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GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME
The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization
Volume 124
FAO GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME VOL. 124
The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization
by
Fatima Ferdouse Susan Løvstad Holdt Rohan Smith Pedro Murúa Zhengyong Yang
FAO Consultants Products, Trade and Marketing Branch Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources Division Rome, Italy
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2018
iii
FAO. 2018. The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization, by Fatima Ferdouse, Zhengyong Yang, Susan Løvstad Holdt, Pedro Murúa and Rohan Smith, FAO Consultants. Globefish Research Programme Volume 124. Rome, Italy.
ABSTRACT
This report is an update of the status of the global seaweed market: production figures from culture and capture, the size of the international market for seaweed and its commercially important extracts, the leading nations by region, developments in processing and utilization technology, and innovations in the industry, as well as the challenges and outlook for the industry.
As it is not possible to feature all individual countries of importance in the seaweed sector, several have been selected as being representative of the different regions of the world: Asia [China, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand); South America (Chile); Europe (Denmark, the European Union); and Africa (Morocco, South Africa and Zanzibar (Tanzania)]. The sections on Chile, China, Denmark and South Africa are based largely on previous studies commissioned by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Layout: Gloria Loriente Copy Editor: Margie Peters-Fawcett Cover photograph: ©IFAD/Joanne Levitan
Cyanobacteria
Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifid Sargassum fusiforme Porphyra , Eucheuma , Kappaphycus alvarezii Gracilaria ; Enteromorpha clathrata Monostroma nitidum Caulerpa . Saccharina japonica, Laminaria japonica
Eucheuma Kappaphycus alvarezii Undaria pinnatifida wakame Porphyra
nori Spirulina
Spirulina.
Gelidium, Gracilaria Pterocladis,
Eucheuma Kappaphycus
Saccharina japonica kombu Undaria pinnatifid wakame Sargassum fusiforme hiziki Ulva , Enteromorpha , Monostroma , Caulerpa Codium sp
E.cotonii, E. spinosum Chondrus crispus,
Gracilaria
Gracilaria
EucheumaGracilaria Undaria pinnatifid
Source
Lessonia nigrescenshuiro palo (Lessonia trabeculata
Gracilaria Laminaria digitata) luga negra (Sarcothalia crispata Macrocystis spp Saccharina japonica Ascophyllum nodosum Gigartina skottsbergii
Gracilaria
EucheumaGracilaria
Undaria pinnatifid wakame Kappaphycus Porphyra nori
nori. Undaria pinnatifid wakame Gracilaria
Nori is a staple in Japanese cuisine. © FAO/Fatima Ferdouse
Saccharina japonica
Saccharina japonica, P haitanensis, Gracilaria Sargassum ,
Gracilaria
Gracilaria Porphyra
et al
Seaweed farmer in the Philippines regaining her livelihood after typhoon Haiyan. © FAO
Source
Porphyra , Saccharina japonica Undaria spp nori, kombu wakame Nori kombu
wakame kombu
nori
Ecklonia Durvillea antarctica, Eucheuma Kappaphycus
Chondrus Gigartina
Gracilaria Hypnea, Porphyra Acanthophora Caulerpa Gracilaria
Porphyra , Saccharina japonica Undaria spp
Saccharina japonica Undaria Porphyra
Gracilaria Sargassum,
Gracilaria
Sargassum
Saccharina japonica)
Source
Main commercial seaweed species in China
Saccharina japonicaGracilaria Undaria (wakame)
Porphyra noriSaccharina japonica
Eucheuma sp, Hizikia fusiforme Enteromorpha sp
Source
Saccharina japonica
Hai Dai
Saccharina japonica
Materia Medica’
Undaria pinnatifida
Porphyra
Porphyra haitanensisPorphyra yezoensis
Gracilaria sp
Gracilaria
Eucheuma
Gelidium
Gelidium
Sargassum
Sargassum
Processing of seaweed
spirulina
Porphyra haitanensis
Porphyra yezoensis
Instant sea tangle (brand: Guanwu Kelp). © Yoycart
Porphyra spp
Dried sea tangle. Sea tangle knots.
Dried and pressed laver. © Yang
Seasoned laver soup. © Yang
Sargassum fusiforme
Sargassum fusiforme
Sargassum fusiforme
Undaria pinnatifida
Sargassum fusiforme
Materia Medica Saccharina japonica Eckloniakunbu Sargassum (haizo),
Porphyra (zicai)
Marketing and trade of seaweed and seaweed products
not
Dried Undaria. © Yang
Source
Source: .
nori
Eucheuma
neiGracilaria
Source
Eucheuma sppKappaphycus spp Gracilaria spp
Eucheuma and Kappaphycus
Processing of seaweed extracts
Trade in raw and processed seaweed
Source
Gracilaria
Source
Eucheuma
E cottonii
E. cottonii
Source
New market trends
cottonii Gracilaria
© Sudari Pawiro Potential and challenges
Production of seaweed (farmed)
E spinosum E cottonii (Kappaphycus)
Source:
Caulerpa Ulva) Sargassum, Tubinaria, Dictyota Padina) Gracilaria, Eucheuma Laurencia
Monoline culture of seaweed. © Fatima Ferdouse
© INFOFISH
Seaweed mariculture and drying facilities in Semporna, Malaysia. © Fatima Ferdouse.
