the harmful algal bloom
DESCRIPTION
PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING IN ALASKA By Raymond RaLonde University of Alaska Fairbanks School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences Alaska Sea Grant Program Marine Advisory Program. THE HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM. Red tides do not mean poison. Alexandrium cantenella. WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
PARALYTIC SHELLFISHPARALYTIC SHELLFISHPOISONING INPOISONING IN
ALASKAALASKA
ByByRaymond RaLondeRaymond RaLonde
University of Alaska FairbanksUniversity of Alaska FairbanksSchool of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesSchool of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences
Alaska Sea Grant ProgramAlaska Sea Grant ProgramMarine Advisory ProgramMarine Advisory Program
PARALYTIC SHELLFISHPARALYTIC SHELLFISHPOISONING INPOISONING IN
ALASKAALASKA
ByByRaymond RaLondeRaymond RaLonde
University of Alaska FairbanksUniversity of Alaska FairbanksSchool of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesSchool of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences
Alaska Sea Grant ProgramAlaska Sea Grant ProgramMarine Advisory ProgramMarine Advisory Program
THE HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMTHE HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM
Red tides do not mean poisonRed tides do not mean poisonRed tides do not mean poisonRed tides do not mean poison
Alexandrium cantenellaAlexandrium cantenella
•Dinoflagellate microalgae
•Generally eastern Pacific
•Chain forming
•Dinoflagellate microalgae
•Generally eastern Pacific
•Chain forming
WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
Anchorage
Fairbanks
Juneau
KetchikanSitka
Kodiak IslandBaranof Island
Prince of Wales Island
Kachemak Bay
Seward
ALASKA
PSP OUTBREAK LOCATIONS
PSP OUTBREAK LOCATIONS
ABOUT THE TOXINABOUT THE TOXIN
Saxatoxin
–The 24+ toxins are divided into three groupsHigh Toxicity Carbamate ToxinsModerate Toxicity Decarbamoyl ToxinsLow Toxicity N-Sulfacarbamoyl Toxins
–Toxins change form and toxicity through the food chainWithin the algae based on environmental conditionsWithin the shellfish based on their metabolismWithin the final animal that eats the shellfish
Saxatoxin
–The 24+ toxins are divided into three groupsHigh Toxicity Carbamate ToxinsModerate Toxicity Decarbamoyl ToxinsLow Toxicity N-Sulfacarbamoyl Toxins
–Toxins change form and toxicity through the food chainWithin the algae based on environmental conditionsWithin the shellfish based on their metabolismWithin the final animal that eats the shellfish
WHAT IS PSP?WHAT IS PSP?Biotoxin (24+ toxins)
Naturally occurring toxin One of several marine toxins Appear to be increasing in frequency Range is expanding Deadly toxin (~ 1,000 times that of strychnine) Sodium channel blocking, blocking nervous transmission
Biotoxin (24+ toxins)
Naturally occurring toxin One of several marine toxins Appear to be increasing in frequency Range is expanding Deadly toxin (~ 1,000 times that of strychnine) Sodium channel blocking, blocking nervous transmission
COMPLEX TOXICITYCOMPLEX TOXICITY
Toxin Chemistry complex Algae bloom process not understood Oceanography complex and variable Shellfish response differs by species
