the global crisis roosevelt becomes president in 1933: supporter of league of nations but also...
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The Global CrisisThe Global CrisisRoosevelt becomes president in 1933: supporter of League of Roosevelt becomes president in 1933: supporter of League of
Nations but also worked to ensure that America was “master of her Nations but also worked to ensure that America was “master of her own fate”own fate”
In the end, the cautious, limited American internationalism of the In the end, the cautious, limited American internationalism of the interwar years proved insufficient to protect the interests of the interwar years proved insufficient to protect the interests of the
United States, to create global stability, or to keep the nation from United States, to create global stability, or to keep the nation from becoming involved in the greatest war in human history.becoming involved in the greatest war in human history.
I. The Diplomacy of the New EraI. The Diplomacy of the New EraReplacing the LeagueReplacing the League League of Nations not a possibility with League of Nations not a possibility with
HardingHarding Charles Hughes signs individual treaties Charles Hughes signs individual treaties
with Central Powers negotiating war with Central Powers negotiating war terms… believed this would be enough to terms… believed this would be enough to resolve war termsresolve war terms
Washington Conference 1921Washington Conference 1921: attempt : attempt to prevent increasing war developments to prevent increasing war developments between America, Britain and Japanbetween America, Britain and Japan
Hughes surprised when conference agrees to Hughes surprised when conference agrees to most of his termsmost of his terms
Five-Power PactFive-Power Pact in Feb 1922 sets limits and in Feb 1922 sets limits and ratios on each country’s military suppliesratios on each country’s military supplies
Kellogg-Briand PactKellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 concluded of 1928 concluded New Era peace negotiationsNew Era peace negotiations
proposed a multilateral treaty proposed a multilateral treaty outlawing outlawing war as an instrument of national policywar as an instrument of national policy
14 Nations signed it… 48 other nations would 14 Nations signed it… 48 other nations would eventually sign iteventually sign it
enforcement rested on “moral force” …enforcement rested on “moral force” …no structure or framework for no structure or framework for enforcement…enforcement…
Washington Conference 1921
Debts and DiplomacyDebts and Diplomacy Hughes: foremost importance Hughes: foremost importance of diplomacy was to ensure of diplomacy was to ensure American trade faced no American trade faced no obstacles for expansionobstacles for expansion
Europe primary focus: major Europe primary focus: major Europe industries sufferingEurope industries suffering
European Allied powers European Allied powers struggling to pay $11 billion struggling to pay $11 billion dollars in loansdollars in loans
““They hired the money, didn’t They hired the money, didn’t they?” Calvin Coolidge… they?” Calvin Coolidge… refusing to forgive loan refusing to forgive loan paymentspayments
Dangerous Triangle: Germany Dangerous Triangle: Germany borrowing to pay Euro Allies, to borrowing to pay Euro Allies, to pay debts owed to America, pay debts owed to America, who’s loaning money to who’s loaning money to Germany…Germany… Calvin Coolidge
Debts and Diplomacy ContinuedDebts and Diplomacy Continued
Charles DawesCharles Dawes U.S. banks would loan Germany U.S. banks would loan Germany
huge sums, in return Euro Allies huge sums, in return Euro Allies would reduce amount of would reduce amount of paymentspayments
Did little to solve problems it Did little to solve problems it addressedaddressed
Still troubling triangleStill troubling triangle Policies would be partially Policies would be partially
responsible for the Great responsible for the Great DepressionDepression
Latin AmericaLatin America U.S. used military presence to U.S. used military presence to
extend economic interestsextend economic interests Resentment towards “Yankee Resentment towards “Yankee
Imperialism”Imperialism”
Charles Dawes
Hoover and the World CrisisHoover and the World Crisis world financial crisis that began in 1929 intensified in world financial crisis that began in 1929 intensified in
1931… not only caused economic distress, but was 1931… not only caused economic distress, but was producing dangerous nationalism that threatened the producing dangerous nationalism that threatened the weak international agreements established during the weak international agreements established during the previous decadeprevious decade
