the global market for nanocellulose 2018-2027 table of ... · the global market for nanocellulose...

The Global Market for Nanocellulose 2018-2027

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................... 31 1.1 The current market......................................................................................................................... 32 1.1.1 Transition into products........................................................................................................ 34 1.1.2 Markets and applications..................................................................................................... 34 1.1.3 Cost still an issue.................................................................................................................. 38 1.1.4 Main opportunities in nanocellulose................................................................................... 38 1.2 Production worldwide..................................................................................................................... 41 1.2.1 Production plants and production status........................................................................... 42 1.2.2 Growth of the market in Japan............................................................................................ 44 1.3 Market drivers................................................................................................................................. 45 1.3.1 Demand for sustainable materials...................................................................................... 45 1.3.2 Enhanced products for paper and board industries........................................................ 45 1.3.3 Unique properties lead to new products............................................................................ 46 1.3.4 Recent improvements in production and product integration........................................ 46 1.4 Market and technical challenges.................................................................................................. 47 1.4.1 Characterization.................................................................................................................... 47 1.4.2 Production.............................................................................................................................. 47 1.4.3 Functionalization.................................................................................................................... 47 1.4.4 Moisture absorption and aggregation................................................................................ 48 1.4.5 Scalability................................................................................................................................ 48 1.4.6 Lack of current products....................................................................................................... 48 1.4.7 Cost-competitiveness with traditional technology............................................................ 49 1.5 Global Nanocellulose market size............................................................................................... 49 1.5.1 The market for nanocellulose in 2017................................................................................ 49 1.5.2 Nanocellulose global revenues and demand in tons, 2015–2027................................ 54 1.5.3 Nanocellulose market by region......................................................................................... 56 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................... 59 2.1 MARKET OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS........................................................................................ 61 2.1.1 Stage of commercialization.................................................................................................. 61 2.1.2 Economic impact by 2027.................................................................................................... 61 2.1.3 Current market size for equivalent applications............................................................... 61 2.1.4 Ease of commercialization................................................................................................... 62 2.1.5 Competitive landscape......................................................................................................... 62 2.1.6 Cost......................................................................................................................................... 62 2.1.7 Competition from other materials....................................................................................... 62 2.1.8 Regulatory/Government policy push.................................................................................. 62 2.1.9 Market pull.............................................................................................................................. 63 2.2 MARKET CHALLENGES RATING SYSTEM............................................................................ 63 3 NANOCELLULOSE........................................................................... 66 3.1 What is nanocellulose?.................................................................................................................. 66 3.2 Types of nanocellulose.................................................................................................................. 68 3.2.1 NanoFibrillar Cellulose (NFC)............................................................................................. 70



3.2.1.1 Applications................................................................................................................... 70 3.2.1.2 Production methods of NFC producers.................................................................... 72 3.2.2 NanoCrystalline Cellulose (NCC)....................................................................................... 73 3.2.2.1 Applications................................................................................................................... 74 3.2.3 Bacterial Cellulose (BCC).................................................................................................... 75 3.2.3.1 Applications................................................................................................................... 76 3.3 Synthesis of cellulose materials................................................................................................... 76 3.3.1 Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)........................................................................................ 76 3.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)........................................................................................... 77 3.3.3 Nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC)........................................................................................... 77 3.3.4 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)............................................................................................. 78 3.3.5 Bacterial cellulose particles (CNC)..................................................................................... 79 3.4 Properties of nanocellulose........................................................................................................... 80 3.5 Advantages of nanocellulose........................................................................................................ 81 3.6 Manufacture of nanocellulose...................................................................................................... 81 3.7 Production methods....................................................................................................................... 82 3.7.1 Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods................................................................... 85 3.7.2 Nanocrystalline celluose production methods.................................................................. 85 4 NANOCELLULOSE MARKET STRUCTURE................................... 86 4.1 Routes to commercialization......................................................................................................... 86 4.2 Market structure from materials production to end product..................................................... 86 4.3 Volume of industry demand for nanocellulose by nanocellulose producer sales................ 89 4.4 Current end users for nanocellulose, by market and company.............................................. 91 5 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR NANOCELLULOSE................................... 93 6 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS................................................. 95 6.1 Standards......................................................................................................................................... 95 6.1.1 International Standards Organization (ISO)...................................................................... 95 6.1.2 American National Standards............................................................................................. 95 6.1.3 CSA Group............................................................................................................................. 95 6.2 Toxicity............................................................................................................................................. 96 6.3 Regulation........................................................................................................................................ 98 7 REGIONAL INITIATIVES AND GOVERNMENT FUNDING.............. 99 8 NANOCELLULOSE APPLICATIONS............................................. 100 8.1 High volume, medium volume and low volume nanocellulose applications....................... 100 9 NANOCELLULOSE TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL).. 102 10 NANOCELLULOSE END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS 104 10.1 Production of nanocellulose................................................................................................... 104 10.1.1 Microfibrillated cellulose................................................................................................ 104 10.1.2 Cellulose nanofiber production.................................................................................... 104



