the great depression and wwii 1929 - 1945 ch. 31 (2,3,4) ch. 32
TRANSCRIPT
The Great Depression and WWII
1929 - 1945Ch. 31 (2,3,4)
Ch. 32
Concept Questions1. How did WWI bring about the Great
Depression?2. What were the responses of the U.S.,
Germany, and the Soviet Union to the Global Depression?
3. What factors allowed the rise of totalitarian dictators like Mussolini and Hitler?
4. What were the causes and effects of WWII?5. What were the causes and effects of new
technologies in WWII?
Europe After the WarOnly U.S. and Japan not in financial
crisisMost European monarchies replaced by
unstable democraciesMost required coalition govts. (joint rulers
of different political parties) to ruleGermany ruled by Weimar Republic
Signed Treaty of Versailles – blamed for problems
Inflation out of control, no history of democracy, large number of political parties
Dawes plan to recover (U.S. investments)
Causes of the Depression
Stock market crash, banks closed, little trade, loans called in, massive unemployment
International – Treaty of Versailles, Nationalist movements in colonies stopped raw materials shipments to Europe, Germany can’t repay
Political – high tariffs stopped most trade, govt. spending decreased, strong leaders demand absolute power
Economic – over speculation, over production
The Great DepressionWorld economy based on U.S.Downward spiral due to uneven
wealthStock Market Crash (1929)
Buying on marginSelling panicLoss of jobs, farms, banks closed
Global DepressionU.S. investors demanded foreign loans be
repaidHigh tariffs dropped world trade
World Response Britain
Protective tariffs, etc…brought about steady recovery while maintaining democracy
France Preserved democracy but had several political power changes
Soviet Union Stalin’s command economy Totalitarianism – propaganda, censorship, no religion, secret police,
rule through fear and intimidation Great Purge, gulags, Siberia, executions
U.S. New Deal – massive public works (govt. spending) and banking
reform Isolationism
Germany Weak leadership of the Weimar Republic & poor economy led to
the rise of Hitler and Nazism. Hitler used govt. agencies to create public works jobs and rebuilt the military
FascismFascist Beliefs
Loyalty to the state – extreme nationalismobedience to its leader
promised to revive economy, punish those responsible, restore national pride
Nation’s must struggle, peaceful nations will be conquered
Uniforms, salutes, rallies, strong militaryOne political party, one leaderDenial of individual rightsClass society – each has its place and
function (differs from communism with no classes)
FascismItaly & Benito Mussolini
Disappointment over WWIMussolini promises to rescue Italy from
inflation, unemploymentFascist black shirts lead terror campaignsLegally took power – became Il Duce (the
leader)Abolished democracyOutlawed all other political partiesUsed secret police to jail opponentsCensored radio, publications
Fascism
Hitler & GermanyWWI soldierNational Socialist German Worker’s Party – NaziBrown shirts – private armyGreat organizer/speaker became der Fuhrer (the
leader)Attempted to take over govt. – jailed for 9 months
(?)Wrote “Mein Kampf” (My struggle) in jail
outlined his plan for GermanyAryan race (incorrect), Non-aryans are subhumanGermany needs more land (lebensraum)
Hitler’s Germany
Named Chancellor – legal power Banned political partiesArrested opponents, many killedCreated the SS – loyal only to HitlerTerror tactics by the Gestapo (Nazi secret police)Put Germans to work (unemployed from 6 million
to 1.5 millionBuilt factories, weapons, highways (Autobahn), served in
militaryPropaganda, book burning, church controlNazi youth, League of German GirlsAnti-Semitism – Jews blamed for all Germany’s
problems1% of populationKristallnacht
Aggressors Japan
struggling democracy, becomes militaristic Invasions of Manchuria and China – violated League of Nations
Italy Invaded Ethiopia
Germany Violating Versailles – rebuilding the army Invaded Rhineland – appeasement by French/British
Alliances Rome-Berlin Axis (Germany & Italy) Become Axis Powers when they add Japan (Hideki Tojo)
League of Nation Protested these actions, but DID nothing Complete failure!
