the guardian may 2012 issue

M A Y 2 0 1 2 V o l u m e 6 , I s s u e 3

A Publication of the International Association of Emergency Managers

Student Chapter at American Public university System

The Guardian

Inside this month’s issue:

Message from the APUS-IAEM President 2

The Crow 4

APUS-IAEM Community Outreach Project 5

Palestinian Liberation Organization: The Impact on

Future Terrorist Organizations

6

Upcoming IAEM Events 11

APUS-IAEM Student 2

Upcoming IAEM CEM and AEM Exam Dates 14

It was not that long ago I was dialing into the monthly confer-

ence calls as a member and today I sit before you as the

newly elected President. I want to thank everyone who voted

myself, Amanda Metzger, Allen Straub and Karyn Harwood-

Myers as your 2012-2013 Executive Board. I also want to

thank Jim Garlits, Erik Davis, Seth Hooks and Bill Duchanse

who did an outstanding job over the past year and the incredi-

ble accomplishments they achieved which definitely sets the

bar high for the coming year.

For those of you who have been following our chapter on TeamLab and Facebook you may have

noticed our membership numbers have increased to 220 members thanks to the most recent

Membership Campaign and the tremendous work that Olga Timirgalieva has done as our Member-

ship Committee Chairperson. The APUS Student Chapter of IAEM continues to be the largest and

most active chapter in the entire IAEM-USA Student Region.

When I took Office I told Jim that my first goal was to get our membership numbers above 200 and

that happened quicker than I imagined. As we continue to increase our membership I want to out-

line the Executive Committee’s goals through the next year.

Membership: With the recent release of our invitation to join IAEM to the student body at APUS and

AMU we have seen an increase in our membership numbers. I do not want a single campaign to be

the only time our numbers increase. We all are enrolled in several courses that introduce us to

many people who are studying the fields of Emergency Management, Homeland Security, Intelli-

gence Studies and similar fields. Check with your instructor and see if they are willing to allow you

to send an email to the student body to get the word out about your chapter.

Distinguished Speaker Series: I commend Jim for the effort he put during his tenure but we all ex-

perience changes in our lives and jobs that can make it difficult to plan accordingly. It is our plan to

get the Distinguished Speaker Series back up and running but to accomplish this I am going to

need your help as well. We are looking for professionals in Emergency Management or people who

have made significant contributions to the field to speak at our monthly membership teleconfer-

ences. How often we plan to do this is dependent on how many speakers we can line up based on

their schedules. If you have someone in mind please email me with his or her contact information.

Continued on Page 4

M e s s a g e F r o m T h e

P r e s i d e n t

Officers

2012-2013

President:

Craig Mercier

Vice President:

Amanda Metzger

Secretary:

Allen Straub

Treasurer:

Karyn Harwood-Myers

Past President:

Jim Garlits

Faculty Advisor:

Professor Elizabeth Russell

Program Director:

Dr. Thomas D. Phelan

The Guardian

Editor:

Victoria C. Locey

Contributors:

Erik G. Davis

Jennifer Lyn Ross

By Craig Mercier, IAEM Student Chapter President

IAEM-USA@APUS

The Guardian

A bimonthly publication of the

International Association of

Emergency Managers

Student Chapter

at

American Public University System

Cover Photo: “Magical Sunset Takes Hours at 60 Degrees South”

Location: Palmer Station, Antarctica. Photo taken by Lt. Philip Hall, NOAA Corps

Photo courtesy of NOAA, At the Ends of the Earth Collection

http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/corp2896.htm.

P a g e 2 T h e G u a r d i a n

Community Outreach Project

C O N T E N T S P A G E


6

5

11

PALESTINIAN LIBERATION

ORGANIZATION:

THE IMPACT ON FUTURE

TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS AND

THE DEVELOPMENT OF

COUNTER-TERRORISM

Israeli Soldiers at Golan Heights are Prepared for Everything

Photo Courtesy of Jennifer Lyn Ross


CONGRATULATIONS TO INCOMING

2012-2013 IAEM-APUS STUDENT CHAPTER OFFICERS

Craig Mercier, President

Amanda Metzger, Vice President

Allen Straub, Secretary

Karyn Harwood-Myers, Treasurer

KUDOS FOR A JOB WELL DONE

TO OUTGOING

2011-2012 IAEM-APUS STUDENT CHAPTER OFFICERS

Jim Garlits, President

Erik Davis, Vice President

Seth Hooks, Secretary

Bill Duchanse, Treasurer

Community Service Initiatives: In the past we have started various community service initiatives that have gotten increase visibility

throughout our communities. As professionals in Emergency Management and other fields we have a great opportunity to utilize those

skills for the benefit of educating our communities. Past projects have included working with Cub Scouts, helping others get CERT certi-

fied and the Community Outreach Contest. As an organization we can make a big difference in many ways.