10.1.3 Cellulose nanocrystal production................................................................................. 106 10.1.4 Production volumes, by region..................................................................................... 106 10.1.5 Applications..................................................................................................................... 107 10.1.6 Prices................................................................................................................................ 110 10.2 Nanocellulose patents & publications.................................................................................. 112 11 COMPOSITES................................................................................. 119 11.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 119 11.2 APPLICATIONS....................................................................................................................... 123 11.2.1 Applications by cellulose type...................................................................................... 123 11.2.2 Applications timeline...................................................................................................... 124 11.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 125 11.3.1 Biopackaging................................................................................................................... 129 11.3.2 Aerospace and aviation................................................................................................. 142 11.3.3 Automotive....................................................................................................................... 150 11.3.4 Construction & building................................................................................................. 161 12 PAPER & BOARD........................................................................... 172 12.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 172 12.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 172 12.2.1 Paper packaging............................................................................................................. 174 12.2.2 Paper coatings................................................................................................................ 174 12.2.3 Anti-microbials................................................................................................................ 174 12.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 175 12.3.1 Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paper and board................. 176 12.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 178 12.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 179 13 TEXTILES........................................................................................ 181 13.1 Market drivers for nanocellulose........................................................................................... 181 13.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 184 13.2.1 Turning pulp into textiles............................................................................................... 185 13.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 185 13.3.1 Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in textiles.................................. 185 13.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 187 13.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 188 14 MEDICAL & HEALTHCARE........................................................... 189 14.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 190 14.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 191 14.2.1 Drug delivery................................................................................................................... 192 14.2.2 Medical implants............................................................................................................. 192 14.2.3 Tissue engineering......................................................................................................... 193 14.2.4 Wound dressings............................................................................................................ 193 14.2.5 Laterial flow immunosay labels.................................................................................... 194



14.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 194 14.4 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 198 15 COATINGS, FILMS & PAINTS........................................................ 200 15.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 200 15.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 203 15.2.1 Abrasion and scratch resistance.................................................................................. 204 15.2.2 Wood coatings................................................................................................................ 204 15.2.3 Anti-counterfeiting films................................................................................................. 205 15.2.4 Gas barriers..................................................................................................................... 205 15.3 Global market size................................................................................................................... 205 15.4 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 214 16 AEROGELS..................................................................................... 215 16.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 215 16.2 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 215 16.3 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 218 16.3.1 Thermal insulation.......................................................................................................... 218 16.3.2 Medical............................................................................................................................. 219 16.3.3 Shape memory............................................................................................................... 219 16.4 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 219 17 OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION....................................................... 220 17.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................................................... 220 17.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 223 17.2.1 Oil and fracking drilling fluids........................................................................................ 224 17.2.2 Extraction......................................................................................................................... 225 17.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 225 17.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in oil and gas................................................ 226 17.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 228 17.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 229 18 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION.................................................. 230 18.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 230 18.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 234 18.2.1 Water filtration................................................................................................................. 236 18.2.2 Air filtration....................................................................................................................... 236 18.2.3 Virus filtration.................................................................................................................. 237 18.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 238 18.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in filtration..................................................... 239 18.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 242



