THE GREAT WARTHE GREAT WAR

GROUP 1GROUP 1

• Progressive Presidents, Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson, had used a “progressive diplomacy” to expand America’s influence across the world in places such as Asia, Mexico, and, The Caribbean.

• By 1917 The U.S. had entered WWI and had secured its place on the globe as a world power.

A NEW WORLD POWERA NEW WORLD POWER

ROOSEVELT’S BIG STICKROOSEVELT’S BIG STICK

• Roosevelt left a strong imprint on the Nation’s foreign policy.

• Roosevelt brought the “Big Stick” approach to disputes in the Caribbean.– His idea was to ask

nicely, then use violence when necessary.

• The Panama Canal was one of Roosevelt’s Biggest achievements.

• Became Police of the America’s• Roosevelt Corollary

– Expanded Monroe Doctrine– Used to Justify any involvement with American

countries.– Said U.S. would deal with any debt to Europe

• Open Door policy under his term.– Equal trade Rights for all countries in China

ROOSEVELT EXPANDSROOSEVELT EXPANDS

PRESIDENT TAFT STEPS UP TO THE PRESIDENT TAFT STEPS UP TO THE PLATEPLATE

• Taft was good friend of Roosevelt.

• Changes from Big Stick policy to Dollar Diplomacy.– Believed that using

lots of money was the best way.

• Doubled amount of spending in south American Countries.

• Effectively closed the open door policy in China over Railroads.

• Had no experience in diplomacy, but brought fundamental principals to foreign affairs.

• Extended our own Open Door policy– Believe U.S, with its superior industry, could

achieve supremacy in world commerce • Didn’t support new Mexican government because

he didn’t believe it was one over law. – After hearing of Mexican Leader killed by his

chief lieutenant.– Essentially ignored Mexico to turn attention on

the War started in Europe.

PRESIDENT WILSON’S TERMPRESIDENT WILSON’S TERM

TROUBLE WITH “PANCHO”TROUBLE WITH “PANCHO”

• U.S. recognized Carranza as Mexican leader to Focus on Europe

• Other leader tried to start crisis in U.S.

• Wilson Sent force of 15,000 to capture him.– This opened tensions

with Mexico and nearly started a war.

• A Mexican War would have kept us out of the “Great war”– Germany wanted this

to keep us out.

• Wilson believed America could lead the world to peace and establish an international system of authority.– Had League of Nations Idea, this failed, but

later the creation of the UN would expand on this.

• Believed Militarism and Imperialism were things of the past– Capitalist Development, democracy, and free

trade, were the gateways to the future.

WILSON’S PATRIOTIC IDEASWILSON’S PATRIOTIC IDEAS

GROUP 2GROUP 2

THE GREAT WARTHE GREAT WARBy: Lindsey Blackwell, Alex Fielding, Erica Wilson, and Aaron

Daniel

THE GUNS OF AUGUSTTHE GUNS OF AUGUST

This picture is property of Mr. Tolliver

AMERICAN NEUTRALITYAMERICAN NEUTRALITY

• Wilson first wanted to stay neutral• People were “hyphenated” and wanted War

– The people were broken up, no clear side.• Both sides of the war had a propaganda war on US

soil.– Britain said that Germans were killing everyone.– Germans said that Russia wanted to expand and

France wanted revenge on Germany• Britain imposed a blockade on all shipping to Germany

– Could’ve asked them to leave, but we just started trading with the English

– Economic BOOM as a result.• By then, America was pretty much on The Allies side.

PREPAREDNESS AND PEACEPREPAREDNESS AND PEACE

• The Germans hoped to defeat the Allies with one, swift, stroke. They declared the war zone would be the water around the British Isles– They declared unlimited submarine warfare. This is

when submarines attacked any type of ship without warning.

• German U-boat sank Lusitania near Ireland– 128 Americans aboard smuggling war materials

were killed• This set off Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan to

resign – US threatened to end diplomatic relations with

Germany because of this act– US started to prepare for war just in case

• During the election of 1915 Wilson ran with the slogan “He Kept Us Out of War” With this as his slogan, he won a narrow win against Republican Charles Evan Hughes

SAFE FOR DEMOCRACYSAFE FOR DEMOCRACY• Wilson armed all US merchant ships.