These are my top three goals but the Executive Committee will not stop there. We have several projects and ideas we are currently work-

ing on and will provide more information at a future meeting. We will continue to publish the Guardian bimonthly thanks to our hard-

working editor Victoria Locey and continue to pass announcements and chapter correspondence through TeamLab and Facebook.

I am thankful to have Elizabeth Russell, from Student Affairs, as our Student Advisor this year. She will be acting on our behalf anytime

we have ideas or projects we need to pitch to APUS. Dr. Tom Phelan is also returning as our Program Director. Dr. Tom has provided

great insight and support to help us achieve our goals over the past couple of years. All it takes is 1 hour of dedication each month by

each of our members and we can accomplish nine days of work. Together we can accomplish our goals and your goals.

Craig Mercier

2012-13 Chapter President


Com

mun

ity

Out

reac

h P

roje

ct

APUSAPUSAPUS---IAEM Community Outreach ContestIAEM Community Outreach ContestIAEM Community Outreach Contest

WHAT: Contest to get the community involved in emergency preparedness and

response

HOW: Get family, friends, co-workers, and even strangers to obtain certifications and

training in one of the following:

Community Emergency Response Team

(CERT) - all levels

American Red Cross first aid/CPR

American Red Cross Disaster Action

Team (DAT) volunteer

American Red Cross disaster response

volunteer

GOAL: 50 certifications

WHEN: February 1, 2012 - June 30, 2012

For more information:

Visit our Facebook page at:

http://www.facebook.com/groups/iaem.apus/

OR:

Contact Kelli Willis @

[email protected]

The Palestinian-Israeli conflict is a complex international

issue that demands a variety of solutions such as military, economic

aid, and diplomacy for the Palestinians and the Israelis to live in

peace. The Palestinian Liberation Organization was a non-state

sponsored terror organization that shaped the future of terrorism

and influenced the development of counter-terrorism techniques.

Because of the wide array of effects that terrorism can

cause, the International community has not been able to develop

one specific definition for terrorism. For this paper we will use the

State Department’s definition of terrorism. It is defined as

“premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against

noncombatants” (Title 22 of the United States code, section 2656).

The word terror was derived from a time in history called

The Reign of Terror and occurred during the French Revolution from

1793 to 1794 (Richardson 23 ). Maximilien de Robespierre was

one of the primary protagonists during this historical period.

Robespierre and other members of the Jacobin Club performed

extreme acts of terror on citizens that was considered necessary in

order to maintain order in the French Republic (Richardson, 23).

Robespierre believed that the people had to be trained a different

way and if anyone resisted they would be executed by the guillotine

(23). According to Saint

Just who was a co-

founder, “We want to

establish an order of

things such that a univer-

sal tendency toward the

good is established and

the factions suddenly

find themselves hurled

o n t h e s c a f -

fold” (Richardson 29).

Terrorism has

always been a combina-

tion of religious and po-

litical motives and is not

specific to just the Is-

lamic faith. The idea of

terrorism goes back as

far as the first century.

The Sicarii also known as

the Zealots were a Jew-

ish organization that

used acts of violence in

attempts to overthrow an

oppressive Roman gov-

ernment fomenting rebel-

lion (Richardson 29). One tactic used by the Sicarii was to inten-

tionally avoid any reconciliation so that the conditions would

become so severe the remaining population would join in the

effort to oust the Romans.

Another early type of terrorism was an extreme Shia

Muslim group known as the Assassins (Richardson 29). They

wanted to establish Islam as a single religious entity through

“jihad;” a struggle which is often interpreted as holy war

(Richardson 29). The members of this organization preferred to

assassinate opposing religious leaders in the presence of wit-

nesses to instill fear. They were the first to establish their own

“state” by creating multiple fortresses that were used to recruit

and train members to become future Assassins (Richardson 29).

