The Global Positioning The Global Positioning SystemSystem

A Dual-Use Information UtilityA Dual-Use Information Utility

The Global Positioning The Global Positioning SystemSystem

A Dual-Use Information UtilityA Dual-Use Information Utility

June 2001June 2001

OverviewOverview

• PolicyPolicy• Applications Applications • ModernizationModernization• Spectrum Issues Affecting Military, Civil Spectrum Issues Affecting Military, Civil

and Commercial GPS Useand Commercial GPS Use• General Dual Use IssuesGeneral Dual Use Issues• Back Up Information on GPS Back Up Information on GPS

ApplicationsApplications

PolicyPolicyPolicyPolicy

GPS is a Dual-Use SystemGPS is a Dual-Use System

• Cold War spinoffCold War spinoff– Developed in 1970s-1980s to support Allied Developed in 1970s-1980s to support Allied

forcesforces– Prominent in Gulf War, KosovoProminent in Gulf War, Kosovo– After KAL-007, civilians gained free access After KAL-007, civilians gained free access

to Standard Positioning Serviceto Standard Positioning Service

• Commercial use now dwarfs military Commercial use now dwarfs military useuse

• GPS policy is managed at a national GPS policy is managed at a national level by the Interagency GPS Executive level by the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)Board (IGEB)

Agriculture

Commerce State

Interior

NASA

Justice

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Defense Transportation

Interagency GPS Executive BoardInteragency GPS Executive Board

United States GPS PolicyUnited States GPS Policy

• Presidential Decision Directive signed Presidential Decision Directive signed in 1996, endorsed by Congress in 1998in 1996, endorsed by Congress in 1998

• GPS Standard Positioning Service to GPS Standard Positioning Service to remain free of direct user feesremain free of direct user fees

• U.S. to promote acceptance and use of U.S. to promote acceptance and use of GPS as a world standardGPS as a world standard

• Selective Availability -- ended May 2000Selective Availability -- ended May 2000• IGEB to manage GPS as a national assetIGEB to manage GPS as a national asset

United States GPS Policy, United States GPS Policy, cont’d.cont’d.

• Encourage private sector investment Encourage private sector investment in/use of GPS technologies and servicesin/use of GPS technologies and services

• Promote safety and efficiency in Promote safety and efficiency in transportation and other fieldstransportation and other fields

• Promote international cooperation in Promote international cooperation in using GPS for peaceful purposesusing GPS for peaceful purposes

• Advance scientific and technical Advance scientific and technical capabilitiescapabilities

• Strengthen and maintain national Strengthen and maintain national securitysecurity

ApplicationsApplicationsApplicationsApplications

MilitaryMilitary

• GPS is a recognized GPS is a recognized NATO standardNATO standard

• GPS is required on GPS is required on all U.S. weapons all U.S. weapons platformsplatforms

• GPS -based precision GPS -based precision munitions widely munitions widely used during Gulf used during Gulf War, KosovoWar, Kosovo

AviationAviation

• GPS approved for GPS approved for en-route navigationen-route navigation

• More efficient flight More efficient flight routing leads to fuel routing leads to fuel savingssavings

• Better tracking of Better tracking of aircraft enhances aircraft enhances safetysafety

• Closer spacing of Closer spacing of planes increases planes increases airspace capacityairspace capacity

• $710M market by $710M market by 20032003

Worldwide GPS Revenues Worldwide GPS Revenues By Market SegmentBy Market Segment

Projected Relative Market ShareProjected Relative Market Share

ModernizationModernizationModernizationModernization

GPS Modernization ProgramGPS Modernization Program

• Need for upgrades recognized as GPS entered Need for upgrades recognized as GPS entered Full Operational CapabilityFull Operational Capability– Anti-jam military needsAnti-jam military needs– Better, more reliable civilian serviceBetter, more reliable civilian service

– Recognized growing importance of GPS to both Recognized growing importance of GPS to both sectorssectors

• 1996 Presidential policy and 1998/1999 Vice 1996 Presidential policy and 1998/1999 Vice Presidential announcements committed U.S. Presidential announcements committed U.S. to modernization and improvement pathto modernization and improvement path– New signals, better service ( no direct user fees)New signals, better service ( no direct user fees)– Selective Availability (SA) discontinuedSelective Availability (SA) discontinued– Over $1 billion added to future U.S. GPS investmentOver $1 billion added to future U.S. GPS investment

P(Y)P(Y)