18.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 242 19 RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS............................................................... 244 19.1 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 244 19.1.1 Food................................................................................................................................. 245 19.1.2 Pharmaceuticals............................................................................................................. 245 19.1.3 Cosmetics........................................................................................................................ 245 19.2 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 246 20 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS.................................... 247 20.1 Market drivers and trends...................................................................................................... 247 20.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 250 20.2.1 Wearable electronics..................................................................................................... 252 20.2.1.1 Nanopaper.................................................................................................................. 255 20.2.1.2 Paper memory............................................................................................................ 257 20.2.2 Conductive inks.............................................................................................................. 257 20.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 257 20.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in printed and flexible electronics............. 260 20.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 262 20.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 263 21 3D PRINTING.................................................................................. 264 21.1 Market drivers.......................................................................................................................... 264 21.2 Applications.............................................................................................................................. 265 21.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals 3D printing ink........................................................................ 265 21.3 Global market size and opportunity...................................................................................... 267 21.3.1 Market assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing................................................ 267 21.4 Market challenges................................................................................................................... 268 21.5 Product developer profiles..................................................................................................... 269 22 OTHER MARKETS.......................................................................... 270 22.1.1 Rubber and tire additives.............................................................................................. 270 22.1.2 Colourants....................................................................................................................... 270 23 NANOCELLULOSE COMPANY PROFILES................................... 271 23.1 Producers and types of nanocellulose produced (NCF, NCC, BCC).............................. 271 23.2 Target markets for producers................................................................................................ 273 23.3 NANOFIBRILLAR CELLULOSE (NFC) PRODUCERS..................................................... 275 (24 company profiles including products, production capacity, production process, commercial applications and target markets) 23.4 CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL (CNC) PRODUCERS...................................................... 358 (4 company profiles including products, production capacity, production process, commercial applications and target markets)



23.5 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE (BC) PRODUCERS................................................................. 371 (5 company profiles including products, production capacity, production process, commercial applications and target markets) 23.6 OTHER PRODUCERS AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS.......................................... 374 (30 company profiles) 24 MAIN NANOCELLULOSE RESEARCH CENTRES........................ 391 (23 centre profiles) 25 REFERENCES................................................................................ 404 TABLES Table 1: Market summary for nanocellulose-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, market estimates, global consumption, main current applications, future applications............................................................................................................................................. 33 Table 2: Markets and applications for nanocellulose............................................................................. 35 Table 3: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose, by application....................................... 38 Table 4: Nanocellulose production plants worldwide and production status...................................... 42 Table 5: Current and planned production capacities, by major suppliers, pilot/pre-commercial and commercial volumes.............................................................................................................................. 43 Table 6: Nanocellulose products in Japan............................................................................................... 51 Table 7: Potential volume estimates (tons) and penetration of nanocellulose into key markets.... 54 Table 8: Nanocellulose properties............................................................................................................. 70 Table 9: Applications of nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC)............................................................................. 70 Table 10: Production methods of NFC producers.................................................................................. 72 Table 11: Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).................................................................... 75 Table 12: Applications of bacterial cellulose (BC)................................................................................... 76 Table 13: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications............................................................................................................................................. 76 Table 14: Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 77 Table 15: Nanofibrillated cellulose (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 77 Table 16: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 78 Table 17: Cellulose nanocrystals (MFC) preparation methods, resulting materials and applications................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Table 18: Properties and applications of nanocellulose......................................................................... 80 Table 19: Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials............... 82



