The Grammar & Writing Book Answer Key Lesson 1: pp. 50−53 Four Kinds of Sentences A. 1. IN 2. D 3. IM 4. D 5. E B. bold = capitalize 1. how / ?/ IN 2. look /. / IM 3. a / . / D 4. wow / !/ E 5. how/ ? / IN 6. i/ . / D 7. please / . / IM 8. what / ? / IN 9. synonyms / . / D 10. think/ . / IM C. 11. The dictionary is a useful tool. 12. What information does it contain? 13. How many meanings are listed for the word set? 14. Wow, that’s a lot of definitions! 15. Don’t forget to look at the examples. 16. What a heavy book this dictionary is! Test Preparation 1. A 2. C

3. B 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. A Review 1. D 2. D 3. IN 4. IM 5. IM 6. IN 7. D 8. E 9. D 10. D bold = capitalize 11. in / . 12. who / ? 13. what / ? 14. language / . 15. please / . 16. wow / ! 17. did / ? 18. write / . 19. do / ? 20. . Voice 1. informal 2. serious 3. sarcastic Possible Answer: Once I was determined to blow a bubble as big

as my head. With ten pieces of bubble gum in my mouth, I looked like a chipmunk. The bubble was magnificent-until it burst on my face and hair! Character Sketch First two sentences summarize important traits of the character: There is more to Mrs. Granger than meets the eye. She seems old-fashioned and strict but is really smart and funny. Detail sentences describe the character, creating a picture. Everything about her is tidy and no-nonsense. She always wears a formal skirt, jacket, and blouse. She is so serious about teaching, she hasn’t missed a day in years. Last sentences of paragraphs 1 and 3 show writer’s feelings and establish voice. At first I thought she was just stern and unfriendly, but I got a pleasant surprise! I think Mrs. Granger’s fifth-grade students will have a year to remember!

Topic sentences of paragraphs 2 and 3 indicate the focus of these paragraphs. Although she is tiny, Mrs. Granger seems giant to students. At the same time, Mrs. Granger gives us glimpses of fun and humor. Lesson 2: pp. 56−61 Subjects and Predicates A. 1. simple subject: babies simple predicate: respond 2. simple subject: babies simple predicate: can learn 3. simple subject: I simple predicate: practice 4. simple subject: people simple predicate: can enjoy B. 1. CS 2. SS 3. CP 4. SP 5. SS 6. CP 7. CS 8. SP

9. CS 10. CS C. 11. RO; Children are part of the family. They should help their parents. 12. F; Possible answer: Even young children can clean their rooms. 13. F; Possible answer: Many children also will pick up their toys. 14. RO; kitchen duty can be fun. Many children are good cooks. 15. F; Possible answer: Families should eat and play together too. Test Preparation 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. C Review 1. simple subject: brother simple predicate: builds 2. simple subject: he simple predicate: made 3. simple subject: It simple predicate: looks 4. simple subject: Birds

simple predicate: are visiting 5. simple subject: projects simple predicate: fail 6. simple subject: N/A simple predicate: hammer/ is 7. simple subject: I simple predicate: hit 8. simple subject: birdhouse simple predicate: is 9. simple subject: bird simple predicate: would build 10. simple subject: creations simple predicate: are 11. simple subject: clock simple predicate: is hanging 12. simple subject: creator simple predicate: admires 13. F 14. S 15. RO 16. RO 17. F 18. S 19. F 20. F Creating Mood 1. B 2. C 3. A

playful; PC yawned broadly and then casually placed his fingers on the keyboard. After a few lightning-speed strokes, he turned and said cheerfully, “That should do it. I’ve stopped the robbers, alerted the FBI and CIA, and restored the stolen money to the world’s banks.” Tall Tale Exaggeration sets a humorous tone. Though he was just a pup, he was six feet tall and weighed 300 pounds. When he wagged his adorable tail, he cleared the furniture out of the living room. With one swipe of his tongue, he gave you a bath from head to toe. Details create a vivid picture. When Mortimer outgrew the garage, we made him a bed in the barn, using 100 bales of soft, fluffy straw. Feeding him was a problem, since he ate a 50-pound bag of chow for breakfast. When he got thirsty, he lapped up the whole fish pond. Comparison helps create mood.

He was sweet and gentle as a baby bunny. Lesson 3 pp. 62−67 Independent and Dependent Clauses A. 1. I 2. D 3. D 4. I 5. D 6. I B. 1. D 2. D 3. I 4. I 5. D 6. I 7. D 8. I C. 9. When my family visited a tropical island, we all had a great time. 10. Since Mom loves the water and underwater exploring, she went snorkeling every day. 11. Because he is interested in surfing, my brother Dan took some surfing lessons. 12. I went swimming or looked for seashells every day after I had lunch.

13. I stayed on the beach until the sun set. 14. Before we left the island, I finally went on a sailboat. 15. I was scared when the sailboat tipped over. Test Preparation 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. C Review 1. I 2. D 3. I 4. D 5. I 6. D 7. I 8. D 9. I 10. D 11. as they moved west. 12. After they crossed the Mississippi, 13. Because there would be no towns, 14. When they saw game, 15. until they could buy more. 16. Since they were on their own, 17. After they settled on their land, 18. because they had no other choice. Transitions

1. B 2. A Both swimming and hiking give your heart a good workout and tone your muscles. Like swimming, hiking up a steep hill makes your body work hard. Unlike hiking, swimming leaves you feeling squeaky clean. Friendly or Thank-you Letter Descriptive details create a picture of the scene. Our hotel is right on the beach, which has the whitest sand I have ever seen. The ocean has many shades of blue, and all of them are bright. Transition makes clear when the event took place. Sentence sets the scene. As soon as we arrived, we took a stroll along the beach. Writer’s excitement comes through. He describes the activity clearly. I can’t wait for tomorrow morning. I’m going to go snorkeling! I’ll wear goggles and a breathing tube so I can keep my face under

water. Then I will get a good look at the bright blue and yellow fish that dart in and out of the rocks on the reef. Lesson 4: pp. 68−73 Compound and Complex Sentences A. 1. S 2. CX 3. S 4. CD 5. CD 6. CX 7. CX 8. S B. 1. but; CD 2. because; CX 3. and; CD 4. or; CD 5. If; CX C. 6. Sports heroes are larger than life, but fans feel close to them. 7. Fans read stories and articles about their favorite, and they wear clothing with that star’s name and number. 8. When a sports hero is playing, fans always watch the game. 9. Before Satchel Paige was a player in the major leagues, he was a star in the Negro Leagues.

10. Paige pitched superbly, and he brought out huge crowds. 11. When Paige turned 59 in 1965, he became the oldest pitcher in the major leagues. 12. Satchel Paige died in 1982, but his legend will live forever. Test Preparation 1. A 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. B Review 1. My family enjoys all kinds of sports, and we play together every weekend. 2. In summer, we play baseball in the park, or we set up the volleyball net in the yard. 3. My favorite sport is basketball, but ice hockey is a close second. 4. My older brother runs on a track team, and he has become much faster this year. 5. I will join the team, but I will have to wait a few years. 6. because, CX 7. and, CD 8. When, CX

9. before, CX 10. and, CD Tone 1. admiring 2. disapproving 3. humorous I love it when Tia Maria baby-sits my brother and me. We wait by the door for her because she always brings her “bag of tricks.” She knows a thousand neat things to do, such as making string puzzles, having joke-telling contests, and building sculptures you can eat. While we wait, we wonder. What new thing will she have in her bag this time? Feature Article Details paint a vivid picture and make an attention-grabbing opener. Jane Goodall’s favorite kind of day begins very early in the African forest. She follows a chimpanzee mother and her family. This means climbing high, far, and fast. It also means hours of crawling on her belly with vines catching her hair. At dusk, she will be exhausted, bruised, and very happy.