C/AC/A

Modernized Signal EvolutionModernized Signal Evolution

C/AC/A

P(Y)P(Y)

P(Y)P(Y)

P(Y)P(Y)

MMC/AC/AMM

Present SignalPresent Signal(Block II/IIA/IIR)(Block II/IIA/IIR)

22ndnd Civil; M-Code Civil; M-CodeBlock IIR-MBlock IIR-M

(IOC: 2008; FOC: 2010)(IOC: 2008; FOC: 2010)

33rdrd Civil CivilBlock IIFBlock IIF

(IOC: 2012; FOC 2014)(IOC: 2012; FOC 2014)

C/AC/A

P(Y)P(Y)

MM

P(Y)P(Y)

C/AC/AMM

1176 MHz1176 MHz(L5)(L5)

1227 MHz1227 MHz(L2)(L2)

1575 MHz1575 MHz(L1)(L1)

GPS III ProgramGPS III Program• Procure cost-effective GPS system to meet Procure cost-effective GPS system to meet

next generation military and civilian next generation military and civilian positioning, navigation, and timing needspositioning, navigation, and timing needs

SpaceSpaceSegmentSegment

ControlControlSegmentSegment

UserUserEquipmentEquipment

The GPS III OpportunityThe GPS III Opportunity

• Assess system-wide architectural alternatives Assess system-wide architectural alternatives to:to:– Achieve current and long term GPS performance Achieve current and long term GPS performance

goalsgoals– Reduce long term total ownership costsReduce long term total ownership costs– Capitalize on emerging technologiesCapitalize on emerging technologies– Provide flexibility and robustness to meet evolving Provide flexibility and robustness to meet evolving

requirementsrequirements

– Discover military and economic value of pushing to Discover military and economic value of pushing to higher performance capabilitieshigher performance capabilities

• ScopeScope– Military and CivilMilitary and Civil– Possible augmentation opportunitiesPossible augmentation opportunities

Ensure best GPS system for the next 30 years

GPS III System Architecture and GPS III System Architecture and Requirements Definition (SARD) Requirements Definition (SARD)

PhasePhase

• 12-month study between government and 12-month study between government and industryindustry– Two contractors (Lockheed Martin, Boeing)Two contractors (Lockheed Martin, Boeing)– Firm Fixed Price contractsFirm Fixed Price contracts– $16M per contractor$16M per contractor– Awarded 8 Nov 00Awarded 8 Nov 00– Spectrum Astro (participating on company funds)Spectrum Astro (participating on company funds)

• Near term goalsNear term goals– Build technical requirements setBuild technical requirements set– Illustrate requirements through architectural Illustrate requirements through architectural

solutionssolutions– Complete Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and cost benefit Complete Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and cost benefit

assessmentassessment

GPS III SARD Phase ProductsGPS III SARD Phase Products

• Technical Requirements for Development Milestones Technical Requirements for Development Milestones

• Architectures that support Technical RequirementsArchitectures that support Technical Requirements

• Life Cycle Cost estimates for each ArchitectureLife Cycle Cost estimates for each Architecture

• Risk Analysis Risk Analysis

• Draft System Effectiveness and Performance MetricsDraft System Effectiveness and Performance Metrics

• Initial Test and Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP)Initial Test and Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP)

• Acquisition StrategyAcquisition Strategy

• Entry/Exit criteria for Development MilestonesEntry/Exit criteria for Development Milestones

• Technology RoadmapTechnology Roadmap

Spectrum Issues Affecting Spectrum Issues Affecting Commercial and Military UseCommercial and Military UseSpectrum Issues Affecting Spectrum Issues Affecting

Commercial and Military UseCommercial and Military Use

UWB TechnologyUWB Technology

• Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology uses Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology uses very short (nanosecond) bursts of very short (nanosecond) bursts of energy spread over thousands of energy spread over thousands of megahertzmegahertz

– Potential applications include Potential applications include communications - some are communications - some are potentially synergistic with GPSpotentially synergistic with GPS

– But UWB emissions may cross But UWB emissions may cross restricted spectrum bands used by restricted spectrum bands used by GPS and cause interferenceGPS and cause interference

UWB DefinitionUWB Definition

• ““UWB” describes a number of radio/radar UWB” describes a number of radio/radar signal types such as: impulse, carrier-free, signal types such as: impulse, carrier-free, baseband, time domain and large-relative-baseband, time domain and large-relative-bandwidthbandwidth– Each of these types of electromagnetic energy Each of these types of electromagnetic energy

propagation can be characterized by widely propagation can be characterized by widely varying signal structure and temporal variationsvarying signal structure and temporal variations

