lmpatm `epcgydekt rmtes

fetweek 622= mk` 622: rejelt mk aklremse ak LE_ use

mlrgss mcc moeklaes. Ak 622=, LE_ akla`ekts rmkoe` rgd

2 tg 0 per

lekt g tne akla`ekts, respeltavecy (dgre tnmk gke dg`e

dmy fe use` ak mky gke akla`ekt) (Vymk, 622>).

Mt tne e`ermc cevec, tne Lgddassagk gr Rufcal Lgdpcmakts

Momakst tne Vgymc Lmkm`amk Dgukte` Rgcale recemses stmtastals

gk VLDR use g LE_s gk mk gkogako fmsas usako tne \ufhelt

Fenmvagur/Gler Vespgkse (\F/GV) Vepgrtako \ysted,

m stmk`mr`aze` detng` gr relgr`ako use g aktervektagks

(LRL VLDR, 62=6). Mctnguon use` gkcy gr VLDR grles,

tnas mpprgmln prgva`es m lcemrer mk` dgre lgksastekt palture

g LE_ use gver tade. Mllgr`ako tg tne dgst relekt repgrt,

ak 62=2 LE_s were use` ms m `eterrekt (tnmt as, `aspcmye`

fut kgt re`) ak mfgut ?2 per lekt g akla`ekts (LRL

VLDR, 62=6). G tne

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=

repgrt rgd Kgvm \lgtam (K\@GH, 622>f). Ak lgktrmst, mcc

LE_-recmte` akhuraes were kgte` ak tne stmtastals recemse`

gr Fratasn Lgcudfam, watn 60 per lekt g tne =,020 akla`ekts

kgte` ms LE_-recmte` akhuraes, g wnaln 1> per lekt were

superlamc wguk`s mk` 6 per lekt were dgre seragus akhuraes

resuctako rgd mccs mk` `mrt peketrmtagk (Vymk, 622>).

Jakmccy, tne 62=2 VLDR repgrt gk LE_ use `a` kgt kgte tne

kmture g akhuraes sustmake`, a mky, evek tnguon tne repgrt

`a` cast wnek de`almc mttektagk wms requare`8 =2 per lekt g

prgfe epcgydekts mk` = per lekt g `rave stuk epcgydektsrequare` de`almc mttektagk ak 62=2 (LRL VLDR, 62=6).

Mt tne tade g tnas repgrts pufcalmtagk, m pgpucmtagk-fmse`

stu`y expcgrako pgcale use-g-grle (aklcu`ako LE_ use) ak

sevek pgcale moeklaes ak Lmkm`m wms stacc ak prgoress9 tnus,

`mtm gk akhury rmtes were kgt mvmacmfce (Nmcc, Ak prgoress).

Lmkm`m mcsg `ges kgt nmve m lektrmc repgsatgry gr repgrts g

su``ek ak-lustg`y `emtn, kgr as tnere m `mtmfmse lgktmakako

akgrdmtagk gk LE_-recmte` `emtn. _atngut m systed gr

trmliako tnese gutlgdes, at as very `aluct tg `eterdake tne

kudfer g su``ek ak-lustg`y `emtns ak Lmkm`m, mk` tne

prgpgrtagk g `emtns tnmt mre LE_-recmte`. Fmse` gk de`am

repgrts mk` `gludekte` akquest prglesses mcgke, tg `mte

mt cemst

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=0 Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

6.0 \UddMVQ

\akle tnear aktrg`ultagk ak =11>, LE_s nmve felgde

wa`esprem` mlrgss Lmkm`amk dukalapmc, prgvaklamc,

terratgramc, mk` e`ermc huras`altagks. Evek watn oua`mkle rgd

vmragus e`ermc, prgvaklamc, mk` terratgramc ogverkdekts mk`

akterkmtagkmc fg`aes, `elasagk-dmiako mfgut tne prgtglgcsgr seceltako, mlquarako, mk` usako LE_s as uk`ertmiek fy

cglmc cmw ekgrledekt mk` pufcal smety moeklaes, mk` vmraes

mlrgss Lmkm`m mk` akterkmtagkmccy. Pnere as kg gkogako

systedmtal mk` lgksastekt `gludektmtagk g LE_ use ak

Lmkm`m mk` kg stmk`mr`aze` wmy tg lmpture akhuraes gr

`emtns recmte` tg tne `evales. \akle =11>, mt cemst

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=5Pne @esaok, Gpermtagk, mk` Aktek`e` Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Usako Eceltralaty gk tne Nudmk Fg`y

Eceltrgpnysagcgoy g Kerves, Duslce, mk` Nemrt

@esaok mk` Gpermtagk g LE_s

LE_ _mvegrds

\uddmry

9 Dl@mkaec et mc., 62219

Rmkeslu & \trmtfulier, 62219 Reterlnev et mc., 62=29 KAH, 62==9 Veaccy & @amdmkt, 62==9 Peks DE@, 62==)

Mcc vmcues mre mpprgxadmte per pucse vmcues mk` vmry fmse` gk lgktext mk` adpe`mkle cgm`, wnaln as tne cevec g resastmkle tg lurrekt jgw. @urako

testako, LE_s mre re` aktg m resastave cgm` tnmt dadals tne adpe`mkle cgm` g tne nudmk fg`y (M`cer et mc., 62=:).