Depression toppled existing political leaders and Depression toppled existing political leaders and replaced them with belligerent governments bent on replaced them with belligerent governments bent on expansion as a solution to their economic problemsexpansion as a solution to their economic problems
Hoover lacked sufficient tools for dealing with itHoover lacked sufficient tools for dealing with it Latin AmericaLatin America
repudiated Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: repudiated Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: refused permit American intervention when several Latin refused permit American intervention when several Latin American countries defaulted on debt obligations to the American countries defaulted on debt obligations to the United States in OctoberUnited States in October
America would grant diplomatic recognition to any sitting America would grant diplomatic recognition to any sitting government to the region without questioning itgovernment to the region without questioning it
Hoover and the World CrisisHoover and the World Crisis EuropeEurope
Hoover refused to cancel war debts Hoover refused to cancel war debts amid a growing crisisamid a growing crisis
Extended limits of naval constructions Extended limits of naval constructions set forth at Washington Conference in set forth at Washington Conference in 19211921
World Disarmament Conference: World Disarmament Conference: Hoover urged reductions in Hoover urged reductions in armaments, France calls for an armaments, France calls for an international army to stop Germany… international army to stop Germany… conference ends in failureconference ends in failure
Rising fascism: Italy, Germany and Rising fascism: Italy, Germany and Japan (Asia)Japan (Asia)
Lebensraum: living space for GermansLebensraum: living space for Germans Ethiopia: ItalyEthiopia: Italy Manchuria: JapanManchuria: Japan
Hoover on the way out / Roosevelt on Hoover on the way out / Roosevelt on the way in… what to do?the way in… what to do?
adopt a more energetic form of adopt a more energetic form of internationalism and enter into firmer internationalism and enter into firmer and more meaningful associations with and more meaningful associations with other nationsother nations
resort to nationalism and rely on its resort to nationalism and rely on its own devices for dealing with the own devices for dealing with the world’s problemsworld’s problemsHooverHoover
II. Isolationism and InternationalismII. Isolationism and InternationalismDepression DiplomacyDepression Diplomacy
New Deal continued to base its foreign policy New Deal continued to base its foreign policy almost entirely on the nation’s immediate almost entirely on the nation’s immediate economic needseconomic needs
Roosevelt’s breaks from HooverRoosevelt’s breaks from Hoover London Economic Conference: decided to work with London Economic Conference: decided to work with
Europe in regards to war debts and the gold Europe in regards to war debts and the gold standard… but tensions rise and not clear standard… but tensions rise and not clear settlement is reached until 1936settlement is reached until 1936
April 1934 he signed a bill to forbid American Banks April 1934 he signed a bill to forbid American Banks from making loans to any nation in default on its from making loans to any nation in default on its debtsdebts within months war debt payments would stop for within months war debt payments would stop for
goodgood no currency for European countries to buy American no currency for European countries to buy American
productsproducts
America and the Soviet UnionAmerica and the Soviet Union Agreement between Russia Agreement between Russia
and United Statesand United States Soviets would cease their Soviets would cease their
propaganda efforts in the propaganda efforts in the United States and protect United States and protect American citizens in RussiaAmerican citizens in Russia
United States would United States would recognize the communist recognize the communist regimeregime
Tension and mistrust still Tension and mistrust still high in 1934high in 1934
American industries fail in American industries fail in RussiaRussia
US fails to pledge support US fails to pledge support against Japaneseagainst Japanese
Soviet propaganda
The Good Neighbor PolicyThe Good Neighbor Policy Latin America most important target of trade Latin America most important target of trade
exchange and recoveryexchange and recovery during 1930s trade would increase 100% with other during 1930s trade would increase 100% with other
countries in Western Hemispherecountries in Western Hemisphere Where Hoover abandoned American practice of Where Hoover abandoned American practice of
using military force to compel Latin American using military force to compel Latin American gov’ts to repay debts, respect foreign gov’ts to repay debts, respect foreign investments… Roosevelt went furtherinvestments… Roosevelt went further
