the genus dendrobium - staugorchidsociety.org · history of the genus • the genus dendrobium...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Genus DendrobiumOverview with Notes on Cultural Requirements
Harry A. Gallis MD
Western NC Orchid Society
April 11, 2010
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Disclaimer!• This presentation is a work in progress….
• It was created primarily for today and still has
some significant additions to be made
• Even as it is, it is unlikely that time or my voice
will hold out to get through it, so which ever gives
out first!
• We can try to fill in the gaps with questions
• Most of the flower pictures are AOS award slides
which can be ‘lifted’ from AQ Plus and can be
used only for educational purposes – I will be glad
to show you how if anyone is interested
• This is a great addition to educational activities
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Dendrobiums
• General principles
– Watch your plants carefully, as with most
orchids they will tell you what they need if you
don’t ignore them too long!
– Look up and see country and conditions of
natural habitat and try to mimic that
– Remember there are some monsoon plants and
some dry location plants – one size does not fit
all!
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History of the Genus
• The genus Dendrobium (dendros = tree and bios = life) was established by the Swedish botanist Olaf Swartz in 1799 and contains the largest number of species (?>1600 -Hawkes or ~900 - Bechtel) 2nd only to Bulbophyllum.
• Type species - Dendrobium moniliforme.
• The geographic distribution is from India through China, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, and the islands of the South Pacific, with the largest diversity in New Guinea.
• In much of the orchid literature, the phrase ‘center of distribution’ is used frequently, indicating the possibility that the group originated there.
• However, New Guinea arose on 16 million years ago, similarly Borneo, which is also rather recent geologically, well after Dendrobium precursors arose….
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History - 2
• It appears that there has been a burst of Dendrobium
species origination since this time, rapidly expanding into
new niches. One example is the highland species with
highly colored tubular flowers that are mostly bird
pollinated.
• There are frequently different color forms of one species
from one mountain peak to another.
• The three most popular theories remaining suggest origins
either in India, Australia, or dual origin.
• The most widespread species are Dendrobium anosmum,
erosum, crumenatum, lobbi, stuartii, secundum, and
macrophyllum, which variously occur all the way from
India down to Australia. Most of these are lowland
species.
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Geology• The continental masses that grouped together between 60-110 million
years ago, drifted apart with India flying across what is now the Indian
Ocean, to collide with Asia and create the Himalayas ~40 million years
ago.
• 50 million years ago, Australia began to drift away and collided with
the Laurasian plate, which pushed up the islands of New Guinea and
Indonesia, a process still occurring, with mountains rising at 300
meters/10,000 years.
• The southern areas of South America, Antarctica, and Australia all
shared a tropical rainforest like environment, as evidenced by fossil
plant records.
• Many of these environments shared common orchid ancestors, which
subsequently developed into the separate sub tribes that evolved in
Asia, South America, and Africa.
• This diversion occurred 30-50 million years ago, as there are no shared
species of Cattleyas or Dendrobiums between the Eastern and Western
Hemispheres.
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History, continued
• Being such a large and diverse genus, plant and flower habit, habitat,
temperature range, etc, are extremely varied.
• These plants generally grow from new growths with little or no
rhizome and are generally very long lived.
• Numerous attempts have been made to better characterize relationships
but these are not uniformly accepted.
• A major revision of the genus is sorely needed.
• There is also significant controversy with regard to the grouping of
these plants in sections; however, it may be relevant in terms of
intersectional hybridization.
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Floral Characteristics
• Sepals are more or less equal, laterals adnate to the foot of
the column and form a mentum between it and the base of
the lip.
• In some species, the mentum is extended into a spur
• Petals are usually the same length as the sepals
• The lip is more or less contracted at the base into a claw,
next to or actually joined to the foot of the column.
• The anther cap is moveable and conceals 4 pollinia, which
are parallel to one another, waxy, oval, and oblong.
• Capsule, rounded or ovoid, occ. winged, rarely elongated.
