the gbe language varieties of west africa: a … · a larger scale: aja, ewe, fon, gen and gun. to...
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THE GBE LANGUAGE VARIETIES OF WEST AFRICA: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES
Angela Kluge
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of
Master of Arts in Language and Communication Research
School of English, Communication and Philosophy
University of Wales, College of Cardiff
2000
DECLARATION:
This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently
submitted in candidature for any degree.
Signed …………………………………………… (candidate)
Date ………………………………………………
STATEMENT 1:
This dissertation is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Arts in Language and Communication Research.
Signed …………………………………………… (candidate)
Date ………………………………………………
STATEMENT 2:
This dissertation is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise
stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography
is appended.
Signed …………………………………………… (candidate)
Date ………………………………………………
STATEMENT 3:
I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for
inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organizations.
Signed …………………………………………… (candidate)
Date ………………………………………………
To the Gbe people groups of West Africa
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the following for all the help and support they have given me during this
last year. First, I would like to thank my friends at home and abroad for providing me with the
financial support which has enabled me to study for this Master’s degree. Second, I would like
to thank my colleagues and supervisors at SIL International and SIL Togo-Benin for making it
possible for me to take this year of study-leave and for contributing to my support.
I would also like to thank my supervisor Dr. Gordon Tucker for the time, support, and guidance
he has given to me over the last few months.
In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Angie Williams at the Centre for Language and
Communication (Cardiff University) for her initial advice on the statistical methods chosen for
this dissertation and for pointing me to the pertinent literature. Furthermore, I would like to
thank Paul McGeoghan at the Computing Centre (Cardiff University) for so patiently explaining
to me the basics of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. In particular, I would like to
say thank you to Dr. Marie South, a consultant statistician of AstriaZeneca, for being so
generous with her time in discussing with me the various statistical aspects of this dissertation.
Further thanks to my many colleagues in SIL for taking the time to answer my many questions
regarding SIL’s study on the Gbe language continuum, and to Anna Holzhausen, in particular,
for her proofreading of the final draft.
Finally, thank you Gudrun, for being so supportive throughout this last year, for the many talks
we’ve had about this dissertation, for your input and your helpful questions when we bounced
my ideas back and forth, but also for your patience and care and the many little in-between
breaks that got me through these last few months.
CONTENTS
Abstract............................................................................................................................................1
Introduction .....................................................................................................................................3
Chapter 1. Background information on Gbe .................................................................................6
1.1. Language classification .....................................................................................................6
1.2. Language area....................................................................................................................6
1.3. Language development......................................................................................................8
Chapter 2. Previous linguistic research .......................................................................................10
2.1. Linguistic research on Gbe..............................................................................................10
2.2. Quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical features ..............................................11
2.2.1. Quantitative analysis of lexical features ....................................................................11
2.2.1.1. Diachronic lexicostatistics ..................................................................................11
2.2.1.2. Synchronic lexicostatistics..................................................................................13
2.2.2. Quantitative analysis of grammatical features...........................................................14
Chapter 3. Rationale....................................................................................................................16
3.1. SIL study on Gbe.............................................................................................................16
3.2. Previous word- and phrase-list analyses .........................................................................17
3.2.1. Computation of similarity matrices ...........................................................................18
3.2.1.1. Word lists ............................................................................................................18
3.2.1.2. Phrase lists ..........................................................................................................21
3.2.2. Preliminary analysis of the computed similarity matrices.........................................24
3.3. Research focus of this dissertation ..................................................................................24
Chapter 4. Methodology..............................................................................................................26
4.1. Cluster analysis................................................................................................................26
4.2. Multidimensional scaling ................................................................................................27
4.3. Analysis procedures ........................................................................................................28
4.3.1. Cluster analysis..........................................................................................................28
4.3.2. Multidimensional scaling ..........................................................................................29
Chapter 5. Results .......................................................................................................................31
5.1. Clustering of the Gbe language varieties ........................................................................31
5.1.1. Overview ...................................................................................................................31
5.1.2. Western Gbe varieties................................................................................................35
5.1.2.1. Cluster analysis ...................................................................................................36
5.1.2.2. Multidimensional scaling....................................................................................40
5.1.3. Central Gbe varieties .................................................................................................45
5.1.4. Eastern Gbe varieties .................................................................................................47
5.1.4.1. Cluster analysis ...................................................................................................48
5.1.4.2. Multidimensional scaling....................................................................................53
5.1.5. Summary....................................................................................................................61
5.1.5.1. Western Gbe........................................................................................................61
5.1.5.2. Central Gbe .........................................................................................................62
5.1.5.3. Eastern Gbe.........................................................................................................62
5.2. Comparability of word- and phrase-list results ...............................................................64
Chapter 6. Discussion and conclusions .......................................................................................67
6.1. Clustering of the Gbe language varieties ........................................................................67
6.2. Comparability of word- and phrase-list results ...............................................................68
6.3. Priorities for further sociolinguistic research ..................................................................70
6.4. Conclusions .....................................................................................................................72
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................73
Appendices ....................................................................................................................................80
FIGURES
Figure 1: Map of the Gbe language area (based on Capo 1986: map 1a) ..............................7
Figure 2: Major Gbe groupings – MDS plot of computation WLC-1...................................34
Figure 3: Major Gbe groupings – MDS plot of computation WLC-2...................................34
Figure 4: Major Gbe groupings – MDS plot of computation PLC........................................35
Figure 5: Western Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-1..................................41
Figure 6: Western Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-2..................................42
Figure 7: Western Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation PLC ......................................43
Figure 8: Lexical similarity percentages for the Aja varieties (Tompkins et al. 1997).........46
Figure 9: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-1...................................54
Figure 10: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-2...................................56
Figure 11: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation PLC........................................57
TABLES
Table 1: Classification of Gbe varieties (Capo 1986).................................................................10
Table 2: Major Gbe groupings ....................................................................................................31
Table 3: Elicited Gbe varieties according to their larger geographical setting ...........................32
Table 4: Components of the Ewe and Gen clusters according to the findings of the CA...........38
Table 5: Grouping of the western Gbe varieties according to the findings of MDS ..................44
Table 6: Components of the Fon and western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters
according to the findings of the CA..............................................................................50
Table 7: Grouping of the eastern Gbe varieties according to the findings of MDS....................59
Table 8: Proposed grouping of the Gbe varieties........................................................................68
1
ABSTRACT
This dissertation presents the findings of a quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical
features elicited among the Gbe language varieties of West Africa.
The analysis is embedded in a larger sociolinguistic study of the Gbe language continuum
initiated by the Togo-Benin branch of SIL International, a non-governmental organization that
facilitates language-based development. The main objective of this larger study is to assess
whether a greater number of Gbe communities could benefit from literacy efforts already
existing in some of these communities or whether additional development programs in some of
the remaining communities would be advisable. Within the context of this larger study, word
and phrase lists were elicited in 49 Gbe varieties of Benin, Ghana and Togo to assess the degree
of linguistic similarity and the clustering of these varieties and to establish priorities for further
sociolinguistic research. Having been involved in the SIL study since 1992, the author has
previously conducted a preliminary analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists that focused on
the computation of percentage matrices for lexical and grammatical similarity.
Building on the author’s previous preliminary analysis, the focus of this dissertation is the
quantitative analysis of these previously computed similarity matrices. This analysis, conducted
with hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling, has as its main objectives to
identify clusters of Gbe varieties, to explore whether and to what extent the analysis of the
elicited word and phrase lists yields comparable results, and to establish priorities for further,
more in-depth studies of the Gbe communities.
The findings of this analysis indicate a western, a central and an eastern grouping of Gbe
varieties with the results further indicating larger sub-clusters for the western and eastern
varieties. However, with regard to the grouping of the Gbe varieties within these sub-clusters,
several disparities show up between the word- and phrase-list computations as well as between
the results of the statistical methods applied.
Although both hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling prove valid exploratory
tools to identify the clustering of the Gbe varieties, the comparison of the suggested groupings
with the actual similarity calculations suggests that multidimensional scaling reflects the
structure of the data more accurately than does cluster analysis. Furthermore, the findings
suggest that multidimensional scaling of the word- and phrase-list computations yields
comparable results for the grouping of the Gbe varieties, whereas the comparability of the results
of the cluster analysis is questionable. The disparities identified between the word- and phrase-
2
list computations upon which the grouping of the Gbe varieties is based serve to indicate where
more in-depth research among the Gbe varieties should be conducted.
3
INTRODUCTION
This dissertation1 presents the findings of a quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical
features elicited among the Gbe language varieties of West Africa.
The Gbe language continuum (Kwa language family) is situated in the southeastern part of West
Africa. Expanding westwards from southwestern Nigeria, the Gbe communities occupy large
areas in southern Benin, Togo and southeastern Ghana.2
Among the Gbe varieties, five varieties have thus far undergone language-based development on
a larger scale: Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen and Gun. To assess whether the remaining Gbe communities
could benefit from these existing literacy efforts or whether additional development programs in
some of the remaining communities would be beneficial, a sociolinguistic study of the language
continuum was launched at the end of the 1980s.
This study was initiated by the Togo-Benin branch of SIL International (formerly known as the
Summer Institute of Linguistics), an international non-governmental organization (NGO).
Focusing on the world’s lesser-known and unwritten languages, SIL works with language
communities worldwide to facilitate language-based development through research, translation,
and literacy. (SIL International 2000)
Based on Capo’s (1986) comparative study of the Gbe language continuum, SIL Togo-Benin, of
which the author has been a member since 1992, chose 49 Gbe varieties for the elicitation of
word and phrase lists. The purpose of this elicitation, conducted between 1988 and 1992, was to
assess the degree of linguistic similarity and the clustering of these varieties and to establish
priorities for further sociolinguistic research.
In early 1992, when the author joined SIL Togo-Benin, she was assigned to conduct an analysis
of the elicited word and phrase lists; however, due to other commitments, she was not involved
in the actual elicitation of these lists. Initially, the author’s analysis focused on the computation
of similarity matrices; then, in late 1992, the project was put on hold until the late 1990s. In
1996, SIL Togo-Benin resumed its study of the Gbe continuum and since then has conducted
more in-depth sociolinguistic surveys in a number of Gbe varieties. Due to her involvement in
1 The final draft of this dissertation was checked by a first language English speaker for grammatical
appropriateness. 2 In general, all language names are spelled using the English alphabet. For a complete listing of alternative
spellings see Appendix 4.1 (p. 99). All town names in Benin are spelled according to Benin: Carte générale (IGN 1992) or the 1992 Benin census data (Ministère du Plan 1994a,b,c,d). For Togo, all town names are spelled according to Togo: Carte générale (IGN 1991) and for Ghana according to A guide map of Accra and road map of Ghana (Survey of Ghana 1994).
4
several of these surveys, it was not until 1999 that the author resumed her research on the word
and phrase lists and conducted a preliminary analysis of the computed similarity matrices that
involved simple inspection but no quantitative analysis of the data (see Kluge 1999).
This dissertation is embedded in SIL Togo-Benin’s larger study of the Gbe language continuum.