In addition, the Assassins had their own version of the

“shaheed” or martyr. The organization considered any member

a coward who would run after they performed a killing. The as-

sassin would remain after successfully killing the religious leader

to accept any punishment given (Richardson 30).

The first Arab-Israeli war in the late 1940’s established

the Jewish state of Israel in the center of the Middle East. The

conflict created a crisis that involved more than seven hundred

thousand Palestinian refugees

(Hoffman 65). The Palestinians

were forced to live in horrid condi-

tions along with little international

assistance. Anger and frustration

grew among the Palestinians, which

allowed for leaders like Gamal Abdel

Nasser an Egyptian to emerge. The

Egyptian government began to as-

sist the refugees with military train-

ing and equipment. Nasser created

small militant attack groups called

the Fedayeen which is Arabic for

commandos (Hoffman 66).

In the 1960’s, the John-

son administration believed that the

difficulties in the Middle East was

caused by two issues that involved

Gamal Abdel Nassar’s attempt to

unify and control the Middle East

and the Palestinian territory of Jor-

dan and Israel (Naftali 29). The

original plan that was created in

1947 by the United Nations was for

Palestine to become a part of Arab

Palestine. However, King Abdullah


By

Erik G. Davis

continued on next page

The Palestinian Liberation Organization:

The Impact on Future Terrorist Organizations and the

Development of Counter-Terrorism

An Israeli bunker, a remnant of the Six-Day War, acts as a constant

reminder of the historic event.

Photo Courtesy of Jennifer Lyn Ross

alism by forming an organization called the Palestine Libera-

tion Organization or PLO (Naftali 30). The organization was

operated by a group of Palestinian citizens with varying convic-

tions that ranged from moderate to extreme views. The mem-

bers of the PLO have sworn to fight the Jordanian and Israeli

governments who are viewed as oppressors and violators of

their sovereignty.

Yasser Arafat was a former college student that be-

came the leader of an extremist organization called Fatah

(Naftali, 30). Arafat and his organization captured the atten-

tion of the CIA after they had taken control of the PLO but was

not considered a threat to the United States. According to

James Critchfield former CIA Chief, “He was not thought much

of a problem then” (Naftali 30). Arafat developed a relation-

ship with the Syrian government which provided Fatah with

financial support, training, and military weapons to execute

guerrilla warfare tactics against Israel and Jordan (Naftali 30).

By the late 1960’s the Fatah organization had grown to over

five-thousand members and was receiving additional support

from other nations such as Saudi Arabia. The Saudi govern-

ment charged a five percent tax on its own citizens to raise

money for Fatah (Naftali 30).

George Habash who was considered to be a follower

of Marxist-Leninist beliefs created an organization called Popu-

lar Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). Habash had

several hundred followers and began training with the Fatah

organization at their various training camps. In July of 1968,

the PFLP had successfully hijacked El Al Flight 426; El Al is the

national airline of Israel. This hijacking was considered a dan-

gerous change in terror tactics for the Palestinians and Israeli

Diplomat Argov stated “this is a new dimension of trouble for

the near east” (Naftali 32).

It was not until 1969 that Yasser Arafat and the PLO

were able to gain the attention of the United States with the

hijacking of flight TWA 840. Two members of the Popular

Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a man and a woman,

boarded the aircraft, had taken over the cockpit and instructed

the pilot to fly to Syria. After arriving in Syria the terrorists

detonated a bomb while the passengers were exited the plane.

The Syrian government held hostage six of the passengers for

over two months because they were of Jewish descent. Even-

tually, the Syrian government did release the hostages be-

cause of United States diplomacy and the threat of an Israeli

military strike (Naftali 32). There were thirty hijackings in

1969 but this was the first that was executed by foreigners

(Naftali 33).

In 1970, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Pal-

estine had attempted to hijack four planes simultaneously that

had over a hundred passengers on each flight (Naftali 41).

Three of the flights were successful and the fourth had failed

because of two undercover security guards that were posted

on the flight who shot and killed the terrorist. This was the first

time that the hijackers had admitted this was an attack on the

United States because of its foreign policy to support Israel.

According to Habash, “When we hijack a plane it has more


of Jordan, despite complaints from Israel and Jordan, decided to in-

corporate the West Bank in 1951 to improve the Jordanian economy

(Naftali 30).