Eucheuma
Gelidium and Gracilaria
© Fatima Ferdouse
Import-export trade
Agar agar is popular as a dessert item and as a content of drinks in Malaysia.© Fatima Ferdouse
Source
Source
Outlook for the seaweed sector
Gracilaria
wakame, nori
Source:
Source:
Source
Seaweed from aquaculture
Eucheuma spp Caulerpa, Gracilaria Sargassum
Eucheuma spp E. cottonii (Kappaphycus) E. denticulatum, E cottonii
(Kappaphycus)
Sargassum, Gracilaria, Gelidium Porphyra
Source:
C.crispus Gigartina
EucheumaEucheuma
Eucheuma
EucheumaCaulerpaGracilaria
International trade
Source:
Source
Domestic market
Gracilaria spp
Gracilaria, Codium, Caulerpa, Porphyra , Hyroclathrus, Hypnea, Laurencia Eucheuma
Porphyra, Ulva, Laurencia, Colpomenia, Acanthophora Halymenia
Sargassum
Eucheuma
Caulerpa makes a colourful and crunchy addition to salads.
kimbapkimchi kim
kim nori
Source
Source
Some of the many innovative seaweed products manufactured and sold in Europe.
Furcellaria lumbricalis
KappaphycusEucheuma
et al
et al
Main commercial seaweed species
Saccharina latissima Fucus vesiculosus)
Fucus serratus) Palmaria palmate)Palmaria palmate
F. vesiculosus Laminaria digitata
Saccharina latissima Palmaria palmata Fucus vesiculosus
Source
Saccharina latissimaS. latissima
S. latissima
Processing
Fucus Saccharina latissima
Fucus serratus
Saccharina latissima Laminaria spp Porphyra purpireaPalmaria palmate
Palmaria palmata
Marketing and trade of seaweed and seaweed products
noriwakame
Source
HS 121229)
Source
nori wakame
(Haliotis midae
nori
© veldandsea.com
Main commercial seaweed species
Ecklonia Laminaria, Gracilaria, Gelidium, Gigartina Porphyra
Ulva Gracilaria
Ulva, Porphyra Laminaria
Ulva Gracilaria
South Africa: Seaweed aquaculture production system. © Anderson and Rothman, 2013
Ulva
Gracilari
Eckloniaet al
Ecklonia maxima (kelp) being harvested by boat.© Anderson & Rothman, 2013
Processing
Marketing and trade of seaweed and seaweed products
Porphyra spp, Plocamium corallorhizaLaminaria pallid
Source
© Anderson & Rothman, 2013
Ecklonia Gracilaria spp
kim nori
Ulva, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Laminaria, Ecklonia
Gelidium sp
GracilariaMacrocystis pyrifera
Main commercial seaweed species Durvillaea antarctica cochayuyo Porphyra
luche
Durvillaea antarcticaPorphyra
Durvillaea antarcticaporphyra
Gigartinales
Chondracanthus chamissoi
Callophyllis variegata
Callophyllis variegata
A: Durvillaea antarctica. B: Lessonia trabeculata. C: Gracilaria chilensis. D: Mazzaella laminarioides. E: Porphyra F: Macrocystis pyrifera. G: Lessonia nigrescens. H: Gigartina skottsbergii. I: Callophyllis variegata. J: Chondracanthus chamissoi. K: Gelidium L: Sarcothalia crispata. © R. Westermeier (Images A-H; L) & M.E. Ramirez (Images I-K)
Gigartinaceae Gigartina skottsbergii luga rojaSarcothalia crispata luga negra Mazzaella laminarioides luga
cucharaGigartina skottsbergii
Gigartina skottsbergii
Gigartina skottsbergii
Sarcothalia crispata Mazzaella laminarioides Sarcothalia crispata
Macrocystis pyrifera Gigartina skottsbergiiMesophyllum
M. laminarioides
Gracilaria chilensis Gelidium spp, Gracilaria chilensis,
pelillo lamella
Gracilaria chilensis
Gracilaria
Gracilaria chilensis
Gracilaria chilensis
Gelidium chasca
Gelidium
Lessonia nigrescensLessonia trabeculata Macrocystis pyifera Lessonia nigrescens huiro negro chascón Lessoniaceae
Durvillaea antarctica Lessonia nigrescens
Lessonia trabeculata (huiro palo Macrocystis pyrifera huiroLessonia trabeculata and Macrocystis pyrifera
Lessoniaceae
A: Pilot culture of Macrocystis pyrifera in Dalcahue, Chiloé Island. B: Commercial facility of Gracilaria chilensis at Pelluhuin. © R. Westermeier
Processing