Building on the author’s previous preliminary analysis, the focus of this dissertation is the
quantitative analysis of the previously computed percentage matrices for lexical and grammatical
similarity. The main objectives of this analysis are to identify clusters of Gbe varieties, to
explore whether and to what extent the analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists yields
comparable results, and to establish priorities for further, more in-depth studies of the Gbe
communities.
This analysis was conducted with the statistical computer package SPSS for Windows, applying
hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. Hierarchical cluster analysis is a
statistical procedure that, by taking into account the profile of values, reorganizes a set of
observations or ‘cases’ into groups or ‘clusters’ that are relatively homogeneous. The results of
this analysis are displayed in two ways: first, in a table indicating the cluster membership for
each speech variety, and second, in a dendrogram that displays graphically how the clusters are
joined at each step of the agglomeration process.
While cluster analysis takes into account the profile of values, multidimensional scaling analyzes
the structure of dissimilarity (or similarity) data by considering all pairs of observations and by
approximating the distances between all of these pairs. The results of this analysis are displayed
in a perceptual map that indicates the data as a configuration of points, as on a map, along two,
three or more dimensions, as determined by the researcher.
The findings of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling were compared to the original
similarity matrices to examine whether and to what extent the indicated groupings match the
similarity percentages. Furthermore, the findings based on the word- and phrase-list
computations were compared to each other to explore whether and to what extent the indicated
groupings of the Gbe varieties concur. The identified disparities were interpreted as an
indication of where more in-depth research among the Gbe varieties should be conducted.
Chapter 1 gives pertinent background information on the Gbe language continuum. Following a
brief discussion of the classification of Gbe, the geographical location of the language continuum
and neighboring language groups are described. A final section of this chapter discusses already
existing language-based development efforts in some of the Gbe varieties.
5
Chapter 2 presents the findings of a literature review of previous linguistic research on Gbe and
the quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical features. The presentation of previous
linguistic research on Gbe focuses mainly on Capo’s (1986) comparative study of phonological
and morpho-phonological characteristics in Gbe and his internal classification of Gbe. The
review of previous analysis of lexical features is presented in a second section focusing on
diachronic and synchronic lexicostatistics. Previous quantitative analysis of grammatical
features is discussed in the third section of this chapter.
Chapter 3 discusses the rational of this dissertation. The larger SIL study of which this
dissertation is a part is the focus of the first section, followed by a detailed description of the
previously conducted word- and phrase-list analyses. This description focuses on the procedures
for the computation of the similarity matrices and a summary of the findings of the previously
conducted preliminary analysis of these matrices. The final section of this chapter discusses the
research focus of this dissertation.
Chapter 4 describes the quantitative methods employed for this dissertation, hierarchical cluster
analysis and multidimensional scaling. Following a description of both methods, the procedures
for the data analysis applied in this study are discussed in the third section of this chapter.
Chapter 5 presents the findings of the current analysis. In the first section, the findings of cluster
analysis and multidimensional scaling for the Gbe language continuum as a whole are presented,
followed by three sections focusing on the three major groupings of Gbe varieties, i.e., the
western, central and eastern Gbe varieties. Following a brief introduction, the sections on the
western and eastern Gbe varieties present first the results of cluster analysis and then the findings
of multidimensional scaling. The final section of this chapter explores whether and to what
extent the analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists yields comparable results.
Chapter 6 discusses the findings presented in Chapter 5. In the first section of this chapter, the
clustering of the Gbe varieties is summarized and a grouping of these varieties proposed, while
the second section reviews the comparability of the word- and phrase-list results and the third
section discusses the priorities for further sociolinguistic research. The final section of this
chapter reviews this discussion, evaluating the applied statistical methods and the comparability
of the analyzed word- and phrase-list computations.
The dissertation closes with a bibliography and a set of appendices.
6
CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON GBE
1.1. LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATION
As a cover term for the Gbe language continuum, the term ‘Ewe’ was used by Westermann
(1927, in Stewart 1989) and Greenberg (1966:8). This term refers particularly to the varieties
spoken in Ghana, where it has been generally accepted as a proper name, since Ewe dialects but
no other Gbe varieties are spoken here. Elsewhere the term has not been accepted, and other
terms have been employed such as ‘Aja,’ ‘Ewe-Fon’ or ‘Foja’ (Fon-Aja); however, none of
these has been widely accepted. (See Capo 1986:29ff; Duthie 1981:3; Stewart 1989:229f.)
Therefore, the Fourteenth West African Languages Congress at Cotonou in April 1980 adopted
‘Gbe,’ the term for ‘language/dialect’ in all of these varieties, as a cover term, since all these
varieties suffix ‘gbe’ to their ethnonyms such as Aja-gbe, Fon-gbe, Gen-gbe etc. (Capo
1986:29ff; Stewart 1989:229f). This term was further promoted by Duthie and
Vlaardingerbroek’s Bibliography of Gbe, published the following year (1981).
Stewart (1989), revising Bennett and Sterk’s subclassification (Bennett et al. 1977, in Stewart
1989), proposes the following classification for the Gbe language varieties:
− Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe.
Based on phonological and morpho-phonological characteristics, Capo (1986:281) suggests the
following internal classification of Gbe:
1) Aja,
2) Ewe,
3) Fon,
4) Gen,
5) Phla-Phera.
1.2. LANGUAGE AREA
The Gbe speech varieties are spoken in the southeastern part of West Africa by a total of
approximately four million speakers (estimate by Capo 1986:10). From the southwestern corner
of Nigeria, these speech varieties expand westwards across southern Benin and Togo into
Ghana’s Volta region. (Grimes 1996; Stewart 1989)
7
Figure 1: Map of the Gbe language area (based on Capo 1986: map 1a)
8
The above-mentioned five major Gbe clusters are situated from west to east as follows: Ewe in
southwestern Ghana and southeastern Togo, Gen in southern Togo and southwestern Benin, Aja
in southeastern Togo and southwestern Benin, Phla-Phera in southwestern and southeastern
Benin and Fon in southern Benin, located between the western and eastern Phla-Phera varieties.
The Gbe communities of Benin have as neighbors Defoid language groups to the north and east,
whereas the communities of Togo are bordered by Defoid, Gur and other Kwa groups. The
Ghanaian Gbe communities have as neighbors Central-Togo language groups to the north and
Ga-Dangme groups to the west. (Duthie 1988; Grimes 1996)
1.3. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Among the Gbe varieties, five have thus far undergone language-based development on a larger
scale, including the development of religious materials: Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen and Gun.
In Benin, Aja3 and Fon were two of six national languages selected by the government in 1992
for non-formal adult education (Direction de l’Alphabétisation 1992). In addition, Gen was
chosen for non-formal education in the Mono region in southwestern Benin. The Gen literacy
classes make use of a Waci-Gen primer that employs the vocabulary that Gen and Waci, another
Gbe variety of Benin’s Mono region, have in common (Capo 1986:44f,102; Direction Nationale
de l’Alphabétisation n.d., b). Furthermore, Gun is the Gbe variety chosen for non-formal
education in the Ouémé region in southeastern Benin. (Direction de l’Alphabétisation n.d.,
a,b,c).
Ewe is a major language in which non-formal education is conducted in Togo (together with
Kabiye and French), while in Ghana it is also a language of formal education for secondary
school and university education. Standard Ewe is based on Awlan, the most prestigious variety
of the Ewe cluster.4 (Capo 1986; Duthie 1988)
In addition to the above, the Benin government organizes smaller-scale non-formal education in
a number of other Gbe varieties, such as Saxwe and Waci in the Mono region and Tofin in the
3 No one single variety of the Aja cluster has as yet emerged as the standard form of Aja. Thus far, Aja-Dogbo
has more published material than the remaining Aja varieties. It is noted, though, that Aja-Hwe is the most geographically widespread variety and has an increasing body of written material in general circulation (Sullivan 2000).
4 According to Duthie (1988:91f) standard Ewe is based on the dialects spoken near their main centers, i.e., around Peki, Amedzofe and Keta. However, except for the Peki variety spoken in Peki, Duthie does not mention the names of the dialects spoken near these main centers.
9
Atlantique region in southeastern Benin (Direction Nationale de l’Alphabétisation n.d., a,b,c,d).
In Waci, literacy classes are conducted using the above-mentioned Waci-Gen primer.
As for the development of religious materials, biblical texts are available in Ewe, Fon, Gen and
Gun, while work has recently started in Aja (Grimes 1996).
10
CHAPTER 2. PREVIOUS LINGUISTIC RESEARCH
2.1. LINGUISTIC RESEARCH ON GBE
Especially during the last 20 years, the Gbe language varieties have been the focus of much
linguistic research conducted by the national centers for applied linguistics and the national
universities of Benin, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo as well as by American and European
universities. (See Duthie and Vlaardingerbroek’s (1981) Bibliography of Gbe and Capo’s
(1986:71ff) review of previous research on Gbe.)
Of special interest for the purposes of this dissertation and SIL’s larger study of the Gbe
continuum is a comparative study of Gbe by Capo (1986), which he began in 1971 and which
was published under the title Renaissance du gbe. Focusing on phonological and morpho-
phonological characteristics, Capo (1986:99ff, map 1b) arrives at five major Gbe clusters which
are, listed according to their geographical location from west to east, Ewe, Gen, Aja, Phla-Phera
and Fon. The following varieties are assigned to each of these clusters:5
Ewe Gen Aja Phla-Phera Fon
Adan Kpando Agoi Dogbo Alada Agbome Agu Kpelen Anexo Hwe Ayizo Arohun Anfoin Kpesi Gen Sikpi Gbesi Kpase Avedakpa Peci Gliji Tado Kotafon6 Gun Aveno Towun Saxwe Maxi Awlan Ve Se Weme Be Vlin Tofin Dayin Vo Toli Fodome Waci Xwela Gbin Wance Xwla Ho
Table 1: Classification of Gbe varieties (Capo 1986)
5 Other listings of Gbe varieties may be found on the language map of Benin, Carte linguistique, designed by
Benin’s national center for applied linguistics (Centre National de Linguistique Appliquée, CENALA 1990), in Benin’s and Togo’s sociolinguistic atlases by the respective National Commissions of Linguistics (CNL du Bénin 1983; CNL du Togo 1983), and in the Ethnologue’s entries of Gbe varieties (Grimes 1996).
6 On a separate map for the Gbe varieties of the Mono region, ‘Les parlers de la Province du Mono,’ Capo (1986: map 2) marks Kotafon and Ci as varieties of Fon. However, in his official classification, Capo (1986:101, map 1b) lists Kotafon as a Phla-Phera variety and Ci as thus far unclassified.
11
In addition, Capo (1986:11ff, map 1a) mentions several unclassified Gbe varieties, here listed
according to the larger cluster-area in which they are located:
Ewe – Gen area: Ave, Kuma, Togo, Wudu, and Wundi;
Fon – Phla-Phera area: Ci,6 Daxe, Gbekon, Gbokpa, Movolo,7 Savi, and Seto.
2.2. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES
2.2.1. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL FEATURES
Lexical features of languages are commonly studied from one of two different perspectives, the
diachronic or the synchronic perspective (De Saussure 1959; Simons 1977).