The tension between Israel and the Arab nations increased

in 1967. The Six Day War resulted in Israel capturing the West Bank

and East Jerusalem from Jordan; the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza

Strip from Egypt; and the Golan Heights from Syria. Palestinians af-

fected by the Six Day War were exiled from the region by Israel and

became citizens of Jordan (Hoffman, 2006). United States foreign

policy at the time financially supported King Hussein of Jordan be-

cause the Federal Government needed an ally to help fight the

spread of communism and growing Arab Nationalism (Naftali 30).

In the mid 1960’s, an Egyptian by the name of Gamal Abdel

Nassar wanted to try and take advantage of the growing Arab nation-


The Palestinian Liberation Organization

(continued from previous page)

Map of the region depicting areas captured by Israel during the

1967 Six-Day War.

Photo obtained from: United Nations, Department of

Peacekeeping Operations at

http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf.

Released into Public Domain, April, 2007

Olympics the PLO and its cause could no longer be ignored by the

international community.

The terrorists had demanded the freedom of over two

hundred Palestinian Prisoners, Baader and Ulrike Meinhof the

founders of a German extremist group called the Red Army Faction

and an unobstructed transport to an Arab nation (Hoffman 67).

After being denied access to Egypt the terrorists agreed to be

transported to a German airbase where they will be transported in

another plane to a different destination. The German police at-

tempted a rescue that involved sharp

shooters and an attack directly on the

terrorists. The terrorists responded by

immediately shooting the hostages

and detonating a grenade. The end

result—the remaining terrorists surren-

dered but all nine hostages and a

German police officer were killed

(Hoffman 68).

The kidnapping and murder

of the hostages along with the counter

assault by the police were considered

a disaster (Hoffman 68). The re-

sponse from the international commu-

nity was outrage and condemnation.

The attack on the Olympic athletes did

receive an incredible amount of media

coverage that accomplished two im-

portant goals. All nations were forced

to recognize the existence of the Pal-

estinians and the suffering that was

occurring with the refugees could no

longer be ignored. According to Abu

Iyad the PLO’s Intelligence Chief and

trusted confidant of Arafat, “we didn’t

bring about the liberation of any of our

comrades as we had hoped. We did

obtain two other objectives: world

opinion was forced to take note of the

Palestinian drama, and the Palestinian

people imposed their presence on an

international gathering that sought to

exclude them” (Hoffman 67).

The failed rescue attempt of

the Olympic athletes demonstrated

that no nation had adequate counter-

terrorism procedures, training, or

equipment in place to handle such a crisis. The Germans who

were truly humiliated responded by immediate changes to their

counter-terrorism operations. They created a counter-terrorism

team known as the Grenzschutzgruppe Neun or the GSG-9. This

team became famous because they rescued all eighty-six passen-

gers in a hijacking that occurred in Mogadishu, Somalia (Hoffman

68). The French developed the Groupe d’Intervention de la Gen-

darmerie Nationale or GIGN and the British developed the Special

Air Services Regiment (SAS). The SAS ended the hostage situation

at the Iranian embassy in London (68). The Israeli response was

decisive and immediate. Prime Minister Golda Meir gave the order

effect than if we killed a hundred Israeli’s in battle” (Naftali 42).

There were several major issues why the United States

government failed in controlling the hijackings. The first mistake

was grossly underestimating the capabilities of international terror-

ism. The second was having the State Department responsible for

solving the problem with airliner hijackings. The third mistake was

the United States military had no experience nor did it possess any

teams that were small enough to handle this type of insurgency as

well as lack of cooperation between governments.

It was not until the Nixon ad-

ministration that international terrorism

was considered a threat to national secu-

rity. Under the Nixon administration, the

United States government changed from

a nonchalant approach to the creation of

a government institution that ensures

cooperation and intelligence sharing

through out the U.S. government and

various governments around the world

(Naftali 33). Nixon strongly believed that

security within the airliners had to im-

prove and he demanded the implementa-

tion of Sky Marshals. The Treasury De-

partment and staffing from the CIA were

used to begin the Sky Marshal program

(44).

Another important change in

airline security was the requirement that

each passenger’s carry on luggage was

to be thoroughly inspected prior to board-

ing the airliner. In the first few months of

these new counter-terrorism policies over

four-thousand weapons were found and

over five hundred arrests were made

(Naftali 45).

