The Great Powers of Europe,The Great Powers of Europe,18711871––19001900

The Congress of ViennaThe Congress of Vienna

After the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, the After the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, the victors met at Vienna to restore order and victors met at Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe. They also wanted to restore stability to Europe. They also wanted to restore boundaries. boundaries.

Leaders: Leaders: KlemensKlemens von Metternich (Austria); Czar von Metternich (Austria); Czar Alexander I (Russia); Lord Alexander I (Russia); Lord CastlereaghCastlereagh(England); Maurice de Talleyrand (France).(England); Maurice de Talleyrand (France).

Metternich: restore Europe the way it was before Metternich: restore Europe the way it was before the French Revolution. the French Revolution.

3 Major Principles3 Major Principles

Principle of Principle of Legitimacy Legitimacy -- put all rightful put all rightful kings back in powerkings back in power

Principle of Principle of Compensation Compensation -- France France should have to pay for the wars and should have to pay for the wars and damage that they causeddamage that they caused

Balance of Power Balance of Power -- dondon’’t let any one t let any one country get too powerful.country get too powerful.

Contempt for the FrenchContempt for the FrenchRevolutionRevolution

Denial of Democracy Denial of Democracy -- People were not People were not given any voice about the new given any voice about the new governments that were established.governments that were established.

Denial of Nationalism Denial of Nationalism -- National groups National groups were denied independence. Exampleswere denied independence. Examples--Poles, Finns, Belgians. Poles, Finns, Belgians.

The Metternich SystemThe Metternich System

Simple version Simple version Quadruple Alliance Quadruple Alliance made up of Britain, Austria, Russia, and made up of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia Prussia all policed Europe and crushed all policed Europe and crushed any rebellion against the Congress of any rebellion against the Congress of Vienna. Vienna.

Germany at the Center of EuropeGermany at the Center of Europe

International relations revolved around a united International relations revolved around a united Germany, which, under BismarckGermany, which, under Bismarck’’s leadership, s leadership, isolated France and forged a loose coalition with isolated France and forged a loose coalition with AustriaAustria--Hungary and Russia.Hungary and Russia.

At home, Bismarck used mass politics and At home, Bismarck used mass politics and social legislation to gain popular support and to social legislation to gain popular support and to develop a strong sense of national unity and develop a strong sense of national unity and pride amongst the German people pride amongst the German people

Wilhelm II (r. 1888Wilhelm II (r. 1888––1918) dismissed 1918) dismissed Bismarck and initiated a German foreign Bismarck and initiated a German foreign policy that placed emphasis on the policy that placed emphasis on the acquisition of colonies acquisition of colonies

The Liberal Powers: France andThe Liberal Powers: France andGreat BritainGreat Britain

France was now a secondFrance was now a second--rate power in Europe, rate power in Europe, its population and army being smaller than those its population and army being smaller than those of Germany, and its rate of industrial growth of Germany, and its rate of industrial growth lower than that of the Germans. lower than that of the Germans. French society seemed divided between French society seemed divided between monarchist Catholics and republicans with monarchist Catholics and republicans with anticlerical views; in fact, popular participation in anticlerical views; in fact, popular participation in politics, a strong sense of nationhood, and a politics, a strong sense of nationhood, and a system of universal education gave the French system of universal education gave the French people a deeper cohesion than appeared on the people a deeper cohesion than appeared on the surface surface

In Britain, a stable government and a narrowing in the In Britain, a stable government and a narrowing in the disparity of wealth were accompanied by a number of disparity of wealth were accompanied by a number of problems. problems. Particularly notable were Irish resentment of English Particularly notable were Irish resentment of English rule, an economy that was lagging behind those of the rule, an economy that was lagging behind those of the United States and Germany, and an enormous empire United States and Germany, and an enormous empire that was very expensive to administer and to defend. that was very expensive to administer and to defend. For most of the nineteenth century Britain pursued a For most of the nineteenth century Britain pursued a policy of policy of ““splendid isolationsplendid isolation”” toward Europe; toward Europe; preoccupation with India led the British to exaggerate the preoccupation with India led the British to exaggerate the Russian threat to the Ottoman Empire and to the Central Russian threat to the Ottoman Empire and to the Central Asian approaches to India while they ignored the rise of Asian approaches to India while they ignored the rise of Germany Germany