Montevideo Inter-American Conference 1933Montevideo Inter-American Conference 1933 ““No state has the right to intervene in the internal or No state has the right to intervene in the internal or
external affairs of another”external affairs of another” Roosevelt would honor the promise through his Roosevelt would honor the promise through his
presidencypresidency Replaced military force with economic influenceReplaced military force with economic influence American businesses continued to dominate American businesses continued to dominate
Latin American economiesLatin American economies
The Rise of Isolationism ContinuedThe Rise of Isolationism Continued world realized at the end of world realized at the end of
Hoover administration that Hoover administration that hopes for peace through hopes for peace through disarmament would not be an disarmament would not be an optionoption
arms control conference in arms control conference in Geneva fails 1932Geneva fails 1932
two years later Japan would two years later Japan would withdrawal from London Naval withdrawal from London Naval ConferenceConference
Faced with the choice of Faced with the choice of stabilizing the world with action stabilizing the world with action or isolate… most Americans or isolate… most Americans chose the latterchose the latter
Roosevelt asked Congress to Roosevelt asked Congress to ratify a treaty to make the ratify a treaty to make the United States part of the World United States part of the World Court in 1935Court in 1935
strong opposition lead by Father strong opposition lead by Father Coughlin and Hearst Newspapers Coughlin and Hearst Newspapers killed the treaty in the Senatekilled the treaty in the Senate
big blow to the president… big blow to the president… would not attempt to challenge would not attempt to challenge the isolationist tidethe isolationist tide
The Rise of Isolationism ContinuedThe Rise of Isolationism Continued Neutrality Acts 1935 and 1937Neutrality Acts 1935 and 1937
response to Italy’s plan to Ethiopiaresponse to Italy’s plan to Ethiopia designed to prevent a recurrence of the events that many designed to prevent a recurrence of the events that many
Americans believed led to WWIAmericans believed led to WWI ““protection of neutral rights”protection of neutral rights” ““cash and carry policy” to aide both sides in conflict, including cash and carry policy” to aide both sides in conflict, including
belligerentsbelligerents Italy invades Ethiopia, leaves League of Nations and forms Axis Italy invades Ethiopia, leaves League of Nations and forms Axis
Powers with GermanyPowers with Germany Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy would go on to support military Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy would go on to support military
revolution / Civil War in Spain… Falangists and Francisco Francorevolution / Civil War in Spain… Falangists and Francisco Franco Roosevelt recognizes the danger of isolationism, but also Roosevelt recognizes the danger of isolationism, but also
understands public opinion is strongly isolationistunderstands public opinion is strongly isolationist in response to Japanese aggression in China FDR states that in response to Japanese aggression in China FDR states that
aggressors should be “quarantined” without clearly defining what aggressors should be “quarantined” without clearly defining what a quarantine wasa quarantine was
public response to “quarantine” speech was very hostilepublic response to “quarantine” speech was very hostile PanayPanay bombed and sunk by Japanese in China… Roosevelt bombed and sunk by Japanese in China… Roosevelt
accepts apologyaccepts apology
*Fake Smile**Fake Smile*
The Failure of MunichThe Failure of Munich Hitler moves revived German army into the Rhineland in 1936Hitler moves revived German army into the Rhineland in 1936
violation of WWI treatyviolation of WWI treaty taking over disputed territory that France had controlled since WWItaking over disputed territory that France had controlled since WWI
Austria March 1938Austria March 1938 Anschluss / “unity” with native landAnschluss / “unity” with native land
Sudetenland Sept. 1938Sudetenland Sept. 1938 demand from Czechoslovakiademand from Czechoslovakia Czech refusesCzech refuses World prepares for unwantedWorld prepares for unwanted
Sept 29 Hitler meets with leaders from France and England and Sept 29 Hitler meets with leaders from France and England and agree to give Hitler parts of Czechoslovakia if he promises to go no agree to give Hitler parts of Czechoslovakia if he promises to go no further… “This is the last territorial claim I have to make in Europe.”further… “This is the last territorial claim I have to make in Europe.”
