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am¿®v ˛201630

^mknkØns\Xncmbp≈ Bt£]lmkyØns‚ HfnbºpIƒ \nd® Nmπns‚ at\mlckn\nabmWv Z t{K‰v  UnIv t‰‰¿. Bcyalnabn¬hnPrw`nX\mbn, hwi ip≤oIcWØn\mbn blqZsc apgph\pw `qapJØv \n∂v XpS®v  \o°Wsa∂pd® AtUmƒ v̂ ln‰v e¿ F∂ `cWm[nImcnbpsS lmkyamXrIbmbn ˛ "AUvt\m

bnUv ln¶¬' F∂ IYm]m{XambmWv  Nmπn≥Cu kn\nabn¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂Xv.

hnPbIpam¿ ªmØq¿

P¿a\ n s b

sSmam \nbF∂ t]cn em

Wv AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv. ln¶ens‚ apJkm

Zr iy ap≈ Hcp PqX _m¿_sd AhXcn∏n°p∂Xpw Nm

πn≥ Xs∂. ln‰vesd alXzh¬

° cn ®p sIm≠v se\n dn^n \vÃmƒkwhn[m\w sNbvX "{Sbw v̂ Hm v̂  Z hn¬'

(1934) F∂ tUmIyp sa‚dn I≠ Xn¬ \n∂mWv Nmπn\v CØcsamcp kn\na \n¿an°Wsa∂ Bibw D≠mbXv. ln‰vedpsS {]NmcWØeh\pw D]tZiI\pamb tPmk v̂ t]mƒKo_¬kns‚ _p≤n bmbncp∂p AØcwtUmIypsa‚dnIƒ. ln‰vesd AXnam\pj\mbpw ssZhXpey\mbpw alm\mb `cWm[nImcnbmbpw BWv B kn\nabn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv. Hcp \pW ]e {]mhiyw ]d™psIm

≠ncp∂m¬ AXv kXyamIpw F∂mbncp∂pKo_¬kns‚ Bibw. P¿a \n bn¬ \mkn

1940/ bp Fkv  F/ Cw•ojv   / ªm°v B‚ v  ssh‰v   / 124 an\p v́ kwhn[m\w : Nm¿fn Nmπn≥ 

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Iƒ°nSbn¬ ln‰vetdmSp≈ Bcm[\bpw hnizmkhpw Dd∏n°m≥ CØcw {]NmcWßfneqsSkm[n®p. kn\nabpsS ASnÿm\ hymIcWßsfms°bpw hy‡nalXzh¬°cWØn\mbn{Sbw v̂ Hm v̂  Z hn√ns‚ kwhn[mbI≥ D]tbmKn°p∂p≠v. kn\nasb∂ AtX am[yaap]tbmKn®v Xs∂ ln‰v edpsS s]mbvapJw hen®p\o°m\mhpsa∂v Nmπn≥ sXfnbn®p. c≠mwtemIalmbp≤Øn¬ Atacn°, I£ntNcp∂Xn\p apºmbncp∂p Nmπn≥ "alm\mb tkz—m[n]Xn'sb \n¿an®Xv. Cu kn\nabneqsSbmWvln‰ve¿s°Xnscbp≈ temI a\km£n cq]oIcn°s∏Sp∂Xpw Atacn° ^mknÃv hncp≤tNcnbn¬ AWntNcp∂Xpw.

1918 ImeØmWv kn\nabnse IYmcw`w. H∂mw temIalmbp≤w Ahkm\n°mdmbncn°p∂p. sSmam\nb ]cmPbØns‚ h°nemWv. B`y¥c hnπhw cmPyØn\IØpw Bcw`n®ncn°p∂p. ]t£ CsXm∂padnbmsX bp≤apJØv]´mf°m¿ s]mcpXns°m≠ncn°pIbmWv. \n¿_‘nX ssk\nI tkh\Øns\Ønb PqX_m¿_dpw BtcmSmWv Xm≥ bp≤w sNøp∂XvF∂pt]mepadnbmsX s]mcpXpIbmWv. ]cnt°‰ sSmam\nb≥ hnam\Øns‚ ss]e‰mbjqƒSvkns\ Abmƒ c£n°p∂p≠v. ]t£ hn

am\w CSn®ndßnb BLmXØn¬ AbmfpsSHm¿a \„amhp∂p. ]gbsX√mw ad∂\nebn¬

h¿j߃ Abmƒ Bip]{Xnbn¬ Pohn°p∂p. Ccp]Xp h¿jØn\ptijw Xs‚ ]gb_m¿_¿tjm∏ns‚ Hm¿abn¬ Bip]{Xnbn¬\n∂v Hfnt®mSn hcp∂nSØmWv kn\nabpsSc≠mw`mKw Bcw`n°p∂Xv.

