1030137896709

ISBN 978-967-0103-01-3Disclaimer: Not for re-sale outside Malaysia

Phytorex Press

PIG BASED PHARMACEUTICALS

VOLUME

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The Halal Index: Volume 1 Pig Based Pharmaceuticals

© 2010 - 2011 Abdul Halim Ihsan

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any other form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.

Published by:

Phytorex Press Sdn. Bhd.21A, Lorong Rahim Kajai 13, Taman Tun Dr Ismail,60000 Kuala LumpurWilayah Persekutuan[NO. DAFTAR: 897389-K]

Visit us on the web at www.thehalalindex.com

First published 2011

National Library of Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication DataThe Halal Index: Pig Based Pharmaceuticals(Halim’s Origin of Compounds) ISBN 978-967-0103-01-3 (vol. 1)1. Pharmaceutical industry—Indexes. 2. Medicine—Religious aspects—Islam—indexes. II. Series.388.476159

Printed and bound in Malaysia.

Managing EditorAbdul Halim Ihsan

Senior EditorAzminuddin Ahmad

Editorial and Verification AdvisorProf. Dr. Zhari Ismail

Editors Nishti Jihan Abdul Adziz

Tony Alan Cooper Syaheenaz Abdul Halim

Assistant Editors Khairunniza Hamzah

Daryl Wong

Editorial Assistants Fadzlina Fadzilah

Fatimah Ahmad

ITAizuddin Akmal

Editorial ConsultantsMuhammad Iqbal Abdul Halim

Nazneen Abdul Halim

Cover Design and Toibah Digital CalligraphyIsmail Md Zin, IMZ Good Media

Concept & DesignEssential Designs

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Dedication xiPreface xiiForewords xvContent Guide xviiCompound Monographs 1Pig Anatomy with Derived Compounds 111Glossary 127Compound Name Index 138Therapeutic Category Index 142ATC Code Index 143References 145

Contents

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In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Dispenser of Grace

For Allah, the final Rasul and Ahlul Bayt, Companions and the Ummah and dedicated to the Men and Women who have selflessly and tirelessly toiled for the Cause and advancement of Shariah Compliant Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, drawing inspiration, hope and Nur from The Quran that has freed us from the shackles of ignorance and superstition, proud successors of a noble scientific and philosophical heritage, blurred in the dunes of time, rejecting Taqlid of Exigency and rising above rhetoric and polemics towards affirmative action. To these learned men and women who will overcome new hurdles and explore new possibilities and reignite the passion for curiosity and excitement, we entrust our hope and destiny.

Dedication

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Preface

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In the Name Of God, the Most Gracious, the Dispenser of Grace

Much has been written on the subject of halal and haram in food, but references to halal pharmaceuticals especially as to the origin of compounds, are few and far between. This seminal work on porcine origin, we hope is the start of our journey towards unraveling the origins of pharmaceutical compounds from blood, carcasses, animals, plants, alcohols, mind fogging substances and many more. As it is, there are definitely more uncertainties than certainties as to the nature of most pharmaceutical compounds.

A compound or a drug is made up of a combination of active and non active ingredients, which includes excipients. These substances are manufactured from a variety of sources — animals, plants or synthetics. Halal takes into consideration not only the origin of the raw materials but also the entire value chain. Logically, the stringent “farm to fork” concept and traceability as popularized in the food sector has to be applied equally as diligent to pharmaceuticals, as the ramifications and unintended consequences are more serious. This means taking into account the manufacturing processes, chemicals, catalysts and reagents, organic reactions and methods of packing, transportation and storage.

While the active ingredients may be halal, the presence of other substances to make it an efficacious remedy may taint the entire product. Tracing the origin of each substance is already a tedious and complicated affair, coupled with the dearth of information as to its preparation. To finally consider a compound or drug as halal and fit for consumption from the Syariah perspective will surely be daunting for the Halal standard setters.

By concentrating on the origin of compounds, it infers directly or indirectly on the issues relating to halal, haram and masbooh. Regardless of any persuasive attempts to justify its use from a purely therapeutic standpoint, or, how life threatening the therapeutic justification, it cannot detract from the fact that what is halal and haram is clear, and what is ambiguous is best avoided. This is in accordance with the Islamic system of beliefs and practices based on the principles of Tawheed and recognizing man’s role as vicegerent.