Facts answer who, what, when, where, and why. Jane Goodall began her amazing study of African chimpanzees in 1960 when she was 26. Word choices add to pictures of Goodall’s personality. Patient and determined; heroic work; labored tirelessly Lesson 5: pp. 74−79 Common and Proper Nouns A. 1. 1234 North First Ave., Oshkosh, WI 2. my aunt Col. T Zena Smith 3. a meeting on Tues., Jan 18 4. his new book My Journey to Africa 5. our neighbor Ms. Carmen W. Ruiz B. 1. C; possible answer: soccer 2. P; possible answer: Seattle 3. P; possible answer: December 4. C; possible answer: adults 5. P; possible answer: Willow Dr. 6. C; possible answer: uncles 7. P; possible answer: Thursday

8. P; possible answer: Mrs. C. 9. …Los Angeles or Detroit… 10. …in the South. 11. …Chicago’s Art Institute or New York’s Museum of Modern Art. 12. …Mount Rushmore and Yellowstone National Park. 13. …Monday, October 17, with Dr. Umesh R. Goswami. 14. …North Jefferson Ave., Suite 101. 15. …President Abraham Lincoln…“America The Beautiful” Test Preparation 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. C Review 1. Tokyo, Japan 2. C 3. Mario and his friends 4. on Thursday, January 20 5. skyscrapers in Dallas, Texas 6. Gold Beach, OR 97444 7. a street near our street

8. C 9. Independence Day 10. C 11. … Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming. 12. … Rocky Mountain National Park. 13. … the Midwest, …New England. 14. …Boston and Philadelphia. 15. …Faneuil Hall … the Liberty Bell? 16. Johnny Tremain …Revolutionary War in America. 17. The United States Army … Commander-in-Chief George Washington. 18. …Wayne J. Yates, Jr., 5039 West Donnybrook Lane, Enid, OK 73703. Show, Don’t Tell 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A Possible answer: The desks and floor are so clean that they shine. Carefully placed on each desk is a snow-white sheet of paper with a smiley face and the title “About Me.” Kids are talking and laughing together all around me. I feel as though I am wearing a giant sign that

says “New Kid.” On the walls are large posters of mountains, the ocean, and a city. I wish I could walk into one of those places and disappear! Writing for Tests Specific details, comparisons, and strong verbs create vivid images. The little gerbil had soft gray fur. A white stripe on his nose looked like an exclamation mark. He gave me a careful sniff-his whiskers tickled my fingers! I cuddled him in my hands and immediately felt that warm puppy feeling. Writer shows how she feels. My heart went from warm to chill. Writer uses a figure of speech to show feelings. My heart bubbled like a glass of soda. Lesson 6: pp. 80−85 Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns A. 1. wishes 2. grasshoppers 3. shelves 4. Saturdays 5. hunches 6. hoaxes

7. deer 8. dimes 9. papers 10. galleries B. 1. Children, languages 2. fruits, vegetables, animals 3. butterflies, leaves, branches 4. women, dictionaries 5. horses, ponies, donkeys 6. bunches, bananas, strawberries, peaches. 7. halves, seeds 8. dishes, glasses, sprigs 9. geese, sheep 10. families, dinners, Fridays C. 11. classes, lunches, children 12. students, ways, communities 13. cans, boxes, pantries 14. sales, victims 15. boys, lives Test Preparation 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. D Review

1. crutches 2. bridges 3. flies 4. kisses 5. questions 6. leaves 7. blackberries 8. deer 9. turkeys 10. men 11. boxes 12. headquarters 13. peaches 14. desks 15. wives 16. ladies 17. geese 18. dishes 19. series 20. keys 21. friends, enemies 22. arguments, pals 23. rules, games 24. differences, conflicts 25. stresses, lives 26. children, men, women 27. worries, thieves, joys 28. foxes, moose, monkeys, mice 29. others, teeth 30. problems, feelings Eliminate Wordiness 1. and she often cried and had a fit 2. and felt awful about them 3. or otherwise give in to 4. or did not pay attention to

5. When I see someone in trouble, I always stop and try to help. 6. Last week, I saw a new kid in school having trouble opening her locker. 7. I helped her open the locker, and then I explained how to do it. 8. Helping other people makes me feel good, and sometimes it leads to new friendships. Summary First paragraph summarizes basic information of the story. A mother pig sends her three young pigs out into the world, telling them to build a safe house to keep out the wolf. The first little big builds a house of straw, the seconds builds a house of sticks, and the third builds a house of bricks. Details sentences reveal cleverness of main character. The wolf invites the pig to go with him to several different events. Each time, however, the clever little pig goes earlier than the appointed time and returns home safely. Final sentence shows the outcome of the plot.

However, the pig outwits him again by capturing the wolf in a pot of boiling water and scalding him to death. Lesson 7: pp. 86−91 Possessive Nouns A. 1. family’s 2. brother’s 3. suitcase’s 4. child’s 5. government’s 6. pen’s 7. train’s 8. tree’s 9. woman’s 10. refugee’s 11. families’ 12. brothers’ 13. suitcases’ 14. children’s 15. governments’ 16. pens’ 17. trains’ 18. trees’ 19. women’s 20. refugees’ B. 1. ponies’ P 2. army’s S 3. windows’ P 4. basket’s S 5. grandfather’s S 6. birds’ P 7. glass’s S 8. schools’ P 9. teeth’s P 10. pennies’ P 11. nurse’s S

12. wings’ P 13. man’s S 14. general’s S 15. colonies’ P Possible Answers: 16. Every person’s right is to be free. 17. American Declaration of Independence identifies our common rights. 18. This document is Thomas Jefferson’s work. 19. There are fifty-six men’s signatures on the Declaration. 20. Our nation’s ideas have been adopted by other countries. 21. All parents value their children’s freedom. 22. Most nations’ goals are freedom and prosperity for their people. 23. However, some leaders’ motives are selfish. 24. A dictator’s greed can lead to misery for the people. 25. The United Nations’ role is to watch for abuses of power and human rights. Test Preparation 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. B

7. D 8. C 9. A 10. B Review 1. backpack’s S 2. sleds’ P 3. mice’s P 4. cows’ P 5. buses’ P 6. vest’s S 7. letters’ P 8. story’s S 9. lesson’s S 10. child’s S 11. gentlemen’s P 12. sheep’s S or P 13. books’ P 14. dress’s S 15. teeth’s P 16. turkey’s S 17. box’s S 18. women’s P 19. children’s P 20. deer’s S or P 21. Slaves’ lives were terribly hard. 22. …of owner’s whims. 23. A runaway’s life was in danger. 24. …the moon’s light. 25. …week’s travel… 26. …in a song’s words. 27. Abolitionists’ role… 28. …a night’s rest in a bed… 29. A stranger’s kindness…the runaways’ spirits. 30….reached Canada’s free soil. Support Your Ideas

1. A, B, C 2. B, D 3. A, C, D Possible Answer: I think it is important to keep trying to solve a problem. In the story Hatchet Brian has to survive alone in the wilderness. He needs to make a fire. First he makes sparks by hitting stone with his hatchet. He makes sparks fall on grass, twigs, and torn-up money, but they won’t burn. Then he shreds some fine, papery birch bark. It lows but doesn’t catch fire. At last, he remembers oxygen. After he blows on the fire, it bursts into flames. If he had given up, he would never have been able to make a fire. Story Review First paragraph describes Goldilocks’s character and the setting. Goldilocks is a mischievous girl who discovers a house in the woods and cannot resist going in. The owners are out for a walk, but Goldilocks doesn’t let that stop her. Details tell about the plot.