British PM Chamberlain returns home with a hero’s welcomeBritish PM Chamberlain returns home with a hero’s welcome Reflective of popular policy of “appeasement”Reflective of popular policy of “appeasement”
March of 1939 Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia in blatant violation March of 1939 Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia in blatant violation of Munichof Munich
April 1939 Hitler began threatening PolandApril 1939 Hitler began threatening Poland August 1939: Non-Aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin (not August 1939: Non-Aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin (not
invited to Munich conference)invited to Munich conference) September 1, 1939 Hitler launches fullscale invasion of Poland… September 1, 1939 Hitler launches fullscale invasion of Poland…
England and France declare war on GermanyEngland and France declare war on Germany
““War of the Worlds” Orson Wells War of the Worlds” Orson Wells
country goes nutscountry goes nuts representative of the timerepresentative of the time representative of the power of the media representative of the power of the media
over the peopleover the people
III. From Neutrality to Intervention III. From Neutrality to Intervention A. Neutrality TestedA. Neutrality Tested
Never a question that US would support France Never a question that US would support France and Britain, the question was to what extentand Britain, the question was to what extent
September 1939 Roosevelt asks for revision of September 1939 Roosevelt asks for revision of Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts
FDR believed US should help Britain and France with FDR believed US should help Britain and France with munitions at the very leastmunitions at the very least
Wanted arms embargo lifted, but isolationist forces Wanted arms embargo lifted, but isolationist forces limited changelimited change
Europe silent after Poland… thoughts of a Europe silent after Poland… thoughts of a “phony war”“phony war”
Russia takes over territories: Latvia, Estonia Russia takes over territories: Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania… and then Finland…America and Lithuania… and then Finland…America outraged but does nothingoutraged but does nothing
Neutrality Tested ContinuedNeutrality Tested Continued Germany launches huge string of attacks in Spring of Germany launches huge string of attacks in Spring of
1940… Allied efforts powerless to German blitzkrieg 1940… Allied efforts powerless to German blitzkrieg Denmark and NorwayDenmark and Norway Netherlands and BelgiumNetherlands and Belgium Deep into FranceDeep into France
Mussolini invades from the SouthMussolini invades from the South Hitler from the NorthHitler from the North June 22 1940 France falls to Germany… Vichy gov’t June 22 1940 France falls to Germany… Vichy gov’t
establishedestablished May 15 W.Churchill gives FDR a list of needed suppliesMay 15 W.Churchill gives FDR a list of needed supplies May 16 1940 FDR asks Congress for an additional $1 May 16 1940 FDR asks Congress for an additional $1
billion for defensebillion for defense Shift in public opinion in US after France falls to Shift in public opinion in US after France falls to
GermanyGermany Fight for Freedom Committee vs. America First Fight for Freedom Committee vs. America First
CommitteeCommittee
The Third-Term CampaignThe Third-Term Campaign
Roosevelt Roosevelt defeats defeats Willkie Willkie
(55% to (55% to 45%)45%)
Willkie Roosevelt
Neutrality AbandonedNeutrality Abandoned In December of 1940 GB was bankruptIn December of 1940 GB was bankrupt Lend Lease ActLend Lease Act
opportunity to “remove dollar sign” in the cost of the opportunity to “remove dollar sign” in the cost of the warwar
USA would lend or lease armaments to any country USA would lend or lease armaments to any country “vital to the defense of the United States”“vital to the defense of the United States”
How to get the supplies there?How to get the supplies there? German submarines destroying 1 million tons of German submarines destroying 1 million tons of
shipping each monthshipping each month American ships begin patrolling the AtlanticAmerican ships begin patrolling the Atlantic
Germany did little to challenge hostile Germany did little to challenge hostile American actionsAmerican actions
situation changes when Germany invades Russiasituation changes when Germany invades Russia when Russia did not surrender (as Germans when Russia did not surrender (as Germans
expected) Roosevelt asked Congress to extend the expected) Roosevelt asked Congress to extend the land lease act to USSRland lease act to USSR
Neutrality Abandoned AgainNeutrality Abandoned Again Nazi forces begin a campaign Nazi forces begin a campaign