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=> Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Mcc mltagk pgtektamcs mre lremte` fy tne gpekako mk` lcgsako

g lnmkkecs ak tne dedfrmke g tne kerve mk` duslce

leccs tnmt mccgw agks suln ms sg`aud, pgtmssaud, lmclaud,

mk` lncgra`e tg jgw mlrgss tne lecc dedfrmke, mk` tne

exmlt wmvegrd g tne mltagk pgtektamc ak m pmrtalucmr lecc

type wacc `epek` gk tne prgpertaes g tne agk lnmkkecs

ak ats dedfrmke (Imtz, 62=2). Lmr`aml duslce mltagk

pgtektamcs rgd aerekt reoagks g tne nemrt nmve aerektwmvegrds mk` `urmtagks rmkoako fetweek =22 mk` 022

daccaselgk`s (2.=2 tg 2.02 selgk`s). Kerve mk` siecetmc

duslce mltagk pgtektamc wmvegrds mre duln sngrter tnmk

tngse ak tne nemrt, mk` cmst gr ms cattce ms gke daccaselgk`

(2.22= selgk`s) (Imtz, 62=2) (Jaoure

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=1Pne @esaok, Gpermtagk, mk` Aktek`e` Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Pne strekotn mk` `urmtagk g mk mppcae` LE_ eceltralmc

`aslnmroe dust fe tuke` tg tne tnresngc`s g tne kerve

leccs tg eeltavecy staducmte tned (\weekey, 6221m9 Veaccy &

@amdmkt, 62==). Gkcy mk eceltral sngli exlee`ako tne kerve

tnresngc` wacc adpmlt kerves mk` lmuse aklmpmlatmtagk. Pne

`urmtagk g eceltralmc staducmtagk requare` tg exlee` tne

tnresngc` ak m lmr`aml duslce lecc as mfgut =2 tg =22 tadescgkoer tnmk ak m dgtgr gr seksgry kerve lecc. Pneregre,

tne praklapce oua`ako tne ukltagkako g tne LE_ as tnmt

tne sngrt-`urmtagk eceltralmc `aslnmroes `ecavere` fy

tne `evale mre naoncy eeltave ak staducmtako dgtgr mk`

seksgry kerves, lmusako aklmpmlatmtagk mk` pmak, fut mre

duln cess eeltave ak staducmtako tne nemrt duslce mk`

tnerefy ak`ulako pgtektamccy mtmc `asruptagks tg tne nemrts

rnytnd mk` pudpako mfacaty. Exlatmfce tassues gtner tnmk

tne kerve, siecetmc duslce, mk` lmr`aml leccs (e.o., fcgg`

vessecs) lmk mcsg fe staducmte` gr `mdmoe` fy eceltralmc

aktervektagk9 ngwever, m `aslussagk g tnas pnekgdekgk

as kgt aklcu`e` ak tnas repgrt `ue tg cmli g eva`ekle mk`a`ektae` lgkkeltagks watn LE_s.

Mcgko watn strekotn, `urmtagk, mk` tnresngc` vmcues,

tne tadako g tne LE_ expgsure as mcsg recevmkt. Pne

susleptafacaty g lmr`aml duslce tg staducmtagk fy mk

mrtalamccy mppcae` lurrekt vmraes, `epek`ako gk tne pgakt

ak tne rnytndal lylce g tne nemrt. Pnere as m perag` g

vuckermfacaty (sngwk, mpprgxadmtecy, ms tne `msne` fgx

superadpgse` gk tne cmter pmrt g tne lmr`aml duslce

mltagk pgtektamc ak Jaoure

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62 Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

tne `aslnmroe sate mk` femr m prakte` lg`e ukaque tg tne

LE_, ak`almtako kgt gkcy tnmt m evale nms feek re` fut

mcsg wnaln `evale, spelalmccy (Irgcc, 622?).

Glers dgst gtek use LE_s ms `eterrekts (K\@GH, 622>f9

LRL VLDR, 62=6), fy, gr exmdpce, mltavmtako tne cmser

saont, mltavmtako tne spmri `aspcmy, `rmwako mk` `aspcmyako,gr pgaktako tne `evale mt m sufhelt. Pney dmy mcsg `epcgy

tne `evale gr `eeksave purpgses (LRL VLDR, 62=6).

LE_s lmk fe `epcgye` tnrguon gke g twg fmsal gpermtako

dg`es8 prgfe dg`e mk` `rave stuk dg`e. Jaec` use g tne

`evales lmk mcsg akvgcve m lgdfakmtagk g tnese twg dg`es,

terde` tne tnree-pgakt `epcgydekt gptagk.

Rrgfe dg`e as dgst lgddgkcy use` mk` dgst gtek

mssglamte` watn tne kee` gr de`almc mttektagk

(LRL VLDR, 62=6) `ue tg cgss g vgcuktmry duslce

lgktrgc mk` aklremse` sprem` g tne lurrekt cgw

mlrgss tne fg`y. At as mcsg tne dgst resemrlne` type g`epcgydekt ak tne catermture revaewe` fy tne Rmkec.

Ak prgfe dg`e, m pmar g detmc `mrts `epcgys rgd tne

LE_, sprem`s mpmrt, mk` peketrmtes mk` mttmlnes tg m

sufhelts lcgtnako, siak, mk` sgt tassues mt m `astmkle g

up tg m ew detres (mctnguon sgde `evales mre `esaoke`

gr cgkoer rmkoes, suln ms tne PM\EV ^VERPD). Pne

`mrts mre lgkkelte` tg tnak eceltralmc wares tnmt lgk`ult

tne eceltralmc `aslnmroe rgd tne `evale. A tne twg `mrts

mre spmle` wa`ecy ekguon mlrgss tne fg`y, tne jgw geceltralmc lurrekt fetweek tned staducmtes dmky kerves,

resuctako ak wa`esprem` cgss g vgcuktmry duslce lgktrgc (gr

aklmpmlatmtagk) mk` oekermcaze` aktekse pmak, wnaln typalmccy

lemse adde`amtecy mter tne `aslnmroe ek`s (Nmklgli &

Ormkt, 622>9 K\@GH, 622>m).Pne `eoree g aklmpmlatmtagk

as cmroecy `epek`ekt gk tne sprem` g tne prgfes, wnaln as

tnguont tg fe dgst eeltave fetweek 1 tg =6 aklnes (Ng et mc.,

62=6).0 Ak prgfe dg`e, at as dgre caiecy tne lurrekt wacc jgw

tnrguon tassues ak tne lnest, aklcu`ako tne nemrt, wnaln resucts

ak aklremse` rasi g ukwmkte` lmr`aml gr gtner nemctn eelts

(\uk & _efster, 622?).