Goldilocks tries the three bowls of porridge; then she eats the porridge in the teeny tiny bowl. Next, she tries the three chairs. She likes the teeny tiny one best, but she breaks it. Then she tries out the three beds and falls asleep in the teeny tiny one. Writer provides an opinion and the reason for it. It serves her right to be frightened, I say, because she was thoughtless to meddle in a stranger’s house. Lesson 8: pp. 92−97 A. 1. L 2. L 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. L 7. A 8. L 9. L 10. A B. 1. L 2. MA 3. PA 4. L 5. PA 6. PA 7. PA 8. L

9. PA 10. L 11. MA 12. L C. 13. …shivered…; A 14. …was…; L 15. …named…; A 16. …posted…; A 17. ….grew…; L 18. …phoned; A 19. …was…; L 20. ….felt…; L Test Preparation 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. A Review 1. learned; A 2. sent; A 3. was; L 4. loved; A 5. met; A 6. looked; L 7. had; A 8. felt; L 9. gave; A 10. made; A 11. was; L 12. appeared; L 13. teach 14. grow 15. prove 16. outwit 17. earn

18. celebrate Answer 5 Ws and How New Story Exercise 1 1. Who: Porky, Dorky, and Gorky Porkson and B. B. Wolf What: escaped being eaten by wolf Where: at Porkson’s brothers’ homes on Curly Tale Lane When: yesterday Why: Wolf was very hungry How: went to Gorky’s brick home 2. Who: Gigundo Grossman and Jack Climber What: Climber cut down stalk and killed Grossman Where: Climber’s yard When: Friday morning Why: self-defense; Grossman was after Climber How: Grossman fell when stalk was cut down Exercise 2 The kingdom’s most eligible bachelor, Prince Will, is to marry commoner Cinderella, in a splendid ceremony next weekend. The Prince and Cinderella

had met at the Spring Ball six months ago, but Cinderella left before the Prince could learn her name and address. Using a slipper she left behind and some excellent detective work, Prince Will finally found his love. Cinderella had been living in poverty as a serving girl to her stepmother and stepsisters. News Story Lead grabs attention and sets up the story. The Queen outwitted a man who sought to take her child as repayment for his gold-spinning services last year. Background information is provided. The man, who refused to give his name, tried to collect on a promise the Queen had made last year. At the time, the King had locked her in a room full of straw and demanded that she spin it into gold. Because her father had sworn she could do this, the King demanded proof. Quotes engage readers and reveal motives. Said the Queen, “He was a funny little man, but very talented. He demanded payment for his help, but I was quite

poor. Instead, he made me promise to give him my firstborn. I never thought he’d hold me to it!” Lesson 9: pp. 98−103 Main and Helping Verbs A. 1. have given 2. is named 3. can perform 4. has entertained 5. could become 6. will walk 7. should see 8. can resist B. 1. has been helping 2. are suffering 3. were mistreated 4. should be provided 5. will need 6. have been volunteering 7. can brush 8. is examining C. 9. is eating 10. were forced 11. will not want 12. have destroyed Test Preparation 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. B

5. D 6. C Review 1. Does 2. can 3. are 4. will 5. should 6. have been * bold=double underline* 7. am watching 8. has observed 9. are grooming 10. is sleeping 11. have been building 12. has stretched 13. would grab 14. are playing 15. can act 16. has sprayed 17. should feed 18. will give Know Your Purpose 1. 1,3,4 2. 5,6,7 Rule: Give your time and effort to conservation projects. 1. You will learn about wise use of our resources. 2. One person really can make a difference. If every person volunteered, think what could be done. 3. Your good example will encourage your family, friends, and

neighbors to save resources too. Rules Details give compelling, logical reasons to follow rules. Think of all the paper, glass, metal and plastic you throw out every week in the trash. These precious natural resources could be used again instead of being buried in a landfill. As garbage, they take up room and can pollute the land. If we recycle them, we will need to cut fewer trees, dig less ore, and pump less oil. Rules are expressed as brief commands using specific verbs. Recycle everything you can. Exact, vivid words drive home the point and persuade readers. essential, enormous, limited, needlessly, waste, precious Lesson 10: pp. 104−109 Subject-Verb Agreement A. 1. is 2. is 3. was 4. play

5. pounds B. 1. …poems tell… 2. C 3. …poem tells… 4. C 5. ...student listens… 6. …images come… 7. C 8. He continues… 9. ….stories create… 10. Liberty is… C. 11. is 12. read 13. reads 14. seem 15. imagine 16. talk Test Preparation 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. C Review 1. fiction (is) 2. example (is) 3. characters (are) 4. Amos (takes) 5. mouse (lives) 6. Readers (laugh) 7. Robert Lawson (is) 8. Children (enjoy)

9. teacher (is) 10. We (discuss) 11. stands 12. attracts 13. shows 14. reflect 15. are 16. appreciate Organization Exercise 1 At daybreak Thomas Jefferson rose from his bed. After rising, he measured and recorded the temperature and other weather data. Following this record keeping, he started a fire to warm his room and dressed for the day. Then this man of letters sat down at his writing table and wrote letters. In the afternoon, the master of Monticello inspected his vegetable and fruit gardens. Finally, Jefferson mounted his horse and toured his five farms for the rest of the day. Exercise 2 The Smiths had asked me to take care of their dog for the weekend. First, I let myself in and greeted Lucky. He wiggled, bounced, and barked for joy. Then I got the leash and took

him for a walk. At the park, I threw the Frisbee for him. That dog can really jump! After we got back to the Smiths’ house, I brushed Lucky. Finally, I gave him his food and water. Writing for Tests Question focuses on circumstances under which Declaration was written. Why did you write the Declaration of Independence? Sequence words clarify order of events. Within a few days; Next; Then Question focuses on how person felt and thought. How did you feel about that? Details communicate emotions of author. It was agony; my deepest beliefs; I hated that; I knew slavery was evil Lesson 11: pp. 110−115 Past, Present, and Future Tenses A. 1. present 2. future 3. past 4. present

5. past 6. present 7. future 8. past B. 1. planned; will plan 2. eats; will eat 3. married; will marry 4. flew; will fly 5. hoped; will hope 6. smile; will smile 7. gave; will give C. 8. I will travel the world. 9. The Brothers Grimm wrote down these tales in the 1800s. 10. A terrible problem is solved. 11. He will visit his aunt, uncle, and cousins. 12. She illustrates them too. Test Preparation 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. D Review 1. present 2. past 3. present 4. future 5. present 6. future 7. present 8. present

9. past 10. past 11. flew; will fly 12. vacationed; will vacation 13. reduced; will reduce 14. took; will take 15. carried; will carry 16. stopped; will stop 17. bothered; will bother 18. yawned, will yawn 19. walked, will walk 20. was; will be Use Powerful Verbs 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. leaps 6. trips; rolls 7. hauls 8. crash 9. smash 10. dashes; topples Skit Stage directions make clear what actors should do. (Alice and Tom hang their heads and slump, lost in thought. Enter Mom.) Dialogue presents the characters’ problem. Mom: Why so glum? Did you lose something? Alice: We want a pet bird, but we can’t catch one.

