the hawaiian footprint in native...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Hawaiian Footprint in Native Ecosystems a sustainable presence forged in a rich, but finite archipelago
Sam ‘Ohu Gon III, Stephanie Tom, Andrew Choy & Kamoa QuitevisThe Nature Conservancy of Hawai‘i & The Office of Hawaiian Affairs
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The Hawaiian Footprint in Native Ecosystems a sustainable presence forged in a rich, but finite archipelago
Nani Ka‘alaHemolele i ka mālie
Kuahiwi kaulana a‘o ‘Ewa.E ki‘i ana i ka makani o ka ‘āina
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I ka mālie o Waikīkī kūpaianaha i ke kai nalu:
‘O Kalehuawehe, ‘Aiwohi, MaihiwaKe ‘ale Kapuni, pā kolonahe ka makani Ka‘ao
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O‘ahu a Lua, ka ‘ōnohi o nā kaiO‘ahu of the chief Lua, the gem of the seas
Island of O‘ahu
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Island of O‘ahu O‘ahu maka ‘ewa‘ewaO‘ahu of the averted face
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Ko‘olaupoko
Ko‘olauloaWaialua
Wai‘anae
‘Ewa Kona
Nā pali hāuliulio nā Ko‘olau
‘O Waialuakai leo nui
E ‘Ewa e – e ku‘i nā lima
‘Ola Wai‘anaei ke Kaiaulu
NĀ MOKU O O‘AHUDistricts of O‘ahu
.
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Trails Fabled Sites Population Centers
Agriculture Fishponds Religious Sites
Mala ‘ai Loko i‘a Heiau
Ala hele Wahi pana Kauhale
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REQUIREMENTS FOR AGRICULTURE
WET (kalo): Gentle slope Sufficient water Low elevation
DRY (uala): Mid‐mesic settings Sufficient soil fertility Younger substrate age
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A: Wainiha, Kaua‘i B: Halawa, Moloka‘i C. Wailau, Moloka‘i D. Waimea, Hawai‘i E. Kalaupapa, Moloka‘i
Blue and red indicate model predictions.
Light blue indicates archeological complexes.
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Lualualei
NĀ WAHI ‘Ē A‘E O O‘AHUOther Sites of O‘ahu
Ko‘olaupoko
Ko‘olauloaWaialua
Wai‘anae
‘Ewa Kona
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KA WAO KĀNAKA O O‘AHUThe Human Footprint on O‘ahu
Ko‘olaupoko
Ko‘olauloaWaialua
Wai‘anae
‘Ewa Kona
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VERY DRY
DRY
MESIC
WET
WETLAND
WETLAND
WETLAND
WETLANDWETLAND
WETLAND
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Ecosystem Type
Original extent(acres)
Footprint(acres)
PercentAffected
Wetlands 12,712 7,914 62.3%
Lowland DryForest & Shrubland
122,505 28,253 23.1%
Lowland DryShrubland & Grassland
39,660 4,752 12.0%
Lowland MesicForest & Shrubland
125,863 11,500 9.1%
Lowland WetForest & Shrubland
63,553 942 1.5%
All told, 14.1% of the native landscape of O‘ahu was displaced by the Hawaiian footprint.
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wao kanaka
wao akua
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MAUI A KAMANā Hono aʻo Piʻilani
11%HawaiianFootprint
Kaʻanapali
Wailuku
Hāmākualoa
Hāmākuapoko
Koʻolau
Hāna
Kīpahulu
Kaupō
KahikinuiHonuaʻula
Kula
Lāhainā
>52,000 acres
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MOLOKAʻI NUI A HINAKa Pule Oʻo o Lanikāula
8.4%Hawaiian Footprint
Koʻolau Hālawa
Kona
PālāʻauKaluakoʻi
~14,000 acres
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LĀNAʻI A KAʻULULĀʻAUKū i ke ʻehu o ke kai
14.3%Hawaiian Footprint
Koʻolau
Honuaʻula
Kona
KAHOʻOLAWEKOHEMĀLAMALAMA
Ke kino o Kanaloa
13.6%Hawaiian Footprint
~12,900 acres
>1800 acres
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KAUAʻI O MANOKALANIPŌHemolele i ka mālie
11.1%Hawaiian Footprint
Nā Pali
Kōloa
Waimea
NIʻIHAU O KAHELELANIPā i ka Inuwai
12.5%Hawaiian Footprint
>5,800 acres
~39,400 acres
Haleleʻa
Hanapēpē
Wailua
Nāwiliwili
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HAWAIʻI NUI KUAULIKa Moku o Keawe
Hāmākua
Kohala Hema
Kona Hema
Kaʻū
Puna
Hilo
Kohala ʻĀkau
Kona ʻĀkau
7.8%HawaiianFootprint
>202,000 acres
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Nā Moku ʻEhā (The 4 Islands)
Island Footprint (Ac) % Est. Population