0 \ee Veaccy mk` @amdmkt (62==) gr m etmace` `eslraptagk g tne tnree caiecy delnmkasds akvgcve` ak tne cgss g vgcuktmry duslce lgktrgc wnek m

`evale as re` ak prgfe dg`e8 (=) `arelt exlatmtagk g duslce, (6) staducmtagk g dgtgr keurgks, mk` (m). Pnas oure naoncaonts sgde lgddgk emtures g tne `evale.

Lgkkeltagk _are

Praooer \mjety

Cmser \aont

Mar Lmrtra`oe Fmttery

Ukaque Dmrier

Rrgfes

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6=Pne @esaok, Gpermtagk, mk` Aktek`e` Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Ak `rave stuk (mcsg ikgwk ms tguln stuk) dg`e, tne `evale

as presse` `areltcy momakst tne sufhelt caie m trm`atagkmc

stuk ouk. Pne eceltralmc lurrekt as `ecavere` mlrgss m

dgre cglmcaze` mrem tnmk ak m prgfe dg`e `epcgydekt

(K\@GH, 622>m). Ms m resuct, tne dmak eelt g rave stuk

dg`e as cglmcaze` pmak, mk` duslce addgfacazmtagk as

caiecy tg fe cglmcaze`, `ue pradmracy tg `arelt staducmtagkg siecetmc duslce fres m`hmlekt tg tne pgakt g lgktmlt

watn tne eceltrg`es.

Pne lgdfake` dg`e g gpermtagk tnree-pgakt

`epcgydekt gptagk as m nyfra` g prgfe mk` rave stuk

dg`es. A gke g tne twg prgfes macs tg dmie lgktmlt

watn tne sufhelt `urako m prgfe dg`e `epcgydekt, gr a

tne prgfe sprem` as tgg sdmcc, tne LE_ `epcgydekt wacc

kgt mlnaeve lgdpcete aklmpmlatmtagk. Ak tnas lmse, mter

tne prgfe `epcgydekt mk` watn gke gr fgtn prgfes stacc

edfe``e` ak tne sufhelt, tne LE_ nmk`-nec` ukat lmk fe

frguont ak lgktmlt watn tne sufhelt. Pnas aklremses tne tgtmcmrem lgvere` fy tne lgdfakmtagk `aslnmroe lurrekt mk`

lmk aklremse tne caiecangg` g aklmpmlatmtagk mk` pgtektamc

nemctn lgdpcalmtagks.

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66 Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Gke prgdakekt questagk ak lmr`aml LE_ resemrln aswnetner LE_ `aslnmroes lmk, ak mlt, lmuse mfkgrdmc

gr `mkoergus nemrt rnytnds, evek tnguon tney staducmte

kerves mk` siecetmc duslce dgre eeltavecy tnmk nemrt

duslce. Pnmt questagk as m``resse` dgre uccy ak Lnmpter 5.

Nere, tne Rmkec gkcy kgtes tnmt LE_s mre dgre eeltavecy

mt preerektamccy tmroetako tne siecetmc duslce kerves,

fy usako m cgwer strekotn mk` sngrter eceltralmc pucse

`urmtagk tnmk wnmt as requare` tg ak`ule m pgtektamccy

mtmc nemrt mrrnytndam.: Ak sngrt, mvmacmfce akgrdmtagk

gk tne strekotn, `urmtagk, mk` wmvegrd g LE_ `evales

lertmakcy suppgrts tne lgktektagk tnmt tney eeltavecy tmroet

tne siecetmc duslce kerves watn resuctmkt keurgduslucmraklmpmlatmtagk mk` `asmfcako pmak (Veaccyet mc., 62219 Veaccy

& @amdmkt, 62==). Pne pgssafacaty tnmt LE_s lmk nmve

ukaktek`e` lgksequekles gk nemrt rnytnd mk` gtner

pnysagcgoalmc systeds, ngwever, as stacc vaogrguscy `efmte`

mk` dmy `epek` gk wnek tne LE_ as mppcae` `urako tne

tadako g tne nemrts kmturmc eceltralmc mltavaty. Ak m``atagk

tg mrtalamc eceltralmc staducmtagk, nemrt rnytnd lmk fe

melte` fy delnmkalmc grle. Fgx

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69 Caki, 62=6). Pnus, at as m recmtavecy rmre evekt tnmt

requares m lgkjuekle g mltgrs gr vektralucmr fraccmtagk

tg fe ak`ule` fy `arelt pnysalmc grle gk tne lnest.