– Germany sank 7 of them.• President Wilson decided that they must go to

war.• At this moment, they intercepted a coded

message from Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador from Mexico proposing an alliance between Mexico and Germany. – Said that if Mexico attacked America, they

would get their lost lands back.• Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war

• He made a speech in which he said that “neutrality was no longer feasible or desirable.”

– Congress declared War on Germany in April 6, 1917

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

1. Why didn’t the US decide to attack the British blockade blocking all shipping to Germany? What affect did this have on Germany’s outlook of America?

2. Why did President Wilson make preparations for war?

GROUP 3GROUP 3

Marcus Schaeffer, Taylor Thrasher, Christian Hensley, Ryan Wilkerson

AMERICAN AMERICAN

MOBILIZATIONMOBILIZATION

Group #3Marcus Schaeffer, Taylor Thrasher, Christian Hensley,

Ryan Wilkerson

GETTING INTO THE WARGETTING INTO THE WAR

• In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson signed the declaration of war to enter into the Great War, and allied with the Ally powers (Britain, France, Russia). The people of the United States were mostly enthusiastic about the choice to enter the war. But people in Wilson’s own administration needed more convincing, and so efforts were made to immediately mobilize the military, so that the country could be unified.

SELLING THE WARSELLING THE WAR

• After the declaration of war was signed, President Wilson created the Committee on Public Information (CPI), which was in charge of organizing public opinion.– The CPI gave Americans very negative connotations with

Germans and slandered everything that was German. Germans would often be depicted as Huns in posters, making them bestial.

– The CPI even urged Americans with different heritage to abandon their old beliefs and cultures.

• The civilian chairman of this organization was George Creel. Creel changed the CPI from something that organized government news, into something that sold the war to the American people. – The CPI even called on major movie stars to sell war

bonds at huge rallies, all promoting the war.

FADING OPPOSITION TO WARFADING OPPOSITION TO WAR

• Opposition to the war began to fade away as people began to realize that the war may promote positive social changes. – Even the influential John Dewey believed that

the U.S. should enter the war.• The Women’s Peace Party was established in

1915, but did not last long when the leaders of the organization began to realize the positive effects the war would hold. Because of the war, women may finally have the chance to obtain voting rights.

““YOU’RE IN THE ARMY NOW”YOU’RE IN THE ARMY NOW”

• At the beginning of the war, not enough U.S. citizens were volunteering because many people still opposed the war. This brought about the Selective Service Act, which established the draft. – Over 10 million people signed up for the draft

during the war.• The Selective Service Act also eliminated the

option to “buy out” like citizens could do during the Civil War. It also included an intelligence test for people after the war.

RACISM IN THE MILITARYRACISM IN THE MILITARY

• African Americans were allowed to serve in the military during the war, but they were not allowed to serve in the Coast Guard or Marines. – The jobs they were given in the military were

usually low jobs like cooks and laundrymen.• African Americans continued to be treated badly

in the United States. But African Americans were treated equally in France, and the French military and some received Medals of Bravery. But even after their valiant efforts in the war, they faced bad treatment when they returned to the U.S.

AMERICANS IN BATTLEAMERICANS IN BATTLE

• American Expedition Force (AEF) was a military regiment led by John J. Pershing. The AEF units were in the front lines of the war in 1918. In June of 1918, 70,000 AEF soldiers helped the French military stop Germans in the battles of Chateua-Thierry and Belleau Wood.– During the Great War, frontal assaults were usually the

method of battle. But with the invention of long-range artillery and machine guns, this style of war was obsolete.

– “Doughboys” were soldiers that joined the military for money. General Pershing had over a million soldiers in his army because of all the doughboys that joined the war effort.

• Over 50,000 Americans were killed in battle during the Great War. And over 200,000 Americans were wounded in battle.

GROUP 4GROUP 4

Shelby Coyne, Natalie Kelly, Tyelar Motsinger, Emilee Wood

OVER HEREOVER HERE

ORGANIZING THE ECONOMYORGANIZING THE ECONOMY

• War Industries Board - Established in 1917 by President Wilson as a clearinghouse for industrial mobilization to support the war effort.

