the golden age of laurier
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Stepping Onto the World Stage Foreign Affairs Issues of Laurier’s Era. The Golden Age of Laurier. History 30 Unit 3 – External Forces and Domestic Realities. Laurier and the Art of Compromise. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Golden Age of LaurierThe Golden Age of LaurierStepping Onto the World StageStepping Onto the World Stage
Foreign Affairs Issues of Laurier’s EraForeign Affairs Issues of Laurier’s Era
History 30History 30Unit 3 – External Forces and Domestic RealitiesUnit 3 – External Forces and Domestic Realities
Laurier and the Art of CompromiseLaurier and the Art of Compromise Wilfrid Laurier was Prime Minister of Canada at a Wilfrid Laurier was Prime Minister of Canada at a
time when several issues divided the French and time when several issues divided the French and English populationsEnglish populations
Was a firm believer in the idea that French and Was a firm believer in the idea that French and English could and should live togetherEnglish could and should live together 1864 valedictorian address @ McGill: “Two races today 1864 valedictorian address @ McGill: “Two races today
share the soil of Canada” share the soil of Canada” Laurier – Fr-Cdn with a deep love and appreciation Laurier – Fr-Cdn with a deep love and appreciation
for English literature and culturefor English literature and culture Believed that the rest of the world would look upon Believed that the rest of the world would look upon
the shining example of Canada and the harmony of its the shining example of Canada and the harmony of its two founding peoplestwo founding peoples
Canada’s Foreign AffairsCanada’s Foreign Affairs ImperialismImperialism
After confederation and into the 1900’s, many After confederation and into the 1900’s, many Canadians debated Canada’s role in Canadians debated Canada’s role in British Imperial British Imperial FamilyFamily
Should Canada stay within the Empire, or should it Should Canada stay within the Empire, or should it become completely independent?become completely independent?
A policy of establishing colonies away from the homeland who would be loyal to your “empire”
Two major views on the issueTwo major views on the issue1)1) The English-Canadian viewThe English-Canadian view
Most supported imperialismMost supported imperialism Supporting imperialism did not necessarily mean they did Supporting imperialism did not necessarily mean they did
not support not support NationalismNationalism
See reasons on page #40See reasons on page #40
Of course, some felt Canada should either be fully Of course, some felt Canada should either be fully independent, or perhaps, even join the USA. However, they independent, or perhaps, even join the USA. However, they were minority English-Canadianswere minority English-Canadians..
Loyalty to one’s country
2) The French-Canadian view2) The French-Canadian view
Divided views, but many felt imperialism Divided views, but many felt imperialism meant a loss of French identity and culturemeant a loss of French identity and culture
Felt isolated as immigration increases and Felt isolated as immigration increases and nationalist movements developnationalist movements develop
French-Canadian NationalismFrench-Canadian Nationalism Confederation guaranteed French language, courts, Confederation guaranteed French language, courts,
customs, religion etc…customs, religion etc… But, some incidents began to question this.But, some incidents began to question this.
Laurier’s view:Laurier’s view:French Canadians have not forgotten France… Here in French Canadians have not forgotten France… Here in
France, people are surprised at the attachment French France, people are surprised at the attachment French Canadians feel for the Queen of England. We are faithful Canadians feel for the Queen of England. We are faithful to the nation which gave us life (France), and we are to the nation which gave us life (France), and we are faithful to the nation that gave us liberty (Britain).faithful to the nation that gave us liberty (Britain).
French-English RelationsFrench-English RelationsPre-LaurierPre-Laurier
French always worried about losing their French always worried about losing their language/culture & being assimilated (justified?)language/culture & being assimilated (justified?)