Table 20: Nanocellulose nanocrystal sources and scale....................................................................... 83 Table 21: Nanofibrillated cellulose production methods........................................................................ 85 Table 22: Cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) production methods.............................................................. 85 Table 23: Nanocellulose market structure................................................................................................ 86 Table 24: Current and potential end users for nanocellulose, by market and company.................. 91 Table 25: SWOT analysis of nanocellulose............................................................................................. 93 Table 26: Safety of Micro/Nanofibrillated cellulose................................................................................. 96 Table 27: Potential high volume impact of nanocellulose and likelihood of market impact........... 100 Table 28: Production capacities of CNF producers per annum in tons, current and planned....... 105 Table 29: Production capacities of CNC producers per annum in tons, current and planned...... 106 Table 30: Markets and applications for nanocellulose......................................................................... 107 Table 31: Product/price/application matrix of nanocellulose producers............................................ 110 Table 32: Published patent publications for nanocellulose, 1997-2013............................................ 113 Table 33: Nanocellulose patents as of May 2015................................................................................. 113 Table 34: Research publications on nanocellulose materials and composites, 1996-2013.......... 113 Table 35: Nanocellulose patents by organisation................................................................................. 115 Table 36: Nanocellulose patents by organisation, 2014...................................................................... 116 Table 37: Main patent assignees for NCC, as of May 2015............................................................... 116 Table 38: Main patent assignees for NFC, as of May 2015................................................................ 117 Table 39: Main patent assignees for BCC, as of May 2015................................................................ 117 Table 40: Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials............................. 122 Table 41: Equivalent cost of nanocellulose and competitive materials in polymer composites.... 124 Table 42: Applications of nanocellulose in polymer composites by cellulose type......................... 124 Table 43: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the polymer composites market......................... 124 Table 44: Market assessment for nanocellulose in composites......................................................... 125 Table 45: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in composites.................................... 126 Table 46: Limitations of nanocellulose in the development of nanocomposites.............................. 126 Table 47: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in composites............................................................................................................................... 127 Table 48: Demand for nanocellulose in the composites market, 2015-2027 (tons)........................ 128 Table 49: Examples of antimicrobial immobilization into cellulose nanofibers................................ 134 Table 50: Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum based materials and other polymers............................................................ 136 Table 51: Market assessment for nanocellulose in biopackaging..................................................... 137 Table 52: Application markets, competing materials, NFC advantages and current market size in packaging............................................................................................................................................. 137 Table 53: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in biopackaging................................. 139 Table 54:Demand for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market, 2015-2027 (tons)..................... 140 Table 55: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market........................ 141



Table 56: Companies developing nanocellulose products in bio packaging, applications targeted and stage of commercialization........................................................................................................ 142 Table 57: Applications in aerospace composites, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.... 144 Table 58: Nanomaterials in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................................................................... 146 Table 59: Market size for nanocellulose in aerospace and aviation.................................................. 147 Table 60: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerospace and aviaton market, 2015-2017 (tons)... 149 Table 61: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the aerospace market................................................................................................................................................................. 149 Table 62: Applications of natural fiber composites in vehicles by manufacturers........................... 152 Table 63: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in the automotive sector............................................................................................................. 155 Table 64: Market assessment for nanocellulose in the automotive sector....................................... 156 Table 65: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the automotive industry............... 157 Table 66: Market size for nanocellulose in the automotive industry.................................................. 157 Table 67: Demand for nanocellulose in the automotive market, 2015-2017 (tons)........................ 158 Table 68: Applications and commercilization challenges in the automotive market....................... 159 Table 69: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the automotive market............................. 159 Table 70: Companies developing Nanocellulose products in the automotive industry, applications targeted and stage of commercialization......................................................................................... 160 Table 71: Comparison of nanocellulose with steel and other materials............................................ 163 Table 72: Market size for nanocellulose in construction and civil engineering................................ 164 Table 73: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the construction, building protection and exterior coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.. 164 Table 74: Demand for nanocellulose in the construction and building market, 2015-2017 (tons). 166 Table 75: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the construction, building protection and architectural exterior coatings market..................................................... 167 Table 76: Nanocellulose in polymer composites-Companies and products..................................... 167 Table 77: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the paper and board markets............................. 172 Table 78: Global packaging market, billions US$................................................................................. 175 Table 79: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in paper and board........................... 176 Table 80: Demand for nanocellulose in the paper and board market, 2015-2017 (tons).............. 178 Table 81: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the paper and board market................... 178 Table 82: Companies developing nanocellulose products in paper and board, applications targeted and stage of commercialization........................................................................................................ 179 Table 83: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials....................................................................................................................................... 184 Table 84: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in textiles............................................ 186 Table 85: Potential volume estimates (tons) and penetration of nanocellulose into textiles......... 186 Table 86: Market assessment for nanocellulose in textiles................................................................. 187 Table 87: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the textiles and apparel market............. 188 Table 88: Companies developing nanocellulose products in textiles, applications targeted and stage of commercialization........................................................................................................................... 188 Table 89: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the medical and healthcare markets................. 191 Table 90: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the drug formulation and delivery market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.................. 194 Table 91: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in medical implants and devices market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................... 195 Table 92: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the wound care market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact....................................................... 196 Table 93: Demand for nanocellulose in the medical and healthcare market, 2015-2017 (tons).. 197