• FCC proposed definition is: any device FCC proposed definition is: any device where the fractional bandwidth is greater where the fractional bandwidth is greater than 0.25 or occupies 1.5 GHz or more of than 0.25 or occupies 1.5 GHz or more of spectrumspectrum– a signal centered at 4 GHz would be considered a signal centered at 4 GHz would be considered

"UWB " if its bandwidth were 1 GHz or more"UWB " if its bandwidth were 1 GHz or more– a signal at 1 GHz would qualify as UWB for a signal at 1 GHz would qualify as UWB for

bandwidths of 250 MHz or more. bandwidths of 250 MHz or more.

Time Domain Versus Frequency Time Domain Versus Frequency DomainDomain

Time Domain Pulse Train Frequency Domain Continuous Waveform

Pulses of energy across wide unregulated spectrum instead of continuous waves

confined to assigned regulated spectrum

Issues Raised by Issues Raised by Unlicensed ReleaseUnlicensed Release

of UWB Devicesof UWB Devices

• What controls must be placed on UWB What controls must be placed on UWB emitters so that they cannot easily jam emitters so that they cannot easily jam GPS?GPS?

• What measures can be taken to limit and What measures can be taken to limit and control UWB interference to acceptable control UWB interference to acceptable levels?levels?

• How can composite interference in safety-How can composite interference in safety-of-life bands be controlled?of-life bands be controlled?

• What is the quantifiable level of known What is the quantifiable level of known interference to existing services? Would interference to existing services? Would this raise the noise floor to an this raise the noise floor to an unacceptable level?unacceptable level?

Status of the Rulemaking Status of the Rulemaking ProcessProcess

• Initial comment, reply comment, and test Initial comment, reply comment, and test data submission period ended on October data submission period ended on October 30, 0030, 00

• NTIA NTIA submitted first, non-GPS report on submitted first, non-GPS report on January 18, 01January 18, 01

• Second (GPS) report submitted on March Second (GPS) report submitted on March 9, 019, 01

• Third report (GPS addendum) to be Third report (GPS addendum) to be submitted no earlier than Junesubmitted no earlier than June

• FCC staff has recently stated a desire to FCC staff has recently stated a desire to issue a R&O in early summer 01issue a R&O in early summer 01

Upcoming WRC IssuesUpcoming WRC IssuesUpcoming WRC IssuesUpcoming WRC Issues

Agenda Item 1.15 - RNSS Agenda Item 1.15 - RNSS ResolutionsResolutions

Resolution 606 – L2 (1215-1300 MHz)Resolution 606 – L2 (1215-1300 MHz)– Conduct, as a matter of urgency and in time Conduct, as a matter of urgency and in time

for WRC-03, the appropriate technical, for WRC-03, the appropriate technical, operational and regulatory studies, including operational and regulatory studies, including an assessment of the need for a power flux-an assessment of the need for a power flux-density limit concerning the operation of density limit concerning the operation of radionavigation-satellite service (space-to-radionavigation-satellite service (space-to-Earth) systems in the frequency band Earth) systems in the frequency band 1215‑1300 MHz in order to ensure that the 1215‑1300 MHz in order to ensure that the radionavigation-satellite service (space-to-radionavigation-satellite service (space-to-Earth) will not cause harmful interference to Earth) will not cause harmful interference to the radionavigation and the radiolocation the radionavigation and the radiolocation servicesservices

Agenda Item 1.15 - RNSS Agenda Item 1.15 - RNSS ResolutionsResolutions

Resolution 605 – L5 (1164-1215 MHz)Resolution 605 – L5 (1164-1215 MHz)– Conduct, as a matter of urgency and in time Conduct, as a matter of urgency and in time

for WRC-03, the appropriate technical, for WRC-03, the appropriate technical, operational and regulatory studies on the operational and regulatory studies on the overall compatibility between the overall compatibility between the radionavigation-satellite service and the radionavigation-satellite service and the aeronautical radionavigation service in the aeronautical radionavigation service in the band 960-1215 MHz, including an assessment band 960-1215 MHz, including an assessment of the need for an aggregate power flux-of the need for an aggregate power flux-density limit, and revision, if necessary, of density limit, and revision, if necessary, of the provisional pfd limit given in No. S5.328A the provisional pfd limit given in No. S5.328A concerning the operation of radionavigation concerning the operation of radionavigation satellite service (space-to-Earth) systems in satellite service (space-to-Earth) systems in the frequency band 1164-1215 MHzthe frequency band 1164-1215 MHz

