the great maya droughts: a gk-12 activity utilizing odp core 1002d jeri c. rodgers nsf gk-12 fellow,...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Great Maya Droughts:
A GK-12 Activity Utilizing ODP Core 1002D
Jeri C. Rodgers NSF GK-12 Fellow, University of Texas Institute for Geophysics
James Cano Earl Warren High School, San Antonio Texas
Kathy Ellins University of Texas Institute for Geophysics
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Our Villain:
Chac: God of Rain
“The Long-Lipped God”
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Purpose of the Activity
• Targets 11th-12th graders in GMO (Geology, Meteorology and Oceanography) courses, as well as IPC (Integrated Physical and Chemistry)
• Teaches concepts which will help students attain GMO TEKS (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills) objectives
• Utilizes current technology, which is unusual in present lessons available to secondary teachers
• Relates geophysical studies to an interesting historical mystery
• Acquaints students with Excel techniques• Teaches world history, culture, geography, and
mythology
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Outline of Presentation
• Introduce the Maya area, history, and mystery of Maya city abandonment
• Introduce the Cariaco Basin Ocean Drilling Project and the assumptions made in using Core 1002D Ti data as a proxy for rainfall
• Introduce Lake Chichancanab core data as a CaC03/S proxy for rainfall
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Maya Civilization: 2,000 BC to 950 AD
Pre-Classic Period: 800 BC until 250 AD•Two collapses: 280 AD and 380 AD
Classic Period from 250 AD to 950 AD•Major population decline between 67-93% of population lost and cities abandoned
Post-Classic Period from 950 AD to 1500s
•Maya history and area
Hodell, noaa website
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Left: Yucatan Peninsula showing Maya Lowlands and points of interest. Right: Temple 1 at Tikal, the funerary pyramid of Hasaw Chan K’awil
Hodell, noaa website
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Climate regions of the Maya region: SA = Semiarid, AW = Tropical Savanna, AM = Tropical
Monsoon, AF = Tropical Rainforest
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The Cariaco Basin
Jaimes, 2003
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Preliminary Data for the Activity
• Core 1002D-H taken by JOIDES Resolution 1995-1996 within the Cariaco Basin
• The basin is a silled, anoxic, pull-apart basin, which allows for deposition of undisturbed laminated sediments
• Workers measured concentration of titanium (Ti) vs. depth for 30 cm section of laminated sediment, with calibrations of laminations based upon C14 datesODP
database
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Assumptions in Using Cariaco Basin Core 1002 Data
• Rainfall amounts were comparable in the Yucatan Peninsula and the Cariaco Basin
• Laminated core could be used as “tree rings” to measure climate and date those measurements
• The concentration of titanium (Ti) in sediment layers can serve as a proxy for rainfall amounts in the sedimentary layers
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Correspondence of Yucatan and Cariaco Basin with Respect to the ITCZ
Haug et al., 2003
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Anoxic basins allow preservation of laminations
because there is no bioturbation
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Why Ti?
• Titanium (Ti) occurs in ilmenite and rutile – both forms of TiFeO3
• They are common in detrital sediment• Their weight means that they are washed off
the continent in relationship to river energy• They are non-reactive in water and
sediments• Note: The Asian tsunami of 2004 washed up
enough ilmenite in Thailand that they are considering mining it for titanium!
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Figure 7. Muruwai Beach, North Island, New Zealand (11 January 2005.) Photograph by James Shook <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Muriwai_Beach_02.jpg>, accessed September 15, 2008. The black sand is a mixture of iron, titanium, vanadium and other materials volcanic in origin.
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Excel spread sheet with data used for the activity.All charts are plotted from this data summary.
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Lake Chichancanab
Hodell, noaa website
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Correlative study by Hodell et al. (Nature, 1995) using %CaCO3 vs. %S as a rainfall
proxy
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Products of this GK-12 Assignment
• Maya Activity• Power point with history and
mythology of the Maya• ASLO Oral Presentation (February
2005)• GSA-SC Workshop (April, 2005)
chaired by Joel Stevens
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Whatever Happened To….?
Chak
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He was replaced by:
Tlaloc – Toltec God of Rain
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Acknowledgements and References
• Dr. Paul Mann and Marcy Davis of UTIG• ODP Researchers for providing core photos• GK-12 Workshop participants• Haug, Gerald H., Detlaf Gunther, Larry C. Peterson, Daniel M. Sigman,
Konrad A. Hughen, Geat Aeschlimann (2003) Climate and the collapse of Maya Civilization. Nature 299:1731-1735.
• Hodell, David A., Jason H. Curtis, and Mark Brenner (1995) Possible role of climate in the collapse of Classic Maya civilization. Nature 375:391-394.
• Jaimes, Martha A. (2003) Paleogene to Recent tectonic and paleogeographic evolution of the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela
• David Hodell provided slides for educational use through http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/slides/slideset/12/12_196_cslide.html
• Data for ODP core obtained via ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/haug2001/cariaco_ti.txt