In this respect it is worthwhile to note that we do not claim to cover all known pig compounds which have medical and pharmaceutical application. Furthermore while the origins of some compounds are explicit as to its derivatives, there are formulations or synthetics of these known compounds for which the exact preparations are unclear. While all efforts have been expended to trace the origins of these compounds, there are certainly gaps in the literature. What we wish to highlight to the intended audience is to carefully peruse those compounds which are haram; i.e. derived from sources the Syariah has explicitly forbidden and attempt to search for viable substitutes. In the accompanying monographs, substitutes from bovine, ovine or other halal sources are available to replace pig parts.

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The Syariah however, overrides and takes precedence over all and any economic consideration. This is the real struggle and challenge which will face the Ummah and its learned scientist to free them from the Taqlid of Exigency.

Allah s.w.t. has in the Quran emphatically forbade the consumption of swine — notwithstanding any rationalization or scientific argument of DNA closeness between pig and man. The final revelation as regards to the perfection of religious laws (Al Maidah- Surah 5 Verse 3) begins with the reminder of this prohibition. It is no coincidence that Allah s.w.t. chooses to remind man of the prohibition of consuming swine in the same verse which He perfected our religious laws. There are no instance of any abrogation, whether directly or implied in any verses of the Quran pertaining to the prohibition of swine. The Prophet s.a.w. had never allowed nor condoned the act of consuming swine.

The leeway given on dire necessity also has to be stringently examined and not to be loosely or conveniently applied. Dire necessity or as the term “Dharurah” is commonly used, is an exception rather than the rule and it cannot be applied to a perpetual subsisting state of affairs, especially one that is a result of neglect. It would appear that dire necessity and Istihala is like hand and glove. We would caution that those who resort to Istihala be more circumspect and not indiscriminately exploit nor abuse its noble principles, especially those bereft of knowledge.

We sincerely hope that we have produced a worthy publication for the Ummah, and all those involved in the field of halal pharmaceuticals, whether it be the religious bodies, standard setters, pharmaceutical companies and health professionals or students. In Islam, there is no dichotomy between science and faith as evidenced by the establishment of the Abbasid Bayt al Hikmah which predated the Renaissance by seven centuries.

With this Islamic worldview, InsyaAllah, we will continue with our endeavor to expand our work on other publications pertaining to the origins of compounds. Eventually we hope that this work will be a catalyst for a community project to be undertaken collectively by the learned for the benefit of the Ummah.

Knowing our rights and to live in consonance with our religious tenets is obligatory. It is the Ummah’s fundamental right to know and to choose, and our duty to accept Islam in its entirety.

ABDUL HALIM IHSAN Formerly, Advisor Strategic Planning Halal Industry Development Corporation 23 Safar 1432 / 28th January 2011

Praise be to Allah

As the awareness of the Muslim Ummah towards halal products increases, the demand for credible information and data are deemed a necessity. This index is a response from the Muslim scientific community as attempts to solve the issues related to status, origin, and sources of substances and chemical used in the food, beverage, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and perfumery and including the pharmaceutical sector. By embarking on the ontological search, this opens up a whole vista of substances and chemicals that is currently heavily in use by the various sectors that have evaded the scrutiny of the users and regulatory bodies. This involves commitment to hours of seeking and scanning various databases, indexes, dictionaries and references to ascertain the nature and confirm the origin of the substances in question. The compilation necessitates the inputs from cross referencing from various authorities and sources to decide and categorise under the defined lists.

It is hoped that with the publication of this index the Muslim Ummah and concerned people of the world be enlightened on the nature and origin of substances and chemicals utilised under the various categories of products and to be able to make informed judgment on a product before using it.

This Index is indispensable for the Halal Regulatory bodies, Research & Development, Manufacturers and a must have item for public use.

May Allah reward us for this effort.

PROF. DR. ZHARI ISMAILProfessor in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and lecturer of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia since 1982. Chairman for Drafting the Malaysian Standards for Halal Pharmaceuticals Guidelines.

Foreword

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Foreword

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Demand for halal certified raw material and ingredients is higher than ever, with the current global halal market reaching a phenomenal value of USD 632 billion, and growing rapidly. Muslim consumers’ expectation of food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care items that are halal certified has created an undeniable need to identify and source for halal ingredients and compounds. Most supplements and pharmaceutical products which are used for health reasons may not be certified; however, knowledgeable consumers may want to source for products that are halal certified or at the least meet halal guidelines.