2.2.1.1. DIACHRONIC LEXICOSTATISTICS
The diachronic perspective investigates languages in terms of their development through time
and focuses on their genetic classification (De Saussure 1959). This approach was considerably
advanced when Swadesh (1950) first suggested a lexicostatistical method to measure the degree
of relatedness among languages and the time that has elapsed since they split from a common
‘parent language.’ (See Lee 1953:113.)
The primary tools of this method, which has since been developed under the name of
‘glottochronology,’ are the ‘comparative method’ and ‘lexicostatistics.’ The former compares
lexical items across languages and investigates regular correspondence sets to identify
historically related ‘true cognates’ and to reconstruct some of the lexicon of the parent language.
Lexicostatistics are applied to convert the count of cognate pairs within a large number of words
in two languages to a percentage that indicates the degree of similarity between these languages.
These similarity percentages are then “converted to units of indicated time depth” that
presumably indicate the time elapsed since the related languages split from the parent language
(Swadesh 1950:158; see also Gudschinsky 1956a; Sanders 1977; Swadesh 1955.)
7 Capo (1999) reports that during a survey of the Gbe varieties, he and his research team noticed that the Xwla
spoken in the east was different from that spoken in the west. They attempted to discover a name for the eastern Xwla variety, but the people insisted that they spoke ‘Xwla.’ The researchers therefore tagged the eastern Xwla people ‘Movolo’ to distinguish them from the western Xwla. ‘MovýÉlý’ is an eastern Xwla word which means “I said that, I repeat, I say again,” a phrase which the eastern Xwla used repeatedly during interviews. Therefore, ‘Movolo’ may refer to the Xwla communities of the Ouémé region, such as Djeffa, where the eastern Xwla lists were elicited.
12
Swadesh’s (1950, 1955) mathematical model of deducing the genetic classification of languages
is based on four basic assumptions which are summarized by Gudschinsky (1956a) as follows:
1) All languages share a basic core vocabulary that undergoes change to a much lesser
degree than other parts of the vocabulary;
2) The retention of vocabulary in the basic core vocabulary occurs at a consistent rate
through time;
3) The replacement rate of lexical items is roughly the same in all languages;
4) The elapsed time since related languages began to branch off from a common parent
language can be deduced from the computed percentage of true cognates. (See also
Chrétien 1962; Lee 1953.)
Reactions among linguists to Swadesh’s diachronic approach to linguistics have been diverse.
On one hand, Swadesh’s approach was welcomed as a practical tool to determine the genetic
relationships of languages. It stimulated a great deal of research on the evolution of languages,
and efforts were made by many linguists to advance the lexicostatistical techniques, e.g., by
Dobson (1969), Dyen (1973, 1975), Ellegård (1959) and Embleton (1986), to name but a few.
On the other hand, however, the validity of this approach to lexicostatistics has been criticized
repeatedly. Gudschinsky (1956b) and other critics such as Hoijer (1956) and Hedinger (1984)
question Swadesh’s concept of a culturally universal, basic core vocabulary and show that its
existence is, in fact, doubtful. Further criticism refers to the fact that it has never been proven
that the retention of vocabulary occurs at a consistent rate and that the replacement rate of lexical
items is roughly the same in all language (Lee 1953). Finally, the mathematical basis of
glottochronology has been the subject of criticism, with Chrétien (1962) arguing that the
mathematical models employed are inadequate and the results obtained unreliable.
In view of this criticism, claims for the glottochronologic method have become more cautious,
and the need to confirm the lexicostatistical results through further phonological, grammatical
and anthropological research has been recognized. (See Gudschinsky 1956a; Hedinger 1984;
Simons 1977.)
13
2.2.1.2. SYNCHRONIC LEXICOSTATISTICS
An alternative to the diachronic study of languages is provided by the synchronic approach that
investigates languages as they exist at one specific point in time and, focusing on the speaker’s
viewpoint, explores the affects of language variation on communication (De Saussure 1959).
The main objective of this approach is to establish whether and to what extent related languages
are phonetically similar. Thus, synchronic studies do not require the elicitation of a basic core
vocabulary, since it is of no significance whether two forms derive genetically from a common
parent language. In consequence, the comparative method does not apply for this approach.
Instead, comparable word lists are analyzed by the ‘inspection method’ that was first described
by Gudschinsky (1955). (See also Sanders 1977; Simons 1977.)
The main objective of the inspection method is to measure the ‘relative degrees of lexical
relationship’ of closely related languages. According to Gudschinsky (1955:138), this lexical
relationship, which is “free from inherent implications of absolute time (though not of relative
time),” can be discovered by simple inspection of the elicited lexical items. To identify probable
cognates based on phonetic similarity, Gudschinsky (1956a) outlines a set of criteria for
similarity decisions that has since been applied and adapted for other synchronic linguistic and
sociolinguistic studies (see Blair 1990).
Ideally, similarity decisions should be based on an analysis of the morphophonemic structure of
the elicited lexical items to isolate the equivalent morphemes in each pair of words. This
procedure works well for isolating languages with a monomorphemic word-structure, but for
agglutinative or inflecting languages with complex polymorphemic word-structures it proves
rather unfeasible (Bee 1965; Persson 1979; Sanders 1977). Therefore, an alternative approach
to the comparison of polymorphemic word-structures that does not require a morphological
analysis is suggested by Schooling (1990) in his survey of French Polynesia: pairs of complete
words are compared, while reduplication and apparently affixed morphemes occurring in the
same position are ignored. (For different approaches to the comparison of polymorphemic word-
structures, see Probst 1992.)
In contrast to the diachronic approach, synchronic studies make no attempt to deduce how
closely the investigated languages are related, since it is not genetic inheritance but phonetic
similarity that effects communication and determines intelligibility (Sanders 1977). This issue of
intelligibility is pertinent to a synchronic perspective, with Gudschinsky (1956a:206) concluding
that knowledge of the degree of lexical similarity between language varieties “is invaluable in
14
practical decisions regarding homogeneity of speech areas for vernacular schools, production of
literature, etc.” However, Grimes (1988) points out that whereas a low degree of lexical
similarity always correlates with a low degree of intelligibility, the opposite relationship does not
hold, in that a high degree of similarity does not correlate with a high degree of intelligibility.
Thus, Grimes (1988) concludes that intelligibility is unlikely when lexical similarity is below
60%, whereas degrees of similarity of above 60% are helpful mainly in identifying areas where
more in-depth studies are necessary.
2.2.2. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL FEATURES
Analysis of grammatical features is common in linguistic and sociolinguistic studies, with
quantitative analysis of grammatical features focusing on the quantification of the morphological
and syntactic systems of languages (Simons 1991; Těšitelová 1992). While quantitative
analysis of the morphological systems “studies the frequency, distribution, and relations of units,
i.e., word-forms,” analysis of the syntactic systems investigates “the frequency, distribution and
relations of syntactic phenomena, to quantify sentence structures connected with the organization
of a sentence (internal and external)” (Těšitelová 1992:102,119).
To name but two examples, Greenberg (1960:194) suggests a quantitative approach to language
typology that calculates typological “indices based on text ratios of carefully defined linguistic
elements.” Another quantitative approach is proposed by Askedal (1997), who developed a
method of computing morphosyntactic differences in order to compare complex noun-phrase
constructions in German and Norwegian. (For a literature review on quantitative linguistics, see
Těšitelová 1992.)
Apparently uncommon in linguistic studies is the quantitative analysis of grammatical features to
investigate the degree of linguistic similarity between languages. It seems that in such studies, if
grammatical structures are taken into account at all, the analysis focuses on the simple inspection
of the elicited features. To name two examples, both Korhonen et al. (1986a,b) and Sim (1980)
have investigated grammatical features in the context of their sociolinguistic studies of various
East African languages. In their analyses they describe and compare the elicited features
without, however, quantifying the results as a statistical estimate of how similar the varieties
may be in terms of their grammatical structure.
The only study known to the author that recommends the quantification of grammatical features
to assess the degree of linguistic similarity between languages is Wiesemann’s (1989) analysis of
15
‘Features of grammar in language assessment.’ Wiesemann (1989) argues that a low degree of
grammatical similarity between speech varieties impairs intelligibility even when lexical
similarity is high. Thus, she suggests complementing the lexicostatistical analysis with the
analysis of grammatical features to obtain a rough estimate of how language varieties group and
where intelligibility is unlikely. To quantify grammatical features elicited in 13 varieties of the
Gbe language continuum, Wiesemann (1989) made use of the computer program LEXISTAT,
release 2.1 (Schadeberg 1990), which performs a count of shared features. These counts were
represented in a dendrogram indicating the grouping of the investigated language varieties
according to their degree of grammatical similarity.
Wiesemann’s (1989) quantitative approach to the analysis of grammatical features forms part of
the basis of this dissertation and is discussed in more detail in Section 3.2.1.2 (p. 21).
16
CHAPTER 3. RATIONALE
This dissertation focuses on the quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical features elicited
among 49 varieties of the Gbe language continuum. The analysis is embedded in SIL Togo-
Benin’s larger study of the Gbe continuum that was launched at the end of the 1980s. In the
following sections, the history of this larger study is presented, followed by a more detailed
discussion of the preliminary analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists previously conducted
by the author. The final section of this chapter discusses the research focus of this dissertation.
3.1. SIL STUDY ON GBE
As mentioned above, SIL International is an international NGO that works with language
communities worldwide to facilitate language-based development through research, translation,
and literacy. As a service organization, SIL International has been working since the 1930s with
people who speak the lesser-known languages of the world. In partnership with host
governments, universities, non-governmental organizations, churches and local villages, SIL has
carried out linguistic research in 1,320 languages, spoken by 350 million people in more than 50
countries; current active SIL programs now number over 1,000.
SIL’s language-based development work focuses primarily on unwritten languages and includes
a variety of activities. One major focus is linguistic and anthropological research to study,
develop and document these languages. A second focus is grass roots, community-based literacy
programs for smaller language communities with the priority of training local people to assume
responsibility for sustainable programs in their own communities and languages. The third
major focus is to adapt or translate, in cooperation with speakers of local languages, various
kinds of literature that are designed to facilitate economic, physical, intellectual, and spiritual
development. These include works on such subjects as farming, health textbooks and some or all
of the Bible. (Partially quoted from SIL International 2000.)
Concurring with these objectives, the current strategy of SIL Togo-Benin is to promote the use
of already developed language materials by as wide a population as possible, i.e., by first
language (L1) speakers of a given speech variety and by those who have adequate
comprehension of that variety. (Marmor 1997)
To date, the following Gbe varieties have undergone language development on a larger scale:
Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen and Gun. The main objective of the larger SIL study is to assess whether
17
and to what extent the communities where the remaining Gbe varieties of Benin and Togo are
spoken could use written materials in any of the already standardized varieties, or whether
additional language-based development programs in some of the remaining communities would
be beneficial, and if so, whether and to what extent SIL Togo-Benin should be involved in these
programs.
During the first phase of the on-going study, between 1988 and 1992, SIL elicited word and
phrase lists in 49 Gbe varieties in Benin, Ghana and Togo. The main objective of these
elicitations was to assess the degree of linguistic similarity and the clustering of these varieties
and to establish priorities for further, more in-depth research.