temIw Gsd amdn°gn™ncn°p∂p F∂Imcysam∂pw B ]mhØn\dnbn√. sSmam\nbCt∏mƒ `cn °p∂Xv hwi shdn aqØ ln¶emWv. cm{„w Cc´°pcnsi∂ {]ÿm\Øn\pIognemWv. P\m[n]Xyhpw kzmX{¥yhpw acn®pt]mbncn°p∂p. a\pjyXzw Nhn ńbcbv°s∏

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am¿®v ˛201632

´ncn°p∂ {`m¥temIw. ]pXnb A[n\nthißfneqsS cmjv{Sw hn]peoIcn®psIm≠ncn°p∂p.PqXtcmSv arKßtfmsS∂t]msebmWv s]cpamdp∂Xv. AhcpsS Xmhfßsf sKt‰mIsf∂

tNcnIfm°n am‰n Ahsc XShpImcm°n Ign™p˛ {]Xntcm[n°pItbm {]XnIcn°pItbmsNøp ∂ hsc Hs°bpw sIm∂p I f bp ItbmtIm¨sk≥t{S j≥ Iymºp I fnse ITn \tPmenIƒ°v Ab®v C©n©mbn sIm√pItbmsNbvXp. Cu am‰ßsfm∂pw AdnbmsX Xncns®Øn Xs‚ IS Xpd °p∂ B ]mhw_m¿_¿°n\n F¥mWv kw`hn°m≥ t]mIpIF∂ BImw£bnemIpw t{]£I¿.

_m¿_dpsS sI ńS DSa \√h\mb sPt°mƒF∂ hr≤\pw `mcybpw B apdn B¿°pw \¬

ImsX AbmfpsS Xncn®phchn\v ImØncn°pI bm bn cp ∂p. A—\pw AΩbpw bp≤ Øn¬sIm√s∏´ l∂ F∂ s]¨Ip´n°v sPt°mƒA`bw \¬Inbn ́ p ≠v. Ab¬] ° ß fnseXpWnbe°nbpw apdnIƒ XqØphmcnbpw Pohn°pIbmWhƒ. Bip]{Xnbn¬ h¿jßfmbn

InS °p∂ _m¿_ sd °p dn®v AhfpwtI´n´p≠v.

Xs‚ ISbn¬ Xncns®Ønb _m¿_¿ BZyw H∂ºc∂p. H∂p c≠mgvN am{Xta Bbp≈q Xm\nhnSw hn´n v́ F∂mWbmƒ IcpXp∂Xv. s]mSnbpw amdmebpw aqSn°nS∂ apdn hrØn

bm°n. Itkcbpw hmjvt_kn\pw Hcp°n Xs‚CS]mSpIm¿ hcm\mbn ImØncn°pIbmWv.PqXcpsS ISIƒ°pw hoSpIƒ°pw ap∂n¬ Nmbw sIm≠v "PqX¿' F∂v  hen∏ØnsegpXn sh°m≥ ]´mf°m¿ hcp∂Xv At∏mgmWv. F¥mWnXv F∂¤pXs∏ v́  _m¿_¿ AXv  ambv Nv Ifbp∂p. ]´mf°mcpambn hmKzmZØnemIp∂p.ln¶¬ F∂m¬ Bcm sW∂v tNmZn °p ∂p._m¿_sd a¿Zn®v ]nSn®psIm≠pt]mhm≥ {ian°p∂ ]´mf°msc l∂ ]m{Xw sIm≠v Xebv° Sn®v hogvØp∂p. IqSp X¬ ]´m f °m¿

FØn _m¿_sd ]nSnIqSn IgpØn¬ Ipcp°n v́hnf°pImen¬ sI´nØq°ms\mcpßp∂p. BkabamWv Ct∏mƒ ]´mf Iam≠dmb jqƒSvkv AXphgn hml\Øn¬ IS∂pt]mIp∂Xv .h¿j߃°v apºv  bp≤apJØv  Xs‚ Poh≥c£n® ]´mf°mc\mWv B _m¿_¿ F∂bmƒ Xncn®dnbp∂p. F√mw ad∂pt]mbncp∂_m¿_¿ ˛ hnam\ A]ISsØ°pdn®v jqƒ

Svkv ]d™Xp tI´t∏mƒ ]gbsX√mwHm¿sØ Sp °p ∂p. Xs‚ {]nb

kplr ØmWv Cu PqX

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s\∂pw, Cbmsfbpw kplrØp°tfbpw Hcphn[Ønepw D]{Zhn°cpsX∂pw ]´mf°m¿°v\n¿tZiw \¬In Iam≠¿ t]mIp∂p. AtXmsSX¬°metØ°v B ]mhØns‚bpw B sI´nSØnse Bƒ°mcpsSbpw PohnXw kpc£nXamIp∂p.