Specific verbs make dialogue clear. hop, snuggle, pet Lesson 12 pp. 116−121 Principal Parts of Regular Verbs A. 1. present 2. past 3. past 4. present 5. past 6. past participle 7. present participle 8. past participle 9. past participle 10. present participle B. 1. have moved 2. are imagining 3. accomplished 4. studied 5. are tapping 6. have provided 7. admire 8. wonder C. 9. …have purchased… 10. …has tried… 11. …has described… 12. …have viewed… 13. …have puzzled… 14….have preserved… 15….has weathered… 16….has dried…. 17. …have survived… 18. …has inspired…

Test Preparation 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. C Review 1. present 2. present 3. past participle 4. present participle 5. past 6. past participle 7. past 8. past participle 9. present 10. past 11. …painted… 12. …possess… 13. …are using… 14. …has visited… 15. …is looking… 16. …is worrying… 17. …have shunned… 18. …likes… Writer’s Craft 1. A 2. D Possible Answers: People could use cars to go anywhere they wanted. They didn’t have to live close to where they worked. They didn’t have to rely on trains, buses, or other forms of public transportation.

Question/ Answer Essay Title poses the question to be answered. What Made Leonardo a Great Inventor? Introduction answers question and gives writer’s point of view. The quality in Leonardo da Vinci most responsible for making a success was his ability to ask good questions and then find the answers. Because an inventor must understand how things work, questions frame the way he or she explores the what, why, and how of the world. Details and examples support main idea. For example, Leonardo da Vinci wondered, “How do birds fly?” and “What would make it possible for people to fly?” These questions spurred Leonardo to observe birds in flight. He analyzed their muscles and wing structure. He knew that he must think about flying in a new way. How could the structure of a bird’s body be imitated and used by humans? He plotted, sketched, and planned

ways to imitate the wings of birds. Conclusion summarizes main idea and provides an insight By answering such questions, Leonardo moved beyond curiosity and closer to discovery. He and his questions were ahead of his time. Although it would take another 400 years before humans succeeded in conquering the air with wings, Leonardo was the first to make a plan for a flying machine. Lesson 13: pp. 122−127 Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs A. 1. present participle 2. past participle 3. present 4. past 5. present 6. past participle B. 1. went 2. saw 3. became 4. are doing 5. is writing 6. has begun 7. bought 8. has been 9. is making 10. know 11. freeze

12. thought 13. …goes… 14. …is buying… 15. …saw… 16. …thought… 17. ….has been… 18. …has bought…is beginning… 19. …has done… 20. …is becoming… Test Preparation 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B Review 1. present 2. present participle 3. present 4. past participle 5. present 6. past participle 7. present participle 8. past 9. past 10. past 11. …is becoming… 12. …knew… 13. …became… 14. …made… 15. …has written… 16. …has made… 17. …is thinking… 18. ….have known…

What Makes a Paragraph? Exercise 1: 5, 1, 4, 2, 6, 3 Note: Topic Sentence 5 is circled Exercise 2: Building a life-size model of a dinosaur is a monumental task. First, a small, exact model of the dinosaur is created in clay. Then the sculptor uses the small model as a guide to make a life-size clay model. Next, she creates a hard mold around the clay dinosaur shape. Finally, this hollow mold is used to create a concrete casing of the dinosaur. In addition, the concrete dinosaur is held in place by a metal skeleton and stone foundation. The finished model is huge yet correct in every detail. Feature Story Lead grabs attention with a surprising detail. A sculptor’s dream of a museum filled with dinosaurs was broken and buried last night—literally! Paragraph tells about sculptor’s unusual work. Hawkins, who came to the United States in

1868, is famous for his giant models of “terrible lizards.” Working from bones of the extinct beasts, Hawkins had constructed life-size statues of dinosaurs such as the 30-foot-long iguanodon. Quote by sculptor adds interest and captures mood of outrage. The enraged sculptor said, “This is awful! These creations cannot be replaced. How could anyone destroy them?” Final sentence concludes story and gives reader something to think about. Like the dinosaurs they represented, the statues have disappeared from the face of the Earth. Lesson 14: pp. 128−133 Troublesome Verbs A. 1. sat 2. set 3. laid 4. lain 5. left 6. let 7. sat 8. set 9. left 10. laid B. 1. sat

2. lay 3. laid 4. set 5. lain 6. let 7. left 8. sat 9. left 10. let 11. sat 12. left C. 13. Mom laid a hand… 14. I had lain in bed… 15. She said, “Lay those books…” 16. “…while I lie here?” 17. ..has lain on the shelf… 18. …Mom lay down… Test Preparation 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. B Review 1. present: leave past participle: have left 2. past: let past participle: have let 3. past: laid past participle: have laid 4. present: lie past: lay 5. present: sit

past: sat 6. present: set past participle: have set 7. lain 8. sit 9. set 10. sat 11. laid 12. set 13. let 14. left 15. laid 16. let 17. lay 18. sat 19. set 20. left Use Specific Words Possible answers: 1. a concerned and involved father 2. a rollicking country and western tune 3. a hilarious joke-telling marathon 4. a slugger with more power than Babe Ruth 5. a dazzling white beach and turquoise water 6. a black and white pup streaking for cover, yelping in terror 7. vital facts about ecology 8. a predictable plot with dull characters 9. a wise, caring doctor 10. scrambled eggs mixed with spicy sausage and green peppers.

Possible answer Everything about Martha Townsend says powerful. She carries her oversized frame with dignity, as if she knows her value. When she begins to sing, you understand. Her voice can thunder like a storm or coax like a spring wind. Description Strong title and opening set this piece in motion. There’s nothing like a John Philip Sousa march to fill a room with energy. Description is ordered by type of instrument in band. Snare drums, bass drum, brass, flute Vivid images create upbeat, lively mood. The plumes on the players’ hats bob, and the brass on the shoulders of their uniforms sparkles. Lesson 15: pp. 134−139 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases A. 1. by Walt Disney 2. in 1928 3. for the first time

4. with the silly grin 5. overtime 6. around the world 7. of people 8. across the grounds B. Note: Preposition is bold/Object is underlined 1. of my favorite animated films 2. at heart 3. with annoying fairy-tale characters 4. against their will 5. to a far-off castle 6. from a fire-breathing dragon 7. for Shrek 8. to me 9. about them 10. in the movie C. Possible answers: 11. …for animators. 12. …with computer software. 13. …with special skills. 14. …by hand. 15. …from their work. 16. …to drawings. 17. …on the screen 18. …in the future. Test Preparation 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. D