The author had been assigned to analyze the elicited word and phrase lists when she joined SIL
Togo-Benin in 1992, but due to other commitments, she was not involved in the actual elicitation
of these lists. Initially, the author’s analysis focused on the computation of similarity matrices;
then, in late 1992, the project was put on hold until the late 1990s. In 1996, SIL Togo-Benin
resumed its study of the Gbe language continuum and since then has conducted more in-depth
sociolinguistic surveys in a number of Gbe varieties. Due to the author’s involvement in several
of these surveys (see Henson 1999; Henson et al. 1999a,b; Johnson 1999a,b; Schoch 2000;
Tompkins et al. 1997), it was not until 1999 that she resumed her research on the word and
phrase lists and conducted a preliminary analysis of the computed similarity matrices that
involved simple inspection but no quantitative analysis of the data (see Kluge 1999).
3.2. PREVIOUS WORD- AND PHRASE-LIST ANALYSES
As mentioned above, the author conducted the analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists in
two stages. During the first phase, the analysis focused on the computation of similarity matrices
as described in Section 3.2.1 below. During the second stage, the author conducted a
preliminary analysis of the computed similarity matrices as described in Section 3.2.2 (p. 24).
18
3.2.1. COMPUTATION OF SIMILARITY MATRICES
3.2.1.1. WORD LISTS
The word list is based on Swadesh’s 100-word list (Swadesh 1955) and the word list published
in the Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (Dieu et al. 1983) and consists of 100 items covering
various semantic domains such as:8
Natural objects / phenomena: soleil, pluie, pierre [sun, rain, stone] Plant parts: racine, l’écorce, feuille [root, bark, leaf] Animals: vache, chèvre, serpent [cow, goat, snake] Persons homme, père, femme [man, father, woman] Body parts: oeil, tête, genou [eye, head, knee] Numbers: un/une, deux, trois [one, two, three] Qualities:9 chaud, froid, long [hot, cold, long] Colors: rouge, noir, blanc [red, black, white] Simple activities: manger, boire, rire [eat, drink, laugh]
The elicited word lists were analyzed from a synchronic perspective applying the inspection
method to determine the relative degrees of lexical similarity among the investigated Gbe
varieties. This analysis was conducted with the computer program WORDSURV, release 2.4
(Wimbish 1989), a lexicostatistics program that performs a count of shared vocabulary between
pairs of languages based on similarity groupings, as determined by the researcher.
Due to limitations in personnel and time, a thorough morphological analysis of the 49 surveyed
Gbe varieties was not an option. Therefore, the previously mentioned approach by Schooling
(1990) was chosen as the basis for the similarity groupings: pairs of complete words were
compared, while reduplication and apparently affixed morphemes (including class prefixes)
occurring in the same position were ignored. With regard to the comparison of phones in two
words, the established set of criteria followed, with a few modifications, the principles outlined
by Blair (1990:31).10
Thus, the following set of criteria was applied to the similarity groupings:
8 Since Benin and Togo are francophone countries, the word list was designed in French.
See Appendix 5.1 (p. 111) for the French word list and Appendix 5.2 (p. 112) for a complete listing of the elicited data sorted by gloss.
9 See Tucker 1998. 10 To contextualize Blair’s principles, a few modifications were applied and the following distinctions were not
taken into consideration: − length and tone, − vowel + vowel / vowel, − vowel + [÷] / nasalized vowel,
19
1) Reduplication, regardless of the nasalization of the vowel, was ignored. Thus, for the
Alada, Awlan and Kpelen varieties the elicited items for goat (gloss #21) were
considered lexically similar:
Alada: ogbýgbýÿ Awlan: egbýË Kpelen: egbý
2) Morphemes that are apparently affixed were ignored if they always occur in the same
position. Thus, focusing on the morpheme ™œë, the following items for cow (gloss #20)
were considered lexically similar for the Arohun, Ayizo and Be varieties as well as for
the Aja-Dogbo and Arohun varieties. However, the items for Aja-Dogbo and Be were
not considered lexically similar since the additional morphemes do not occur in the
same position.
Arohun: ™œë Arohun: ™œë Aja-Dogbo: xwe÷œë Ayizo: ™œëbu Aja-Dogbo: xwe÷œë Be: ™œënýË Be: ™œënýË
3) Class prefixes on nouns were ignored. Thus, for the Kpelen, Maxi and Saxwe varieties
the following elicited items for head (gloss #6) were considered lexically similar:
Kpelen: ÿta Maxi: nta Saxwe: ota
Following Probst’s (1992) suggestions in a study on ‘Multimorphemic words in lexicostatistics,’
a second, stricter set of criteria for similarity groupings was established for comparison, which
did not allow differences in the morphological structure: pairs of complete words were
compared, and apparently affixed morphemes and reduplication were included in the analysis
except for affixed class-prefixes, which were ignored.
Thus, the above-mentioned examples for goat (gloss #21) and cow (gloss #20) were not
considered lexically similar:
− [i] / [j], [o] / [w], − allophones: [l] / [r], [m] / [b], [÷] / [w], [n] / [ƒ], [™] / [j].
20
goat (gloss #21)
Alada: ogbýgbýÿ Alada: ogbýgbýÿ Awlan: egbýË Kpelen: egbý
cow (gloss #20)
Arohun: ™œë Arohun: ™œë Arohun: ™œë Ayizo: ™œëbu Be: ™œënýË Aja-Dogbo: xwe÷œë
Both sets of criteria were applied to the elicited data, which were organized in two different
WORDSURV databases, each database analyzing the data according to one of the two sets of
criteria for similarity groupings. According to each set of criteria, WORDSURV performed a
count of shared vocabulary between pairs of languages. These counts were presented in two
computed percentage matrices of lexical similarity: computation WLC-1, based on the above-
mentioned first set of criteria which ignores apparently affixed morphemes and reduplication,
and computation WLC-2, based on the second set of criteria which includes apparently affixed
morphemes and reduplication in the analysis.11
In addition to the computed percentage matrix, WORDSURV also calculates the range of error
for each count based on the reliability of the word-list data. Given that none of the lists has yet
been verified, the reliability level ‘D’ was assigned to the elicited lists: “average survey
situation, but difficulties in bilingual elicitation and not satisfactorily double-checked” (Wimbish
1989:31).
For further interpretation of word-list results, SIL’s ‘Language assessment criteria’12 (Bergman
1990:2) gives the following recommendation:
[When the word-list analysis results] indicate a lexical similarity between two speech
forms of less than about 70% (at the upper confidence limit of the calculation), this
generally indicates that these are different languages. ... If the similarity is more than
70%, dialect intelligibility testing is needed to determine how well people can understand
the other speech form.
Considering these guidelines, all lexical similarity percentages given in this study include the
upper range of error, and thus refer to the upper confidence limit of the calculation.13
11 WLC = word-list computation. 12 These criteria were “approved for general use as administrative guidelines by the Area Directors and Vice
Presidents” of SIL International in November 1989 (Bergman 1990:1).
21
3.2.1.2. PHRASE LISTS
Based on her research in a number of African languages across the continent, Wiesemann
(1989:2) argues that intelligibility relies strongly on two grammatical systems: the ‘person (or
noun) reference system’ and the ‘verbal reference systems,’ the former referring to personal
pronouns, case distinctions and classes (including plurality), and the latter referring to the
systems of aspect, mood, tense and voice (see also Wiesemann 1986). Thus, the phrase list
developed by Wiesemann (1988:113f; 1989) focuses on these core parts of the grammar. For
greater reliability, most grammatical features were elicited in at least two phrases; in all, 35
phrases are listed.14
For the verbal reference system, the phrase list elicits the past, progressive and future forms, the
imperative, conditional and negative forms, and the transitive and intransitive dichotomy.
Example 1: Phrases eliciting past, progressive and future forms
Phrase #1: Il a mangé poisson (hier). (sic) [He ate fish (yesterday).] Phrase #3: Il est en train de manger poisson (maintenant). (sic) [He is eating fish (now).] Phrase #4: Il mangera poisson (plus tard). (sic) [He will eat fish (later).]
For the person (or noun) reference system, the phrase list focuses on: case distinctions,
demonstratives, interrogative constructions, singular-plural distinctions, reflexives, and word
order.
Example 2: Phrases eliciting interrogative constructions
Phrase #17: Qui est tombé? [Who has fallen?] Phrase #20: Est-ce qu’il est tombé? [Has he fallen?]
During her 1989 research on 13 Gbe varieties (see Section 2.2.2, p. 14), Wiesemann (1989)
identified those grammatical features that indicate differences between the various Gbe varieties.
These features were taken into account for the analysis of the complete data set for the 49 Gbe
varieties and are listed as follows (Wiesemann 1992):15
13 The upper confidence limit equals the degree of similarity plus the range of error (variance).
See Appendix 1 (p. 81) for the computed percentage and variance matrices. 14 Since Benin and Togo are francophone countries, the phrase list was designed in French.
See Appendix 6.1 (p. 162) for the French phrase list and Appendix 6.3 (p. 169) for a complete listing of the elicited data sorted by phrase.
15 In her 1989 study, Wiesemann did not explicitly state the guidelines for the similarity groupings of the elicited grammatical features. However, in 1992, when the author commenced her work on the Gbe word- and phrase-
22
Person reference system: Demonstratives, pronoun forms, singular-plural distinctions,
possessive constructions, and word order;
Verbal reference system: Interrogative constructions, progressive and future forms,
negative forms, the combination of subject marker and verbal
particle, and verb – object/location order.
Example 3: Possessive forms in Agu, Gbesi, Se and western Xwla
Phrase # 35: Les yeux de l’homme. [The man’s eyes.]
man possessivemarker
eyes possessivemarker
man possessivemarker
Agu: ncu fe ku wo Ajra: xwuxwan nukun Se: su lo kun s n ye Gbesi: nuku sunu l t n
The analysis focuses on the existence and the form of the possessive marker and the word
order:
Possessive marker: marker in Agu, Se and Gbesi versus no marker in Ajra. Form: fe versus s n ye versus t n Word order: noun-1 – possessive marker – noun-2 in Agu versus noun-1 –
noun-2 – possessive marker in Se versus noun-2 – noun-1 – possessive marker in Gbesi.
Example 4: Progressive forms in Aja-Dogbo, Kpesi, Se and Toli
Phrase # 3: Il est en train de manger poisson (maintenant). (sic) [He is eating fish (now).]
he progressive marker
to eat fish progressive marker
(now)
Aja-Dogbo: e be u u kpav (uy ) Kpesi: e le u adovi Se: e u ohwe n (lesi ) Toli: e n u hwey (ti)
list analysis, Wiesemann (1992) outlined these criteria and discussed them with the author in detail. (See Appendix 6.2, p. 164, for a description of the categories for the similarity groupings)
23
The comparison focuses on the form and the position of the progressive marker (preceding
or following the verb) and reduplication of the verb:
Form: be versus n versus le Position: n u versus u n Verb reduplication: u versus u u
As previously mentioned, Wiesemann (1989) proposed in her study of grammatical features
elicited in 13 Gbe varieties the analysis of these features with the computer program LEXISTAT
(Schadeberg 1990) to arrive at a statistical evaluation of the similarity groupings. This
lexicostatistics program provides a method for judging the similarity of word items, which, for
Wiesemann’s study, was applied to one grammatical feature at a time. However, when the
author applied Wiesemann’s (1992) guidelines for similarity groupings to the complete set of 49
Gbe varieties, LEXISTAT proved insufficient for the evaluation of the elicited lists. The main
reason for this insufficiency was the fact that some speech varieties use alternative strategies to
translate the same grammatical feature, whereas LEXISTAT makes no provision for the
computation of such alternatives. Therefore, the author explored the possibility of analyzing the
data with WORDSURV, which allows for the computation of alternatives (Wimbish 1989).