Table 94: Nanocellulose product developers in medical and healthcare applications................... 198 Table 95: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the coatings and paints markets........................ 203 Table 96: Market assessment for nanocellulose in coatings and films............................................. 207 Table 97: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in coatings and films................................................................................................................... 207 Table 98: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in coatings and films........................ 209 Table 99: Demand for nanocellulose in the paint and coatings market, 2015-2017 (tons)........... 211 Table 100: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the coatings and films market.............. 213 Table 101: Companies developing nanocellulose products in paper coatings and non-packaging coating products, applications targeted and stage of commercialization................................... 214 Table 102: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerogels market, 2015-2017 (tons).......................... 216 Table 103: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the aerogels market........................................... 218 Table 104: Nanocellulose product developers in aerogels................................................................. 219 Table 105: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the oil market....................................................... 223 Table 106: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in oil and gas................................................................................................................................ 226 Table 107: Market assessment for nanocellulose in oil and gas....................................................... 226 Table 108: Nanocellulose in the oil and gas market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................................................................... 227 Table 109: Demand for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market, 2015-2017 (tons). 228 Table 110: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market...... 228 Table 111: Nanocellulose product developers in oil and gas exploration......................................... 229 Table 112: Types of filtration.................................................................................................................... 230 Table 113: CNF membranes.................................................................................................................... 232 Table 114: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the filtration market............................................. 234 Table 115: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in filtration..................................................................................................................................... 239 Table 116: Market assessment for nanocellulose in filtration............................................................. 239 Table 117: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in the filtration industry.................. 240 Table 118: Demand for nanocellulose in the filtration market, 2015-2017 (tons)............................ 241 Table 119: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the filtration market................................ 242 Table 120: Companies developing NFC products in filtration, applications targeted and stage of commercialization................................................................................................................................ 242 Table 121: Nanocellulose applications timeline in the rheology modifiers market.......................... 244 Table 122: Commercial activity in nanocellulose rheology modifiers................................................ 246 Table 123: Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)......................... 248 Table 124: Nanocellulose applications timeline in flexible electronics.............................................. 250 Table 125: Properties of flexible electronics cellulose nanofiber films.............................................. 255 Table 126: Global market for wearables, 2014-2021, units and US$............................................... 258 Table 127: Application markets, competing materials, Nanocellulose advantages and current market size in electronics................................................................................................................... 260 Table 128: Market assessment for nanocellulose in the flexible and printed electronics sector.. 260 Table 129: Market opportunity assessment for Nanocellulose in flexible electronics..................... 261 Table 130: Market challenges rating for nanocellulose in the printed and flexible electronics market................................................................................................................................................................. 263 Table 131: Companies developing Nanocellulose products in paper electronics, applications targeted and stage of commercialization......................................................................................... 263