• Led by Bernard M. Baruch • Expanded the regulatory power of the federal

government• Head over the conversion of industrial plants to

wartime needs and manufacturer of war materials• Balanced price controls against war profits• Eventually handled 3,000 contracts worth $14.5

billion with businesses

WAR INDUSTRIES BOARDWAR INDUSTRIES BOARD

• August 1917 - Congress passed Food and Fuel Act• Regulated the production and distribution of the food and

fuel necessary for war effort• Led by Herbert Hoover (Engineer)

– Hoover imposed price controls on certain agricultural commodities, like sugar, pork, and wheat.

– Hoover stopped imposing mandatory food rationing and preferring to rely on persuasion, high prices, and voluntary controls

– Hoover urged Americans “Go back to simple food, simple clothes, and simple pleasures.”

• Raised the purchase price of grain so farmers could increase production

• “Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, Porkless Thursdays”

FOOD AND FUEL ACTFOOD AND FUEL ACT

• War financing came from government borrowing, in the form of Liberty Bonds sold to the American public

• Bond drives raised a total of $23 billion for the war effort

• Federal Reserve Banks expanded the money supply

• Federal debt jumped from $1 billion in 1915 to $2 billion in 1920

LIBERTY BONDSLIBERTY BONDS

THE BUSINESS OF WARTHE BUSINESS OF WAR

• Increased workforce• Increased farm production and acreage• The most important and long lasting economic

legacy was the organizational shift toward corporatism in American business

• War agencies used both private and public power - legal authority, voluntarism - to hammer out and enforce agreements

LABOR AND THE WARLABOR AND THE WAR

• Expansion of the economy, army mobilization, and a decline in immigration from Europe caused a growing wartime labor shortage

• Trade Unions, like the American Federation of Labor, experienced a rise in membership

• The National War Labor Board guaranteed the rights of unions to organize and bargain collectively

• Labor unions sharply increased their memberships• Samuel Gompers (President of the AFL), was the

leading spokesman for the nation’s trade union movement

• AFL reached 2 million memberships in 1914• Most members skilled, white males, organized in highly

selective crafts in trades, railroads, and coal mines.

• In 1918, President Wilson appointed Gomper’s to the National War Labor Board (NWLB)

• During 1917, thousands of strikes occurred because of issues with wages

• The NWLB cochaired by Labor Attorney Frank Walsh and former President William H. Taft acted as a supreme court for labor to prevent disputes and disruptions on production.

• Resulted in improved wages and working hours

• Wartime conditions meant severe disruptions and discomfort for American’s workers

• Overcrowding, rapid workforce turnover, high inflation rates

• Wartime labor eased restrictions against the movement of Mexicans into the United States

• Employers complained of shortage of work and insisted they depend on unskilled Mexican labor

• In 1917, the Department of Labor suspended the immigration law for the duration of the war, and negotiated an agreement with the Mexican government permitting some 35,000 Mexican contract laborers to enter the United States

• Espionage Act - Law whose vague prohibition against obstructing the nation’s war effort was used to crush dissent and criticism during WW1.

WOMEN AT WORKWOMEN AT WORK

• For women, war meant a chance to switch from low paying jobs to higher paying jobs

• Million of women joined the labor force for the first time• Marked the first time women were mobilized directly into

the armed forces• Over 16,000 women served overseas in France• 12,000 women served stateside in the navy and U.S.

Marine Corps• Tens of thousands were employed in army offices and

hospitals• In response to women employment, the labor department

created Women in Industry Service• Directed by Mary Van Kleek • Advised employees on using female labor and formulated

general standards for the treatment of women workers• First attempt by the federal government to improve

working conditions for women– Eight-hour day, equal pay and equal work, minimum

wage, prohibition of night work, provisions of rest periods, meal breaks, and restroom facilities.

• The Women’s Bureau in the Labor Department continued the WIS wartime program of education and investigation through the postwar years

WOMAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE – SUFFRAGE – AN UNEASY AN UNEASY PEACEPEACE

Group 5Michaela Julian Jessie Martin Karlee Rowland Emily Young

Tina Holcomb

WOMAN SUFFRAGEWOMAN SUFFRAGE

• Once entering the war, suffrage groups formed to campaign for women’s right to vote

• Most important of these groups was the National American Woman Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)Association (NAWSA)• NAWSA consisted of 2 million women

who lobbied Congress for a constitutional amendment

• In January 1920, with Tennessee's vote, the 19th Amendment was ratified • It granted women the right to vote

PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION

• Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, having a quarter million members, became the single largest women’s organization in American history

• With so many breweries having German names, the anti-German feeling benefited the movement

• The 18th Amendment was ratified by the states in 1919, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, transport, import, and export of alcoholic beverages

PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC HEALTH (SEX HYGIENE)(SEX HYGIENE)

• Wartime mobilization brought deeper government involvement with public health issues, especially for: sex hygiene, child welfare, and disease prevention.– The war department organized a campaign against

venereal disease, which attracted the energies of progressive-era sex reformers—social hygienists and antivice crusaders.