against US vesselsagainst US vessels German U-boat fires on American German U-boat fires on American
destroyer Greerdestroyer Greer Roosevelt orders American Roosevelt orders American
destroyers to “fire on sight” of destroyers to “fire on sight” of German U-boatsGerman U-boats
US destroyer Ruben James sunk, US destroyer Ruben James sunk, Congress outraged… passes policy Congress outraged… passes policy that enacts naval war against that enacts naval war against GermanyGermany
Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter Roosevelt meets with Churchill off Roosevelt meets with Churchill off
the coast of Newfoundland in the coast of Newfoundland in CanadaCanada
FDR makes no military FDR makes no military commitments, but sets out “certain commitments, but sets out “certain common principles”common principles”
Called for “the final destruction of Called for “the final destruction of Nazi Germany”Nazi Germany”
FDR new the USA public would only FDR new the USA public would only support a war declaration in the support a war declaration in the case of an attackcase of an attack
German U-boat
The Road to Pearl HarborThe Road to Pearl Harbor Sept. of 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany Sept. of 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany
and Italyand Italy Roosevelt had already displayed his animosity toward Roosevelt had already displayed his animosity toward
Japanese policies by harshly denouncing their continuing Japanese policies by harshly denouncing their continuing assault on China and terminating a commercial treaty with assault on China and terminating a commercial treaty with TokyoTokyo
July 1941 Japanese take Vietnam (French colony)July 1941 Japanese take Vietnam (French colony) FDR freezes all Japanese assets in the United StatesFDR freezes all Japanese assets in the United States
made it hard for Japan to get essential supplies, including oilmade it hard for Japan to get essential supplies, including oil anti-Japanese prejudices lead large majority of American public to anti-Japanese prejudices lead large majority of American public to
support Rooseveltsupport Roosevelt Tokyo willing to compromise at first, but US fears Japan’s Tokyo willing to compromise at first, but US fears Japan’s
prince will not be powerful enough to honor treaty… prince will not be powerful enough to honor treaty… negotiations failnegotiations fail
Issue of ChinaIssue of China October of 1941: Prince Konoye replaced by General Hideki October of 1941: Prince Konoye replaced by General Hideki
TojoTojo Tojo still works to continue negotiationsTojo still works to continue negotiations Secretary Hull “I have washed my hands of the Japanese Secretary Hull “I have washed my hands of the Japanese
situation…”situation…”
The Road to Pearl Harbor ContinuedThe Road to Pearl Harbor Continued American intelligence had already American intelligence had already
decoded Japanese messages which had decoded Japanese messages which had made clear that war was imminent… made clear that war was imminent… they new that after Nov. 29 an attack they new that after Nov. 29 an attack would only be a matter of dayswould only be a matter of days
did not know for certain wheredid not know for certain where Hawaii was so far away from Japan, few Hawaii was so far away from Japan, few
believed an attack was possiblebelieved an attack was possible December 7, 1941December 7, 1941
7:55 AM huge wave of Japanese bombers 7:55 AM huge wave of Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harborattacked Pearl Harbor
an hour later another wave attacksan hour later another wave attacks USA not preparedUSA not prepared
ships bunched up defenselessly in the ships bunched up defenselessly in the harborharbor
airplanes parked in rows on the airstripsairplanes parked in rows on the airstrips LossesLosses
8 battleships8 battleships 3 cruisers3 cruisers 4 other vessels4 other vessels 2000 soldiers dead2000 soldiers dead by “fortunate accident” none of the by “fortunate accident” none of the
American aircraft carriers had been in American aircraft carriers had been in Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7
The Road to Pearl Harbor The Road to Pearl Harbor Continued AgainContinued Again
Unified the Unified the American people in American people in a fervent a fervent commitment to commitment to war instantlywar instantly
accomplished accomplished overnight was overnight was FDR had been FDR had been working on for working on for over a decadeover a decade
Dec.8 War is Dec.8 War is declared on Japandeclared on Japan
Dec. 11 Germany, Dec. 11 Germany, Italy and Japan all Italy and Japan all declared war on declared war on the United States… the United States… Congress Congress reciprocated reciprocated without a single without a single dissenting votedissenting vote