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The Major Sections of the Genus
• Phalaenopsis
• Spatulata
• Latouria
• Formosae
• Dendrobium
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Section Phalaenopsis
Species
• Den bigibbum
• Den phalaenopsis
– Den lithicolum: Den phalaenopsis v compactum
• Den affine
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Den bigibbum
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Den phalaenopsis
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Den phalaenopsis v. album
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Den lithicolum
(phalaenopsis v compactum)
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Den affine
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Section Phalaenopsis
Culture
• Generally grow in very warm climates,
higher light
• Like lots of water, especially when
developing new pseudobulbs
• Like to be in small pots, some species, such
as Den affine do best mounted
• Flowers last ~2 months
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Section Phalaenopsis
Hybrids and Culture
• Probably have the largest number of
hybrids, especially the intersectional
hybrids with the Spatulata section
• Flowers generally resemble phalaenopsis,
hence the name, unless comprised of a large
amount of Spatulata influence
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Den Ahulani Hinjosa
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Den Anching Lubag
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Den Burmese Ruby
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Den Caesar
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Den Candy Stripe
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Den Carol Kamemoto
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Den Doreen
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Den Ekapol
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Den Fuchs Blue Angel
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Den Fuchs Blue Twist
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Den Hawaiin Starburst
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Den Joanna Mesina
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Den Kaneohe Beauty
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Den Kelli Nicole
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Den Madame Uraiwan
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Den Palolo Sunshine
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Den Pinky Sem
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Den Singapore White
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Den Sonia
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Den Starting Point
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Den Tsuruyo Kamemoto
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Den Walter Oumae
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Section Spatulata
Species
• Den antennatum
• Den stratiotes
• Den strebloceras
• Den canaliculatum
• Den carronii
• Den johannis
• Den taurinum
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Section Spatulata
Species
• Den gouldii
• Den lineale
• Den cochliodes
• Den discolor
• Den helix
• Den lasianthera
• Den tangerinum
• Den williamsianum
• Den sutiknoi
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Den antennatum
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Den stratiotes
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Den strebloceras
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Den canaliculatum
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Den johannis
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Den taurinum
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Den gouldii
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Den lineale
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Den cochliodes
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Den discolor (undulatum and v
Broomfieldii)
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Den helix
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Den lasianthera (ostinoglossum)
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Den tangerinum
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Den williamsianum(It’s in this section b/c of DNA evidence)
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Den sutiknoiNewly described in 2005
from New Guinea and Indonesia
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Section Spatulata
Culture and Hybrids
• Generally warm growers, high sunlight,
exposed locations, some near seashore
• Den lasianthera, probably most beautiful,
but difficult to grow – high humidity, wet,
high light – great hybrids
• Den johannis – great dark color to hybrids,
does best mounted
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Dendrobium Spatulata HybridsDen Christabella (lasianthera x sutiknoi)
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Dendrobium Spatulata Hybrids
Den Lorrie Mortimer(Caesar x Samarai)
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Dendrobium Spatulata Hybrids
Linc’s Jewel
(taurinum x canaliculatum
Retrorocket
(Bobby Aisaka x lasianthera)
Touch of Gold
(gouldii x johannis)
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Section Latouria
Species
• Den eximium
• Den macrophyllum
• Den polysema
• Den alexanderae
• Den convolutum
• Den spectabile
• Den atroviolaceum
• Den johnsoniae
• Den rhodostictum
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Den eximium, Den polysemum
“the fuzzy ones”
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Den spectabile and Den alexanderae
“Nightmares unto themselves”
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The White Onesrhodostictum
johnsoniae
macrophyllum
atroviolaceum
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Den convolutum:
The Green One
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Section Latouria
• There are approximately 57 species in this section
• Country of origin – New Guinea
• Hence rainfall is heavy all year, especially in summer
• Plants should not dry and should be watered heavily and fertilized especially in active growth
• Flower long lasting (months) in winter and spring
• All species white-cream with some having more color in lip
• Flowers are nodding much like Hellebores
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Section Latouria
• Hybrids within this section have been popularized by H&R Nurseries following the increased availability of the species in the 1990’s
• Plants are easy to grow and are excellent choices for beginners
• Note: they can fill up your display in a spring show and move well from show to show without significant flower damage!