It is with this realization, that the Halal Industry Development Corporation (HDC) is supportive of this publication of ‘The Halal Index’. Ultimately, we hope users of this book will be able to appreciate the significance and depth of the information to make learned decisions in choosing among the variety of products available.

“He has only forbidden you dead meat and blood and the flesh of swine and that on which any other name has been invoked besides that of Allah but if one is forced by necessity without willful disobedience not transgressing due limits then is he guiltless. For Allah is Oft-Forgiving Most Merciful (Surah 2:173)”

Y. BHG. DATO SERI JAMIL BIDINChief Executive Officer,Halal Industry Development Corporation

Compound MonographsCompound monograph may contain one or more of the following fields of information:

Common NameCommon name usually dominates the public domain and is often recognisable as the active ingredient within certain pharmaceuticals (see also Synonyms).

Pig Part OriginStates which part(s) of the pig each compound can be derived or sourced from and includes a diagram visualising the anatomical source of the compound.

UsesDescribes the application of the compound and also areas in which it might be utilised or encountered, whether that be pharmaceutically or within other fields of industry, etc.

This should not be seen as an endorsement of use. Product literature should be followed at all times.

AdministrationIndicates the usual methods by which the pharmaceutical-form of the compound is introduced into the human body for therapy.

Always follow official instructions provided by the product manufacturer.

Adverse EffectsCommon undesired or harmful effects of the compound are listed here. We may present only some of the adverse effects that could be encountered and may omit some side-effects that could occur when administering a specific drug containing the related compound, so caution should be taken and the product literature should always be consulted when taking medications.

ATC CodeThe Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system is a means of classification of therapeutic drugs which was first developed in 1976 by the World Health Organization. The ATC system is a “tool for drug utilization research in order to improve quality of drug use” (WHO, 2010).

CAS NumberThe Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number is provided where available and this number appears after the ATC Code.

xvii

Content Guide

SynonymsAlternative names used to denote the same compound; these include generic drug names and international variations.

Trade NamesLegally protected, commercially viable names of a particular compound owned by a company and used for marketing purposes, otherwise known as trademarks, proprietary names & brand names.

Therapeutic CategoryThe therapeutic category of a compound serves as a summary of its intended therapeutic use, that is its medical purpose. Within the context of this book it also describes the biological activity of a compound. The biological activity may often be the same as the therapeutic category but it may also appear as an addition to it.

This should not be seen as an endorsement of use. Product literature should be followed at all times.

General CommentaryProvides general information about each compound including biosynthesis data (the processes by which chemicals are converted to more complex products), chemical properties and the generic functions of the compound within the pig and other organisms.

Also in this section is an historical overview including the circumstances leading to the discovery of the compound, the person(s) involved, and any implications that this may have had in the medical, physiological and chemical sciences. Alternative OriginLists the availability of different sources from which the same compound can be produced or is readily available, such as synthetic or plant origins.

Chemical PropertiesChemically related data including:

Molecular Formula which expresses the atomic constitution of a molecule of a particular compound; Molecular Weight measured in g/mol; and Molecular Structure.

SurahAt the end of every monograph we have included a specific verse or several verses chosen by us either from the Hadiths or Muhammad Asad’s English translation of the Qur’an.

Pig Anatomy with Derived CompoundsAnatomy DiagramWithin this chapter we provide a full-colour numerically annotated illustration of the pig including its major parts and organs. Each numerical annotation either refers to a particular organ or system within the pig.

Organ & Pig Part Photographs with Derived Compound ListA photograph of the corresponding pig part and a list of its derived compounds or just the derived compounds where a photo is unavailable can be found in the pages proceeding the anatomy diagram.The derived compounds are drawn from the ‘Compound Monographs’ chapter of this book.

xviii

Compound Monographs

2

Pig Based Pharmaceuticals Compound Monographs

UsesTherapeutically it may be used to treat disorders such as infantile spasms and multiple sclerosis. It is also used diagnostically to identify adrenocortical insufficiency.

AdministrationACTH is given via injections, of which two forms are available: a standard injection which is administered intravenously or by intramuscular and subcutaneous routes in accompaniment with a zinc hydroxide suspension; an injection with increased viscosity is achieved by the addition of gelatine, administered subcutaneously which is long-acting.

Adverse EffectsSensitisation; Severe Hypersensitivity; Sodium and Water Retention; Potassium Loss; Hypertrophy; Adrenal Insufficiency during withdrawal.