The Conservative Powers: RussiaThe Conservative Powers: Russiaand Austriaand Austria--HungaryHungary

The forces of nationalism weakened The forces of nationalism weakened Russia and AustriaRussia and Austria--Hungary. Hungary. Austria had alienated its SlavicAustria had alienated its Slavic--speaking speaking minorities by renaming itself the minorities by renaming itself the ““AustroAustro--Hungarian Empire.Hungarian Empire.””The Empire offended Russia by attempting The Empire offended Russia by attempting to dominate the Balkans, and particularly to dominate the Balkans, and particularly by the annexation of Bosniaby the annexation of Bosnia--HerzogovinaHerzogovinain 1908 in 1908

RussiaRussia

1800s Russia consolidated power over its 1800s Russia consolidated power over its territory with absolute power in the territory with absolute power in the RomanovRomanov’’s handss hands

Most citizens were serfs with no rights Most citizens were serfs with no rights ——living slaveliving slave--like existencelike existence

Used secret police to squash rebellions Used secret police to squash rebellions and wanted reformsand wanted reforms

Ethnic diversity also contributed to Ethnic diversity also contributed to instability in Russia. instability in Russia.

Attempts to foster Russian nationalism Attempts to foster Russian nationalism and to impose the Russian language on a and to impose the Russian language on a diverse population proved to be divisive diverse population proved to be divisive

““RussificationRussification””

In 1861 Tsar Alexander II emancipated the In 1861 Tsar Alexander II emancipated the peasants from serfdom, but did so in such peasants from serfdom, but did so in such a way that it only turned them into a way that it only turned them into communal farmers with few skills and little communal farmers with few skills and little capital.capital.

Tsars Alexander III (r. 1881Tsars Alexander III (r. 1881––1894) and 1894) and Nicholas II (r. 1894Nicholas II (r. 1894––1917) opposed all 1917) opposed all forms of social change.forms of social change.

Russian industrialization was carried out by the Russian industrialization was carried out by the state, and thus the middlestate, and thus the middle--class remained small class remained small and weak while the landand weak while the land--owning aristocracy owning aristocracy dominated the court and administration.dominated the court and administration.

Defeat in the RussoDefeat in the Russo--Japanese War (1904Japanese War (1904––1905) and the Revolution of 1905 demonstrated 1905) and the Revolution of 1905 demonstrated RussiaRussia’’s weakness and caused Tsar Nicholas to s weakness and caused Tsar Nicholas to introduce a constitution and a parliament (the introduce a constitution and a parliament (the DumaDuma), but he soon reverted to the traditional ), but he soon reverted to the traditional despotism of his forefathers.despotism of his forefathers.

Japan Joins the Great Powers,Japan Joins the Great Powers,18651865––19051905

China, Japan, and the Western Powers, to 1867China, Japan, and the Western Powers, to 1867

In the late nineteenth century China In the late nineteenth century China resisted Western influence and became resisted Western influence and became weaker; Japan transformed itself into a weaker; Japan transformed itself into a major industrial and military power. major industrial and military power.

The difference can be explained partly by The difference can be explained partly by the difference between Chinese and the difference between Chinese and Japanese elites and their attitudes toward Japanese elites and their attitudes toward foreign cultures.foreign cultures.

In the late nineteenth century China In the late nineteenth century China resisted Western influence and became resisted Western influence and became weaker; Japan transformed itself into a weaker; Japan transformed itself into a major industrial and military power.major industrial and military power.

The difference can be explained partly by The difference can be explained partly by the difference between Chinese and the difference between Chinese and Japanese elites and their attitudes toward Japanese elites and their attitudes toward foreign cultures.foreign cultures.

In China a In China a ““selfself--strengthening movementstrengthening movement”” tried tried to bring about reforms, but the Empress to bring about reforms, but the Empress Dowager Dowager CixiCixi and other officials opposed and other officials opposed railways or other technologies that would carry railways or other technologies that would carry foreign influences into the interior. foreign influences into the interior.