Western Democracies Fail to Halt Aggression
U.S. – isolationist, Neutrality Acts Germany
Annexed Austria (Anschluss)Demanded Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia
AppeasementMunich Conference – gave SudetenlandHitler promised he was doneHitler took all of CzechoslovakiaMussolini took AlbaniaHitler threatening Poland
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression PactGermany & Soviets agree not to attack each
other
Hitler’s Lightning War
Soviets - promise to divide Poland, get Baltic countries and Finland (back)
PolandSept. 1, 1939 – start of WWIIBlitzkrieg – lightening war
Hitler’s Lightning War
France Germans take Holland, Belgium &
LuxembourgSurround the French French fall back to beaches of DunkirkRescued by British – amateur armadaItaly attacks southern FranceFrance divided
North occupied, South – puppet govt. (Vichy France)
Charles de Gaulle – govt. in exile, still fighting
Hitler’s Lightning War
Great Britain – Operation Sea LionPrime Minister – Winston ChurchillBattle of Britain – air bombings
Luftwaffe vs. R.A.F. Plan - knock out British air force then land
troopsEnigma (German coding machine)
Radar – electronic tracking system1st successful defense against Hitler
Hitler’s Lightning War North Africa – Italians attack
Attack Egypt for control of Suez Canal Hitler sends help – General Erwin Rommel (the
desert fox)
BalkansHitler needed staging ground Allied with some, conquered the rest
Soviet Union – Operation Barbarossa Burn as they retreatSiege of LeningradGermans not allowed to retreatWinter costs 500,000 lives
U.S. Aids Allies
Lend-Lease Act sell or lend arms to any country vital to
the defense of the U.S. Must carry arms in their shipsGerman subs told to sink any cargo ship Atlantic Charter – upheld free trade,
basis for WWII peace planU.S. destroyer attacked by sub, we fight
back, In undeclared naval war
JapanSeeking a Pacific Empire
Plan for Southeast Asia revealed in broken code
Threat to U.S. colonies (Philippines, Guam)
U.S. send aid to China, cut off oil shipments to Japan
Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941“A date which will live in infamy”18 ships, 2400 deadUSS ArizonaPlanned by Isoroku Yamamoto
Japan
VictoriesGuamWakePhilippines – Bataan Death MarchCorregidorMalayaEast IndonesiaBurma – Burma Road, supply route to
China
Allies Strike Back
Doolittle’s Raid Bomb Japanese cites – morale boost Battle of Coral Sea
1st aircraft sea battleU.S. lose more ships, BUT stop Japanese
advancement for the 1st time Midway
Cracked codeU.S. ambush Japanese fleet, destroy aircraft
carriersTurning point of war in the Pacific
Allies Strike Back
General Douglas MacArthurIsland Hopping
Skip strongholdsAttack closer to Japan, cut off supplies
Battle of GuadalcanalHell6 months to winJapan loses 23,000 out of 36,000
(commitment?)
Allied VictoryPlan for Victory
Open a western front to relieve the Soviets
North African CampaignGeneral Montgomery (Br.) attacked
Rommel at El Alamein in AfricaOperation Torch – trapped Germans
between Montgomery and General Eisenhower (U.S.)
Allied Victory
Battle of StalingradGermans conquer 90%Soviets not allowed to retreat, surround city
and cut off supplies to GermansGermans not allowed to retreat or surrenderWinter – 90,000 Germans surrender from force
of 330,000Puts Germans on the defensive
ItalyMussolini caught and killedAllies get help from resistance fighters
Home Front
Total WarPropagandaRationingWomen at work
Japanese AmericansSeen as threatsMost were citizens and were born in the
U.S.Internment campsLost property and rights
Victory in Europe D-Day – June 6, 1944
Dummy armyNormandy InvasionLed to liberation of France, Belgium,
Luxembourg & Netherlands Battle of the Bulge
Last offensive of Germans Germany Surrenders
Soviets surround cityHitler commits suicideMay 8, 1945 – VE Day Roosevelt had died, Truman now U.S. President
Victory in the Pacific Japanese retreat
Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines)Destroyed Japanese fleet_
Iwo Jima (picture)Okinawa – bloodiest land battle
Atomic bombsManhattan Project Japanese warned – no replyHiroshima, NagasakiFat Man, Little BoyEnola Gay – Paul Tibbets
Japan Surrenders – Sept. 2, 1945 – VJ Day
Devastation
Europe in RuinsMillions displacedNowhere to live, workNo food, electricityCities, countryside destroyedThousands starving to death every day
Devastation
Postwar GovernmentsCommunists promise change –
membership risingAnti-Communists afraid of violent strikes
Nuremberg TrialsWar crimes trials against Nazi leadersFew expressed any remorse
U.S. Occupation of Japan
MacArthur in charge of occupationDemilitarized JapanRestructured govt. – parliamentary
democracyEmperor must declare he is not a god
– became a constitutional monarchyParliament (Diet)
Bill of rightsVoting rightsCould not make war, only defend if
attacked
Holocaust Beginnings
European history of Anti-Semitism Persecution became government policy Nuremburg laws – denied citizenship, jobs, yellow star Later, Nazis were tried here for their war crimes
Kristallnacht – Night of Broken Glass Destroy businesses, revenge for murder of German
embassy employee Refugees
emigration is solution to Jewish problem Few countries want them
Isolation Ghettos Goal – starve them all or let disease kill them Some resistance Jews tried to continue life
Holocaust Final Solution – genocide
Jews, gypsies, Poles, Russians, homosexuals, insane, disabled, incurably ill
Mass killingsKilling squadsConcentration camps
Mass Extermination6 Death camps, most famous was AuschwitzSeparated weak for immediate deathGas chambers, crematoriums
SurvivorsFew survived the campsHiding, escaping to neutral countries
Raoul Wallenberg, Oscar Schindler, Danish people