8. B 9. C 10. A Review 1. P 2. O 3. P 4. P 5. O 6. P 7. P 8. P 9. O 10. O 11. For years; with animation 12. in the field; of animated movies 13. on the screen; in 1928; with the premiere; of Steamboat Willie 14. in love; with the little mouse 15. of animation; over time 16. of computers; in animation 17. in the films; by his company 18. by other companies; with Disney’s films Parallelism Exercise 1: 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B Possible answer Wait put down his pen, looked at the drawing,

and sighed with satisfaction. The little mouse looked perky, friendly, and lovable. Soon the animator and his little mouse would gain fame, money, and affection around the world. Writing for Tests Topic sentence sets up the essay. Although they were created in different centuries, Pinocchio and Finding Nemo are animated films with much in common. Parallel structure is used to present three characteristics. The artistry of the animators results in characters, action, and images that captivate viewers. Transitions show likenesses and differences. However; On the other hand; Despite; both Lesson 16: pp. 140−145 Subject and Object Pronouns A. 1. S 2. O 3. S

4. O 5. S 6. O 7. S 8. O 9. S 10. O B. 1. She; I 2. we 3. her; me 4. them 5. them 6. he; she 7. I 8. us 9. her; me 10. They; we C. Possible answers 11. Mom took that picture of you and me by the canyon rim. 12. We handed our backpacks to Louis and her. 13. He and I read the sign outside the park. 14. The Smiths brought back souvenirs for the neighbors and us. 15. Those people had a picnic lunch for their relatives and them. 16. One storekeeper and we were the only ones who saw the spilled drink. 17. Lucy told me that she and her mother had a great time on vacation. 18. Kelly and they showed us their pictures. 19. Who invited George and him to the party?

20. John said when he saw the bear, he and it were the only ones on the trail. Test Preparation 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. D Review 1. S 2. O 3. O 4. S 5. O 6. S 7. S 8. O 9. I 10. We 11. he; I 12. he; she 13. us 14. They; I 15. him; her 16. We; us Refer to the Text Exercise 1: 1. D 2. A 3. E 4. B 5. C

Possible answer Dear Harry Potter,

My heart went out to you when you had to live with your mean aunt and uncle after your parents were killed. Your cousin was such a spoiled brat! It was really great when you got to go to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Quidditch is an awesome game! What is it like to ride a broomstick!

Sincerely yours, Charlene Student

E-mail This is standard heading information for every email Subject: Being Harry Potter’s Best Friend Date: Wednesday, February 25, 2007 11:47 AM From: Brad Student To: Ron Weasley Each paragraph has a topic sentence. You and I have a lot in common. I don’t know about you, but I sometimes get jealous because my best friend Al seems to be able to do everything a little better than I can. I admire you for being so loyal to him.

References to the story create connection between the sender and receiver. We both like comic books and DO NOT like taking tests. I notice that Harry is the best quidditch player. He always seems to figure out the mysteries that go on at Hogwarts. Lesson 17: pp. 146−151 A. 1. Sam; he 2. Janelle; she 3. Janelle and Sam; they 4. cerebral palsy; it 5. children; them 6. Nolan; him 7. computer; it 8. Megan; her B. 1. Muscles; them 2. Muscle tone; It 3. Dad; He 4. Mom; her 5. soccer and basketball; They 6. children; them 7. Calcium; It 8. Hannah; She 9. Mr. Causy; him 10. diet; It C. Possible answers 11. Muscles work in pairs. They pull and push the bones. 12. A dietician spoke to our class. She explained

recent changes in the food pyramid. 13. You must have nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats, to live. You get them from your food. 14. An athlete exercises and eats right. She knows these activities are essential to athletic success. 15. A handicap shouldn’t keep you from exercising. It may slow you down, though. Test Preparation 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D Review 1. Nerve 2. cells 3. Kim 4. axon 5. Kim 6. brain 7. Nerves 8. They 9. him 10. it 11. them 12. he Elaboration

Exercise 1: 1. Shelly soon was panting and groaning with every step. 2. Adam paced impatiently up and down the path. 3. His legs are powerful, muscular, and able to run for miles. 4. She practiced running for half an hour every afternoon. 5. Now she can run as gracefully as Adam. 6. This path winds around the pond, and into the shady woods. 7. After their run, they will walk slowly around the field and then sit in the shade and drink water. 8. Running gives your heart and legs a challenging workout and builds a healthier body. Exercise 2: A large crowd of parents, brothers, sisters, and friends sat shivering in the stands next to the track. Runner in track uniforms of gold, black, red, or purple stretched their muscles, bounced on their toes, and waited anxiously. A cold spring wind chilled both spectators and runners. Timers stepped next to the finish line and raised their stopwatches to the ready position. The head official pointed the

starting gun into the sky with the dramatic flair of an orchestra conductor. The long-awaited championship race began with a bang! Journal Entry Writer examines feelings about kids with cerebral palsy. At first, I felt sorry for these kids. Imagine not being able to walk and run like other kids do! Details elaborate by giving reasons for feelings. The stretching exercises they must do to help them move are painful. Any physical activity takes longer than normal and is more difficult for them than it is for me. They may also need operations and special medicines. Writer makes discovery about self through elaboration. I tried not talking for thirty minutes today, and it nearly drove me crazy! I think it was hard for me to communicate, I would say the most important things first- like “thank you” and “I love you.” Writer’s viewpoint has changed.

The more I think about the CP kids, the more I admire them. Lesson 18: pp. 152−157 Possessive Pronouns A. 1. their 2. theirs 3. its 4. its 5. her 6. hers 7. his 8. our 9. mine 10. your B. 1. its 2. their 3. his 4. its 5. our 6. its 7. their 8. theirs C. 9. …their environments… 10. …your skin… 11. …our environment… 12. …yours too. 13. …its skin… 14. …their feathers… 15. …my head… 16. …his better. Test Preparation

1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. D Review 1. their 2. our 3. her 4. his 5. its 6. ours 7. hers 8. their 9. ours 10. their 11. his 12. her 13. my 14. theirs 15. their 16. her 17. hers 18. its 19. mine 20. your Mood Exercise 1: 1. admiring 2. sarcastic 3. suspenseful Exercise 2: Possible answer Mood: frightened. The spider sat right in front

of my nose. I had run under the tree to hide from my brother and came within two inches of the biggest, blackest spider I had ever seen! Its long pointed legs raised one by one, reminding me of daggers. My whole body began to quake, and chills ran up my spine. “Please,” I prayed, “don’t let it be a jumping spider!” Story About an Animal Descriptive details create a humorous picture. He would sleep peacefully in the dark while the whole family called and searched. Finally, he would saunter out, yawning blissfully. Dialogue sounds natural. Mom asked, “Have you looked in his favorite caves?” “Of course, Mom!” June groaned. “Where can he be?” Ending creates a memorable, humorous image. He walked away, tail in the air, as if he’d just checked out of a deluxe hotel!