Overview of Dual UseOverview of Dual UseOverview of Dual UseOverview of Dual Use

Dual Use PositivesDual Use Positives

• Commercial use of GPS now dwarfs Commercial use of GPS now dwarfs military usemilitary use

• Civil agencies actively involved in Civil agencies actively involved in acquisitions and requirements processes acquisitions and requirements processes for GPSfor GPS

• Utility of GPS results in widespread Utility of GPS results in widespread interest in and use of GPS, both at home interest in and use of GPS, both at home and abroadand abroad– Pros -- Brings commercial interests to bear on Pros -- Brings commercial interests to bear on

a large scale, a positive in international a large scale, a positive in international venues as well as domesticallyvenues as well as domestically

– Widespread enthusiasm for GPS assists in Widespread enthusiasm for GPS assists in budgetary processes on a macro scalebudgetary processes on a macro scale

Dual Use ConcernsDual Use Concerns

• Active civil and commercial involvement Active civil and commercial involvement in GPS can create system management in GPS can create system management issuesissues– AF must operate a system that serves more AF must operate a system that serves more

than just military utility than just military utility – Civil aviation augmentations rely on and are Civil aviation augmentations rely on and are

built around core system performancebuilt around core system performance– GPS spectrum issues include other civil GPS spectrum issues include other civil

navigation systemsnavigation systems

• Perception of US Government Perception of US Government management of GPS can cause concernsmanagement of GPS can cause concerns– Galileo’s civil-only stance a prime exampleGalileo’s civil-only stance a prime example

Office of Space Office of Space Commercialization ReportCommercialization Report

• Overall -- Commercial space market Overall -- Commercial space market continues to grow, reaching $105 continues to grow, reaching $105 billion in 2002billion in 2002

• GPS -- In 2000, global sales of GPS GPS -- In 2000, global sales of GPS equipment reached $7.34 billion, with equipment reached $7.34 billion, with slightly more than half sold by US firms. slightly more than half sold by US firms. Recent ending of SA should accelerate Recent ending of SA should accelerate the market the market

• Work To Do -- In space launch, US Work To Do -- In space launch, US providers captured only 29% of the $5.4 providers captured only 29% of the $5.4 billion market in 2000, down from 49% billion market in 2000, down from 49% two years earliertwo years earlier

Application Back Up SlidesApplication Back Up SlidesApplication Back Up SlidesApplication Back Up Slides

Car NavigationCar Navigation

• On-board navigationOn-board navigation• Fleet managementFleet management• Roadside assistanceRoadside assistance• Stolen vehicle Stolen vehicle

recoveryrecovery• Enhanced servicesEnhanced services• Mass market Mass market

dominated by Japandominated by Japan• Dataquest: Unit sales Dataquest: Unit sales

of chips for car of chips for car navigation to reach navigation to reach 11.3M in 200111.3M in 2001

• $4.7B sales by 2003$4.7B sales by 2003

Consumer/RecreationalConsumer/Recreational

• Portable receivers Portable receivers for fishermen, for fishermen, hunters, hikers, hunters, hikers, cyclists, etc.cyclists, etc.

• Recreational Recreational facilities -- golf facilities -- golf courses, ski resortscourses, ski resorts

• Integration of GPS Integration of GPS into cellular phonesinto cellular phones– E-911 requirementE-911 requirement

• $3.8B market by $3.8B market by 20032003

Surveying/Mapping/GISSurveying/Mapping/GIS

• Sub-centimeter accuracySub-centimeter accuracy• 100%-300% savings in 100%-300% savings in

time, cost, & labortime, cost, & labor– Control survey point: Control survey point:

$10,000 in 1986; $250 in $10,000 in 1986; $250 in 19971997

• Rural electrificationRural electrification• Telecom tower Telecom tower

placementplacement• PipelinesPipelines• Oil, gas, and mineral Oil, gas, and mineral

explorationexploration• Flood plain mappingFlood plain mapping• $3.12B market by 2003$3.12B market by 2003