Métis and Louis RielMétis and Louis Riel French Canadians sympathized with Riel and felt he was French Canadians sympathized with Riel and felt he was
unjustly persecuted because he was Frenchunjustly persecuted because he was French French Métis rights abused; no relief or support from gov’tFrench Métis rights abused; no relief or support from gov’t
Laurier rose to prominence in the Liberal Party Laurier rose to prominence in the Liberal Party through his eloquent defense of Rielthrough his eloquent defense of Riel
Riel’s execution continued and deepened the feelings Riel’s execution continued and deepened the feelings of alienation and discontent in French Canadaof alienation and discontent in French Canada
Let’s read page 41Let’s read page 41
Manitoba Schools QuestionManitoba Schools Question Manitoba Act of 1870 constitutionally guaranteed bilingual separate Manitoba Act of 1870 constitutionally guaranteed bilingual separate
schools in Manitobaschools in Manitoba However, as more English settlers arrived in Red River, many Métis sold However, as more English settlers arrived in Red River, many Métis sold
their ‘script’ and moved further Westtheir ‘script’ and moved further West
Manitoba Schools Act 1890Manitoba Schools Act 1890 Cut off funding for RC schools in ManitobaCut off funding for RC schools in Manitoba English the only language of instructionEnglish the only language of instruction
Macdonald – wait out storm (died in 1891)Macdonald – wait out storm (died in 1891) Issue unresolved in 1896 during electionIssue unresolved in 1896 during election Conservative Charles Tupper – uphold the Constitution and force Conservative Charles Tupper – uphold the Constitution and force
Manitoba to restore fundingManitoba to restore funding Liberal Wilfrid Laurier – avoids taking definite stand but understands that Liberal Wilfrid Laurier – avoids taking definite stand but understands that
he cannot risk offending the English majority and restore complete fundinghe cannot risk offending the English majority and restore complete funding
Laurier-Greenway CompromiseLaurier-Greenway Compromise After election - Laurier-Greenway Compromise ~ “The Sunny After election - Laurier-Greenway Compromise ~ “The Sunny
Way”Way” ½ hour of religious instruction at the end of the school day½ hour of religious instruction at the end of the school day Teacher in the language of choice would be provided if 10 or Teacher in the language of choice would be provided if 10 or
more studentsmore students French-Canadians very disappointed – view it as significant French-Canadians very disappointed – view it as significant
loss of French and catholic rights outside Quebecloss of French and catholic rights outside Quebec 1916 – Manitoba again makes English only language of 1916 – Manitoba again makes English only language of
instructioninstruction
Let’s read about this on page #41 - 42Let’s read about this on page #41 - 42
Language in Ontario and other Language in Ontario and other provincesprovinces
Let’s read page 42Let’s read page 42
Henri BourassaHenri Bourassa
“IF WE LET THE FRENCH MINORITIES WHICH OUR OUTPOSTS, BE SACRIFICED ONE BY ONE, THE DAY WILL COME WHEN
THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC WILL UNDERGO ASSAULT”
A BICULTURAL CANADA A BICULTURAL CANADA OR SEPARATION?OR SEPARATION?
Foreign Affairs Issues That Foreign Affairs Issues That Effected CanadaEffected Canada
3 Major Issues3 Major Issues
The Boer War 1899-1902The Boer War 1899-1902 War in South Africa between Dutch settlers and British ImperialistsWar in South Africa between Dutch settlers and British Imperialists engulfed in conflict for over fifty years.engulfed in conflict for over fifty years. The British ImperialistsThe British Imperialists
located in the Cape Colony and Natal, wanted to have South Africa unified located in the Cape Colony and Natal, wanted to have South Africa unified under British rule. under British rule.
The BoersThe Boers occupied the more northern independent republics of the Orange Free State and occupied the more northern independent republics of the Orange Free State and
Transvaal, wanted to remain independent. Transvaal, wanted to remain independent.
Throughout the 19th Century more and more commercially minded British Throughout the 19th Century more and more commercially minded British settlers had moved to the Cape Colony causing many Boers to move settlers had moved to the Cape Colony causing many Boers to move further inland to protect their way of life. further inland to protect their way of life.
discovery of gold and diamonds in Transvaal - tensions grewdiscovery of gold and diamonds in Transvaal - tensions grew
erupted into all out war and the second Boer War commenced. (The first erupted into all out war and the second Boer War commenced. (The first Boer War occurred in 1880-1881).Boer War occurred in 1880-1881).
England requested help from their Imperial Family.England requested help from their Imperial Family.
Map of South Africa 1899Map of South Africa 1899
Laurier’s CompromiseLaurier’s Compromise Canada would support the British by providing 1000 Canada would support the British by providing 1000
volunteers (initially – though 7300 went in total), volunteers (initially – though 7300 went in total), equipment and transportation to South Africa. Britain equipment and transportation to South Africa. Britain would be responsible for paying the troops and returning would be responsible for paying the troops and returning them to Canada at the end of their service. them to Canada at the end of their service.
Not the official Canadian Army but making a contributionNot the official Canadian Army but making a contribution Effort to balance French and English view while guarding Effort to balance French and English view while guarding
Canadian autonomyCanadian autonomy The Boer War marked the first occasion in The Boer War marked the first occasion in
which large contingents of Canadian troops which large contingents of Canadian troops served abroadserved abroad..
The Battle of Paardeberg is the best-known Canadian engagement of the The Battle of Paardeberg is the best-known Canadian engagement of the South African war. Canada's first contingent failed to heed the order to South African war. Canada's first contingent failed to heed the order to retreat and held their own.retreat and held their own.
Prime Minister Laurier tried to keep Canada out of Prime Minister Laurier tried to keep Canada out of this conflict and the country was divided over this conflict and the country was divided over whether or not Canada should participate. whether or not Canada should participate.
Most French-Canadians and some EnglishMost French-Canadians and some English felt this conflict was Britain's war and did not concern felt this conflict was Britain's war and did not concern
Canada Canada Many French Canadians sympathized with Boers and were Many French Canadians sympathized with Boers and were
worried that this might set a precedent worried that this might set a precedent
Most English CanadiansMost English Canadians drawn to the idea of fighting in South Africa and defending drawn to the idea of fighting in South Africa and defending
the British Empire.the British Empire. Felt it was our duty to support the EmpireFelt it was our duty to support the Empire
The Canadians proved to be tough and heroic, The Canadians proved to be tough and heroic, and especially good on horseback. and especially good on horseback.