Based on Wiesemann’s (1992) guidelines for similarity judgments, the elicited grammatical
features were organized in a WORDSURV database. As mentioned above, most grammatical
features were elicited several times. However, unless a speech variety employed alternative
strategies to translate the same grammatical feature, the individual grammatical features were
counted only once, since multiple entries for the same feature would have had a
disproportionally high influence on the whole data set without adding new information
(Wiesemann 1989:5).
As with the word lists, WORDSURV performed a count of shared grammatical features between
each pair of languages, representing the performed counts in a similarity matrix, PLC.16 For the
range of error for each count, the reliability level ‘D’ was again assigned to each list since, as
with the word lists, none of the phrase lists has yet been verified. While recommendations are
available for further interpretation of word-list results, none for phrase-list results are known to
the author. Therefore, the similarity percentages given in this study exclude the range of error.17
It is noted, though, that WORDSURV is not designed to analyze grammatical features.
Therefore, it cannot be assumed that the computed percentage and variance matrices reflect the 16 PLC = phrase-list computation.
24
actual degrees of grammatical similarity between these varieties, especially given the low
number of records for this computation (17). Thus, the calculations for grammatical similarity
are not meant to imply the actual degrees of grammatical similarity but to indicate how the Gbe
varieties are distributed into groups.
3.2.2. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTED SIMILARITY MATRICES
In 1999, the author conducted a preliminary analysis of the computed percentage matrices to
assess the grouping of the surveyed Gbe varieties into relatively homogeneous clusters. It should
be reiterated, however, that none of the word or phrase lists has yet been verified and that no
statistical analysis of the computed matrices was conducted, but that they were evaluated by
simple inspection only.
The results of this preliminary analysis suggest three major clusters of Gbe varieties: a western,
a central and an eastern cluster. Furthermore, the results identify two sub-groups among the
western Gbe varieties, the Ewe and Gen clusters, as well as two sub-groups among the eastern
Gbe varieties, the Fon and Phla-Phera clusters; the central Gbe cluster consists entirely of the
Aja language varieties. This distinction of five sub-clusters concurs with Capo’s (1986)
distinction of the same five Gbe clusters: Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen and Phla-Phera. However, in
addition, the phrase-list results indicate a possible third cluster for the western Gbe varieties
including the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin varieties, as well as a possible third cluster for the
eastern Gbe varieties, including the Alada, Gun, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla
varieties and, possibly, the Arohun and northern Weme varieties. (See Kluge 1999.)
3.3. RESEARCH FOCUS OF THIS DISSERTATION
This dissertation, as mentioned above, is embedded in SIL Togo-Benin’s larger study of the Gbe
language continuum, which has as its main objective to assess whether and to what extent the
Gbe varieties could benefit from existing literacy efforts in Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen or Gun, or
whether additional language-based development programs in some of the remaining
communities would be beneficial and if so, whether and to what extent SIL Togo-Benin should
be involved in these development programs.
17 See Appendix 1 (p. 81) for the computed percentage and variance matrices.
25
Building on the author’s previous preliminary analysis of the word and phrase lists elicited
among 49 Gbe varieties of Benin, Ghana and Togo (Kluge 1999), as described in Section 3.2
above, the focus of this dissertation is the quantitative analysis of the previously computed
percentage matrices for lexical and grammatical similarity.
This analysis is conducted with hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling, the
main objectives of the analysis being the following:
1) To identify clusters of Gbe varieties and their components;
2) To explore whether and to what extent the analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists
yields comparable results; and,
3) To establish priorities for further, more in-depth studies of the Gbe communities.
26
CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY
Quantitative analysis of the computed word- and phrase-list similarity matrices was conducted
with the statistical computer package SPSS for Windows, release 9.0 (SPSS Inc. 1998), applying
hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. (See Aldenderfer et al. 1984; Garrett
et al. 1999; Hair et al. 1998; Kruskal et al. 1978; Manly1986; Norušis 1993; SPSS Inc. 1998.)
4.1. CLUSTER ANALYSIS
Hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) is a statistical procedure that reorganizes a set of observations
or ‘cases’ into groups that are relatively homogeneous. This reorganization is achieved by
grouping the cases “according to their profile on a set of variables (the cluster variate) in which
observations in close proximity to each other are grouped together” (Hair et al. 1998:572).
An example of a possible application of this method to linguistics is provided by Batagelj et al.
(1992) who present the automatic grouping of 65 languages into clusters according to the
analysis of 16 common words. Likewise, the main objective of CA in the context of this
dissertation is to identify clusters of Gbe varieties and their components.
The method of forming clusters employed for this dissertation is agglomerative hierarchical
cluster analysis, which forms clusters by a process of agglomeration. The primary guide for
determining adequate cluster solutions is the agglomeration schedule provided by SPSS, which
shows how the cases are clustered together at each stage of the analysis. In addition, the
agglomeration schedule indicates a value, the ‘coefficient value,’ which represents the distance
between two speech varieties or clusters of varieties merged at each stage. These coefficient
values can be used as an indication of the appropriate cluster solution: a relatively large increase
in the value between two adjoining agglomeration steps indicates that at this stage, two clusters
are joined into a single cluster that is notably less homogeneous than clusters joined at a previous
step, and that therefore the data are best described by the clusters identified so far.
The method chosen to decide which speech varieties should be joined at each step is the ‘average
linkage between-groups method’ that “defines the distance between two clusters as the average
of the distances between all pairs of cases in which one member of the pair is from each of the
cluster” (Norušis 1993:97). The measure chosen to estimate the similarity between two varieties
is the ‘squared Euclidean distance measure.’ Both the average linkage between-groups method
and the squared Euclidean distance measure were chosen, since they are considered generally
27
applicable in the absence of information which would suggest a specific alternative, as is the
case for this analysis.
The results of CA are displayed in two ways: first, in a table indicating the cluster membership
for each speech variety, and secondly in a dendrogram that displays graphically how the clusters
are joined at each step of the agglomeration process.
4.2. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
According to Scholfield (1991), data such as words can not only be analyzed with CA but also
with multidimensional scaling (MDS), which is designed to analyze the structure of dissimilarity
(or similarity) data. Rather than taking into account the profile of values as CA does, MDS
considers all pairs of observations and approximates the distances between all of these pairs.
The results of MDS are displayed in a ‘derived stimulus configuration,’ a perceptual map that
indicates the data as a configuration of points, as on a map, along two, three or more dimensions.
In addition, MDS provides for each configuration a measure of fit (the ‘squared simple
correlation’ – RSQ) and a measure of stress (‘Kruskal’s stress’) that indicate how well the MDS
model corresponds to the actual raw data.
The number of dimensions that should form the basis for the computed perceptual map is
generally determined by means of subjective evaluation and/or the evaluation of the measures of
fit and stress. In the first approach, the researcher makes a subjective evaluation of the computed
MDS plot as to whether the displayed configuration seems reasonable while aiming at the
smallest number of dimensions. The second approach takes into account the RSQ values and
Kruskal’s stress values: RSQ values of ≥0.60 are generally considered acceptable, whereas with
Kruskal’s measure of stress, small values approaching 0.0 indicate an acceptable goodness of fit.
For the interpretation of the computed perceptual maps, the displayed MDS plots do not directly
indicate what the dimensions and configurations refer to; it is left to the researcher to interpret
what they represent. Most commonly, ‘dimensional interpretation’ is applied, focusing on large
distances along the dimensions of the computed plots. However, as Kruskal and Wish (1978:43)
point out, sometimes “structure can be observed in the multidimensional space in addition to or
instead of that provided by dimensional interpretation.” This alternative interpretation primarily
takes into account large similarities and focuses on data clustering in the space, therefore called
‘neighborhood interpretation.’ Kruskal and Wish (1978) suggest employing neighborhood
28
interpretation in addition to dimensional interpretation to explain as much of the displayed
configuration as possible.
4.3. ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
4.3.1. CLUSTER ANALYSIS
The triangular-shaped word- and phrase-list similarity matrices computed by WORDSURV
(Wimbish 1989) had, during the previously conducted analysis, been imported into Microsoft
Excel 97. For CA with SPSS, they had to be imported into SPSS. However, since SPSS
requires symmetrical or rectangular-shaped rather than triangular-shaped matrices, the three
word- and phrase-list matrices were first converted into square symmetrically shaped matrices by
reflection along the leading diagonal, and then imported into SPSS.
As already mentioned in Section 4.1 (p. 26), CA was conducted applying the average linkage
between-groups method and the squared Euclidean measure. The results of the CA for each of
the three computed word- and phrase-list similarity matrices, i.e., word-list computations WLC-1
and WLC-2 and phrase-list computation PLC, are displayed in a cluster-membership table and a
dendrogram. However, this graphical representation in a dendrogram should not be mistaken as
a ‘language family tree’ indicating genetic relationships between the surveyed speech varieties.
It is further noted that the displayed dendrograms do not indicate the actual distances between
the speech varieties but rescale them to numbers between 0 and 25.
To determine adequate cluster solutions for each word- and phrase-list similarity matrix, the
agglomeration schedule with its coefficient values was employed as previously described in
Section 4.1 (p. 26), and for each of the three computations a particular cluster solution was
chosen which determines the number of clusters most appropriate for the respective computation.
Based on these indications of adequate cluster solutions, the cluster-membership tables and
dendrograms for the three computations were evaluated and the respective clusters and their
components identified.18 Since CA was employed as an exploratory data analysis tool for this
dissertation, no rigorous validation techniques have been applied.
For further evaluation and discussion, the results of the three cluster analyses were transferred
into Microsoft Word 97 and displayed in tables with the respective clusters and their components
18 See Appendix 2 (p.90) for the agglomeration schedules, cluster-membership tables and dendrograms for the
word- and phrase-list computations.
29
lined up side by side, thus facilitating the comparison of the results (as an example see Table 4,
p. 38).
For each of the three word- and phrase-list computations, the indicated clusters and their
components were compared to the original similarity matrices to examine whether and to what
extent the indicated groupings match the similarity percentages. Furthermore, the findings of the
CA of the three computations were compared to each other to determine whether and to what
extent the results concur.
In this context, mention needs to be made of the following disparities between the findings of the
CA and the results indicated by a sociolinguistic survey conducted among two of the 49
investigated Gbe varieties, Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) and Aja-Sikpi. As will be discussed in more
detail in Sections 5.1.1 (p. 31) and 5.1.3 (p. 45), the findings of the CA indicate Tohoun-Hwe to
be a component of a western Gbe cluster and Sikpi to be a component of an eastern Gbe cluster.