ATC CodeH01AA01 (corticotropin)

CAS Number9002-60-2

Synonymsadrenocorticotrop(h)in; corticotrop(h)in; adrenocorticotrop(h)ic hormone of the pituitary gland

Trade NamesAcethropan; Acortan; Acthar; Acton; Cortiphyson; Cortrophin; Isactid; Cortrophine-Z

Therapeutic CategoryAdrenocorticotropic hormone.

ACTH, otherwise known as corticotropin, was the first peptide hormone to be isolated from hypophyseal extracts. It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and governs the stimulation and release of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands located atop each kidney. The active form of ACTH is constructed from 39 amino acids and its release is induced by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in response to stress and is then inhibited by feedback inhibition in the presence of excess adrenal steroids. When released, ACTH targets the distal tubules of the kidney and exerts its effect of sodium resorption which consequently curbs the excretion of potassium, therefore maintaining osmotic balance in the body.

ACTH

Pig Part:Pituitary Gland

AlternativesRaw materials may be obtained from the pituitary glands of ovine.

AC

TH (A

DREN

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ICO

TRO

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3

Chemical Properties

Molecular Formula : C207H308N56O58S

Molecular Weight : 4541.06582 g/mol

1. Batten, T. F. C. and Hopkins, C. R., 1978, Discrimination of LH, FSH, TSH and ACTH in Dissociated Porcine Anterior Pituitary Cells by Light and Electron Microscope Immunocytochemistry, Cell and Tissue Research, vol. 192, pp. 107-120.

2. Boissonnas, R. A., Guttmann, S., Waller, J. P., Jaquenoudand, P. A., 1956, Synthesis of a Polypeptide with ACTH-like Structure, Experientia, vol. 11, pp. 446-448.

3. Craig, L. C., 1968, Conformation Studies with Polypeptides by Rotatory Dispersion and Thin-film Dialysis, Biochemistry, vol. 61, pp. 152-159.

4. Donald, R. A., 1980, ACTH and Related Peptides, Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 12, pp. 491-524.

5. Fleischer, N. et al., 1967, ACTH Antibodies in Patients Receiving Depot Porcine ACTH to Hasten Recovery from Pituitary Adrenal Suppression, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 46 (2), pp. 196-204.

6. Forssman, O., Korsgren, M., Nordh, B., and Paulsen, F., 1963, Allergy to ACTH of Animal and Human Origin, Acta Allergologica, vol. 18, pp. 462-470.

7. Gianoulakis, C., Seidah, N. G., Routhier, R., and Chretien, M., 1979, Biosynthesis and Characterization of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, α-Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone, and an NH2- terminal Fragment of the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/β-Lipotropin Precursor from Rat Pars Intermedia, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254 (23), pp. 11903-11906.

8. Hoffman, K., Montibeller, J. A., and Finn, F. M., 1974, ACTH Antagonists, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 71 (1), pp. 80-83.

9. Jeffrey, P. G., Gray, A., and De Wied, D., 1974, Pituitary-Adrenal Hormones and Extinction of Rewarded Behaviour in the Rat, Physiology and Behavior, vol. 12, pp. 109-119.

10. Liddle, G. W., Givens, J. R., Nicholson, W. E., Island, D. P., 1965, The Ectopic ACTH Syndrome, Cancer Research, vol. 25, pp. 1057-1061.

11. Pestarino, M., 1985, Localization of α-MSH-like Immunoreactive Cells in the Neural Gland of the Ascidian Styela Plicata, Cell and Tissue Research, vol. 240, pp. 497-500.

12. Rushen, J., Schwarze, N., Ladewig, J., and Foxcroft, G., 1993, Opioid Modulation of the Effects of Repeated Stress on ACTH, Cortisol, Prolactin, and Growth Hormone in Pigs, Physiology & Behavior, vol. 53, pp. 923-928.

13. Sebranek, J. G. et al., 1973, Adrenal Response to Acth in the Pig, Journal of Animal Science, vol. 36, pp. 41-44.

14. Segaloff, A. et al., 1954, Hormonal Therapy In Cancer of The Breast, Cancer, vol. 7, pp. 331-334.

15. Sundler, F. et al.,1981, Immunoreactive Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) in Porcine Gut and Pancreas, The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 29 (11), pp. 1328-1335.