They were able to slow down foreign intrusion, They were able to slow down foreign intrusion, but in doing so, they denied themselves the best but in doing so, they denied themselves the best means of defense against foreign pressure.means of defense against foreign pressure.

In the early nineteenth century, Japan was In the early nineteenth century, Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa ruled by the Tokugawa shogunateshogunate and and local lords had significant autonomy. local lords had significant autonomy.

This system made it hard for Japan to This system made it hard for Japan to coordinate its response to outside threats coordinate its response to outside threats

In 1853, the American Commodore In 1853, the American Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Japan with a Matthew C. Perry arrived in Japan with a fleet of steamfleet of steam--powered warships and powered warships and demanded that the Japanese open their demanded that the Japanese open their ports to trade and American ships ports to trade and American ships

Dissatisfaction with the Dissatisfaction with the shogunate'sshogunate'scapitulation to American and European capitulation to American and European demands led to a civil war and the demands led to a civil war and the overthrow of the overthrow of the shogunateshogunate in 1868 in 1868

The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization

of Japan, 1868of Japan, 1868––18941894

The new rulers of Japan were known as the Meiji The new rulers of Japan were known as the Meiji oligarchs oligarchs The Meiji oligarchs were willing to change their The Meiji oligarchs were willing to change their institutions and their society in order to help transform institutions and their society in order to help transform their country into a worldtheir country into a world--class industrial and military class industrial and military power. power. The Japanese had a long history of adopting ideas and The Japanese had a long history of adopting ideas and culture from China and Korea; in the same spirit, the culture from China and Korea; in the same spirit, the Japanese learned industrial and military technology, Japanese learned industrial and military technology, science, engineering, and even clothing styles and science, engineering, and even clothing styles and pastimes from the West. pastimes from the West.

Meiji RestorationMeiji Restoration——Shogun Out, Emperor In, Shogun Out, Emperor In, Westerners OutWesterners Out Japanese WesternizationJapanese Westernization

Metric system, clocks, calendar, fashions Metric system, clocks, calendar, fashions NOT religionNOT religion

Emerged a world powerEmerged a world power Building Building RRsRRs and steamshipsand steamships 1876 samurai class abolished and universal 1876 samurai class abolished and universal

military service was establishedmilitary service was established 1890s able to reduce European & US 1890s able to reduce European & US

influenceinfluence

The Birth of Japanese ImperialismThe Birth of Japanese Imperialism

Industrialization was accompanied by the Industrialization was accompanied by the development of an authoritarian development of an authoritarian constitutional monarchy and a foreign constitutional monarchy and a foreign policy that defined Japanpolicy that defined Japan’’s s ““sphere of sphere of influenceinfluence”” to include Korea, Manchuria, to include Korea, Manchuria, and part of China and part of China

Japan defeated China in a war that began in Japan defeated China in a war that began in 1894, thus precipitating an abortive Chinese 1894, thus precipitating an abortive Chinese reform effort (the Hundred Days Reform) in 1898 reform effort (the Hundred Days Reform) in 1898 and setting the stage for Japanese competition and setting the stage for Japanese competition with Russia for influence in the Chinese province with Russia for influence in the Chinese province of Manchuria. of Manchuria.

Japanese power was further demonstrated Japanese power was further demonstrated when Japan defeated Russia in 1905 and when Japan defeated Russia in 1905 and annexed Korea in 1910 annexed Korea in 1910

C/C Industrial Revolution in EuropeC/C Industrial Revolution in Europeand Japanand Japan

JapanJapan’’s was faster (a few decades to s was faster (a few decades to EuropeEurope’’s century)s century)

Japan didnJapan didn’’t have to invent, but implementt have to invent, but implement

Similar that private corporations rose up Similar that private corporations rose up (Ex. Mitsubishi family became wealthy)(Ex. Mitsubishi family became wealthy) Built factoriesBuilt factories

UrbanizedUrbanized

reformsreforms