By contrast, the findings of a more recent sociolinguistic survey of these communities in late
1996 clearly identified Tohoun-Hwe and Sikpi as varieties of Aja and therefore as components
of a central Gbe cluster that consists entirely of Aja varieties. Thus, to guard against skewed
results with regard to the clustering of the remaining Gbe varieties, an alternative version of CA
was conducted excluding the Tohoun-Hwe and Sikpi varieties. This version of CA is the basis
for the presented clustering of the remaining Gbe varieties in ‘Western Gbe varieties’ (p. 35) and
‘Eastern Gbe varieties’ (p. 47).
4.3.2. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was based on the same above-mentioned triangular-shaped
word- and phrase-list similarity matrices. To apply MDS to these matrices using SPSS, the
triangular similarity matrices were converted into triangular distance matrices, since MDS is a
method that uses distance information. These distance matrices were then converted into square
symmetrically shaped matrices and imported into SPSS.
As already mentioned in Section 4.2 (p. 27), the determination of the number of dimensions that
should form the basis for the computed perceptual maps is generally made through subjective
evaluation and/or the evaluation of the measures of fit and stress. For the analysis of the Gbe
data, the decision on the number of dimensions the computed MDS plots were to be based on
was in large part pragmatic, taking into account both ease of use and interpretability. Other
considerations were that the displayed configurations should look reasonable and the computed
30
RSQ values and Kruskal’s stress values should be acceptable.19 Thus, a two-dimensional
analysis was employed for this study with the scaling model based on the default ‘Euclidean
distance measure’ and the level of measurement being ‘ratio.’
For each of the three word- and phrase-list distance matrices, three MDS plots were computed:
one including all 49 Gbe varieties, a second one referring only to the western Gbe varieties and a
third one including only the eastern Gbe varieties. This approach to the analysis was chosen
because the large number of varieties results in very dense configurations, thus rendering a more
detailed interpretation of the computed plots difficult.
For the interpretation of the MDS configurations presented in this dissertation, a combination of
dimensional interpretation and neighborhood interpretation was applied as suggested by Kruskal
et al. (1978). Thus, the computed perceptual maps were investigated as to what the displayed
dimensions represent while at the same time taking into account the clustering of the data. Given
that as with CA, MDS is employed as an exploratory data analysis tool, no rigorous validation
techniques have been applied.
For further evaluation and discussion, the computed plots of the three word- and phrase-list
computations were imported into Microsoft Word 97 and compared to each other to explore
whether and to what extent they match (as example see Figure 2, p. 34). Furthermore, the
findings indicated by MDS were compared to the results indicated by CA and to the original
similarity matrices to examine whether and to what extent these results concur.
19 See Appendix 3.1 (p. 98) for detailed stress and RSQ values.
31
CHAPTER 5. RESULTS
In the following section, the clustering of the Gbe varieties is discussed according to the findings
of the quantitative analysis of the computed similarity matrices for the word and phrase lists.
This presentation of the findings is followed in Section 5.2 (p. 64) by an evaluation of the
comparability of the word- and phrase-list results.
5.1. CLUSTERING OF THE GBE LANGUAGE VARIETIES
The clustering of the Gbe language varieties presented in the following sections is based on the
findings of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling of the computed similarity matrices for
the word and phrase lists. Following a brief overview of the Gbe varieties as a whole, detailed
results are presented according to the larger groupings of these varieties.20
5.1.1. OVERVIEW
A cluster analysis of the computed similarity matrices for the word and phrase lists, applying a
three-cluster solution, identifies three major groupings of Gbe varieties.
Western Gbe varieties21 Central Gbe varieties Eastern Gbe varieties
− Located in Togo and Ghana between the Mono river to the east and the Volta and Dayi rivers to the west.
− Located in Togo and Benin along both sides of the Mono river to the west and the Kouffo river to the east.
− Located in Benin and Nigeria between the Mono river in southwestern Benin and the Yewa river in southwestern Nigeria.
− Capo’s (1986) ‘Ewe’ and ‘Gen’ clusters.
− Capo’s ‘Aja’ cluster. − Capo’s ‘Fon’ and ‘Phla-Phera’ clusters.
Table 2: Major Gbe groupings
It is noted that a two-cluster solution based on the two word-list computations indicates the
grouping of the central and western varieties within one cluster, whereas the eastern varieties
constitute a distinct second cluster. By contrast, a two-cluster solution based on the phrase-list
20 See Figure 1 (p. 7) for a map of the Gbe language area and Appendix 1 (p. 81) for word- and phrase-list
similarity matrices. 21 The terminology ‘western, central and eastern Gbe varieties,’ based on the geographical location of these three
groups, is used for reference purposes in this report, and is not intended to be construed as the definitive nomenclature for these groups.
32
computation groups the central and eastern varieties within a single cluster, whereas the western
varieties constitute a distinct second cluster.22
Overall, the word- and phrase-list results concur with respect to the distribution of the elicited
Gbe varieties among the three major groupings, with the CA identifying the following
components for each grouping:
Western Gbe varieties Central Gbe varieties Eastern Gbe varieties
Adan Ho Aja-Dogbo Agbome Gbesi Seto Agoi / Gliji23 Kpelen Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Ajra Gbokpa Tofin Agu Kpesi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) Alada Gun Toli Anexo Togo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) Arohun Kotafon Weme Aveno Vlin Aja-Hwe (Tohoun)* Ayizo Kpase Xwela Awlan Vo Aja-Sikpi* Ci Maxi Xwla (eastern) Be Waci Daxe Movolo Xwla (western)* Gbin Wance Fon Saxwe Gen Wundi Gbekon Se
Table 3: Elicited Gbe varieties according to their larger geographical setting
Although the three computations generally agree with respect to the components of these major
groupings, there were a few exceptions as indicated by an asterisk:
− The CA of the two word-list computations identifies Aja-Sikpi as a component of the
eastern Gbe cluster. Furthermore, the CA of the three word- and phrase-list
computations indicates Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) to be a component of the western Gbe
cluster. It is noted, though, that a more recent and in-depth sociolinguistic survey of
the Aja communities was conducted in late 1996, involving the elicitation of word lists.
The results of the word-list analysis indicate that Sikpi and Tohoun-Hwe are, in fact,
varieties of Aja and thus components of the central Gbe cluster. Therefore, the results
concerning these two varieties are discussed together with the results for the remaining
Aja varieties in ‘Central Gbe varieties’ (p. 45).
− The CA of phrase-list computation PLC identifies western Xwla as a component of the
central Gbe cluster. However, the findings based on the two word-list computations
22 See Appendix 2 (p.90) for the agglomeration schedules, cluster-membership tables and dendrograms for the
word- and phrase-list computations. 23 While Capo (1986) lists two separate entries for Agoi and Gliji, only one common set of word and phrase lists
was elicited for both varieties during the SIL study.
33
identify Xwla as an eastern Gbe variety, and therefore the results for Xwla are
presented together with the results for eastern Gbe (see Section 5.1.3, p. 47).
Overall, the word-list results indicate lexical similarity of <75% for computation WLC-1 and of
<70% for computation WLC-2 among the three major Gbe groupings.24 The sole exceptions
with higher degrees of similarity, excluding those mentioned above, are those Gbe varieties that
are geographically located in the neighborhood of varieties from a different cluster:
− The western Gbe varieties located directly west of the Mono river (Agoi/Gliji, Anexo
and Gen) and the central and eastern Gbe varieties situated directly east of the Mono
river (WLC-1: the Aja varieties, Gbokpa, Kotafon and Saxwe; WLC-2: Aja-Dogbo,
Aja-Hwe and Gbokpa).
− The Aja-Dogbo and Aja-Hwe varieties and the eastern Gbe varieties located in the
proximity of the Aja area (WLC-1: Gbokpa, Kotafon and Saxwe; WLC-2: Gbesi).
Concerning the degrees of within-group similarity of the three major clusters, word-list
computation WLC-1 indicates 71-100% lexical similarity among the western Gbe varieties, 86-
100% among the central Gbe varieties (excluding the Sikpi and Tohoun Hwe varieties) and 72-
100% among the eastern Gbe varieties. Computation WLC-2 yields degrees of within-group
similarity that are generally slightly lower: 66-100% among the western Gbe varieties, 82-100%
among the central Gbe varieties (again, excluding Sikpi and Tohoun-Hwe) and 55-100% among
the eastern varieties.
To further explore the underlying relationships among the Gbe varieties, multidimensional
scaling of the computed distance matrices for the word- and phrase-list computations was
conducted. Based on the three computations, the MDS stress values range from 0.187 to 0.264,
and the RSQ values range from 0.710 to 0.905, thus indicating that the reproduced distances
from the MDS analysis have an acceptable correlation with the original distance matrices.25
The figures below display the MDS plots based on the three computations, with the solid ovals
indicating the author’s interpretation of the clusters as indicated by dimension 1 of the MDS
24 It is noted that, overall, the similarity calculations for computation WLC-2 are lower than the calculations for
computation WLC-1. (See Section 5.2, p. 64, for a detailed evaluation of the comparability of the word- and phrase-list results.)
25 See Appendix 3.1 (p. 98) for detailed stress and RSQ values.
34
plots. According to this interpretation, dimension 1 represents a perceptual east-west axis, with
east located to the left and west to the right.
The plots of the three computations indicate the same three major groupings of Gbe varieties as
identified by the CA, applying a three-cluster solution. Concurring with the findings of the CA,
the MDS plots of the two word-list computations indicate Aja-Sikpi to be a component of the
eastern Gbe cluster and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) to be a component of the western Gbe cluster.
Further concurring with the findings of the CA, the MDS plot of phrase-list computation PLC
indicates Tohoun- Hwe but not Sikpi to be a component of the western Gbe cluster. However, in
contrast to the findings of the CA, western Xwla is indicated to be a component of the eastern
Gbe cluster.
Dimension 1
Dim
ensio
n 2
Tohoun-Hwe
Sikpi
Central Gbe
Eastern Gbe Western Gbe
Figure 2: Major Gbe groupings – MDS plot of computation WLC-1
Dimension 1
Dim
ensio
n 2
Tohoun-Hwe
Sikpi
Central Gbe
Western GbeEastern Gbe
Figure 3: Major Gbe groupings – MDS plot of computation WLC-2
With regard to the spatial representation of the three clusters, the MDS plots situate the eastern
and western Gbe clusters on opposite ends of the perceptual east-west axis according to their
geographical distribution. It is noted, though, that for phrase-list computation PLC, the eastern
varieties are further spread out along dimension 1 than is the case for the two word-list MDS
plots.
Along dimension 2, the central Gbe varieties are situated in the upper right section of the space,
whereas the western varieties are placed below the central varieties, spreading into the lower
right section of the space. The eastern Gbe varieties are spread out along dimension 2 with its
varieties being placed both in the upper left and lower left sections of the space.
35
For the two word-list computations, the
spatial representation of the three clusters
matches the results of the CA, applying a two-
cluster solution that groups the central and
western varieties within a single cluster and
the central varieties within a distinct second
cluster. By contrast, for phrase-list
computation PLC, this distribution of Gbe
varieties does not appear to concur with the
above-mentioned results of the CA, applying
a two-cluster solution that groups the central
and eastern Gbe varieties within one cluster
Dimension 1
Dim
ensi
on 2
Sikpi
Tohoun-Hwe
Central Gbe
Western Gbe
Eastern Gbe
w. Xlwa
Figure 4: Major Gbe groupings – MDS plot of computation PLC
and the western varieties into a distinct second cluster.