16. Voigt, K. et al., 1990, Isolation and Full Structural Characterisation of Six Adrenocorticotropin-like Peptides from Porcine Pituitary Gland, Eur. J. Biochem, vol. 194, pp. 225-236.

17. von Bohlen und Halbach, O. and Dermietzel, R., 2006, Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Handbook of Receptors and Biological Effects 2nd ed., Wiley-VCH, Germany.

18. Wagner, W. C., Strohbehn, R. E., and Harris, P. A., 1972, ACTH, Corticoids and Luteal Function in Heifers, Journal of Animal Science, vol. 35, pp. 789-793.

19. Wallgren, P., Wilen, I-L., and Fossum, C., 1994, Influence of Experimentally Induced Endogenous Production of Cortisol on the Immune Capacity in Swine, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, vol. 42, pp. 301-316.

References

YOU APOSTLES! Partake of the good things of life, and do righteous deeds: verily, I have full knowledge of all that you do.

Al-Mu’minūn 23:51

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Pig Based Pharmaceuticals Compound Monographs

UsesUsed industrially in the treatment of sewage, starch processing and brewing. Therapeutically it is added to several preparations of digestive enzymes.

AdministrationAmylase may be taken orally via tablet or in syrup form.

Adverse EffectsHypersensitivity.

ATC CodeA09AA01

CAS Number9000-90-2 (Porcine Pancreatic α-amylase)

Trade NamesMaxilase

Therapeutic CategoryEnzyme (digestive aid).

Amylase is an enzyme which is responsible for the breakdown of starch; it can do so by hydrolysis of every adjacent glucosidic bond to produce α-glucose, or alternatively hydrolyzing every alternate bond to produce β-glucose. It was officially discovered in 1833 by Payen and Persoz that alcohol precipitate of extracted malt contained a thermo-sensitive substance which was able to convert starch into sugars and first referred to it as “diastase”, now known as amylase. Further advancements were then made in 1886, whereby Linter discovered that there were two forms of “diastases”, an α- and a β-; the former was named so because its action on starch caused a downward mutarotation analogous to the form of maltose and is presently known as α-amylase, while the latter was able to hydrolyze starch into β-anomeric forms, thus today known as β-amylase.

AlternativesAmylase may also be obtained from human pancreas.

ACTH

Pig Part:Pancreas

AM

YLA

SE

5

Chemical Properties

Molecular Formula : N/AMolecular Weight : 55374.2 g/mol

1. Buisson, G., Duee, E., Haser, R., and Payan, F., 1987, Three Dimensional Structure of Porcine Pancreatic α-amylase at 2.9 A Resolution: Role of Calcium in Structure and Activity, The EMBO Journal, 6 (13), pp. 3909-3916.

2. Darnis, S. et al., 1999, Molecular Cloning and Primary Structure Analysis of Porcine Pancreatic α-amylase, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1430, pp. 281-289.

3. Desmyter, A. et al., 2002, Three Camelid VHH Domains in Complex with Porcine Pancreatic-Amylase, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277 (26), pp. 23645–23650.

4. Kung, S. and Yang, S., 1998, Discoveries in Plant Biology vol. 1, World Scientific, Singapore.5. Mestecky, J., Kraus, F. W., Hurst, D. C., and Voight, S. A., 1969,

A Simple Quantitative Method for α-Amylase Determinations, Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 30, pp. 190-198.

6. Pasero, L. et al., 1986, Complete Amino Acid Sequence and Location of the Five Disulfide Bridges in Porcine Pancreatic α-amylase, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,869, pp. 147-157.

7. Pommier, G., Cozzone, P., and Marchis-Mouren, G., 1974, The Sulfhydryl Groups of Porcine Pancreatic α-Amylase: Unmasking, Reactivity and Function, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 350, pp. 71-83.

8. Rinderknecht, H., Wilding, P., and Haverback, B. J., 1967, A New Method for the Determination of α-Amylase, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, 23 (10), pp. 805.

9. Robyt, J. F. and French, D., 1970, The Action Pattern of Porcine Pancreatic a-Amylase in Relationship to the Substrate Binding Site of the Enzyme, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 245 (15), pp. 3917-3927.

10. Strumeyer, D. H., Kao, W., Roberts, T., and Forsyth-Davis, D., 1988, Isozymes of α-Amylase in the Porcine Pancreas: Population Distribution, Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology,91 (2), pp. 351-357.

