the great war - moore public schools / overvie€¦ · · 2017-03-22the great war world war i,...
TRANSCRIPT
Decision for War
• Guns of August
– Uneasy Peace • Alliance System
• Nationalism
• Militarism
• Imperialism
– Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophia • Austria-Hungary declared war
on Serbia
• Russia mobilized
• Schlieffen Plan
– Western Front-Stalemate • Trench Warfare
Decision for War
• Perils of Neutrality – English Blockade
– German Blockade • U-Boats
• Lusitania
• Arabic Pledge
– National Defense Act-1916 • Double sized of army
– Opposition/Debate • Women’s Peace Parade
• Progressives lost momentum
• “I Didn’t Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier” 1915
• Election of 1916 – Wilson defeats Hughes with “He
Kept Us Out of War”
– Foreign Affairs • Pancho Villa Raids
• Wilson’s Plan for Peace in Europe – Peace without Victory (Democracy,
Seas, no alliances, & equality of nations)
Decision for War
• America Enters
– Unrestricted U-Boat resumed (Feb 1st 1917) • 500,000 tons lost each month
– Zimmerman Telegram (Feb-March 1st 1917) • E.O. to arm merchants & shoot
U-boats
– Declaration of War April 2nd 1917 • “Make the World Safe for
Democracy”
Decision for War
– Conflicting Views on the Purpose • Europe- same old war
• Wilson’s 14 Points- moralist & idealist
• Russian Revolution
– Arch Angel Expedition
– Lenin “Peace, Land, & Bread”
– Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
» Russia out of war-One Front War for Germany
War at Home • Gearing Up Over Here – Committee on Public Information-
George Creel • Sell the war to public • 3 Goals
– US Moral community – War was a idealistic crusade for peace &
freedom – Image of despicable enemy
– Food Administration Board-Herbert Hoover • Regulate and distribution of food and fuel
– War Industries Board-Bernard Baruch • Convert industries into a wartime economy • Expanded federal regulatory power • Created the modern day corporation
(partnership govt./Corp. such as RCA) • The Federal government was organized for
the first time ever to combat food shortages, promote scientific advancement, and take over operation of the railroads
– Cost • Income tax ($1,000 from $4,000 in 1913) • Liberty bonds- bulk of payment
– Federal debt $1 billion in 1915 to $20 billion in 1920
War at Home • Black Migration
– Resistance to African-Americans
• East St. Louis- 200 killed
• Chicago- 23 killed
• Female Suffrage
– Women’s role in War helped provide opportunity for support
• NAWSA-Conservative-Carrie Chapman Catt
– Patriotic & used war rhetoric
• National Woman’s Party-Radical-Alice Paul
– Picketed W.H. & hunger strike
• 1917-Wilson, 1918-House, 1919-Senate, & 1920 States
• 19th Amendment
War at Home
• Muzzling Dissent – Espionage Act 1917-aiding the
enemy, obstructing recruitment, or causing insubordination in armed forces • Up to 20 years & 10,000 fine
– Seditious Act 1918 • Any disloyal, profane , scurrilous, or
abusive language toward the Govt, Constitution, or flag
– F.B.I.-created to police & surveillance public • More than 2,000 cases
• Socialism, Pacifism, & Radical labor
– Eugene V. Debs • 10 years in prison
– Schenck v. US • Clear and Present Danger
– Vigilante Groups violate civil liberties unabated
Fighting the War
• Raising the Army
– Selective Service Act initiated the draft (21-35) 12, 000 men evaded the draft
– No emption clauses/or buy outs…learned from civil war!
– Stanford-Binet Test-Soldiers 25% could read
• “You’re in the Army Now” – African-Americans 13% (only 10% of pop.) – John J. Pershing head of AEF – 2.8 million men called to duty
• Western Front – 8 months of battle – Chateau-Thierry/Belleau Wood – Meuse-Argonne Offensive
• More ammo than entire Civil War
• Flu Epidemic • Final Campaigns
– Austria-Hungary – German Navy – 11:00 11/11/18
• Pan-African Congress in Paris to shape the peace-Black leaders from the world to try and influence peace treaty – Allies administer the former
German territories in Africa
– Africans should take part in governing their own countries “as fast as their development permits”
W. E. B. Du Bois in Paris
Peace
• Paris Peace Conference – Big Four: George (UK),
Clemenceau (FR), Orlando (Italy), and Wilson (US)
– Germany & USSR not invited – Fourteen Points
• Self Determination • International Court • League of Nations
– Article X Collective Security
– Wilson in Paris • Limited Success on Self
Determination/ Mandates (New Imperialism)
• War Guilt Clause-Germany • War Reparations-Germany (33
Billion) • Disarm-Germany
– Treaty of Versailles
Bloodiest War so far…
• It would last 4 years • Involve over 30 nations on 6 continents • 13 million soldiers killed • 13 million civilians killed • 20 million wounded • 1 million refugees • It rearranged the map of Europe • 3 Ancient monarchies collapsed Germany, Russia
& the Austria-Hungarian Empire
Peace • Treaty Fight at Home – Republicans won Senate & House
at 1918 mid-term • He went w/o any Republicans to
Paris • President not representatives or
Secretary of State
– “Irreconcilables”-opposed a treaty in any form- Robert La Folletee (WI-R)
– Opponents-Henry Cabot Lodge (MA-R) • Article X (Collective Security)-
Interfere with congress’s authority to wage war
• Proposed 14 Amendments to Treaty
– Wilson campaigned for Treaty-suffered stroke & never recovered • Instructed Democrats not to
compromise • Treaty did not pass both attempts
– US signed individually treaties w/ Germany, Austria, and Hungary
– Did NOT join League of Nations