Lesson 19: pp. 158−163 Indefinite and Reflexive Pronouns A. 1. Everyone; indefinite; singular 2. themselves; reflexive; plural 3. Others; indefinite; plural 4. herself; reflexive; singular B. 1. Everybody 2. yourself 3. Others 4. herself 5. anyone 6. ourselves 7. myself 8. Few 9. Something 10. both C. 11. Many 12. themselves 13. Others 14. itself Test Preparation 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C

5. A 6. C 7. B 8. B Review 1. No one; indefinite; singular 2. themselves; reflexive; plural 3. Several; indefinite; plural 4. Everybody; indefinite; singular 5. yourself; reflexive; singular 6. itself; reflexive; singular 7. ourselves 8. himself 9. everybody 10. yourself 11. myself 12. Something 13. several 14. everyone 15. Many 16. themselves Good Conclusions Example 1: B. Possible answer: B provides a lively conclusion that goes beyond just a summary or restatement. Example 2:

Possible answer: Hot or cold, plant or animal, local climate and resources have played a large part in the traditional dress of many cultures. Advice It is logical to conclude that Plant Club will interest someone who likes plants. Wilshire has an active Plant Club that meets after school on Tuesdays in the greenhouse. Details give a new student information about Plant Club. Kids in this club learn about growing and caring for plants. Twice a year, they take plants they have grown to nursing homes around town. Suggestions give specific actions to help make friends. Just be sure you wear a smile to school. Also, ask people for help in learning new routines. Lesson 20: pp. 164−169 A. 1. subject 2. object of preposition 3. subject 4. direct object 5. subject

B. 1. whom 2. Who 3. who 4. whom 5. who 6. Whom 7. who 8. whom C. Possible answers: 9. Janine is a strong swimmer who specializes in the Australian crawl. 10. The Olympic competitors whom I watched were participating in the diving events. 11. May divers who compete on an international level have trained and practiced for countless hours. 12. The two swimmers about whom everyone had been talking stood motionless on the blocks. Test Preparation 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. B Review 1. subject 2. object of preposition

3. subject 4. direct object 5. subject 6. object of preposition 7. direct object 8. subject 9. object of preposition 10. direct object 11. Who 12. who 13. who 14. Whom 15. who 16. whom 17. whom 18. Whom 19. who 20. Who Sensory Details Exercise 1: 1. smell 2. touch 3. sight 4. taste 5. sight 6. hearing 7. smell 8. hearing 9. sight 10. taste Exercise 2: Possible answer Steaming gold pancakes sat on my plate. I poured sticky syrup on top and plunged my fork into the sweet, spongy treat. My dog stared at me with huge brown eyes. He made pitiful, whining noises in his throat.

Writing for Tests Adjectives and precise nouns create a clear picture. First, I had to find a way to mount or sleepy brown mare, Ladybug. Details appeal to the senses of touch and sight. Her velvet muzzle snuffled my hand and her brown eyes invited me to come aboard. Strong exact verbs make the actions clear. struggled; boosted Lesson 21: pp. 170−175 Contractions and Negatives A. 1. you’ve 2. could’ve 3. he’d 4. who’s 5. she’s 6. it’s 7. won’t 8. we’re 9. hasn’t 10. didn’t 11. they’re 12. shouldn’t 13. I’ll 14. who’ll 15. I’m 16. can’t 17. he’s 18. you’re B.

1. any 2. ever 3. anywhere 4. Anyone 5. any 6. Someone 7. ever 8. any C. Answers 9. One day I’ll be a pilot. 10. I don’t think anything could be more thrilling than flying above the clouds. 11. When I’m an adult, there probably won’t be any nearby planets uninhabited by humans. 12. No one would ever think twice about flying to Mars, so I’d take my whole family there for a vacation. 13. However, I wouldn’t mind staying close to Earth, either. 14. There isn’t anything quite as breathtaking as Earth seen from a plane. 15. There’s the vast blue ocean twinkling with sunlight below me. 16. I can’t imagine anywhere more beautiful. Test Preparation 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. A

7. D 8. B Review 1. who’ll 2. should’ve 3. we’re 4. won’t 5. can’t 6. he’d 7. they’re 8. couldn’t 9. didn’t 10. she’ll 11. ever 12. any 13. anyone 14. any 15. any 16. anyone 17. any 18. ever 19. anyone 20. anything Support Your Argument Exercise 1: 1,4,5 Exercise 2: Possible answer I like dogs and cats, but I think dogs are better pets. First of all, dogs really love their owners. They wag their tails and lick you. They want to go everywhere with you. In addition, dogs can be trained to heel, fetch, and roll over. Once trained, your dog can go with you on trips and

walks. A dog is a real companion. Editorial Writer states opinion right away. To those people who say that TV is “on the way out” and will be replaced by Web sites, I say, “You are wrong!” Opposing argument is mentioned and then disproved by facts and examples. It is true that the traditional “big three” broadcasters are losing viewers. However, no one has to settle for the tired programs on ABC, NBC, and CBS anymore. There are hundreds of cable channels to every interest. Evidence from reliable sources supports writer’s arguments. Statistics show that TV is still a primary source of entertainment in America. The Nebraska Chronicle reports that 68 percent of the Omaha teenagers polled watch TV more than twenty-two hours a week—and the viewing hours are rising annually. Media specialist Rubin Shiff says, “TV is molding public thought and taste more than ever. It has a

headlock on the American mind.” Lesson 22: pp. 176−181 Adjectives and Articles A. 1. what kind 2. how many 3. what kind 4. The 5. a 6. an B. bold = circled articles 1. a; the; ocean; another 2. a; dreamlike; the; slippery; the 3. Many strange 4. every; long; graceful 5. large; small; this; watery 6. a; fearsome; razor-sharp 7. the; complex; eerie 8. different; the C. Possible answers: 9. 500; a Spanish 10. A large; the wooden; the windblown 11. the well-guarded; a vast; sparkling 12. a pirate; the fearful 13. A terrible; brass; sharp 14. The unfortunate; numerous; the cold

15. That ancient; the inner; the sunken; ambitious Test Preparation 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. C Review 1. what kind 2. which ones 3. how many 4. what kind 5. what kind 6. how many 7. what kind 8. how many 9. what kind 10. what kind 11. which one 12. which ones 13. the 14. a 15. The 16. an 17. the 18. an 19. an 20. a Use Persuasive Words Exercise 1:

2; Possible words: strong, sturdy, powerful, superior 4; Possible words: urgently, must, safer, tragic Exercise 2: 5. polluted 6. noisy 7. precious 8. healthier 9. safer 10. important Last sentence: Our slogan is “Use your feet or take a bus for an improved lifestyle.” Problem-Solution Essay Problem is clearly stated in introduction. Scout Troop 335 is planning a wilderness hike in the Grand Canyon. However, we have to raise $2,000 for this important trip. How can we raise the money? Specific, positive words persuade readers plan is sound. Makes sense; clear, safe; in excellent shape Questions set off every aspect of plan, adding interest. How can we raise money? How could we walks so far without stopping?

How would this even make money? Lesson 23: pp. 182−187 A. 1. That 2. This 3. This 4. those 5. these 6. that 7. this 8. those B. 1. That (or this) sunset… 2. C 3. …this camera… 4. C 5. This sunset… 6. Those pictures… 7. This photograph… 8. That stack… 9. …territory? 10. Those brave men and women… 11. Those astronauts… 12. C C. 13. This new telescope fits in your pocket but lets you see into deep space. 14. These lighter-than-air-shoes, which are just like the ones astronauts use, will be available to the public next year. 15. Those bubble domes on Mars let colonists breathe and move as though they were on Earth.