In the following sections, detailed findings of the CA and MDS of the computed word- and
phrase-list similarity matrices are presented according to their larger geographical grouping, i.e.,
the western, central and eastern Gbe varieties. In this context, it should be reiterated that the
phrase-list similarity percentages given in this study exclude the range of error, whereas all
lexical similarity percentages include the upper range of error. Furthermore, it is noted that, as
already mentioned in Section 4.3.1 (p. 28), the following discussion of the findings of the CA is
based on an alternative version of the CA excluding the Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) and Aja-Sikpi
varieties, to guard against skewed results due to the inaccurate assignment of these varieties to
the western and eastern Gbe clusters, respectively.
5.1.2. WESTERN GBE VARIETIES
The western Gbe varieties are located in Ghana and Togo between the Volta and Dayi rivers to
the west and the Mono river to the east.26 Capo (1986:101, map 1b) groups the western Gbe
varieties into two clusters, Ewe and Gen, assigning to each the following speech varieties:
Ewe: Adan, Agu, Anfoin, Avedakpa, Aveno, Awlan, Be, Dayin, Fodome, Gbin, Ho,
Kpando, Kpelen, Kpesi, Peki, Towun, Ve, Vlin, Vo, Waci, and Wance;
Gen: Agoi, Anexo, Gen, and Gliji. 26 Unless mentioned otherwise, the description of the location of the Gbe varieties areas is based on the information
provided by Capo (1986: map 1a).
36
It is noted that for the study reported here, neither word nor phrase lists were elicited in the
following varieties: Anfoin, Avedakpa, Dayin, Fodome, Kpando, Peki, Towun and Ve. Instead,
additional word and phrase lists were elicited in the Togo and Wundi varieties, both mentioned
by Capo (1986:12) but thus far unclassified.
Thus, the following western Gbe varieties are included in the current analysis:
− Adan, Agoi/Gliji, Agu, Anexo, Aveno, Awlan, Be, Gbin, Gen, Ho, Kpelen, Kpesi,
Togo, Vlin, Vo, Waci, Wance, Wundi
To investigate the clustering of these varieties, the computed word- and phrase-list similarity
matrices were analyzed by means of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling.
5.1.2.1. CLUSTER ANALYSIS
The primary guide for determining adequate cluster solutions for the CA was SPSS’
agglomeration schedule, as explained in Section 4.1 (p. 26). Taking into account all 47 Gbe
varieties,27 the agglomeration schedule suggests an 11-cluster solution for the two word-list
computations and a 13-cluster solution for phrase-list computation PLC.
Based on these cluster solutions and focusing on the western Gbe varieties, the SPSS
dendrogram that graphically displays the clustering of the Gbe varieties identifies five
homogeneous groupings for the two word-list computations, and four homogeneous groupings
for phrase-list computation PLC. Furthermore, the dendrogram indicates that these groupings
are joined together to form two major clusters, preliminarily referred to as ‘cluster 1’ (gray
shading) and ‘cluster 2’ (no shading) (see Table 4).28
The findings for cluster 1 show that Adan and Awlan are identified across all three computations
as components of this cluster. The word-list computations indicate a lexical similarity of 100%
between the two varieties, results matched by phrase-list computation PLC which likewise shows
100% similarity between the two. As previously mentioned in ‘Language development’ (p, 8),
standard Ewe is based on the Awlan variety. It is a major language of non-formal education in
Togo, while in Ghana it is also a language of formal education for secondary school and
university education.
27 This total of 47 Gbe varieties does not include the Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe of Tohoun varieties due to the reasons
explained in Section 4.3.1 (p. 28). (See also Figure 1, p. 7, for a map of the Gbe language area.) 28 See Appendix 2 (p.90) for the agglomeration schedules, cluster-membership tables and dendrograms for the
word- and phrase-list computations.
37
As for cluster 2, Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen are identified across all three computations as
components of this cluster. The two word-list computations indicate markedly high levels of
within-group lexical similarity among these varieties (WLC-1: 97-100%; WLC-2: 92-99%);
likewise, phrase-list computation PLC indicates a calculation of 100% among these three
varieties. Gen is one of the languages of wider communication (LWC) of both southern Togo
and southwestern Benin, and, as mentioned in ‘Language development’ (p, 8), a language of
non-formal education in the Mono region of Benin. (Capo 1986; Direction Nationale de
l’Alphabétisation n.d., b; Duthie 1988)
Lexical similarity between the Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen varieties and the Adan and Awlan
varieties is considerably lower, with calculations of 78-79% for word-list computation WLC-1
and calculations of 67-71% for computation WLC-2; the percentages for phrase-list
computation PLC are still lower (≤56%). These findings indicate that cluster 1 refers to the Ewe
cluster and cluster 2 to the Gen cluster, with the findings of the CA pointing to Adan and Awlan
as the ‘core Ewe cluster varieties’ and to Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen as the ‘core Gen cluster
varieties.’
The clustering of these varieties and the remaining western Gbe varieties within the Ewe or Gen
clusters is shown, below with Table 4 indicating the components and homogeneous sub-groups
of these clusters according to each of the three computations.
38
WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC
Ewe Adan Adan Adan Awlan Awlan Awlan Agu Aveno Aveno Be Be Togo Togo Vo Waci Wance Wundi Kpelen Kpelen Kpelen Gbin Gbin Gbin Ho Ho Ho Vlin Vlin Vlin Agu Gen Kpesi Kpesi Kpesi Agoi/Gliji Agoi/Gliji Agoi/Gliji Anexo Anexo Anexo Gen Gen Gen Vo Vo Waci Waci Wance Wance Wundi Wundi Agu Aveno Be Togo Table 4: Components of the Ewe and Gen clusters according to the findings of the CA
1) Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin
Concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification, the CA of the three computations identifies Gbin,
Ho and Vlin as varieties of a homogeneous sub-group within the Ewe cluster. In addition, the
findings based on the two word-list computations suggest Kpelen as a fourth component of this
sub-group, whereas the results based on phrase-list computation PLC indicate that Gbin, Ho and
Vlin form a homogeneous sub-group with Kpesi but not with Kpelen. Furthermore, the CA of
word-list computation WLC-2 identifies Agu as a fifth component of this sub-group.
Although the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Ho varieties are identified as components of the Ewe cluster,
it is noted that for computation WLC-1, their degrees of lexical similarity to the core Gen cluster
varieties is slightly higher than to the core Ewe cluster varieties (78-81% versus 71-76%). The
same pattern of higher similarity calculations with the core Gen than with the core Ewe cluster
varieties applies to phrase-list computation PLC for Gbin, Ho and Vlin (71% versus 59-63%),
whereas for Kpelen the degrees of similarity to the core Gen and the core Ewe cluster varieties
39
are equally low (57% versus 54-57%). The findings based on word-list computation WLC-2
indicate comparable but generally not very high degrees of lexical similarity between the Gbin,
Ho, Kpelen and Vlin varieties and the core Ewe and the core Gen cluster varieties (71-73%
versus 71-76%).
2) Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo
The CA of the two word-list computations identifies Aveno, Be and Togo as varieties of a
homogeneous sub-group. In addition, the analysis of computation WLC-1 suggests Agu as a
fourth component of this sub-group, whereas the findings based on computation WLC-2 indicate
that Agu is included in a homogeneous sub-group with Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin.
Concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification, an analysis of word-list computation WLC-2 and
phrase-list computation PLC identifies Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo as varieties of the Ewe cluster.
It is noted, though, that computation WLC-2 shows that the degree of lexical similarity of the
Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties to the core Ewe cluster varieties is not very high (73-79%)
and is generally comparable to their degree of similarity to the core Gen cluster varieties (66-
79%). Computation PLC shows that the degree of similarity of Aveno to the core Ewe cluster
varieties is rather high (88-94%), whereas it is lower between the Agu, Be and Togo varieties
and the core Ewe cluster varieties (76-81%). In contrast to the findings of computations WLC-2
and PLC, the results of computation WLC-1 indicate that these varieties are grouped within the
Gen cluster. It is noted, though, that the degrees of lexical similarity of the Agu, Aveno, Be and
Togo varieties to the core Gen and core Ewe cluster varieties are basically the same (75-83%
versus 79-81%).
3) Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi
In contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification, the analysis of the two word-list computations
identifies Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi as components of a homogeneous sub-group within the
Gen cluster, with these four varieties having slightly higher degrees of lexical similarity to the
core Gen than to the core Ewe cluster varieties (WLC-1: 80-86% versus 73-76%; WLC-2: 75-
81% versus 68-71%). By contrast, analysis of phrase-list computation PLC points to the
grouping of the Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi varieties within the Ewe cluster, thus concurring
with Capo’s (1986) classification.
40
4) Kpesi
In contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification, the findings based on the two word-list computations
identify Kpesi as a component of the Gen cluster, having slightly higher degrees of lexical
similarity to the core Gen than to the core Ewe cluster varieties (WLC-1: 88-90% versus 82%;
WLC-2: 81-87% versus 70%). By contrast, the analysis of phrase-list computation PLC
indicates Kpesi to be a variety of the Ewe cluster within one sub-group with Gbin, Ho and Vlin.
However, it is noted that, although generally rather low, the degrees of similarity of Kpesi to
either the core Gen or the core Ewe cluster varieties are comparable (71% versus 65-69%).
5.1.2.2. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
The computed percentage matrices were further explored by means of multidimensional scaling
to clarify some of the underlying relationships, especially with regard to the disparities between
the findings of the CA and the respective similarity matrices. Across the three computations, the
MDS stress values range from 0.165 to 0.256, and the RSQ values range from 0.665 to 0.891.
These values indicate that the reproduced distances from the MDS analysis have an acceptable
correlation with the original distance matrices.29
The figures below display the MDS plots of the three computations, with the solid ovals
indicating the author’s interpretation of the clusters as indicated by dimension 1 of the MDS
plots. According to this interpretation, dimension 1 indicates the extent to which the western
Gbe varieties are grouped within the Ewe or Gen clusters.
In contrast to the results of the CA, which identify two major western Gbe clusters, the MDS
plots of the three computations indicate that there are three clusters distributed along dimension
1, the Ewe and Gen clusters and a third cluster including Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin,
preliminarily referred to as ‘cluster 3.’ This distinct placement of Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin
corresponds to the distinct geographical location of these varieties, with Gbin, Kpelen and Vlin
being the western Gbe varieties located the furthest north. (The sole exception is Kpesi that is
located still further north.)
1) Word-list computation WLC-1
The MDS plot of word-list computation WLC-1 (Figure 5), with its display of three clusters,
29 See Appendix 3.2 (p. 98) for detailed stress and RSQ values.
41
suggests two major differences from the
findings of the CA. First, the MDS plot
suggests that Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin are
components of a distinct cluster along
dimension 1, whereas the CA groups them
within the Ewe cluster. However, the MDS
plot places Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin in
closer proximity to the Gen than to the Ewe
cluster. This location concurs with the
respective percentages of lexical similarity,
with the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin varieties
Dimension 1
Dim
ensio
n 2
Ho
Gbin
Vlin
Kpelen
KpesiAgoi-Gliji
Gen
Anexo
Vo
Waci
Wundi
Wance Agu
Aveno Togo
Be
Adan +Awlan
Figure 5: Western Gbe varieties – MDS
plot of computation WLC-1
having slightly higher percentages of similarity to the core Gen than to the core Ewe cluster
varieties (78-82% versus 71-76%).