Hawaiʻi 202,000 53.0 265,000
Oʻahu 53,400 14.0 70,000
Maui 52,000 13.6 68,000
Kauaʻi 39,400 10.3 51,500
Molokaʻi 14,000 3.7 18,500Lānaʻi 12,900 3.4 17,000Niʻihau 5,800 1.5 7,500Kahoʻolawe 1,800 0.5 2,500
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>53,400 acres
14.1%HawaiianFootprint
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LOSS OF ECOSYSTEMS IN THE LAST 230 YEARS
LOWLAND DRY
99% lost
LOWLAND MESIC
94% lostWETLANDS
85% lost
LOWLAND WET
32% lost
>53,400 acres
14.1%HawaiianFootprint
>317,100 acres
83%ModernFootprint
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MAUI A KAMANā Hono aʻo Piʻilani
Kaʻanapali
Wailuku
Hāmākualoa
Hāmākuapoko
Koʻolau
Hāna
Kīpahulu
Kaupō
KahikinuiHonuaʻula
Kula
Lāhainā
11%HawaiianFootprint
>52,000 acres
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MAUI A KAMANā Hono aʻo Piʻilani
Kaʻanapali
Wailuku
Hāmākualoa
Hāmākuapoko
Koʻolau
Hāna
Kīpahulu
Kaupō
KahikinuiHonuaʻula
Kula
Lāhainā
11%HawaiianFootprint
>52,000 acres
70%ModernFootprint
>326,300 acres
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MOLOKAʻI NUI A HINAKa Pule Oʻo o Lanikāula
Koʻolau Hālawa
Kona
PālāʻauKaluakoʻi
8.4%Hawaiian Footprint
~14,000 acres
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MOLOKAʻI NUI A HINAKa Pule Oʻo o Lanikāula
Koʻolau Hālawa
Kona
PālāʻauKaluakoʻi
8.4%Hawaiian Footprint
~14,000 acres
84%Hawaiian Footprint
~139,690 acres
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LĀNAʻI A KAʻULULĀʻAUKū i ke ʻehu o ke kai
Koʻolau
Honuaʻula
Kona
KAHOʻOLAWEKOHEMĀLAMALAMA
Ke kino o Kanaloa
13.6%Hawaiian Footprint
~12,900 acres
14.3%Hawaiian Footprint>1800 acres
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LĀNAʻI A KAʻULULĀʻAUKū i ke ʻehu o ke kai
Koʻolau
Honuaʻula
Kona
KAHOʻOLAWEKOHEMĀLAMALAMA
Ke kino o Kanaloa
13.6%Hawaiian Footprint
~12,900 acres
14.3%Hawaiian Footprint>1800 acres
83%ModernFootprint
>22,300 acres
78%ModernFootprint
~70,850 acres
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KAUAʻI O MANOKALANIPŌHemolele i ka mālie
Nā Pali
Kōloa
Waimea
NIʻIHAU O KAHELELANIPā i ka Inuwai
12.5%Hawaiian Footprint
>5,800 acres
11.1%Hawaiian Footprint
~39,400 acres
Haleleʻa
Hanapēpē
Wailua
Nāwiliwili
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KAUAʻI O MANOKALANIPŌHemolele i ka mālie
Nā Pali
Kōloa
Waimea
NIʻIHAU O KAHELELANIPā i ka Inuwai
12.5%Hawaiian Footprint
>5,800 acres
11.1%Hawaiian Footprint
~39,400 acres
Haleleʻa
Hanapēpē
Wailua
Nāwiliwili
96.4%ModernFootprint
~44,730 acres
72.1%ModernFootprint
~243,500 acres
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HAWAIʻI NUI KUAULIKa Moku o Keawe
Hāmākua
Kohala Hema
Kona Hema
Kaʻū
Puna
Hilo
Kohala ʻĀkau
Kona ʻĀkau
7.8%HawaiianFootprint
>202,000 acres
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HAWAIʻI NUI KUAULIKa Moku o Keawe
Hāmākua
Kohala Hema
Kona Hema
Kaʻū
Puna
Hilo
Kohala ʻĀkau
Kona ʻĀkau
7.8%HawaiianFootprint
>202,000 acres1,060,000 acres
41%ModernFootprint
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Nu‘uanu Valley, ca 1900
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Closing Thoughts
< 10% Pre‐contact Hawaiian Footprint > 50% Modern Footprint We must reverse this trend
For more information: Visit OHA’s: kipukadatabase.com/apps/footprint Email TNC: [email protected]
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Mahalo a nui! Office of Hawaiian Affairs Andrew Choy, Kamoa Quitevis, Zack Smith, Kamana’oponoCrabbe
The Nature Conservancy of Hawai’i Stephanie Tom, Sam Aruch, Dwight Matsuwaki
State Historic Preservation Division Hawai‘i State Archives Nā ho‘opa‘a mo‘olelo o ka wā kahiko: Davida Malo, Samuel M. Kamakau, John Papa ‘I‘i,
Kepelino, Abraham Fornander, Thomas Thrum, Mary Kawena Pukui, George Kanahele, Ross Cordy, a me nāmea ‘ē a‘e, he nui.
Ulukau a me Ho‘olaupa‘i mā, mea hoʻōla nūpepa Our map reviewers: KepāMaly, Bob Hobdy, Eric Burton, Sabra Kauka, Russell Kallstrom,
Jason Jeremiah, Keala Kanaka’ole, Ka’eo Duarte, Ross Cordy, Chipper Wichman, KāwikaWinter, and many others…