Despite the brazen attempts to

gain attention to their cause, the Pales-

tinian refugees still suffered in squalor,

and the attacks by the Fedayeen on the

international community appeared to

have garnered little interest until the

most tragic day in the history of the Olym-

pic games.

In September of 1972 during

the Munich Olympic Games, eight terrorists from the Palestinian

Liberation Organization’s Black September entered the building

where the Israeli athletes were located and immediately killed two

of them while the remaining nine athletes were kept as hostages

(Hoffman 66). According to Fuad al-Shamali, the mastermind be-

hind the kidnapping, “bombing attacks on El Al offices do not serve

our cause. We have to kill their most important and most famous

people. Since we cannot come close to their statesman, we have

to kill artists and sportsmen” (67). The attack on the athletes dur-

ing the Olympics gave the PLO the unlimited amount of exposure

they desired. With the attack on Israeli athletes at the Munich





After the hijacking, PM Golda Meir supposedly

told Yariv (adviser on counterterrorism) and

Zamir (director of Mossad), "Send forth the

boys.”

Photo is part of a collection donated to the Li-

brary of Congress by the U. S. News & World

Report, dedicated to the public all rights it held.

Attributed to W. Leffler, T. O’Halloran M.

Trikosko, J. Bledsoe, & C. Harrity.


for Mossad agents to search and assassinate all members of the PLO

Black September organization that were responsible for the massa-

cre.

However, President Nixon had decided not to create a spe-

cial counter-terrorism team, and had chosen to work on developing

international support against terrorism through diplomatic means

(68). The United States opted to not develop a covert team that spe-

cialized in Counterterrorism. Instead, Nixon decided to concentrate

on creating an international effort to fight counterterrorism through

diplomacy. This came back to haunt the United States after the failed

attempt to rescue fifty-two American hostages at the United States

embassy in Tehran (68).

The Munich tragedy did bring about changes within the

State Department to improve security in the United States. The

United States dismantled a program that would allow up to six hun-

dred thousand foreign visitors to remain in the United States for up to

ten days without approval or background checkout if they were “in

transit” to another destination (Naftali 67). All foreigners, except for

Canadian nationals, had to have visas to enter the United States.

These safeguards were intended to defend against foreign terrorists

from entering the country. The security program requires that all for-

eign visitors have a mandatory five day waiting period. Also, all visa

applicants have to be screened by the Central Intelligence Agency,

Federal Bureau of Investigations, and the Immigration and Naturaliza-

tion Service. The INS was used to coordinate the information sharing

between all government agencies (Naftali 68).

On March 1, 1973 a group of Palestinian terrorists from the

group Black September arrived at a reception for United States Diplo-

mats and began shooting at them. They had successfully taken five

hostages and three of them were westerners. They had demanded

the release of several hundred Palestinian prisoners along with Sirhan

Sirhan who is responsible for the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy

(Naftali 69). It was standard procedure that the State Department

would begin to develop the response from the United States along

with handling negotiations during hostage situations. This incident

changed United States policies concerning negotiations with terrorist

demands. President Nixon was angered at the idea of releasing Sir-

han Sirhan. He stated “we will do everything we can to get them re-

leased, but we will not pay blackmail” (Naftali 70). This was the begin-

ning of a course of action known as the “no-concessions policy.”

Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Liberation Organization

became the role model for future terror organizations such as the

development of Ethno-National/Separatist Terrorism. In the early

1900s, the Armenian people were expelled from Turkey and forced to

live in Syria and Iraq. During this time of chaos and war, over one

million Armenians had died. This genocide had gone unnoticed by the

international community for decades. In 1975 two Armenian Terror

groups called the Armenian Army for the Secret Liberation of Armenia

or ASALA and the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide

(JCAG) developed during the civil war in Lebanon.

Hagop Hagopian was the leader of the ASALA and stated the

Palestinians were the influence they needed to begin the upheaval.

“There are two factors to be taken into consideration, the general

discovery as to the failure of the policy of the traditional Armenian

parties and the fact that many Armenians since 1966 participated in




the Palestinian Arab struggle from which they learned many

things” (Hoffman 71). The tactics used by the ASALA and JCAG

appeared to be successful. According to Andrew Corson a leading

analyst at that time, “by resorting to terrorism, Armenian extrem-

ists were able to accomplish in five years what legitimate Arme-

nian organizations have been trying to do for the past seventy

years” (73).