A:Sundried luga roja (Gigartina skottsbergii) for carrageenan manufacturing in Faro Corona, Chiloé Island. B: Fresh giant kelp (M. pyrifera) bound for abalone facilities at Bahia Chasco, Atacama coast. C: Packages of dried Lessonia trabeculata to be sent to kelp processors in Bahia Salado, Atacama. D: Harvesting of subtidal Gracilaria chilensis by local fishermen at Maullin. © R. Westermeier (Images B - D)
Lessonia trabeculata
Macrocystis
Marketing and trade of seaweeds and seaweed products
Porphyra Durvillaea antarctica
Gelidium
Macrocystis
Source
Lessonia
C. chamissoi,
Lessonia
Lessonia spp M. pyrifera Durvillaea antactica G. skotsbergii
Lessonia
Euchema Kappaphycus nori
Durvillaea antarctica Porphyraspp
A: Porphyra (luche in Spanish) and lamb cazuela (soup). B: Durvillaea antarctica (cochayuyo in Spanish) salad.
Porphyra
Durvillaea antarctica
Chilean seaweed products in local markets (A: Luche ‘bread’; B: tied cochayuyo). © F. Küpper
Dyctiopteris Auke
Auke harvested on Easter Island (A: Full bag collected by a local Islander. B: Morphology of Dyctiopteris © M.E. Ramirez
Lessonia spp
Gracilaria chilensis Gigartina/Sarcothalia
Source
wakame, nori
Source
Source
Source
wakame, nori
Laminaria, Porphyra , hizikia kombu nori hiziki Undaria spp
wakame)
Source
Source
Sources
Sources
Source
Source
Source
Source
Undaria Hizikia
Gracilaria
Source
Source
Source
Source
wakame nori
Source
Source
Source
Kappaphycus alvarezii E. deliticulatum E.spinosum
Source
E.spinosum
Source
Crispy Seaweed Spicy Flavour; Tao Kae Noi Brand carries a halal label.
nori kombuwakame
Dried seaweed lines the shelves of Japanese-themed outlets in many Asian supermarkets, in this case in Malaysia. © Fatima Ferdouse
Gracilaria ogonori ogo
gulaman
GracilariaGracilaria
© Fatima Ferdouse
Chondrus
Kappaphycus alvarezii (cotonii) Eucheuma denticulatum spinosum
Chondrus Furcellaria Gigartina Sarcothalia Mazzaella IridaeaMastocarpus Tichocarpus
In Southeast Asia, carrageenan is used as a binder for items such as burgers. © Fatima Ferdouse
Eucheuma
Eucheuma
September 2017, Zanzibar FAO Director-General, Josè Graziano da Silva, inspecting a variety of products made from seaweed during his visit to Paje Beach. ©FAO/Kevin Midigo
(Ecklonia)
Eucheuma Kappaphycus Gracilaria
African Journal of Agricultural Research
Description of the commercial seaweed sector
Vækst i blå biomasser- kortlægning af potentialer og udfordringer i værdiskabelse af tang og skaldyr (Growth within blue biomass-mapping of potentials and challenges in value creation of seaweed and shellfish). .
China Fishery Statistical Yearbook (2003-2015).
Encyclopedia of Ecology Ecological Engineering
et al Safeguarding the future of the global seaweed aquaculture industry
Status of the South African Marine Fishery Resources.
Dubai Chamber report shows increasing preference for halal food as global market grows to USD1.1 trillion in 2013
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Boletin de Exportación de Productos Pesqueros y Acuícolas de Chile
A guide to the seaweed industry
Regulation regarding seaweed as food and for the trade in Denmark
Profile of Business and Investment Opportunities on Seaweed Industry in Indonesia III
Seaweed processing in Chile, with emphasis on human consumption products
Blå biomasse – potentialer og udfordringer for opdræt af muslinger og tangDTU Aqua-
rapport
Desembarque de algas por especie entre 1996 – 2006
Datos Estadísticos del Desembarque, Producción y Cosecha de Algas Marinas Chilenas
Anuario Estadístico de Pesca. Servicio Nacional de Pesca
Micronutrient deficiencies.
Seaweed Industry: The Case of China
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The GLOBEFISH Research Programme is an activity initiated by FAO's Products, Trade and Marketing Branch, Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources
and Associate Members.CA1121EN/1/08.18
ISBN 978-92-5-130870-7
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