– The military educated troops on the dangers of contracting STDs and distributed condoms. The scientific discussions of sex, to which recruits were subjected in lectures, pamphlets, and films were a first for the men.

– The Division of Venereal Diseases, created in 1918 as a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service, established clinics offering free medical treatment to infected persons.

CHILD WELFARE CHILD WELFARE

• The children’s bureau, created in 1912 as a part of the Labor Development, undertook a series of reports on special problems growing out of the war: – The increase in employment of married women – The finding of day care for children of working mothers– The growth of both child labor and delinquency

• The “Children’s Year” campaign was established by Julia C. Lathrop in 1918 to promote public protection of expectant mothers and infants, and to enforce child labor laws.

• Congress passed the Maternity and Infancy Act in 1921, giving over $1 million a year to be given to states by the Children’s Bureau.

• Clinics for prenatal and obstetrical care came from these efforts, and greatly reduced the rate of infant and maternal mortality and disease.

DISEASE PREVENTIONDISEASE PREVENTION

• The influenza epidemic of 1918-19 offered the most serious challenge to national public health during the war years. – It claimed nearly 20 million lives across the world but

when it reached the American military camps, the combination of the “flu” and respiratory combinations killed roughly 550,000 Americans in ten months.

– The American Medical Association called for massive government appropriations to search for a cure.

– Congress gave a million dollars to the Public Health Service to combat and suppress the epidemic.

– Much of the care came from the Red Cross nurses and volunteers working with communities across the nation.

– This epidemic went relatively unnoticed by reports because of the focus on the state of the battlefront.

REPRESSION AND REACTIONREPRESSION AND REACTION

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia:•Appeared to be 1st successful revolution against a capitalist state•Radicals around the world drew inspirationEffects in America:•American conservatives worried similar revolutions were imminent•1918-1920: federal government directed an antiradical campaign

Portraits of the czar, his father and grandfather, are ripped from the walls in Petrograd.

ESPIONAGE ACT (JUNE ESPIONAGE ACT (JUNE 1917):1917):

Government’s key tool for the suppression of antiwar sentiment.Severe Penalties for anyone:

• Aiding the enemy• Obstructing recruitment• Causing insubordination in the armed forces

Penalties:• Twenty years imprisonment• $10,000 fine

ENFORCEMENT OF THE ESPIONAGE ENFORCEMENT OF THE ESPIONAGE ACTACT

– Government had to increase overall police and surveillance machinery.

– Bureau of Investigation in the Justice Department (later the FBI) coordinated civilian intelligence

American Protective League– Mobilized 250,000 self-appointed “operatives”

in more then 600 towns and cities– Members spied on their neighbors and staged a

series of well-publicized “slacker” raids on antiwar protesters and draft evaders

– Many communities sought to ban:• The teaching of the German Language in schools• The performance of German music in concert halls

THE ESPIONAGE ACT’S EFFECT ON THE ESPIONAGE ACT’S EFFECT ON JOURNALISMJOURNALISM

Empowered the postmaster general to exclude from the mails any newspapers or magazines

he thought treasonous.*Within a year, the mailing rights of 45

newspapers had been revoked, including:•Several anti-British/pro-Irish publications

Leading journals of American socialism such as:•Appeal to Reason

•The Masses

SEDITION ACT (1918):SEDITION ACT (1918):

OUTLAWED:“any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language intended to cause contempt, scorn, contumely, or disrepute” to the government,

Constitution, or flag.

SUPREME COURT CASES SUPREME COURT CASES (1919):(1919):The Nation’s Highest Court Thus Endorsed the Severe Wartime Restrictions on Free Speech.

Schenck v. United States:– Court unanimously agreed with claim that Congress

could restrict speech if the words “are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger.”