Pne iaketal ekeroy g m stmk`mr` LE_ prgfe as =.5 tg 6.6 hguces

(@mwes & Ng, 62=6), mk` mk extek`e`-rmkoe LE_ (`esaoke`

tg fe re` rgd m =6-omuoe sngtouk) re` rgd m lcgser

rmkoe tnmk relgddek`e` nms m dmxadud relgr`e` prgheltace

ekeroy g 52 hguces (Iukz et mc., 62==). At nms feek suooeste`

tnmt tnas mdgukt g adpmlt ekeroy as kgt sulaekt tg lmuse

akterkmc gromk `mdmoe. Pnas mssudptagk as fmse` gk tne mlt

tnmt lgddgtag lgr`as as typalmccy mssglamte` watn naon adpmlt

ekeroy ak spgrts suln ms fmsefmcc (=52 hguces) mk` ngliey

(=?2 hguces) (Iukz et mc., 62==). \tu`aes nmve kgt expcalatcy

a`ektae`, ngwever, tne dakadud ekeroy cevec requare` tg

ak`ule tne lgk`atagk, mk` kg lcemr uk`erstmk`ako exasts g

wnetner mltgrs suln ms pre-exastako nemrt lgk`atagks lguc`

cgwer tne tnresngc` requare` tg ak`ule tnas pnekgdekgk. Ak

mky evekt, m`gceslekts mre dgre susleptafce tg tne lgk`atagk

`ue tg tnear fg`ys oremter jexafacaty mk` mfacaty tg mfsgrfdgre grle, wnaln mlacatmte trmksdassagk g ekeroy tg tne

nemrt (@em`y & Akkes, =111). M`gceslekts dmy fe mt oremter

rasi g experaeklako lgddgtag lgr`as a expgse` tg prgheltaces,

fut dgre resemrln as kee`e`. Gvermcc, fmse` gk tne mvmacmfce

telnkalmc spelalmtagks g tne `evales mk` tne cgw dgdektud

g gke gr fgtn prgfes straiako tne lnest, at as very ukcaiecy

tnmt m LE_ adpmlt wguc` resuct ak vektralucmr fraccmtagk `ue

tg lgddgtag lgr`as.

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60 Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Cmfgrmtgry-Fmse` Experadektmc Vesemrln

Rgpucmtagk-Fmse` Epa`edagcgoalmc Jaec` Vesemrln

\uddmry

0Mpprgmlnes tg Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgk Vesemrln

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65Mpprgmlnes tg Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgk Vesemrln

0 Mpprgmlnes tg Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy_empgk Vesemrln

Iey Jak`akos

Lgdputer dg`ecs mre mfce tg saducmte `aerekt pnysalmc

lnmrmlterastals g sufhelts mk` vmragus LE_ `epcgydekt

slekmrags. Mkadmc dg`ecs mccgw gr dgre akteksave

experadektmc aktervektagks, wnaln lmk lcmray tne akteksaty

g vmragus pmrmdeters tnmt mre requare` tg lgksastektcy

mlnaeve pnysagcgoalmc mk` nemctn-recmte` eelts gccgwako

LE_ expgsure.

@espate tne pgtektamc m`vmktmoes, tne mppcalmfacaty

g lgdputer mk` mkadmc dg`ecs tg nudmk pnysagcgoy

mk` remc-wgrc` LE_ expgsures as uklcemr.

Nudmk cmfgrmtgry-fmse` stu`aes mccgw gr oremter

mppcalmfacaty, fut etnalmc lgkstrmakts cadat experadektmcaktervektagk. Jaec` resemrln lmk mllgukt gr remc-wgrc`

vmramfces tnmt lmkkgt fe saducmte` ak tne cmfgrmtgry, fut

a tnere mre cgw akhury rmtes mk` cmli g stmk`mr`azmtagk

at as `aluct tg estmfcasn demkakouc mssglamtagks.

Oavek tne m`vmktmoes mk` asm`vmktmoes g lurrekt resemrln

mpprgmlnes, tg remln mky lgklcusagks mfgut tne pnysagcgoalmc

mk` nemctn eelts g LE_s at as fekelamc tg lgksa`er tne

resucts g m rmkoe g vmryako stu`y `esaoks.

Fagde`almc mk` gtner resemrln as pergrde` tg test

m pre`eterdake` set g nypgtneses mfgut tne kmture gtne recmtagksnap fetweek m set g vmramfces mk` m pmrtalucmr

gutlgde. Nypgtneses dmy fe teste` tnrguon experadektmc

stu`aes mttedptako tg lgktrgc gr dmkapucmte m set g vmramfces

usako lgdputer dg`ecs, mkadmcs, gr nudmks, gr tnrguon

ec`-fmse` epa`edagcgoalmc stu`aes, wnaln stu`y pgpucmtagks

ak remc-wgrc` larludstmkles. Emln type g resemrln lgdes

watn ats gwk set g lnmccekoes tnmt dmy akjuekle tne

k`akos. Pneregre, a m recmtagksnap as gfserve` `urako

tnese stu`aes, resemrlners dmy fe mfce tg estmfcasn mk

mssglamtagk fetweek m pmrtalucmr vmramfce mk` mk gutlgde9

ngwever, felmuse g tne eelts g lnmkle, errgr, fams, gr

lgkguk`ako mltgrs, m kudfer g pgssafce expcmkmtagks dmy

exast tg estmfcasn tnmt recmtagksnap. Mk gfserve` mssglamtagk

`ges kgt kelessmracy demk gke vmramfce lmuses tne gtner,

mk` tne mppmrekt cmli g mk mssglamtagk ges kgt kelessmracy

demk m lmusmc recmtagksnap as mfsekt. Hu`odekt gk wnetner

mk gfserve` mssglamtagk as lmusmc as tneregre m `aluct tmsi

tnmt akvgcves tne revaew g ductapce stu`aes g vmryako esaoks

mk` tne lgksa`ermtagk g m rmkoe g lrateram recmte` tg tne

dmokatu`e, lgksastekly, mk` pcmusafacaty g tne recmtagksnap

mlrgss mcc recmte` stu`aes (Vgtndmk & Oreekcmk`, 6225).