• I use them shamelessly…
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Section Latouria
Important Hybrids
• Den Roy Tokunaga– atroviolaceum x johnsonae
• Den Stephen Batchelor– alexanderae x johnsonae
• Den Andree Millar– atroviolaceum x convolutum
• Den Bill Takamatsu– Roy Tokunaga x johnsonae
• Den Wonder Nishii– atroviolaceum x alexanderae
• Den Green Elf, Little Green Apples– alexanderae x convolutum; Green Elf x
convolutum
• Den New Guinea– macrophyllum x atroviolaceum
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Den alexanderae HybridsStephen Batchelor Wonder Nishii
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“White Hybrids”
Roy Tokunaga Bill Takamatsu
‘Matt’ CCE 90
‘Shady Acre’ HCC 76
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Green Hybrids with Den convolutum
Note the influence of Den convolutum both in
green color as well as color in lip
Andree Millar
‘Susan Samson’
HCC 78
Green Elf
‘Hihimanu’ AM 80
Little Green Apples
‘Cap Gunn’ HCC 76
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Section Formosae
• Den dearei
• Den draconis
• Den formosum
• Den infundibulum
• Den sanderae
• Den schuetzei
• Den scabrilingue
• Den tobaense
• Den cruentum
• Den bellatulum
• Den senile (or
Dendrobium section?)
• Den sinense
• Den trigonopus
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Den bellatulum
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Den cruentum
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Den dearei
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Den draconis
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Den formosum
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Den hancockii
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Den infundibulum
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Den sanderae
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Den scabrilingue
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Den senile
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Den tabaense
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Den trigonopus
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Typical Formosae Hybrid
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Section Densiflora syn. Callista
• Den chrysotoxum
• Den densiflorum
• Den farmeri
• Den thyrsiflorum
• Den lindleyi (syn. aggregatum)
• Den sulcatum
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Section Densiflora
Culture
• These species originate from SE Asia, i.e., India, Thailand, Burma, Vietnam, Laos
• The major significant downside to the culture of these plants is their eventual large size and the transient nature of their flowers; however, when in bloom, they are spectacular
• Their culture should mimic the natural environment, i.e., monsoons in spring and summer with subtantial drying and cooling in winter
• Fertilize heavily in growing season (spring/summer) as soon as new growths appear
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Section Densiflora
Den thyrsiflorum ‘Saint Chrysostom’
CCE 95Den chrysotoxum ‘Sunny Eugene’
CCM 82
Den farmeri ‘Yolanda Carmen’
CCM 84Den densiflorum ‘Clackamas’
AM 85
Den densiflorum ‘Golden Temple’
CCM 85
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Den sulcatum ‘Westfield’ AM/80
Den lindleyi ‘Key West
Sunshine’
CCM 84Den aggregatum ‘Anteak’
CCM 85
Section Densiflora
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Section Dendrobium(Den nobile group, moniliforme = type species)
• Den nobile
• Den moniliforme Den
anosmum
• Den crepidatum
• Den devonianum
• Den falconeri
• Den fimbriatum
• Den findlayanum
• Den loddigesii
• Den moschatum
• Den parishii
• Den primulinum
• Den senile
• Den signatum
• Den stuartii
• Den unicum
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Den nobile
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Den moniliforme
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Nobile Hybrids
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Den nobile Group Culture
• Plants of this group come mostly from SE Asia with largest concentrations in India, Himalayan regions and on into China and Japan
• Himalayan origin plants should have winter drying and tolerate cooler temperatures
• Regular watering and feeding resume with blooming and new growth initiation, which are usually simultaneous in late winter/spring
• In Hawaii, plants are taken from sea level nursery (Yamamoto) in trucks up the mountain to cool to initiate blooming
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Other Sections of Importance to
Hobbyist
• Calcarifera
• Calyptrochilus
• Callista
• Dendrocoryne
• Dockrillia
• Pedilonum - oxyglossum
• Cadetia
• Rhizobium
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Section Dendrocoryne
• Den kingianum
• Den speciosum
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Dendrocoryne - Culture
• In Native Australia these plants tolerate full
sun, rocky growing conditions and
significant cooling in the winter
• Where possible, these conditions should be
reproduced in culture
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Section Pedilonum:
Den cuthbertsonii
• Typical cloud forest plant – should be ideal
for mountain culture
• Doesn’t like temps above 80 degrees F
• Should not become dehydrated
• In nature clouds roll in in afternoons
• Bird pollinated
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Section Pedilonum
Den cuthbertsonii
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Section Calcarifera Comber lists 85 species - the most common in cultivation are
• Den amethystoglossum - Philippines
• Den bicallosum - Sumatra
• Den diffusum - Philippines
• Den epidendropsis - Philippines
• Den gonzalesii - Philippines
• Den guerreroi - Philippines
• Den nudum - Java, Sumatra
• Den serratilabium - Philippines
• Den victoriae-reginae - Philippines
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Section Calcarifera
• The Section was created in 1908 by JJ Smith, but not recognized by Schlechter in his revision of the Genus Dendrobium in 1914.