Toxin Chemistry complex Algae bloom process not understood Oceanography complex and variable Shellfish response differs by species
THE TOXINS AND SHELLFISHTHE TOXINS AND SHELLFISH
Toxin types specified by high, moderate, low toxicity formsToxin types specified by high, moderate, low toxicity formsShellfishShellfishSpeciesSpecies
High ToxicityHigh ToxicityCarbamate ToxinsCarbamate Toxins
Moderate ToxicityModerate ToxicityDecarbamoyl ToxinsDecarbamoyl Toxins
Low ToxicityLow ToxicityN-SulfacarbamoylN-Sulfacarbamoyl
ToxinsToxinsToxic algaeToxic algae GTX-III, STXGTX-III, STX B1, C2 B1, C2Blue musselBlue mussel GTX-III, GTXII,GTX-III, GTXII,
STXSTX C1, C2, B1 C1, C2, B1
Butter clamButter clam STX. GTX-II,STX. GTX-II,GTXIIIGTXIII
Littleneck clamLittleneck clam dc-STX, dc-GTX-II,dc-STX, dc-GTX-II,dc-GTX-IIIdc-GTX-III
SXT - SaxitoxinSXT - SaxitoxinGTX - GonyautoxinGTX - Gonyautoxindc-(STX,GTX) Decarbamoyl (Saxitoxin, Gonyautoxin)dc-(STX,GTX) Decarbamoyl (Saxitoxin, Gonyautoxin)C(1,2) and B(1,2) - SulfamateC(1,2) and B(1,2) - Sulfamate
THE COMPLEX CHEMISTRY OF PSPTHE COMPLEX CHEMISTRY OF PSP
MOUSE BIOASSAY THE ONLY APPROVED TEST
MOUSE BIOASSAY THE ONLY APPROVED TEST
TOXICITY WITHIN THE ALGAETOXICITY WITHIN THE ALGAE
Algae strain (varying toxicity) Environmental conditions
– Temperature Colder conditions cells are more toxicColder conditions less reproduction
– Ocean nutrientsLow phosphorus cells are more toxicHigh nitrogen more toxin produced Iron suspected as a requirement for blooms
Algae strain (varying toxicity) Environmental conditions
– Temperature Colder conditions cells are more toxicColder conditions less reproduction
– Ocean nutrientsLow phosphorus cells are more toxicHigh nitrogen more toxin produced Iron suspected as a requirement for blooms
Alexandrium CYST FORMATION
YoungGermling
New Motile Cell
Girdle
Gametes
Pellicle cyst
Planozygote Gamete Fusion
Sulcus Hypnocyst
Vegetative Cell Division
Theca plate
Alexandrium Life Cycle
Jan
uary
Feb
ruary
Marc
h
Ap
ril
May
Ju
ne
Ju
ly
Au
gu
st
Sep
tem
ber
Octo
ber
No
vem
ber
Decem
ber
Diatom Copepode zooplankton
Dinoflagellate Meroplankton zooplankton
PLANKTON CYCLES IN THE MARINE WATERS OF
ALASKA
PLANKTON CYCLES IN THE MARINE WATERS OF
ALASKA
OTHER NON-TOXIC ALGAE CAN CAUSE A RED TIDE
OTHER NON-TOXIC ALGAE CAN CAUSE A RED TIDE
EFFECTS OF WIND AND CURRENTSTWO POSSIBILITIES
EFFECTS OF WIND AND CURRENTSTWO POSSIBILITIES
Wind
River
Current
Freshw
ater plum
eInte
nse
Re
d tid
e
High toxicity
River
Wind Current
Freshwater plume
Disbursed Red tide
Low toxicity
Symptom Number Symptom Number
Paresthesias (tingling on skin) 113 Shortness of breath 29
Perioral (lip) numbness 64 Dizziness 28
Perioral (lip) tingling 61 Floating sensation 24
Nausea 45 Dry mouth 23
Extremity numbness 43 Diplopia (double vision) 19
Extremity tingling 39 Dysarthria (difficulty speaking) 16
Vomiting 34 Diarrhea 10
Weakness 33 Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) 6
Ataxia (immobility) 32 Limb paralysis 4
SYMPTOMS OF PSPFROM 143 CASES IN ALASKA FROM 1973-94
SYMPTOMS OF PSPFROM 143 CASES IN ALASKA FROM 1973-94
WHEN DO PSP OUTBREAKS OCCUR?WHEN DO PSP OUTBREAKS OCCUR?