Pne nypgtnesas tnmt lgk`ulte` ekeroy wempgks (LE_s)

daont lmuse uk`esarmfce pnysagcgoalmc gr nemctn eeltsnms feek expcgre` usako m rmkoe g stu`y types8

cmfgrmtgry-fmse` experadektmc stu`aes, aklcu`ako8 lgdputer dg`eccako9 mkadmc dg`ec stu`aes9 mk` nudmk stu`aes9 mk`

ec`-fmse` epa`edagcgoalmc stu`y g remc-wgrc` akla`ekts

akvgcvako LE_s use` gk vmryako nudmk pgpucmtagks.

Pg prgva`e tne kelessmry lgktext gr uk`erstmk`ako mk`

mssessako tne mvmacmfce eva`ekle gk tne pnysagcgoalmc mk`

nemctn eelts g LE_ epcgydekt presekte` ak Lnmpters 5

mk` :, mk` tne lnmccekoes akvgcve` ak estmfcasnako mssglamtagksgr lmuse-mk`-eelt recmtagksnaps (cmter aslusse` ak Lnmpter ?),

tnas lnmpter `aslusses tne m`vmktmoes mk` `asm`vmktmoes g

emln mpprgmln tg LE_ resemrln.

0.= CMFGVMPGVQ-FM\E@

ExREVadEKPMC VE\EMVLN

0.=.= Lgdputer Dg`eccako

Lgdputer dg`eccako as m precadakmry cake g akquary ak tne

ec` g fageceltralaty, gke wnaln mccgws akvestaomtagk watngut

sufheltako nudmks gr mkadmcs tg eceltralmc staducmtagk.

Dmtnedmtalmc mk` lgdputer dg`ecs nmve mccgwe` resemrlners

tg pre`alt tne prgfmfacaty g respgkses g exlatmfce leccs

mk` tassues, suln ms tngse tnmt lgdprase tne lmr`agvmslucmr

mk` kervgus systeds, tg akterkmc mk` exterkmc eceltralmc

staducmtagk. M typalmc dg`ec lgksasts g twg pmrts8 (a) m systed

g kgkcakemr `aerektamc equmtagks tnmt `eslrafe leccucmr

exlatmfacaty9 mk` (aa) m tnree-`adeksagkmc dmtnedmtalmc

`eslraptagk g nudmk gr mkadmc mkmtgdy ak terds g

eceltrgdmoketal prgpertaes, suln ms m kate ecedekt dg`ec.

\uln dg`ecs mre wa`ecy use` gr lgdputer saducmtagks g

lmr`aml tnermpeutal staducmtagk mk` efraccmtagk (Edgv

et mc., 6221). Experts ak tne ec` oekermccy moree tnmt

wnace mkmtgdy lmk fe matnuccy reprg`ule` watn sadpcer

dmtnedmtalmc dg`ecs, eceltralmc staducmtagk g tne nemrtsnguc` fe saducmte` usako dgre lgdpcex mk` pnysagcgoalmccy

fmse` versagks, mk exmdpce g wnaln as fa-`gdmak dg`ecs

(Edgvet mc., 6221).

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6: Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Iey M`vmktmoes

\aducmtako vmryako slekmrags8Fy m`hustako tne vmramfces g

m lgdputer dg`ec mk` rukkako m``atagkmc saducmtagks,

`aerekt slekmrags lmk fe akvestaomte` (e.o., `aerekt

prgfe cglmtagks, peketrmtagk `eptns, sepmrmtagk `astmkles)

watngut nmvako tg use nudmk sufhelts.

Mllguktako gr fg`y saze vmramfacaty8Vesemrlners lmk mllgukt

gr secelt tassue lnmrmlterastals fy usako `aerekt dg`ecs.

Jgr exmdpce, tne KGVDMK dg`ec `epalts tne mvermoe

Eurgpemk dmk mk` tne Zasafce Nudmk dg`ec `epalts m

cmroer dmk (Ceatoef et mc., 62=6f)9 mk` resemrlners nmve

use` kate ecedekt dg`ecs tg dadal m very tnak persgk

(Rmkeslu & \trmtfulier, 6221).

Mllguktako gr ikgwk lg-mltgrs8Lertmak lg-mltgrs, suln ms

tne presekle g mk adpcmktmfce pmledmier gr m detmccal

stekt, lmk fe stu`ae` usako lgdputer dg`eccako (Ceatoef

et mc., 62=6f). Ak m``atagk, leccucmr exlatmfacaty dg`ecs lmkfe m`huste` tg mllgukt gr vmragus sydpmtnetal kervgus

systed gr detmfgcal stmtes gr gr oeketal pre`aspgsatagk

tg su``ek lmr`aml `emtn.

Iey @asm`vmktmoes

Mppcyako recevmkt dg`ecs8Pg `mte, mk m`vmkle` fa-`gdmak

dg`ec g LE_ mppcalmtagk nms kgt feek `evecgpe` tg

dg`ec eceltralmc staducmtagk g tne nemrt.

Mllguktako gr ukikgwk lg-mltgrs8Mctnguon lgdputer

dg`ecs lmk fe dg`ae` tg mllgukt gr `aerekt pnysalmc

lnmrmlterastals, at as `aaluct tg dg`ec sgde dektmcgr pnysagcgoalmc stmtes (e.o., extrede moatmtagk, `ruo

aktgxalmtagk) tnmt mre lgddgkcy eklguktere` ak ak`ava`umcs

expgse` tg LE_s ak tne ec`. Pne ukikgwk eelts g sgde

ukusumccy eklguktere` gr kgvec `ruos gk leccucmr agkal

lnmkkecs, mk` tneregre gk leccucmr exlatmfacaty, urtner

lgdpcalmte tne mfacaty tg estmfcasn mpprgpramte dg`ecs.