According to the Council of Foreign Affairs, Euskadi ta

Askatasuna or the ETA is a separatist organization that is made

up of Basque civilians who are located in the mountainous region

between Spain and France. Euskadi ta Askatasuna in the Basque

language means “Basque Fatherland and Liberty.” The Basque

have wanted sovereignty to create an independent state for dec-

ades. The ETA is believed to have weakened because of a differ-

ence in ideology between two factions. Of these two factions one

wants to maintain violence to advance their cause and the other

wants to use diplomacy. When the ETA was united it adopted

extremely destructive and effective terror techniques.

Another separatist group known as Kongra-Gel (KGK)

formerly known as the Kurdish Worker Party (PKK) have been

fighting for independence from Turkey. The Kurds have adopted

some of the PLO’s tactics of internationalizing terrorism to ad-

vance their cause.

An additional example of a terror group outside of the

middle east inspired by the Palestinians are Revolutionary Left-

Wing Terrorists. Young people, mostly college students or mem-

bers of student associations had become disenchanted with vari-

ous societal issues and had developed anti-military and anti-

imperialism beliefs. The more famous terror organization was the

Baader-Meinhof Group also known as the Red Army Faction

(RAF). This organization resorted to various types of violence that

included bombings and rebellion against various issues such as

the Vietnam War. In 1981, the RAF launched an attack on U.S.

military forces in West Germany. A member of the organization

attempted to assassinate Major Phillip E. Bodine by launching an

antitank grenade at his vehicle (Painton, 1981). Another attack

had occurred on Ramstein Air Base which was the United States

Air Force European Headquarters. A bomb had been placed in-

side the base and was detonated. This bombing resulted in the

wounding of over twenty victims (Painton, 1981).

The Red Faction Army had taken credit for the bombing

several weeks later. The Palestinian Liberation Organization and

the PFLP were known for allowing other terrorists to train within

their camps. In the 1970s, the Red Army Faction and the PLO

began to train together. This is the first time in the history that

different organizations had trained together on terrorist strategies

(Hoffman 76). In 1975, the two factions began a reign of terror

starting with a raid on a conference of the Organization of Petro-

leum Exporting Countries (OPEC) as well as multiple commercial

airline hijackings (77).

Yasser Arafat was incredibly resourceful and created a

model for future extremist organizations to follow. The Palestin-

ian Liberation Organization was the first to expand its operations

internationally. The PLO had far-reaching influence in numerous

P a g e 1 0 T h e G u a r d i a n

References

Alexander, Yonah. Combating Terrorism. Ann Arbor: The Uni-

versity of Michigan Press, 2005. Print

Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia Uni-

versity Press, 2006. Print

Naftali, Timothy. Blind Spot: The Secret History of American

Counterterrorism. Massachusetts: Perseus Books

Group, 2006. Print

Painton, Frederick. Return of the Red Army Faction. Time

Magazine US. Web. July 3, 2011

Richardson, Louise. What Terrorists Want: Understanding

the Enemy, Containing the Threat. New York: Random

House Inc, 2007

Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. United States

Department of State. April 30, 2001. Web. July 5, 2011

nations and across several continents; places such as Europe, Asia, Africa,

and throughout the Middle East. It is strongly believed that the PLO had

twenty-two different operational partnerships with various terror organiza-

tions (Hoffman 78). The PLO had camps in multiple Middle Eastern coun-

tries and was open to train anyone for a price that ranged from five to ten

thousand dollars for six weeks (79). A number of these individuals who

paid for the training were recruited to be part of various operations along

side other Palestinians. The Palestinian Liberation Organization was the

first terror organization to gain wealth and prosperity. By the 1990s, the

PLO had an estimated five hundred million dollars in investments and was

accruing over six hundred million dollars a year in training revenue (79).

The PLO now known as the Palestinian Authority developed an

incredible amount of financial and political success. It has used its wealth

and political strength to be a part of the international stage while at the

same time fighting for an independent Palestinian state. For the Palestin-

ian people the PLO has become a form of government that tries to provide

various services to the population including elections. It has continually

demonstrated its ability to adapt and survive despite the division that has

occurred within. However, there are some factions within the organization

that has caused problems. Controlling its more militant divisions such as

Hezbollah which prefers to use violence instead of diplomacy the PLO

continues attempts to become a part of the international community while

fighting for an independent Palestinian state.