Success of Canadian soldiers and their Success of Canadian soldiers and their criticism of British leadership and social criticism of British leadership and social values fed a new sense of Canadian self-values fed a new sense of Canadian self-confidence and actually loosened the ties of confidence and actually loosened the ties of loyalty to Britainloyalty to Britain
The Alaska Boundary Dispute 1903The Alaska Boundary Dispute 1903
Boundaries of Alaska not set when US Boundaries of Alaska not set when US purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867
US adopted Russian position while Canada-US adopted Russian position while Canada-Britain had different claimBritain had different claim
Klondike Gold Rush of 1897 brought matter to Klondike Gold Rush of 1897 brought matter to a heada head
Decided to settle matter before International Decided to settle matter before International tribunal of 3 Americans, 2 Canadians and 1 tribunal of 3 Americans, 2 Canadians and 1 Brit – Lord AlverstoneBrit – Lord Alverstone
Lord Alverstone
US President Teddy Roosevelt made it very clear that dispute US President Teddy Roosevelt made it very clear that dispute would be settled in US favourwould be settled in US favour
1000 Marines ready to land to enforce position1000 Marines ready to land to enforce position Canada – confident of British supportCanada – confident of British support Lord Alverstone – instructed to take US sideLord Alverstone – instructed to take US side
Britain needed US support in looming crisis with Germany and in arms Britain needed US support in looming crisis with Germany and in arms racerace
Couldn’t risk upsetting USCouldn’t risk upsetting US Not much could do anyway considering location and American Not much could do anyway considering location and American
determinationdetermination Canadian legal case weakCanadian legal case weak
Canada would probably have lost anyway but Roosevelt’s Canada would probably have lost anyway but Roosevelt’s manipulations and Britain’s acquiescence so blatant that manipulations and Britain’s acquiescence so blatant that Canada enraged Canada enraged aggressive imperialism and bullying of US and Britain’s betrayal of aggressive imperialism and bullying of US and Britain’s betrayal of
Canadian interestsCanadian interests
The Naval Service Bill 1910The Naval Service Bill 1910
Prelude to WWI, Germany developing a navy to challenge Prelude to WWI, Germany developing a navy to challenge BritainBritain
Britain had “Two-Power Naval Standard”Britain had “Two-Power Naval Standard” As an island, and with a worldwide Empire, it was believed that they As an island, and with a worldwide Empire, it was believed that they
must have as big a navy as the next two powers combinedmust have as big a navy as the next two powers combined Developed the HMS Dreadnought in 1906Developed the HMS Dreadnought in 1906
one of the most notable design transformations of the armored warship one of the most notable design transformations of the armored warship eraera
Bigger – 18 000 ton battleship, Faster - steam turbine power plant with Bigger – 18 000 ton battleship, Faster - steam turbine power plant with 21-knot maximum speed21-knot maximum speed
"all-big-gun" main battery of ten twelve-inch guns"all-big-gun" main battery of ten twelve-inch guns so thoroughly eclipsed earlier types that subsequent battleships were so thoroughly eclipsed earlier types that subsequent battleships were
commonly known as "dreadnoughts", and the previous ones disparaged commonly known as "dreadnoughts", and the previous ones disparaged as "pre-dreadnoughts". as "pre-dreadnoughts".
Made all other ships “obsolete” but reduced Britain’s naval Made all other ships “obsolete” but reduced Britain’s naval superiority to one.superiority to one.
Wanted colonies/dominions to contribute money to build Wanted colonies/dominions to contribute money to build more ‘dreadnoughtsmore ‘dreadnoughts’’
Laurier, ever mindful of guarding Canadian autonomy and Laurier, ever mindful of guarding Canadian autonomy and caught between French and English, came up with a caught between French and English, came up with a compromise compromise Build Royal Canadian Navy – 5 cruisers and 6 destroyers, which Build Royal Canadian Navy – 5 cruisers and 6 destroyers, which
could, when needed, be placed at the disposal of the British Navy could, when needed, be placed at the disposal of the British Navy with with the consent of parliament the consent of parliament
EnglishEnglish our duty to contribute to the British Navy as we rely on it for our our duty to contribute to the British Navy as we rely on it for our
protection protection RCN – “Tin Pot” Navy not enoughRCN – “Tin Pot” Navy not enough
FrenchFrench too muchtoo much would be dragged into every fightwould be dragged into every fight Britain should take care of itselfBritain should take care of itself
By beginning of WWI, only 2 cruisers: Rainbow and By beginning of WWI, only 2 cruisers: Rainbow and NiobeNiobe
HMS Rainbow and NiobeHMS Rainbow and Niobe