– Upheld the conviction of Charles Schenck for having mailed pamphlets urging potential army inductees to resist conscription.

Debs v. United States:– Affirmed guilt of Eugene V. Debs for his antiwar speech in

Canton, OH even though he had not explicitly urged violation of the draft laws.

Abrams v. United States:– Upheld Sedition Act convictions of four Russian

immigrants who had printed pamphlets denouncing American military intervention in the Russian Revolution.

THE GREAT MIGRATION AND RACIAL THE GREAT MIGRATION AND RACIAL TENSIONSTENSIONS

– 1914-1920- About 300,00 and 500,000 African Americans left the rural South for the North

– Chicago’s black population increased to 65,000 (150%)

– Detroit's black population increased to 35,000 (600%)

– Pennsylvania Railroad alone drew 10,000 black workers from Florida and south Georgia

– Black workers transferred to higher paid jobs such as meatpacking plants, shipyards, and steel mills

CONTINUEDCONTINUED

• The news of job openings, urban residential districts, and boarding houses in Northern cities led to citizens moving causing the Great Migration.

• Black churches, clubs, and fraternal lodges in the southern communities sponsored migration members and even sponsored return trips to the South.

• Single African American women often made the trip first for steady work as a cook, maid or laundress

• Not many African American men could obtain a high-paying skilled job in the industry or manufacturing. Most had to settle for construction labor, teamsters, janitors, or porters.

CONTINUEDCONTINUED

• Lynching and racial violence were contributing factors to the great migration

• Two of the worst race riots in American history happened as a result of tensions brought on by wartime migration.– July 2,1917; East St. Louis, Illinois- mob of whites

attacked African Americans killing at least 200– July 27, 1919; Chicago- antiblack rioting broke out on

a Lake Michigan beach– For two weeks, whites hunted African Americans and

burned hundreds out of their homes killing 23 African Americans and 15 whites and more than 500 unjured

CONTINUEDCONTINUED

• African Americans supported war effort in service in the armed forces, compliance with the draft, and involvement in volunteer work despite segregated army and discrimination in defense industries

• NAACP held a national conference in 1919 on lynching which pledged to defend persecuted African Americans, publicize the horrors of lynch law, and find federal legislation against “Judge Lynch”

• By 1919, membership in the NAACP had reached 60,000 and the circulation of its journal exceeded half a million.

LABOR STRIFELABOR STRIFE

• Relative labor peace dissolved after the armistice.• 1919: more than 4 million American workers

involved in 3,600 strikes• The government controls on industry were

ending, so many employers withdrew their recognition of unions.

• Large strikes received national attention.

THE STEEL STRIKETHE STEEL STRIKE

• Biggest strike took place in the steel industry, involving about 350,000 steel workers

• Lasted from September 1919 to January 1920• Major demands: union recognition, the eight-

hour day, and wage increases.• Steel companies used black strikebreakers and

armed guards to keep the mills running.• Elbert Gary, president of U.S. steel, directed a

campaign which branded the strikers as revolutionaries.

• Public opinion turned against the strike, state and federal troops broke it.

• Breaking of the strike was a bitter defeat for organized labor.

GROUP 6GROUP 6

AN UNEASY PEACEAN UNEASY PEACE

• The armistice of November 1918 ended the fighting on the battlefield, but the fighting continued at the peace conference.

• “The Big Four” consisted of David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), and Woodrow Wilson (United States). Neither Germany nor Russia were represented. It took five months to settle a deal in Versailles, near Paris.

• This was known as the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty ended World War I and it formed the League of Nations. This was an international organization to ensure world stability.

““THE BIG FOUR”THE BIG FOUR”

David Lloyd George (Great Britain)

Georges Clemenceau (France)Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Woodrow Wilson (United States)

FOURTEEN POINTSFOURTEEN POINTS

• Created by Woodrow Wilson• Had three main points

– #1: New postwar boundaries of the collapsed Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires

– #2: General principles for governing international conduct, such as freedom of the seas and free trade.

– #3: Creating a League of Nations which would help implement .these principles

FOURTEEN POINTSFOURTEEN POINTS

• Wilson’s Fourteen Points plan was deeply based from his liberal progressivism. It promoted dynamic democratic capitalism as the middle ground between Old World autocracy and revolutionary socialism.