11. Wiegand, G., Epp, O., and Huber, R., 1995, The Crystal Structure of Porcine Pancreatic α-Amylase in Complex with the Microbial Inhibitor Tendamistat, Journal of Molecular Biology, ol. 247, pp. 99–110.

References

Say: “Produce, then, [another] revelation from God which would offer better guidance than either of these two [and] I shall follow it, if you speak the truth!”And since they cannot respond to this thy challenge, know that they are following only their own likes and dislikes: and who could be more astray than he who follows [but] his own likes and dislikes without any guidance from God? Verily, God does not grace with His guidance people who are given to evildoing!

Al-Qaşaş 28:49-50

AM

YLASE

Pig Anatomy with Derived Compounds

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Pig Based Pharmaceuticals Pig Anatomy with Derived Compounds

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15

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2

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13 7

8

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5

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Pig Based Pharmaceuticals Pig Anatomy with Derived Compounds1

bra

in

ACTHbrain natriuretic peptidecephalinsfollicle-stimulating hormone gangliosidesLH-RHluteinizing hormone

Derived Compounds

lypressinoxytocin prolactin somatostatin somatotropin TRHvasopressin

Glossary

11

The following are brief definitions of select words and phrases used within the compound monographs.

Aadipocytes A cell in loose connective tissue that is specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.

adipose tissue Loose connective tissue in which fat cells accumulate.

adrenocortical Acting on or stimulating the adrenal cortex.

adsorbent A material, such as activated charcoal, on which adsorption can occur.

allantoin A white, crystalline oxidation product of uric acid that is the metabolic end product of vertebrate purine oxidation which is used medicinally to promote tissue growth.

analogous Similar in function but not in structure and evolutionary origin.

androgen A male sex hormone, usually a steroid, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of male characteristics.

anticholelithogenic A chemical agent that acts to prevent the formation of gallstones.

anticoagulant A substance that delays or prevents the clotting of blood.

anti-ischaemic To prevent inadequate supply of blood to an organ or part, as from an obstructed blood flow.

antimicrobial A plant substance that acts to inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, or acts to destroy them.

antithrombotic Preventing or interfering with the formation of a thrombus or blood clotting.

apoptosis Disintegration of cells into membrane-bound particles that are then eliminated by phagocytosis or by shedding.

arginine An amino acid obtained from the hydrolysis or digestion of plant and animal protein.

atherosclerosis A common form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty substances form a deposit of plaque on the inner lining of arterial walls.

Bbasophil White blood cell that increases in response to parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

bolus A large dose of a substance given by injection for the purpose of rapidly achieving the needed therapeutic concentration in the bloodstream.

bradycardia Type of arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) characterized by slowing of the heart rate to 60 beats per minute or less.

Ccalcitriol The active form of vitamin D; a regulator of calcium metabolism.

cardiovascular Having to do with the heart and blood vessels.

cartilage A firm, elastic, flexible type of connective tissue of a translucent whitish or yellowish colour; gristle.

catabolism The metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of energy.

CCK see cholecystokinin.

centrifuge A device for separating components of different densities contained in liquid by spinning them at high speeds. Centrifugal force causes the heavier components to move to one part of the container, leaving the lighter substances in another.

Pig Based Pharmaceuticals Glossary

12

cholecystokinin A substance produced in the body that acts as a neurotransmitter, opiate antagonist, and hormonal peptide and that is involved in digestive processes and the experience of satiety.

choleretic An agent, usually a drug that stimulates the liver to increase output of bile.

coagulating To cause transformation of (a liquid or sol, for example) into or as if into a soft, semisolid, or solid mass.

concoction A remedy prepared from a mixture of two or more drugs or substances that have been heated.

congestive To cause the accumulation of excessive blood or tissue fluid in a vessel or an organ.

corpus lutea The plural of corpus luteum.

corpus luteum A yellow mass of cells that forms from a mature ovarian follicle after ovulation and that secretes progesterone. If fertilization of the egg occurs, the corpus luteum persists for the first few months of pregnancy.

corticosteroid Corticosteroids are group of natural and synthetic analogues of the hormones secreted by the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, more commonly referred to as the pituitary gland. These include glucocorticoids, which are anti-inflammatory agents with a large number of other functions, mineralocorticoids, which control salt and water balance primarily through action on the kidneys, and corticotropins, which control secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland.

corticosterone A colourless crystalline corticosteroid that is important in protein and carbohydrate metabolism.

cortisol A steroid hormone released by the human adrenal cortex for normal carbohydrate metabolism and for the normal response to any stress.

cyclooxygenase An enzyme, found in most tissues, that helps turn some fatty acids into prostaglandins.