0.=.6 Mkadmc Dg`ec \tu`aes

Fagde`almc resemrln uses mkadmc dg`ecs ak resemrlnako nemctn

eelts mk` tnermpaes tg mvga` ukkelessmry nmrd tg nudmk

sufhelts uktac dgre ikgwce`oe lmk fe gftmake`. Emln stu`y

nms tg fe prgpercy mk` etnalmccy? lgkleave`, `esaoke`, lmrrae`

gut, mk` ak`epek`ektcy repcalmte`, watn lcemr relgokatagk

g tne `aerekles aknerekt ak mky mkadmc dg`ec versus

m nudmk sufhelt. Ak tne lgktext g LE_ resemrln, tne

Rmkec guk` dgst catermture recaes gk mkadmc dg`ecs usako

paos, tne use g sneep ak gke stu`y feako tne exleptagk

(@mwes et mc., 62=2m). _nace tne oeketal ek`gwdekt g paos

mk` nudmks as redmrimfcy sadacmr, mk` wnace paos snmre

dmky g tne dutmtagks mssglamte` watn `asemse ak nudmks

(Cukkey, 622?), tne oeketal vmramtagks trmkscmte aktg gfvagus

`aerekles ak mkmtgdy, mk` cess gfvagus `aerekles ak

pnysagcgoy, wnaln dmies at lnmccekoako tg extek` sgde

mkadmc dg`ec k`akos tg nudmks.

Iey M`vmktmoesMkmtgdalmc recevmkle mk` vmramfacaty8@mtm `mtako fmli tg tne

=1). \wake stu`aes use mkestnesam, mssaste` vektacmtagk

telnkaques, mk`/gr duslce recmxmkts tnmt nmve tnear gwk

eelts gk lmr`agvmslucmr ukltagk, duslce lgktrmltagk, mk`

pucdgkmry vektacmtagk (_mcter et mc., 622>)9 tne mppcalmfacaty

g tnas `mtm gr uk`erstmk`ako nudmks akvgcves dmky

ukverae` mk` ukveramfce mssudptagks.

? Emln stu`y dust lgkgrd tg etnalmc lgkstrmakts gk mkadmc resemrln, suln ms tngse gutcake` ak tne Lmkm`amk Lguklac gk Mkadmc Lmres stmk`mr`s

mk` oua`ecakes, mk` equavmcekt reoucmtgry rmdewgris ak gtner lguktraes.

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6?Mpprgmlnes tg Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgk Vesemrln

Ductapce expgsures8Felmuse smdpce sazes mre oekermccy sdmcc

(5 tg 62 mkadmcs), tg estmfcasn ekguon demsuredekts gr

lgdpreneksave stmtastalmc mkmcyses, emln mkadmc as gtek

expgse` ductapce tades tg dmie tne tgtmc kudfer g

`aslnmroes gr tne stu`y severmc-gc` naoner. A tne presekle

g m nemctn lgdpcalmtagk as gfserve` (e.o., mrrnytndam),

at lmk fe `aluct tg mslertmak a tnmt lgdpcalmtagk as mtassue respgkse tg tne LE_ gr m resuct g lnmkoes ak tne

mkadmcs pnysagcgoy ue tg ductapce expgsure evekts gver

tne lgurse g tne stu`y.

0.=.< Nudmk \tu`aes

Experadektmc nudmk stu`aes nmve gtek akvgcve` m sakoce

LE_ expgsure g 5 tg =5 selgk`s tg nemctny, yguko,

mk` pnysalmccy t vgcukteers, gccgwe` fy demsuredekt

g vmragus pmrmdeters suln ms lmr`aml rnytnd gr fcgg`

lnedastry tg lneli gr dmriers tnmt ak`almte duslce

`mdmoe, stress, adpmare` resparmtagk, gr adpmare` lmr`aml

ukltagk. Akvestaomtgrs nmve feouk mttedptako tg repcalmteec` lgk`atagks fy expgsako sufhelts tg LE_s gccgwako

pnysalmc exertagk (Ng et mc., 622?l, 6221m, 6221f) gr mclgngc

lgksudptagk (Dgslmta et mc., 62=2)9 `epcgydekt aktg tne

lnest tg `ecaver m lurrekt mlrgss tne nemrt nms mcsg feek

`gke (Ng et mc., 622>). _nace kgke g tnese aktervektagks

lmk lgdpcetecy saducmte ec` lgk`atagks, tney cem` tne

wmy gr dgre mppcalmfce LE_ resemrln.

Iey M`vmktmoes

\mdpce sazes8Ak lgktrmst tg mkadmc stu`aes, nudmk LE_

stu`aes oekermccy use cmroer smdpces g nemctny vgcukteers,

dm`e pgssafce felmuse tngusmk`s g glers uk`erog

trmakako tnmt aklcu`es `aslnmroe g tne LE_ ak supervase`

lgk`atagks wnere `mtm lmk fe lgccelte`.

Oekermc mppcalmfacaty8Lgklerks mfgut aerekles fetweek

mkadmc stu`y sufhelts mk` nudmks, mk` recevmkle g

lgdputer dg`ecs, mre kg cgkoer assues.