Tracking/Machine ControlTracking/Machine Control

• Package/cargo Package/cargo deliverydelivery

• Fleet and asset Fleet and asset managementmanagement

• Theft recoveryTheft recovery• Public safety and Public safety and

servicesservices• Farming, mining, and Farming, mining, and

construction construction equipmentequipment

• DGPS/RTK required for DGPS/RTK required for many applicationsmany applications

• $3B market by 2003$3B market by 2003

Public ServicesPublic Services

• City planningCity planning• Transportation Transportation

infrastructureinfrastructure– Road Billing Network Road Billing Network

(ROBIN)(ROBIN)– SnowplowsSnowplows

• Emergency responseEmergency response– Law enforcementLaw enforcement– Fire fightingFire fighting– Search and rescueSearch and rescue– ParamedicsParamedics– Disaster reliefDisaster relief

Maritime NavigationMaritime Navigation

• GPS-based vessel tracking GPS-based vessel tracking and traffic management and traffic management maximizes effectiveness of maximizes effectiveness of waterwayswaterways

• Improved safety increases Improved safety increases maritime commercemaritime commerce

• Maritime DGPS service for Maritime DGPS service for enhanced accuracy and enhanced accuracy and safety available in 34 safety available in 34 countriescountries

• $210M market by 2003$210M market by 2003

TimingTiming

• GPS offers an inexpensive GPS offers an inexpensive alternative to costly, high alternative to costly, high maintenance timing equipmentmaintenance timing equipment

• Telecommunications network Telecommunications network synchronization & managementsynchronization & management– Phones, pagers, wireless systemsPhones, pagers, wireless systems

– LANs, WANs, InternetLANs, WANs, Internet

• Financial transactionsFinancial transactions

• Electrical power grid Electrical power grid management & fault locationmanagement & fault location

• Digital signatures for e-Digital signatures for e-commercecommerce

• Some estimate the timing Some estimate the timing market at $40-100Mmarket at $40-100M

Scientific ResearchScientific Research

• Monitoring Monitoring geological changegeological change– Glaciers, tectonic Glaciers, tectonic

plates, earthquakes, plates, earthquakes, volcanoesvolcanoes

• Wildlife behaviorWildlife behavior• Atmospheric Atmospheric

modelingmodeling– Water vapor contentWater vapor content

• Oceanic studiesOceanic studies– Tidal patternsTidal patterns– Surface mappingSurface mapping

• Time transferTime transfer

Precision AgriculturePrecision Agriculture

• Maximize use of resourcesMaximize use of resources– Optimized plowing of crop rowsOptimized plowing of crop rows– Tailored applications of seeds, Tailored applications of seeds,

fertilizer, water, pesticidesfertilizer, water, pesticides– Improved management of land, Improved management of land,

machinery, personnel, timemachinery, personnel, time– Greater crop yieldsGreater crop yields– Net benefit: $5-14 per acreNet benefit: $5-14 per acre

• Minimize environmental Minimize environmental impactsimpacts– Localized identification and Localized identification and

treatment of distressed crops treatment of distressed crops reduces chemical usereduces chemical use

– Precise leveling of fields prevents Precise leveling of fields prevents fluid runofffluid runoff

Open Pit MiningOpen Pit Mining

• Enhanced Enhanced management of management of assets, equipmentassets, equipment

• Progress tracked in Progress tracked in real-time, remotelyreal-time, remotely

• Improved machine Improved machine control saves time, control saves time, lowers maintenance lowers maintenance and fuel consumption, and fuel consumption, prevents accidentsprevents accidents

• Rapid surveying for Rapid surveying for drilling blast holesdrilling blast holes

• Smaller, more Smaller, more empowered workforceempowered workforce

Space ApplicationsSpace Applications

• Improved orbit and Improved orbit and attitude control for attitude control for spacecraft, International spacecraft, International Space StationSpace Station

• Space Station return Space Station return vehiclevehicle

• Advance Land Observing Advance Land Observing Satellite uses GPS to Satellite uses GPS to calibrate high resolution calibrate high resolution radar mapsradar maps

• Satellite formation flyingSatellite formation flying• Space launch range Space launch range

safetysafety

ConstructionConstruction

• Machinery, asset, Machinery, asset, and personnel and personnel managementmanagement

• Rapid surveys for Rapid surveys for laying foundation laying foundation piles, etc.piles, etc.

• Accident preventionAccident prevention

• Remote control of Remote control of machinery possiblemachinery possible– Japanese volcano damJapanese volcano dam

GPS/RTK technology was used in the GPS/RTK technology was used in the construction of the Øresund Bridge construction of the Øresund Bridge

between Denmark and Swedenbetween Denmark and Sweden