Ddemulcent A drug or agent that soothes the irritation of inflamed or injured skin surfaces.

depolymerisation The conversion of a compound into one of a lesser molecular weight and with different physical properties but without changing the ratio of its constituent elements.

Eeicosanoids A family of compounds derived from arachidonic acid (eicosatetraenoic acid). Includes

prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxanes, the principal mediators of inflammation.

elucidation To make clear or plain, especially by explanation; clarify.

endocytosis A process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell.

endogenous Originating or produced within an organism, a tissue, or a cell.

endothelium A tissue consisting of a single layer of cells that lines the blood and lymph vessels, heart, and some other cavities.

enteropeptidase Enzyme of the intestinal juice which activates the proteolytic enzyme of the pancreatic juice by converting trypsinogen into trypsin.

enzyme A substance produced by the body to assist in a chemical reaction. In carbohydrate intolerance, lack of an enzyme makes it impossible for one type of sugar to be broken down into a simpler form so that it can be absorbed by the intestines and used by the body.

epithelial Of or relating to the epithelium.

Indexes

14

Symbols3,17-epidihydroxyestratriene, 363α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid, 20(5Z)-9-deoxy-6,9α-epoxy-∆5-PGF1α, 8217β-(1-methyl-3-carboxypropyl)etiocholane-3α,7α,12α-triol, 2217β-(1-methyl-3-carboxypropyl)etiocholane-3α,7α-diol, 2025-HCC, 1225-hydroxycholecalciferol, 1225-hydroxyvitamin D3, 12β-estradiol, 36β-hypophamine, 108

AAcethropan, 2Acortan, 2acth, 2Acthar, 2Acton, 2Adenohypophyseal growth hormone, 94Adeps, 56adrenocorticotrop(h)ic hormone of the pituitary gland, 2adrenocorticotrop(h)in, 2Agofollin, 36Alpha-Chymocutan, 26Alpha-hypophamine, 70Aminopan, 92amylase, 4Antepan, 102anterior pituitary growth hormone, 94 anterior pituitary luteotropin, 80 anthropodesoxycholic acid, 20Antidiuretic hormone, 108 arachidonic acid, 6 ardeparin, 8Arteven, 48Atheroitin, 24Avazyme, 26axungia porci, 56

Bbeta-hypophamine, 108Biohulin, 90BNP, 10Boxol, 28brain natriuretic peptide, 10B-type natriuretic peptide, 10Bulbold, 46

Ccalcifediol, 12Calcidiol, 12Calcifediolum, 12Calcifediolum Monohydricum, 12Calciparine, 48Calcitar(e), 14calcitonin, 14Callicrein, 54

castle’s intrinsic factor, 16Catarase, 26CDCA, 20cephalins, 18Cervilaxin, 84Chendol, 20chenic acid, 20Chenocol, 20 chenodeoxycholic acid, 20 chenodiol, 20Chenofal, 20Chenossil, 20cholalic acid, 22Cholanorm, 20 cholic acid, 22 chondroitin sulfate, 24Chondroitin Sulfate Sodium, 24Chondroitinsulfuric acid, 24Chondroitin 4-Sulfate, 24Chonsurid, 24Chymetin, 26Chymolase, 26Chymotase, 26chymotrypsin, 26Chymotrypsine, 26Chymotrypsinum, 26Chymozym, 26Circuletin, 54cis-estradiol, 36Clarin, 48Clexane, 34Climara, 36Climaval, 36Clivarin(e), 86Condrosulf, 24corticotrophin, 2Cortiphyson, 2Cortrophin, 2Cortrophine-Z, 2Cotazym, 72Creon, 72Crescormon, 94Cristal, 46Cronassial, 40Curosurf, 78Cutheparine, 48Cystorelin, 58

Ddalteparin, 28danaparoid, 30Dasovas, 32Dedrogyl, 12 defibrinotide, 32 defibrotide, 32Delestrogen, 36denohypophysial luteotropin, 80Depot-Glumorin, 54Diapid, 64

Capitalized entries generally denote trade names. See corresponding page for confirmation.

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