Iey @asm`vmktmoes

\tu`y relruatdekt8Nudmk vgcukteers tnmt mre kgt nemctny

pgcale glers dmy fe recultmkt tg pmrtalapmte ak LE_

stu`aes, mk` resemrln etnals lgddattees dmy fe nesatmkt

tg mpprgve stu`aes (Lnmk & Zacie, 6221).

Rnysalmc lnmrmlterastals g stu`y sufhelts8\ufhelts mre usumccy

cmw ekgrledekt trmakees watn mfgve mvermoe weaonts mk`

neaonts (Ng et mc., 622?m, 622>), wnaln dmy kgt rejelt tne

lnmrmlterastals g tngse wng mre expgse` ak tne ec`. \ufhelts

mre mcsg usumccy ak`ava`umcs watngut nemctn lgdpcalmtagks

mk` wng mre kgt gvercy pnysalmccy gr dektmccy stresse` kgr

uk`er tne akjuekle g accalat sufstmkles.

Cadatmtagks ak experadektmc esaok8Rrgfes mre gtek `epcgye`

aktg tne fmlis g sufhelts gr tmpe` aktg lgk`ultave oec

gk tne siak, wnaln `ges kgt dadal mltumc `epcgydektlnmrmlterastals. \akoce, sngrt-`urmtagk aslnmroes mre usumccy

use`9 ngwever, ak tne ec`, ductapce `aslnmroes dmy fe

presekt. Rrgle`ures lmkkgt akvgcve akvmsave dgkatgrako

gr mk ek`pgakt g mk aktek`e` m`verse evekt, gr etnalmc

remsgks. Lgktrgc orgups (a.e., kg expgsure) mk` aerekt

tremtdekt orgups (e.o., `aerekt expgsure tades gr `mrt

pcmledekts) mre gtek kgt presekt, `ue tg cadatmtagks ak

smdpce saze mk` aluctaes ak lremtako mie epcgydekts.

Fcak`e` stu`aes (wnere tne sufhelt `ges kgt ikgw wnetner

ne as releavako tne aktervektagk) mre ukcaiecy sakle tne pmak

g `epcgydekt as ukdastmimfce. Mk m``atagkmc telnkalmc

lnmccekoe gllurs wnek mttedptako tg relgr` tne nemrtseceltralmc wmve pmtterk `urako (ms gppgse` tg fegre gr

mter) LE_ expgsure, felmuse `aslnmroe g tne `evale

aktereres watn tnas relgr`ako.

Lgst8M lgdpreneksave mk` `etmace` rmk`gdaze` lgktrgcce`

tramc as lgstcy felmuse g tne equapdekt, akrmstrulture,

mk` nudmk resgurles requare` tg etnalmccy mk` mllurmtecy

lmrry gut suln m stu`y.

0.6 RGRUCMPaGK-FM\E@ ERa@EdaGCGOaLMC

JaEC@ VE\EMVLN

Cmroe-slmce epa`edagcgoalmc resemrln tnmt `rmws gkakgrdmtagk lmpture` rgd `mtmfmses mk` relgr`s g remc-

wgrc` LE_ `epcgydekts lmk lmpture m rmkoe g lgk`atagks

mk` larludstmkles. Pg `mte, ngwever, pufcasne` stu`aes tnmt

exmdake remc-wgrc` LE_ `epcgydekts nmve usumccy feek

retrgspeltave, recyako gk m rmkoe g `mtm suln ms pgcale

akla`ekt repgrts, de`almc exmds, mk` mutgpsy repgrts tg

lremte dgre lgdpcete paltures g evekts. \gde mutngrs nmve

mcsg use` akgrdmtagk rgd de`am sgurles tg evmcumte lmses

wnere LE_s mre prgxadmc tg nemctn eelts. Pg `mte, dgst

g tne LE_ ec` resemrln nms gluse` gk lgcceltako `mtm

gk tne types g akhuraes tnmt gllur, ngw gtek tnese akhuraes

nmppek, tne lnmrmlterastals g tngse wng mre dgst gtekexpgse` tg LE_s, mk` tne rmtagkmce gr LE_ use. \gde

mttedpt nms mcsg feek dm`e tg relgkstrult tne `etmacs

surrguk`ako LE_ usmoe evekts, suln ms tne kudfer g

`aslnmroes mk` tne mkmtgdalmc cglmtagk g tne prgfes.

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6> Pne Nemctn Ejjelts gj Lgk`ulte` Ekeroy _empgks

Iey M`vmktmoes

Lgcceltagk g remc-wgrc` `mtm8Lgcceltako mk` mkmcyzako `mtm

rgd tne types g sufhelts mk` evekts ak wnaln LE_

`epcgydekts mltumccy gllur mccgws resemrlners tg mssess

mk` evmcumte LE_ `epcgydekt gutlgdes mlrgss m wa`e

speltrud g vmramfces tnmt wguc` kgt fe lmpture` usako

nemctny sufhelts ak tne cmfgrmtgry.

Vmkoe g pgpucmtagks8Pnrguon tne lgcceltagk, mkmcysas, mk`

repgrtako g stmtastalmc akgrdmtagk mlrgss pgpucmtagks

expgse` tg LE_s, m lgddgk fg`y g ikgwce`oe gk LE_

use mk` ats rasis wacc felgde mvmacmfce. At as adpgssafce tg

mlquare tnas tnrguon ak`ava`umc lmse evmcumtagks gr sakoce

gutlgde experadektmc `esaoks.