Table 132: Application markets, competing materials, nanocellulose advantages and current market size in 3D printing................................................................................................................................ 267 Table 133: Market assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing........................................................ 267 Table 134: Market opportunity assessment for nanocellulose in 3D printing................................... 268 Table 135: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the 3D printing market.................................................................................................................................................... 269 Table 136: Companies developing nanocellulose 3D printing products,.......................................... 269 Table 137: Nanocellulose producers and types of nanocellulose produced.................................... 271 Table 138: Target market, by nanocellulose producer........................................................................ 273 FIGURES Figure 1: CNF wet powder.......................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 2: Cellulose nanofiber transparent sheet..................................................................................... 46 Figure 3: CNF transparent sheet............................................................................................................... 49 Figure 4: Running shoes incorporating cellulose nanofibers................................................................ 50 Figure 5: Ballpoint pen incorporating cellulose nanofibers.................................................................... 50 Figure 6: Onkyo speakers, incorporating CNF........................................................................................ 52 Figure 7: Daio Paper toilet wipes............................................................................................................... 53 Figure 8: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)............................................ 53 Figure 9: Nanocellulose market, by type, 2015–2027 (Tons)............................................................... 55 Figure 10: Nanocellulose market by region, 2017.................................................................................. 57 Figure 11: Nanocellulose market by region, 2027.................................................................................. 58 Figure 12: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit............................................................. 66 Figure 13: Scale of cellulose materials..................................................................................................... 67 Figure 14: Types of nanocellulose............................................................................................................. 69 Figure 15: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses..................................................... 69 Figure 16: TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.................................................................................... 74 Figure 17: Main steps involved in the preparation of NCC.................................................................... 84 Figure 18: Schematic of typical commercialization route for nanocellulose producer...................... 86 Figure 19: Volume of industry demand for nanocellulose by nanocellulose producer sales, 2016. 90 Figure 20: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for nanocellulose..................................................... 103 Figure 21: Production volumes of nanocellulose 2017, by region..................................................... 107 Figure 22: Nanocellulose patents by field of application, 2013......................................................... 115 Figure 23: Demand for nanocellulose in the composites market, 2015-2027 (tons)...................... 128 Figure 24: Example process for producing NFC packaging film........................................................ 133 Figure 25: Demand for nanocellulose in the biopackaging market, 2015-2017 (tons)................... 140 Figure 26: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerospace and aviaton market, 2015-2017 (tons).. 148



Figure 27: Nanomaterials-based automotive components.................................................................. 153 Figure 28: NFC composite........................................................................................................................ 155 Figure 29: Demand for nanocellulose in the automotive market, 2015-2017 (tons)....................... 158 Figure 30: Demand for nanocellulose in the construction and building market, 2015-2017 (tons). 166 Figure 31: Paper and board global demand.......................................................................................... 176 Figure 32: Demand for nanocellulose in the paper and board market, 2015-2017 (tons)............. 178 Figure 33: Cellulose nanocrystals on fabric create iridescent structural colour............................... 185 Figure 34: Demand for nanocellulose in the medical and healthcare market, 2015-2017 (tons). 197 Figure 35: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market...................................... 206 Figure 36: Demand for nanocellulose in the paints and coatings market, 2015-2017 (tons)........ 211 Figure 37: Demand for nanocellulose in the aerogels market, 2015-2017 (tons)........................... 216 Figure 38: Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery. 224 Figure 39: Demand for nanocellulose in the oil and gas exploration market, 2015-2017 (tons).. 227 Figure 40: Nanocellulose virus filter paper............................................................................................. 238 Figure 41: Demand for nanocellulose in the filtration market, 2015-2017 (tons)............................ 241 Figure 42: Electronic components using NFC as insulating materials.............................................. 251 Figure 43: Cellulose nanofiber films....................................................................................................... 253 Figure 44: Nanocellulose photoluminescent paper.............................................................................. 254 Figure 45: LEDs shining on circuitry imprinted on a 5x5cm sheet of CNF....................................... 255 Figure 46: Foldable nanopaper................................................................................................................ 256 Figure 47: Foldable nanopaper antenna................................................................................................ 256 Figure 48: Paper memory (ReRAM)....................................................................................................... 257 Figure 49: Global market revenues for smart wearable devices 2014-2021, in US$..................... 258 Figure 50: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, conservative estimate............................................................................................................... 259 Figure 51: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart wearable devices 2014-2021 in US$, optimistic estimate..................................................................................................................... 259 Figure 52: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet............................................................................................... 280 Figure 53: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric..................................... 281 Figure 54: Nonwoven fabric made from CNF........................................................................................ 282 Figure 55: Rheocrysta spray.................................................................................................................... 303 Figure 56: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp............................................................................... 316 Figure 57: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic.......................................................................... 316 Figure 58: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers............................................................................... 317 Figure 59: CNF transparent film.............................................................................................................. 320 Figure 60: CNF wet powder..................................................................................................................... 321 Figure 61: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF.................................................................... 348 Figure 62: Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film.................. 353



Figure 63: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:.................................. 362 Figure 64: NCCTM Process..................................................................................................................... 363 Figure 65: Plantrose process................................................................................................................... 369

the global market for nanocellulose 2018-2027 table of ... · the global market for nanocellulose...

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