• The most controversial point of the Fourteen Points was the League of Nations.

• It called for the members to respect and preserve against external aggression of territorial integrity and existing political independence.

• Wilson’s critics in the U.S. would find this as a surrender f the nation’s sovereignty and independence.

WILSON IN PARISWILSON IN PARIS

• Most of the negotiating for the Treaty of Versailles was done in secret among the Big Four.

• A compromise mandate system of protectorates gave:– the French and British control of old German and

Turkish empires in Africa and West Asia– Japan won control of former German colonies in

China• A group of delegates, including W.E.B. Du Bois, tried to

influence the treaty negotiations, but failed and were disappointed with the failure of the peace conference to grant self-determination, the right of a people or a nation to decide on its own political allegiance or form of government without external influence.

WILSON IN PARISWILSON IN PARIS

• Wilson was also disappointed with war guilt. He had strongly opposed the extraction of harsh economic reparations from the Central Powers, Germany and its World War I allies in Austria, Italy, Turkey and Bulgaria. But in the final treaty eventually set German war reparations at $33 billion which would lead to resentment and the Nazi’s would rise to power in the 1930s.

• Final treaty signed June 28, 1919 in the Hall of Mirrors at the Versailles palace.

THE TREATY FIGHTTHE TREATY FIGHT

• A group of U.S. senators who were opposed to the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles in any form were called irreconcilables.

• A Republican named Henry Cabot Lodge proposed a series of amendments to the treaty to weaken the League of Nations because he felt they would restrict the U.S., but Wilson refused to compromise.

• Democrats favored the treaty and Wilson instructed them to vote down the amended treaty. This was still not enough to vote down the amended treaty and as a result of the split in congress, the treaty was never ratified, so the U.S. never signed the treaty or joined the League of Nations, which weakened it.

THE TREATY FIGHTTHE TREATY FIGHT

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONTHE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

• In March 1917, Russia, which was under control of Czar Nicholas II’s regime, was overthrown by the people of Russia who were demanding change

• The new government, under control of Alexander Kerensky was determined to keep Russia in the fight against Germany.

• The Bolsheviks, led by V.I Lenin, had started to gain a large following and began plotting to seize power.

• They followed the teachings of Karl Marx, which was showing the government changing to Communism.

• The Bolsheviks gained control of the Russian Government in November of 1917.

RESPONSE TO THE RUSSIAN RESPONSE TO THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

• Unfortunately for the allies, the Bolsheviks negotiated a separate peace with Germany known as the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

• While civil war was occurring in Russia, the British and the French wanted to help counterrevolutionary forces overthrow the Bolshevik regime.

• Wilson refused to recognize the authority of the Bolshevik regime. They represented a threat to the liberal-capitalist values, which Wilson believed to the basis of America’s moral material power.

RED SCARERED SCARE

• By 1919, American radicals were weakened and badly split– Socialist Party had 40,000 members– Communist Parties had total of 70,000 members

• Extremists were mailing bombs and let to bombings in eight cities killing 2 people and damaging residences

• Public alarm caused state and federal officials to coordinate a campaign to root out their subversives and their alleged Russian connections.

• General A. Mitchell Palmer used authority of the 1918 Alien Act enabling the government to deport any immigrant found to be a member of a revolutionary organization prior to or after coming to the United States.

THE RED SCARETHE RED SCARE

• In a series of raids in late 1919, Justice Department agents in 11 cities arrested several hundred members of the IWW and the Union of Russian Workers.

ELECTION OF 1920ELECTION OF 1920

• Wilson did not run for reelection• The Democratic Party- James M. Cox

distanced himself from Wilson’s policies• Republicans- Warren G. Harding

retreated from Wilsonian idealism. “America’s present need is not heroics but healing; not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration.”

• Warren G. Harding won by a the greatest landslide in history and the Republicans retained their majorities in the House and Senate.

RETURN TO NORMALCY

Harding

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

• The war created economical, social, and political changes

• , The Republican administrations created a peacetime policy and the need for production made for the second industrial revolution.

• The advertising and the public relations industries improved greatly, as well. Americans presented hostillity toward foreigners such as immigrants and African Americans. This fear of foreign relations is known as xenophobia.

• The desire for  normalcy was high during America’s wartime experience.