Iey @asm`vmktmoes

Aklgdpcete repgrtako mk` `amokgsas8Vetrgspeltave stu`aes

recy gk repgrts prepmre` fy pgcale mk` gtner kgk-

de`almc persgkkec, pnysalamks, gr lgrgkers, wnaln lmkfe aklgdpcete. @mtm `eslrafako tne `etmacs g m lnmgtal

use-g-grle akla`ekt dmy fe sufhelt tg relmcc fams mk`

relgr`ako errgrs, espelamccy wnek akgrdmtagk as requeste`

cgko mter tne evekt gr a mk m`verse evekt nms gllurre`

watn `aslapcakmry adpcalmtagks gr tne gler akvgcve`.

Ak sgde lmses, `eterdakmtagk g tne presekle g dektmc

acckess gr ats emtures as dm`e fy pgcale glers watngut tne

feket g mllurmte de`almc nastgry, ikgwk `amokgsas, gr

qumcae` de`almc gpakagk (_nate & Vem`y, 6221). Evek a

de`almc persgkkec mre akvgcve` ak prepmrako gr evmcumtako

lmse repgrts, adpressagks rgd pgcale glers mt tne sleke

dmy fe kee`e` tg dmie prgper hu`odekts mk` `amokgses(Fgzedmk et mc., 62=6).

Cmli g lgdpmrmfacaty mlrgss settakos8Zmragus ak`epek`ekt pgcale

moeklaes lmpture vmryako akgrdmtagk gr LE_ akla`ekts,

wnaln prevekts lgccmtagk g cmroe mdgukts g pgcale `mtm mk`

lgdpmrasgk fetweek sates (ukcess mk moekly as spelalmccy

pmrtalapmtako ak m resemrln stu`y). Evek a m wecc-`esaoke`

ec` stu`y as ak pcmle, remc-wgrc` use-g-grle evekts gllur

ak lnmgtal settakos wnere demsuredekts lmkkgt mcwmys fe

tmiek mt a`emc dgdekts.

Kee` gr lertmak prevmcekle g akhury8\gde stu`aes mttedpt

tg caki tne lnmrmlterastals g m sufhelt, gr tne `etmacs g m

LE_ akla`ekt, watn pnysagcgoalmc mk` nemctn eelts (e.o.,

expcgrako mssglamtagks fetweek kudfer g `aslnmroes mk`

lertmak akhuraes) (Fgzedmk et mc., 6221f). At as gtek `aluct,

ngwever, tg pergrd tnese types g mkmcyses felmuse akhuraes

dgre seragus tnmk superlamc puklture wguk`s (lmuse`

fy prgfe peketrmtagk) mre rmre, evek ak stu`aes akvgcvako

gver m tngusmk` sufhelts (Fgzedmk et mc., 6221f9 \trgte

et mc., 62=2f).

Cmli g m`equmte lgktrgc orgups8Pg prgpercy exmdake lg-mltgrs

tnmt dmy cem` tg pnysagcgoalmc gr nemctn eelts gccgwako

expgsure tg LE_s gr gtner uses g grle, akvestaomtgrs dust

exmdake tne smde mltgrs (e.o., presekle g ruos, restrmakt

tmltals) ak LE_ akla`ekts tnmt `g kgt resuct ak `emtn mk`

ak sadacmr use-g-grle akla`ekts tnmt `g kgt akvgcve LE_s.

Mctnguon tnese lgdpmrasgks dmy fe m`equmtecy pergrde`

ak sgde lmses (_nate & Vem`y, 6221), gtner stu`aes `g

kgt nmve lgktrgcs, glusako sgcecy gk mkmcyses g m ew

mtmc LE_ akla`ekts (\trgte & Nutsgk, 622:9 \wer`cgw

et mc., 62219 Zacie et mc., 6221m9 Xapes, 62=6). \eceltagk

fams lmk fe aktrg`ule` fy aklcu`ako gkcy mtmcataes grnemctn lgdpcalmtagks ak tne evmcumtagk, resuctako ak gver-

represektmtagk g tne lgk`atagk feako stu`ae`.

0.< \UddMVQ

Vesemrln gk tne pnysagcgoalmc mk` nemctn eelts g LE_

expgsure aklcu`es m rmkoe g stu`y types, emln watn ats

gwk m`vmktmoes mk` `asm`vmktmoes. Lgdputer mk` mkadmc

dg`ecs mccgw resemrlners tg saducmte gr pnysalmccy test

pmrmdeters suln ms `eepcy edfe``e` prgfes mk` dgre

aktekse aslnmroes, wnaln as kgt pgssafce ak nudmk sufhelts.

Fy testako slekmrags tnmt mre dgre severe tnmk tngse tnmt

wacc caiecy fe eklguktere` ak remc-wgrc` satumtagks, tneseexperadekts lmk necp `eke tne upper smety cadats gr

lertmak LE_ pmrmdeters. Pne uklertmakty surrguk`ako

tne mppcalmfacaty g tnese dg`ecs tg nudmk pnysagcgoy

mk` tg remc-wgrc` LE_ expgsures, ngwever, lremtes severmc

lnmccekoes. Nudmk cmfgrmtgry experadekts m``ress

sgde g tnese lnmccekoes, fut etnalmc lgkstrmakts cadat

experadektmc aktervektagk ak nudmk sufhelts. Rgpucmtagk-

fmse` epa`edagcgoalmc ec` resemrln lmk mllgukt gr remc-

wgrc` vmramfces tnmt lmkkgt fe saducmte` ak tne cmfgrmtgry,

fut cgw akhury rmtes mk` cmli g lgdpcete mk` lgksastekt

`mtm sets dmie demkakouc mssglamtagks aluct tg estmfcasn.

Kgketnecess, tne lgdfakmtagk g tnas rmkoe g stu`y typeswacc lgktakue tg urtner gur ikgwce`oe surrguk`ako tne

gvermcc nemctn eelts g LE_ expgsure.