16. That personal space vehicle used by astronauts on the moon was the model for those used by colonists on Mars. Test Preparation 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. A Review 1. This 2. those 3. these 4. Those 5. this 6. those 7. that 8. these 9. This 10. that 11. Those helicopters are used by broadcasters to monitor traffic. 12. Did you know that these aircraft did not become common until the 1940s? 13. In 1907, a pilot flew a helicopter for the first time, but that flight of

his lasted only a few seconds. 14. That craft crashed, but then advances came quickly. 15. Today these odd-looking craft often can be seen in the sky. Use Quotations Exercise 1: She says, “Lots of people have to be away from their families because of their jobs.” 1 “Thanks to e-mail,” Ochoa says, “when I am in space, my husband and I are able to communicate every day.” 3 She advises, “Get involved in activities where you work closely with other people.” 2 Exercise 2: My friend Quan loves racing go-carts more than anything in the world. He and his dad built a beautiful black go-cart with yellow and orange flames on the sides. Quan zooms around the go-cart track south of town every chance he gets. “One day,” he says, “I’ll be a racecar driver!”

Biographical Sketch Descriptive details characterize Ochoa. Hard work; interests evolved from music and business to physics Facts help readers follow Ochoa’s career. Ochoa always loved the idea of going into space. However, she never thought of becoming an astronaut until 1978, when NASA chose six women for the space program. Ochoa began her formal training for space in 1990. After three years of preparing for any emergency that might occur, she went on her first mission. Quotation by Ochoa summarizes her inspirational attitude. She says, “It’s important they know that if they work hard, then can be and accomplish whatever they want.” Lesson 24: pp. 188−193 Comparative and Superlative Adjectives A. 1. deeper, deepest 2. fatter; fattest 3. worse, worst 4. more hideous, most hideous

5. more immense, most immense 6. mightier, mightiest 7. wilder, wildest 8. more unbelievable, most unbelievable 9. warmer, warmest 10. tinier, tiniest 11. more colorful, most colorful 12. better, best 13. scarier, scariest 14. bigger, biggest 15. smaller, smallest 16. sharper, sharpest 17. more thrilling, most thrilling 18. earlier, earliest 19. finer, finest 20. more beautiful, most beautiful B. 1. best 2. more exciting 3. easier 4. worse; more interested 5. most thought-provoking 6. deeper 7. more imaginative 8. wildest C. 9. most admirable 10. closer 11. more believable 12. loudest Test Preparation 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C

5. B 6. D 7. B 8. D Review 1. lovelier, loveliest 2. sadder, saddest 3. more incredible, most incredible 4. rougher, roughest 5. worse, worst 6. correct 7. grandest 8. better 9. greatest 10. handsomest; most beautiful 11. more difficult 12. bravest; strongest 13. greater 14. happiest Know Your Audience Exercise 1: 1. parents 2. 11-year-old pen pal Exercise 2: Possible answer: Journey to the Center of the Earth would give all the students in class a chance to show their talents. Actors will have exciting action roles. Artists can draw fantastic pictures of jeweled caverns and weird creatures. Technical experts can create awesome sound effects and battles. Best of all, our class will

have the whole school cheering with excitement! Persuasive Letter Writer uses persuasive words. (should, everybody needs). should; Everybody needs; Most important Informal expressions appeal to a young reader. check out; on the go; really grab you! Topic sentences focus on reasons. Everybody needs a little escape and excitement. Science fiction also makes you wonder about the future. Most important, many science fiction stories warn us about our mistakes. Reasons are in order, with the final reason indicated as most important. Lesson 25: pp. 194−199 Adverbs A. bold=circled 1. turned; lazily 2. echoed; eerily 3. lasted; longest

4. Soon; called 5. very; still B. 1. more quickly 2. greatly 3. eagerly 4. incredibly 5. more consistently 6. better 7. worst 8. never 9. Often C. Possible answers: 10. endlessly; very 11. harder; ever 12. patiently; carefully 13. often; miserably 14. finally; happily 15. Often; courageously Test Preparation 1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. A Review 1. more sadly; most sadly 2. harder; hardest 3. more slyly; most slyly 4. worse; worst 5. more cheerfully; most cheerfully 6. faster; fastest 7. more quickly; most quickly

8. better; best 9. longer; longest 10. more noisily; most noisily bold = circled 11. first; traveled 12. eagerly; sought 13. extravagantly; high 14. knew; well 15. sometimes; adopted 16. very; solitary 17. knew; thoroughly 18. almost; extinct 19. later; recklessly; slaughtered 20. vanished; rapidly Style Exercise 1: Possible answers: 1. The old broken-down cabin with many missing windows looked abandoned. 2. Scattered picks, shovels, and pans showed that this had once been a mining cabin used by prospectors. 3. Because they left their equipment behind, I wondered if they have given up in despair. 4. Today the cabin was inhabited by something furry, which had dug a den in the dirt floor. Exercise 2: Possible answer: The town, which had thrived in the 1850s,

was dusty and deserted. The general store was empty, and two rickety chairs on its porch had blown over in the wind. A lone dog whimpered near a rusty pump. Where was its master? Ad Writer uses descriptive words that appeal to reader’s sense. gem sparkling; clear mountain stream rushing Details inform and also suggest educational value of town. Take a trip back in time; expert blacksmith; genuine mining wagon A lively style brings activity to life for readers. Hoot and holler; rip-roaring Lesson 26: pp. 200−205 Modifiers A. 1. adverb 2. adjective 3. adverb 4. adjective 5. prepositional phrase B. 1. near my house; adv. 2. of my family; adj./ on the wet sand; adv.

3. with the big letters; adj./ at your own risk; adv. 4. of all ages; adj./ on the pier; adv. 5. Above the blue ocean water; adv./ toward the clouds; adv. 6. with towels; adj./ in lounge chairs; adj./ in the sun; adv. 7. with broad wings; adj./ along the long sandy coastline; adv. 8. By late afternoon; adv./ of the people; adj. 9. of beautiful reds and oranges; adj./ to many peaceful days; adj. 10. with the cries; adv./of the gulls; adj. C. 11. The four small children waited restlessly at a bare picnic table. 12. At last their parents brought out a long-overdue picnic of sandwiches, fruit, and cookies. 13. One especially thirsty boy drank an entire bottle of lemonade without stopping. 14. We gave an unhappy-looking girl with a bad sunburn some cool, soothing lotion for the pain. 15. Sara shrieked loudly when a huge wave hit her in the back.

16. Two excited children with a large net chased a sandpiper along the beach. 17. Of all the children in that family, only Mark had worn enough sunscreen for protection. 18. The exhausted parents hurriedly packed the old, rusted car for the trip home. Test Preparation 1. B 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. A Review Adjectives/Adverbs 1. gray, of clouds; on the horizon 2. cold; suddenly, across the waves 3. forked, of lightning; from clouds 4. Anxious; loudly, to children 5. on the beach; under a canopy, for shelter 6. only; In minutes, playfully 7. in the weather, to the beach; easily 8. Cautious; always, in their bags bold = circled 9. these; of sand; from sandstone