The Palestinian Liberation Organization and its co-founders,

Nasser and Arafat, were the first internationalized terrorist organization.

The Palestinian Liberation Organization had greatly influenced the direc-

tion of terrorism and inspired the creation of various and extremely dan-

gerous terror organizations. Their violent, creative, and persistent attacks,

have resulted in the creation, development, and continuous growth of

counter-terrorism techniques throughout the world.

The Editor of The Guardian newsletter wishes to

gratefully acknowledge the contributions made by

Jennifer Lyn Ross

for the use of pictures taken during her recent

visit to Israel.

Israeli soldiers and military vehicles at the Golan Heights.

Photo courtesy of Jennifer Lyn Ross




IAEM Scholarship Application and Additional Information can be

found at the IAEM website:

http://www.iaem.com/resources/scholarships/application.htm

IAEM scholarships are awarded to students pursuing an

associate or diploma baccalaureate, or

graduate degree in emergency management

or a closely related field.

OTHER UPCOMING IAEM EVENTS

IAEM-USA 2012 Mid-Year Meeting

June 8-9, 2012

(in conjunction with FEMA Higher Ed Conference)

Emergency Management Institute, Emmitsburg, MD

For more information go to:

http://www.iaem.com/events/MIDYEAR/INTRO.htm#DatesLocation

http://www.iaem.com/resources/scholarships/application.htm

I A E M @ A P U S S T U D E N T P A G E

WANT TO JOIN OUR CHAPTER?

go to:

https://www.iaem.com/members_online/

members/newmember.asp

And join as a student for $30

Once you have joined IAEM, you will receive an email

receipt verifying that you joined or renewed. Forward the

email along with your APUS student ID number to:

Craig Mercier at:

IAEM-USA@APUS

Upon receipt of your email copy we will add you to the

IAEM-USA Student Chapter at APUS’

collaboration portal on TeamLab.

Executive Board Meeting COMING SOON!

May Membership Meeting May 19, 2012 @ Noon

June Membership Meeting June 16, 2012 @ Noon

U p c o m i n g E v e n t s

You can participate in the IAEM-APUS Monthly

Membership Meetings by calling toll free:

Teleconference Number: (866) 706-1130

Passcode: 4201538


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IAEM Student Chapter at APUS

Masters of Disasters: AMU/APU

Emergency Management & Homeland

Security Students

Articles

Book

Recommendations

Essays

Photos

Special Events

For publication in

The Guardian!

please send to:

[email protected]

Chicago: June 5

Philadelphia: June 7

Dallas: June 21

Boston: August 9

San Diego: August 16


Topics Include:

Innovative solutions and technology for improving community

preparedness

Best practices on collaborative emergency management planning

Challenges and barriers to planning and preparedness integration

across disciplines

Latest federal initiatives, including the "Whole Community" Approach

to Emergency Management

The Guardian

is always in need of photos and narratives

from AMU and APU students

engaged in activities

related to the fields of :

Emergency and Disaster Management,

Homeland Security,

Fire Management,

Safety,

Continuity of Operations (COOP),

Contingency Planning,

and

Intelligence Studies.

Materials can be sent to

the editor at:

[email protected]

http://www.emergencymgmt.com/events/2012-All-HazardsAll-Stakeholders-Summits.html

June 9, 2012 University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV

Exam Only: 3:00 pm to 5:00 pm

Registration Deadline: May 21, 2012

June 16, 2012 San Francisco International Airport EOC, San Francisco, CA

Exam Only: 10:00 am to 12:00 pm

Registration Deadline : May 25, 2012

June 20, 2012 Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN

Preparatory Course: 8:30 am to 1:00 pm


Registration Deadline: June 8, 2012

June 21, 2012 Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN




June 26, 2012 Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada




July 21, 2012 Wyndham Peachtree Conference Center, Peachtree City, GA

Exam Only: 8:30 am to 10:30 am

Registration Deadline: July 9, 2012

IMPORTANT:

The preparatory course is not a course that will teach Emergency Management principles, rather

it is a course that will review CEM and AEM program requirements and provide tips on how to

successfully complete the certification exam and avoid test anxiety.

UPCOMING CEM & AEM EXAM DATES

For complete details and instructions on how to register for the preparatory course or certification

exam, please visit the International Association of Emergency Managers website at:

http://www.iaem.com/certification/CEMPrepCourse.htm


the guardian may 2012 issue

Documents

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