l∂bpamsbmcp PohnXw Bcw`n°m\p≈Hcp°ØnemWv _m¿_¿. ]t£ Ahcncphcpwkt¥mjtØmsS ]pdØndßms\mcpßptºmgmWv tdUntbmhn¬ hm¿Ø tIƒ°p∂Xv . PqXtcmSv ln¶¬ Im´p∂ A{IaßtfmSv  hntbmPn®jqƒSvkns\ AdÃp sNbvXncn°p∂p. jqƒSvkvXShpNmSn _m¿_dpsS sI ńSØn\Snbnse \nehdbn¬ Hfn®pXmakn°p∂p. ]t£ Ahkm\w"sImSp¶m‰v tk\'sbØn F√mhtcbpw ]nSnIqSp ∂p. _m¿_dpw Iam ≠¿ jqƒSvkpwtIm¨sk≥t{Sj≥ Iymºnte°v Abbv °s∏

Sp∂p.ln¶¬ F∂ tkz—m[n]Xnsb A¬∏w AXnitbm‡n]cambmWv Nmπn≥ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xv. Ac°ndp°s‚ `mhtN„Ifpw apgp{`m¥s‚ {]h¿ØnIfpw aµ_p≤nbpsS {]XnIcWßfpw Hs° tN¿Ø kΩn{i cq]w. temIwIogS°m\mbn shºp∂ Abmƒ Xs‚ apdnbn¬q̀tKmfamXrI AΩm\amSp∂Xpw ]r„w sIm≠v

X ń°fn°p∂Xpw Hs° NncntbmsSm∏w t{]£I cn¬ `bhpw kr„n °p ∂p ≠v. ambnIambsIm´mcØnse ln¶ens‚ PohnXw, AbmfpsS

A]q¿h IuXpI߃, C„߃, coXnIƒ Chsbms° \Ωnepb¿Øp∂ DW¿Øp∂ Nncn

]Xps° am™vt]mIp∂p≠v. _p≤niq\yXASnÿm\am°n ̂ mknkw Fßns\sbms° {Iqccq]w t\Smsa∂v kn\na \sΩ Hm¿an∏n°pw.

sSmta\nb°∏pdw Hmtcmtcm cmPy߃ Iog S°n Xs‚ km{amPyw hn]peam°pIbmWbmƒ.Hmkv{Snen®v (Hmkv {Snb) IogS°m\mbn ]Ssbm

cp°pIbmWv. AXn¿Ønbn¬. ]t£ thsdmcpGIm[n]Xnbmb _mIv‰ocnbbnse s_≥knt\m \t∏mfn\n (aptkmfn\nbpsS amXrI) Hmkv{Snen®v B{Ian°ms\mcpßp∂ps≠∂ hnhcwAbmƒ Adnbp∂p. k‘nkw`mjWØn\mbn\t∏mfn\n sSmam\nbbn¬ FØp∂p. IriKm{X\mb ln¶ens‚ A]I¿jX ˛ Xm\mWvhenbh≥ F∂v ImWn°m\p≈ {ia߃ ˛\t∏mfn\nbpsS {]mIrX tN„Iƒ Hs° \sΩNncn∏n°pw. ]ckv]cw ASnIqSp∂ps≠¶nepwln¶¬ hymP DSºSnbnte¿s∏Sp∂p. \t∏mfn\n

AdnbmsX Hmkv{Snen®v AXn¿Ønbn¬ Xs‚ssk\ysØ Hfn®p \n¿Øn bn cn °p I bmWvln¶¬. B¿°pw kwibw tXm∂mXncn°m≥AhnSsØ XSmI°cbn¬ hnt\mZØns\Ønsb∂ \mSyØn¬ Xmdmhpth´ \SØpIbmWv.

CtX kabw \mkn XShn¬ \n∂v  Hm^ok¿amcpsS bqWnt^mapw X´nsbSpØv jqƒSvkpw _m¿_dpw c£s∏Sp∂p. Ahcpw kzX{¥cm{„amb Hmkv{Snen®nte°v IS°m\mbnAXn¿Øn bn¬ FØn bn cn ° bm Wv. XSm IØn¬ hoWv \\™v  IpXn¿∂ \nebn¬ I≠

sl¶ens\ XShpNmSnb _m¿_dmsW∂v sX‰n≤cn®v ]´mf°m¿ ]nSnIqSn Xebv °Sn®v hogv Øn

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Iymºnte°v sIm≠pt]mIp∂p.AXn¿Øn bn¬ Iam ≠¿ jqƒSvkvs\m∏w

bqWnt^man¬ FØnb _m¿_¿ tk\m[n]≥ ln¶emsW∂v sX‰n≤cn°s∏Sp∂p.