0
5
10
15
20
25
Ja
nu
ary
Fe
bru
ary
Ma
rch
Ap
ril
Ma
y
Ju
ne
Ju
ly
Au
gu
st
Se
pte
mb
er
Oc
tob
er
No
ve
mb
er
De
ce
mb
er
Outbreaks (1973-94)
ALL COMMERCIALLY SOLD AND FARMED ALL COMMERCIALLY SOLD AND FARMED SHELLFISH HAVE BEEN CERTIFIEDSHELLFISH HAVE BEEN CERTIFIED
ALL COMMERCIALLY SOLD AND FARMED ALL COMMERCIALLY SOLD AND FARMED SHELLFISH HAVE BEEN CERTIFIEDSHELLFISH HAVE BEEN CERTIFIED
BUTTER CLAM/LITTENECK CLAMBUTTER CLAM/LITTENECK CLAMCOMPARISONCOMPARISON
BUTTER CLAM/LITTENECK CLAMBUTTER CLAM/LITTENECK CLAMCOMPARISONCOMPARISON
BLASHKE ISLANDSBLASHKE ISLANDS
DateDate Butter clamsButter clams Littleneck clamsLittleneck clams
13-Jan-0013-Jan-00 624624 7272
14-Sep-0014-Sep-00 112112 3434
03-Oct-0003-Oct-00 645645 3333
11-Oct-0011-Oct-00 554554 3333
LITTLENECK CLAMSeldovia Bay
LITTLENECK CLAMSeldovia Bay
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
3/11
/198
6
3/11
/198
7
3/11
/198
8
3/11
/198
9
3/11
/199
0
3/11
/199
1
3/11
/199
2
3/11
/199
3
3/11
/199
4
3/11
/199
5
3/11
/199
6
3/11
/199
7
3/11
/199
8
3/11
/199
9
3/11
/200
0
3/11
/200
1
3/11
/200
2
3/11
/200
3
3/11
/200
4
Date
ug
/100
gra
ms
8/19/97
BUTTER CLAM PSPBUTTER CLAM PSPSeldovia BaySeldovia Bay
BUTTER CLAM PSPBUTTER CLAM PSPSeldovia BaySeldovia Bay
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
5/22
/198
5
5/22
/198
6
5/22
/198
7
5/22
/198
8
5/22
/198
9
5/22
/199
0
5/22
/199
1
5/22
/199
2
5/22
/199
3
5/22
/199
4
5/22
/199
5
5/22
/199
6
5/22
/199
7
5/22
/199
8
5/22
/199
9
5/22
/200
0
5/22
/200
1
5/22
/200
2
5/22
/200
3
5/22
/200
4
Date
ug
/100
gra
ms
8/19/97
6/2/99
2/26/98
5/15/98
1/20/99
IS YOUR LIFEIS YOUR LIFEWORTH 11WORTH 11¢¢
Blue mussels can becomeBlue mussels can becometoxic in half an hour.toxic in half an hour.
The FDA limit is 80 The FDA limit is 80 gg
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2/14
/198
5
2/14
/198
6
2/14
/198
7
2/14
/198
8
2/14
/198
9
2/14
/199
0
2/14
/199
1
2/14
/199
2
2/14
/199
3
2/14
/199
4
2/14
/199
5
2/14
/199
6
2/14
/199
7
2/14
/199
8
2/14
/199
9
2/14
/200
0
2/14
/200
1
2/14
/200
2
2/14
/200
3
2/14
/200
4
2/14
/200
5
Date
Mic
rogr
ams/
100
gram
s
9/16/85
7/30/90
8/20/97
9/28/00 8/08/03
8/04/05
80 ug
BLUE MUSSEL PSPSeldovia Bay
BLUE MUSSEL PSPSeldovia Bay
MOVEMENT OF THE TOXINMOVEMENT OF THE TOXIN
Algae
Viscera and Gills
Muscle
Gonad
WHERE AND HOW MUCH?WHERE AND HOW MUCH?
Location Date Adductor Viscera Gills Gonads Mantel
Akhiok June 35 2,298 221 301 340
Izhut Bay July 58 4,945 504 1,361 243
Swikshak Sept. <32 2,862 - 446 41
Toxin Distribution in Weathervane Scallop
ALTERNATIVE TESTING?The Jellet Biotek Altert KitTM
ALTERNATIVE TESTING?The Jellet Biotek Altert KitTM
Pluses Rapid (one hour) Accurate when test is negative No toxic chemicals Easy to use Inexpensive
– processing kit for 40 samples $120 and $20/test
Minuses Representative sampling May be too sensitive (measure
toxins) Not FDA approved yet Don’t know how it will be accepted
PREDOMINANT MYTHSPREDOMINANT MYTHS
Only red tides are toxicOnly red tides are toxic This beach has never been toxicThis beach has never been toxic Lip testLip test Toxic months are only those where there Toxic months are only those where there
is no “r”is no “r” Feed the catFeed the cat Cook the shellfishCook the shellfish
Only red tides are toxicOnly red tides are toxic This beach has never been toxicThis beach has never been toxic Lip testLip test Toxic months are only those where there Toxic months are only those where there
is no “r”is no “r” Feed the catFeed the cat Cook the shellfishCook the shellfish
FOR MORE INFORMATIONFOR MORE INFORMATION Marine Advisory Program
– http://www.uaf.edu/MAP/anch/raypubs.html
– E-mail me at: [email protected]
Web Pages– http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/
– http://www.bigelow.org/edhab/
– http://www.wsg.washington.edu/outreach/mas/aquaculture/algalfacts.html
Marine Advisory Program– http://www.uaf.edu/MAP/anch/raypubs.html
– E-mail me at: [email protected]
Web Pages– http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/
– http://www.bigelow.org/edhab/
– http://www.wsg.washington.edu/outreach/mas/aquaculture/algalfacts.html