10. over the centuries; slowly; soft; into gravel 11. rich; dark; of the plains; similarly 12. organic; tiny; of rock; gradually; into soil 13. in place; of plants Roots of plants hold the soil in place. 14. easily; by wind and waves 15. seldom; live; on a beach 16. from new Mexico; sideways The couple from New Mexico watched a crab walk sideways. Thesis Statement Exercise 1: 1. B Exercise 2: A parrotlet is a tiny bird, but it has a mind of its own. Information to include: takes its time accepting you for a friend; eats seeds, but only certain kinds, throws its toys around when it is angry. Expository Writing Thesis statement summarizes focus of essay. The sea urchin is a marine animal with special ways of moving,

feeding, and defending itself. Specific words create clear picture of sea urchin’s body. have a hard shell with many sharp, movable spines; suckers on these feet Paragraphs discuss movement, feeding, and defending in order given in these statement. Lesson 27: pp. 206−211 Conjunctions A. 1. but 2. and 3. or 4. and 5. and 6. or B. 1. and; compound subject 2. and; compound sentence 3. but; compound predicate 4. but; compound sentence 5. and; compound subject 6. or; compound predicate C. Possible answers: 7. …watch, but… 8. …a creek and use…

9. …the area, and the habitat… 10. …the beavers but frustrating… 11. …in your yard or inhabiting… 12. …growing, but the population… Test Preparation 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. A Review 1. and 2. but 3. or 4. but 5. and 6. or 7. or; compound subject 8. and; compound predicate 9. but; compound predicate 10. or; compound sentence 11. or; compound sentence 12. and; compound subject Paraphrase Exercise 1: A

Taking Notes Quotation marks show that these words are quoted directly from article. in “the same state of decay.” Most sentences paraphrase and summarize information from article. Bones were bleached and mossy. Klein had visited in 1963. Then he saw 6,000 deer. Now it was 1966. Unborn baby reindeer were examined. Their bones were tiny and newly formed. Lesson 28 pp. 212−217 Commas A. 1. Joan, Mary, and… 2. write dialogue, plan sets, and 3. Mr. Allen, our music teacher, 4. Patty, 5. As usual, Patty, 6. …King Midas, 7. Jada’s mom, Mrs. Chandler, 8. King Midas, his daughter, B. 1. Costumes, props, and sets all help create the atmosphere for a play.

2. Of course, finding the right materials and using them effectively requires a lot of imagination. 3. Dylan, will you make a cardboard crown, a paper rose, and some gold-colored coins? 4. Mr. Washington, our costume designer, will make a long cape and a dress. 5. Can we count on you, Anita, to help with the stage sets? 6. We will need to create a dungeon, an impressive throne room, and a garden. 7. Yes, Helen, that armchair covered with gold fabric does look like a throne. Possible answers: 8. 3 possibly fairy-tale villains… 9. …fairy tale, Cinderella, faces… 10. …remember, Carlos who are… 11. Jan and Beverly, will you… 12. Gee, we… 13. Ms. Mason, our teacher, said… 14. …to write a script, make up costumes, and practice to get ready. Test Preparation 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C

5. A 6. D Review 1. money, love, 2. Ryan, 3. right, 4. Gold, metal, 5. power, freedom, 6. think, 7. happiness, quality, 8. Usually, a magical being grants wishes in a tale. 9. Animals, genies, and fairies can grant wishes. 10. A fisherman, a poor man, catches a magical fish. 11. The fish cries, “Please, sir, let me go, and I will grant you three wishes.” 12. Yes, the first two wishes are often foolish ones! 13. Of course, these wishes bring bad consequences, unhappiness, and heartache. 14. The final wish, a wise one, is often to return to life as it used to be. 15. Greed, ambition, and selfishness get in the way of happiness. Writer’s Craft 1. simile 2. metaphor 3. personification

4. personification 5. wind chimes 7. doors that open to other worlds 8. threw itself onto the beach Humorous Poem Rhythm, rhyme scheme, and word choice create lighthearted mood. A jolly young poodle; pride; bride; true!; blue Simile “sweet as a bride” creates vivid image. Alliteration creates upbeat sound effects for ending. with her magical, mystical, mirth-making smooch. Lesson 29: pp. 218−223 Quotations and Quotation Marks A. 1. “I’m flying…this summer!” exclaimed… 2. ..asked, “Have…Atlantic?” 3. “No, I haven’t,” he said, “but…Mexico.” 4. “This flight…longer,” she said. “It…hours.” B. 1. “Would…train?” asked Melanie. 2. “It depends,” replied Dana, “on…go.”

3. Brian commented, “My…year.” 4. “The…incredible,” he continued. “We…too.” 5. “I like…places,” said Tamara. “It’s much…easier.” 6. “When I fly,” she continued, “distances seem very small.” C. 7. As pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupery said, “The airplane has unveiled for us the true face of the earth.” 8. A great engineer, Werner von Braun, declared, “It will free man from the chains of gravity which still tie him to this planet.” Test Preparation 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. A Review 1. “Have you ever been surprised on a flight?” asked Deanna. 2. C 3. “They resembled a piece of artwork,” he went on. 4. “We once flew through a

thunderstorm,” remarked Carlos. 5. C 6. Rosa recalled, “I didn’t know that we had to pay for our meals on the plane.” 7. “I also didn’t realize that there would be so little leg room,” she continued. 8. C 9. “The clouds were a big surprise to me,” said Will. “As we passed through them, they smelled like smoke.” 10. “Looking down on the clouds gave me a very strange feeling,” he added. 11. “I didn’t realize the change in air pressure would hurt my ears,” said Becky. 12. “Did you know,” asked Anthony, “that yawning helps you equalize the pressure?” Include Important Details 1. A, C, D, E 2. A, B, D, E Outlining Main ideas are indicated with Roman numerals.* Details under I. explain, in chronological order, how dirigibles evolved.

Supporting statements relate to main idea statement in II. Lesson 30: pp. 224−229 A. 1. …1:30 P.M.” 2. The New York Times…top-notch… 3. The party-it…birthday-was…7:00 P.M. 4. …musician; he… B. 1. …country-western music; to him,… 2. C 3. …the Salem Chronicle…well-known… 4. C 5. …8:00 P.M. sharp; we…6:30. 6. Twenty-five…Mr. Casey-I never…before-was C. Possible answer Dear Sir or Madam: According to an article in the Miami Herald, Betty Smith will be reading from her best-selling book Flying to the Moon at Lopez Auditorium. This show- something we’ve been looking forward to since

last year- greatly interests many of my classmates. We need thirty-five good seats for either the 1:00 or the 3:00 show on October 8. Some students will come by bus; some will walk. Please hold the tickets for us at the main-floor box office. Sincerely, Pam Woolsey Test Preparation 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A Review 1. …4:00 P.M. to 3:00 P.M. 2. A Musical Surprise 3. …today; I… 4. …sounds-this was fun-and… 5. …high-pitched,… 6. …similar; both… 7. …Mr. Colson; I… 8. C 9. 8:00 A.M.-I…early-at… 10. …forty-two seconds; it… 11. …Quinn:…3:00 P.M. to 5:00 P.M…. 12. …star; unfortunately,…

13. C 14. Her friends-I…them-always… Topic Sentence Exercise 1: 1. B 2. A Exercise 2: Possible answer: Improvisation gives jazz an original, surprising quality. Informational Article Introduction tells topic of article. In the 1920s, the New York neighborhood of Harlem was a birthplace for great African American art and music. Many African American artists and musicians lived and worked there at the time. The special music of Harlem was jazz. Topic Sentence tells main idea of paragraph. Jazz began in the African American community, where music accompanied work, play, marriages, births, and deaths. Detail sentences support main idea. Jazz came from slave work songs, blues, gospel, and Creole music in the South. By

the 1920s, it had become popular in Harlem and throughout America.