jqƒSvkp am bp≈ A`n {]m b hy Xym k߃ amdnbncn°psa∂pw Nn¥n°p∂p.]S Hmkv{Snen®nte°v am¿®v  sNøp∂p.Xeÿm\Øv henb kzoIcWsamcp°nbncn°p∂p. ln¶ens‚ {]NmcWØeh\mb Km_n‰njv\v Nne kwib ߃ tXm∂p ∂p ≠v. kzmX {¥yw,P\m[n]Xyw, A ǹ{]mb {]IS\w F∂nhsbms°bpw A\mhiyhpw A¿YclnXhpamsW∂ apJhpctbmsSbmWv ln¶ens\ temItØmSv kwkmcn°m\mbn £Wn

°p∂Xv.ln¶ ens‚ thj Øn ep≈ Cu _m¿_¿hnImcmthitØmsS Xs∂ {ihn°p∂ e£°W°n\p≈ tk\mwKßtfmSpw temIw apgph\p≈ P\ßtfmSpambn lrZbkv]¿inbmbHcp {]`mjWw \SØp∂p. (Nmπn\v temItØmSv]d bm \p ≈Xv AXp Xs∂ bm Wv). am\ hn I XbpsS alm{]tLmjWambncp∂p AXv. tkz—m[n]Xn "alm\mbn' amdnb \nanjw.

""F\n°v am∏v  XcnI, Rms\mcp N{Ih¿ØnbmIm≥ B{Kln°p∂ Bf√. Bscbpw `cn

°m\√ klmbn°m\mWv F\n°n„w. PqX\pwBcy\pw IdpØh\pw F√mhcpw ]ckv]cw klmbn°pIbpw kvt\ln°pIbpamWv th≠Xv .a‰p≈hcpsS kt¥mjamWv F√mhcpsSbpwPohnXØn\v{]tNmZ\amtI≠Xv . kuµcyØn

s‚bpw t{ZmlØns‚bpw IqsSb√ kzmX{¥yØns‚bpw shdp∏ns‚bpw IqsSbmWv \mw \n¬t°≠Xv. Cu `qan F√mhcptSXpamWv. shdp∏ns‚bpw ]IbpsSbpw hnjw AIØp≈ \mwc‡ s®m cn ®n ep I fn te°pw Zpcn XØn te °pamWv  am¿®v sNøp∂Xv . F√m hntZzjßfpw]Ibpw shSn™v cmPym Xn¿Øn Iƒ°XoXambn amdn. bp‡nbpsSbpw imkv{XØns‚bpw]ptcmKXnbpsSbpw temIØn\mbn C\n \ap°vs]mcpXmw''

l∂bpsS {]Xo£m\n¿`camb apJØns‚t¢mk∏n¬ shdp∏ns‚ am\ns^tÃmIƒ \ncmIcn°p∂ ^mknksØ {]Xntcm[n°psa∂Dd∏v \nd™˛ ]p©ncnbn¬ kn\na Ahkm\n°p∂p. \ni– kn\naIƒ am{Xta \n¿an°qF∂v hmin]nSn®ncp∂ Nmπns‚ BZy i–kn\nabmWnXv. (tamtU¨ ssSwkn¬ i–߃D]tbmKn°p∂ps≠¶nepw kw`mjWßfn√)Nmπns‚ i–w temIw BZyambn {ihn°p∂Xpw Cu kn\nabneqsS Xs∂.

ln‰ve¿ c≠v XhW Cu kn\na I≠psh∂pw Ko_¬kv Hcn°epw CXv  ImWm≥ Iq´m°nbn√ F∂pw Xs∂ aµ_p≤nbmb Hcp _^qWns\t∏mse AhXcn∏n®Xv I≠v  Ien]q≠ln‰ve¿ Nmπns‚ P∑\Kcamb e≠≥ Nps´cn°m≥ B⁄m]ns®∂pw ]dbs∏Sp∂p.

Nmπn\pw ln‰vedpw 1889 G{]nen¬ Htc BgvNbnemWv ]nd∂Xv . Hcmƒ ImhymflIambnPohnXtØbpw am\hnIXtbbpw Ipdn®v  ]d™v  Zie£ßsf Nncn∏n®p. Hcmƒ shdp∏nt‚bpw ]IbptSbpw XØzimkv{Xw cNn®v {]Ncn∏n®v a\pjysc AI‰nbpw sIm∂pw Zie£ßsf Icbn∏n®p.