• Comber believes this to be due to the fact that Schlechter spent little time outside of New Guinea, where only one member of the section is endemic.
• Calacarifera has been split from Pedilonum
• The center of distribution for the section appears to be Sumatra, with 29 species plus 4 which have yet to be named
• There are 21 species in Borneo, Malaysia 15, Java 10, and Thailand 9 - which is the western limit of the section
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Section Calcarifera
• Larger wider lip, which is undulating and keeled
• Lip claw has a tooth which protrudes into the spur
in most species
• Flowers are generally larger than those in
Pedilonum in lip structure, undulations at apex of
lip, and the spur that points away from the pedicel
instead of being parallel to it, and the tooth, if
present.
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Den amethystoglossum
• 5 awards
– 3 CCM’s - 80-84 points (1969-1996)
• Range - 13, 40 and 50 inflorescences with 500-
1500 flowers.
– AM - 81 points
• Natural spread 5.0; 6 infl with 184 flowers
(1998)
– CBM 82 points (RA 6)
– Judging points: one should now expect a fairly
large plant with multiple pendulous
inflorescences. The lip color should be vivid.
The foliage is difficult to grow clean.
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Den amethystoglossum ‘Beatrice’
CCM 89 points
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Den epidendropsis
• Slightly cupped, bunched flowers on 4
pendulous inflorescences
• Inflorescence and pedicle light lavender
• Flowers waxy, green fading to yellow on
older flowers, lip isthmus yellow, spur
green with lavender spots.
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Den gonzalesii - flowers on leaved and
leafless canes.
• 5 awards
– CBR - 14 flowers on 3. NS 3.8 cm. Flowers
white with deep lavender veins.
– CHM 81 points. NS 4.2, 28 pale lavender blue
flowers (1999)
– HCC 76 points. NS 4.3, 70 flowers and 30 buds,
1999.
– AM - 83 points - NS 5.2 13 fls + 3 buds on 3.
Flowers described as cerulean blue, noted to be
more striking than CBR plant above. AQ 29
– CCM 82 points. NS 4.3, 130 flowers and 6
buds, multiple branched canes, same as HCC
plants, 2001.
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Dendrobium guerroroi
• CHM 82 points. 25 chartreuse flowers and 36 buds, with
brown overlay on sepals. NS 3.0, 1997, AQ 29.
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Dendrobium nudum
• Flowers 2-4 per inflorescence
• 2.5-3.6 cm
• Cream or pale yellow brown, sometimes suffused with
violet spots
• Broad tongue shaped lip has a greenish yellow blotch in
the center with a wide waxy margin of rose pink or violet
speckles
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Dendrobium serratilabium
• 3 awards
– CBR 1984, AQ 16. 13 flowers and 3
buds on 2 infl., suffused pale
mahogany on exterior of sepals and
petals. NS 2.4.
– 2 HCC’s 78 points. 39 flowers on 10
and 8 on 1. NS 3.4 and 4.0
respectively.
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Dendrobium victoriae-reginae
• 14 awards (Wildcatt misses some because of two
spellings of victoria(e) reginae)
– This emphasizes the value of the printed page
or someone is going to have to go in and
manually correct spelling errors in the Awards
Database and Fisher Bishop.
– The AOS should standardize this an either
change all to be uniform or move things
together so that they are somehow cross linked
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References
• Schelpe, S, and Stewart, J. Dendrobiums: an introduction to the species in cultivation. Orchid Sundries, Ltd, Dorset, 1990
• Cribb, PJ. A revision of Dendrobium sect. Latouria (0rchidaceae). Kew Bulletin 38 (2) 1983 and 41 (3) 1986.
• Reeve, TM and Woods, PJB. A revision of Dendrobium section oxyglossum (Orchidaceae). Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 46 (2) p. 161-305, 1989.
• Comber, J. Dendrobium section Calcarifera. The Orchid Review 110 (1244), March-April 2002, p. 88-93.
• Lavarack, B, Harris, W, Stocker, G. Dendrobium and its relatives. Timber Press, Portland, 2000.
• Wood, HP. The Dendrobiums. Gantner Verlag, 2006
• Baker, ML, Baker, CO. Orchid Species Culture: Dendrobium. Timber Press, 1996.