Secondly, the MDS plot suggests that Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo are grouped together with the
core Ewe varieties, whereas the findings of the CA identify them as varieties of the Gen cluster.
It is noted, though, that along dimension 1, the distances indicated for the Agu, Aveno, Be and
Togo varieties from the core Gen varieties are approximately the same as from the core Ewe
varieties. These findings are matched by their respective degrees of lexical similarity, i.e., the
Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties have basically the same degree of similarity to the core Ewe
as to the core Gen cluster varieties (79-81% versus 75-83%).
With regard to their spatial distribution along dimension 2, the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo
varieties and the core Ewe varieties are at opposite ends, and the same applies to the Vo, Waci,
Wance and Wundi varieties and the core Gen varieties. This distribution corresponds to the
rather moderate degrees of lexical similarity between the respective varieties (79-81% and 80-
86%, respectively).
2) Word-list computation WLC-2
The MDS plot of word-list computation WLC-2 (Figure 6) also indicates Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and
Vlin to be components of a distinct third cluster, whereas the CA of computation WLC-2
identifies these varieties as components of the Ewe cluster. However, in contrast to the MDS
plot of computation WLC-1, the plot of computation WLC-2 situates Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin
between the Ewe and Gen clusters. This placement corresponds to the respective degrees of
lexical similarity which are basically the same for these varieties relative to the core Ewe and the
42
core Gen cluster varieties (71-73% versus 71-
76%).
A second difference from the findings of the
CA is indicated with regard to the Agu
variety. Identifying Agu as a component of
the Ewe cluster, the CA groups it together
with Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin within the
same homogeneous sub-group, although the
percentages of similarity are higher between
Agu and the Aveno, Be and Togo varieties.
MDS takes these differences in distance into
Dimension 1
Dim
ensio
n 2 Ho
GbinVlin
Kpelen
Kpesi
Agoi-Gliji
Gen
Anexo
VoWaci
WundiWance
Agu
Aveno
TogoBe
Adan +Awlan
Figure 6: Western Gbe varieties – MDS
plot of computation WLC-2
account and locates Agu in the proximity of the Aveno, Be and Togo varieties rather than of the
cluster 3 varieties. It is noted, though, that Agu is placed closer to Awlan and Adan than to the
Aveno, Be and Togo varieties, although the lexical similarity of Agu to the latter is slightly
higher than to the former varieties (76-83% versus 73%).
As for the remaining western Gbe varieties, the results of MDS match those of the CA and
indicate that Aveno, Agu, Be and Togo are components of the Ewe cluster and Vo, Waci, Wance
and Wundi components of the Gen cluster. As with word-list computation WLC-1, the
respective similarity calculations do not indicate very high degrees of lexical similarity between
the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties and the core Ewe cluster varieties (73-79%) or between
the Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi varieties and the core Gen varieties (75-81%). However, the
corresponding sub-groups are not spread out along dimension 2 as widely as is the case for
computation WLC-1.
3) Phrase-list computation PLC
The MDS plot of phrase-list computation PLC (Figure 7) also points to a distinct third cluster
along dimension 1 that, concurring with the MDS plot of word-list computation WLC-2, is
located between the Ewe and Gen clusters. Cluster 3 includes Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Kpesi and
Vlin, whereas the CA identifies these varieties as components of the Ewe cluster.
Along dimension 2, cluster 3 is placed toward the top of the space, whereas the core Ewe and
Gen cluster varieties are situated toward the bottom of the space. This distinct placement of
Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Kpesi and Vlin corresponds to the rather low degrees of similarity between
these varieties and both the core Ewe and the core Gen varieties (≤71%). It is noted, though, that
43
the Gbin, Ho and Vlin varieties are placed in
closer proximity to the Gen cluster than to the
Ewe cluster. This placement concurs with the
slightly higher degrees of similarity of the
Gbin, Ho and Vlin varieties to the core Gen
than to the core Ewe cluster varieties (71%
versus 59-63%). The horizontal placement of
Kpelen and Kpesi between the Ewe and Gen
clusters reflects the fact that the degrees of
similarity of Kpelen and Kpesi to the core
Ewe and the core Gen cluster varieties are
comparable (Kpelen: 54-57% versus 57%;
Dimension 1
Dim
ensio
n 2
Ho +Gbin +Vlin
Kpelen
Kpesi
Agoi/Gliji +Anexo +Gen
Vo
Waci
W.+W.
Agu
AvenoBe +Togo AwlanAdan
Figure 7: Western Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation PLC30
Kpesi: 65-69% versus 71%).
The remaining western Gbe varieties, i.e., the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties as well as the
Vo, Waci, Wance, Wundi varieties, are placed in the general neighborhood of the core Ewe
cluster varieties, thus matching the results of the CA. With regard to their spatial distribution
along dimension 2, it is noted that the varieties placed the furthest apart from the Adan and
Awlan varieties are Vo and Waci in the upper section of the space, whereas Agu, Aveno, Be,
Togo, Wance and Wundi are situated together with Adan and Awlan in the lower section.
Again, this distribution concurs with the respective similarity calculations that indicate rather
low levels of similarity between the Vo and Waci varieties and the Adan and Awlan varieties
(71-75%). The similarity calculations are slightly higher for the Agu, Be, Togo, Wance and
Wundi varieties relative to Adan (81%) whereas they are slightly lower relative to Awlan (76%);
the sole exception is Aveno with a similarity calculation of 94% relative to Adan and 88%
relative to Awlan.
30 W.+W. = Wance + Wundi.
44
4) Summary
The findings of multidimensional scaling are summarized below, with Table 5 indicating the
three major clusters of western Gbe varieties that have been identified.
WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC
Ewe Adan Adan Adan Awlan Awlan Awlan Agu Agu Agu Aveno Aveno Aveno Be Be Be Togo Togo Togo Wance Wundi Waci Vo Cluster 3 Kpelen Kpelen Kpelen Gbin Gbin Gbin Ho Ho Ho Vlin Vlin Vlin Gen Kpesi Kpesi Kpesi Agoi/Gliji Agoi/Gliji Agoi/Gliji Anexo Anexo Anexo Gen Gen Gen Vo Vo Waci Waci Wance Wance Wundi Wundi Table 5: Grouping of the western Gbe varieties according to the findings of MDS
In contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification and the findings of the CA, the MDS analysis of the
three computations indicates three distinct clusters, the Ewe cluster, the Gen cluster and a third
cluster that comprises Ho, Gbin, Kpelen and Vlin and, according to the findings based on phrase-
list computation PLC, Kpesi.
The Ewe cluster consists of Adan, Agu, Aveno, Awlan, Be and Togo and, taking into account
phrase-list computation PLC, of Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi, thus concurring with Capo’s
(1986) classification. However, the findings based on the two word-list computations suggest
that, in contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification, Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi are components of
the Gen cluster.
Concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification, the Gen cluster comprises Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and
Gen. However, Kpesi , which according to Capo (1986) is included in the Ewe cluster, and the
45
Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi varieties as well, are also indicated to be components of the Gen
cluster, according to the findings based on the two word-list computations.
5.1.3. CENTRAL GBE VARIETIES
The central grouping of Gbe varieties constitutes entirely of the Aja language and its varieties.
These are located in both Benin and Togo over a large area on both sides of the Mono river. The
Aja varieties of Benin are primarily situated in an area bordered by the Kouffo river to the east
and the Mono river to the west in Benin’s Mono region, whereas the Togolese Aja varieties are
situated west of the Mono river in the southeastern corner of the Plateaux region and the eastern
part of the Maritime region. (Tompkins et al. 1997)
As previously mentioned in ‘Language development’ (p. 8), Aja was one of the six national
languages selected by the Benin government in 1992 for non-formal adult education (Direction
de l’Alphabétisation 1992).
The Aja varieties are listed by Capo (1986:101) as follows:
− Dogbo, Hwe, Sikpi, Tado
Within the context of the SIL study, word and phrase lists were elicited in 1988 and 1991 in the
Dogbo variety, in the Hwe varieties spoken at Aplahoué, Azovè and Tohoun, and in the Sikpi
variety.
Evaluation of the computed word- and phrase-list similarity matrices indicates moderate to high
degrees of within-group lexical similarity among the Dogbo, Aplahoué-Hwe, Azovè-Hwe and
Gboto-Hwe varieties (WLC-1: 86-100%; WLC-2: 82-100%), with lexical similarity being
especially high between Dogbo and Gboto-Hwe (100%). With regard to Dogbo and Gboto-Hwe,
these results are matched by phrase-list computation PLC, which likewise shows 100% similarity
between the two varieties; as for the other varieties, the phrase-list calculations are lower.
The findings regarding Dogbo and Hwe concur with Capo’s (1986) grouping of these varieties
within the Aja cluster, whereas results for Sikpi and Tohoun-Hwe differ notably from Capo’s
classification.
The CA of the two word-list computations identifies Sikpi as an eastern Gbe variety.
Furthermore, analysis of computation WLC-1 suggests the grouping of Sikpi with the Daxe,
Saxwe and Se varieties within the same homogeneous sub-group, whereas analysis of
46
computation WLC-2 points to the grouping of Sikpi with Saxwe but not with Daxe and Se within
the same sub-group. These findings are matched by the rather low degrees of lexical similarity
between Sikpi and the Dogbo and Hwe varieties (WLC-1: 71-81%; WLC-2: 61-75%), whereas
lexical similarity with the eastern Gbe varieties Daxe, Gbokpa, Kotafon, Kpase, Saxwe and Se is
higher or slightly higher (WLC-1: ≥86%; WLC-2: ≥78%); in addition, computation WLC-1
provides similarity calculations of 87% with Fon and of 86% with Gbekon. By contrast, the CA
of phrase-list computation PLC concurs with Capo’s (1986) classification and identifies Sikpi as
a component of the central Gbe cluster. It is noted, though, that the similarity calculation for
Sikpi with Aplahoué-Hwe (76%) yields only moderate results; it is still lower with Azovè-Hwe
(59%).
As for Tohoun-Hwe, the CA identifies this variety as a component of the western rather than of
the central Gbe cluster, with the CA of all three computations indicating the grouping of
Tohoun-Hwe together with Wance and Wundi within the same homogeneous sub-group. Again,
these findings are matched by the rather low degrees of lexical similarity between Tohoun-Hwe
and the Dogbo and Hwe varieties (WLC-1: 67-72%; WLC-2: 65-69%), whereas lexical
similarity is higher with the western Gbe varieties (WLC-1: 80-98%; WLC-2: 71-100%);
similarity is especially high between Tohoun-Hwe and the Wance and Wundi varieties (98-
100%). Likewise, phrase-list computation PLC indicates that Tohoun-Hwe is more similar to the
western Gbe varieties than to the Aja varieties.
In late 1996, a more recent and in-depth sociolinguistic study of the Aja communities was
conducted that included the verification of the word lists elicited in the Dogbo, Aplahoué-Hwe,
Tohoun-Hwe and Sikpi varieties. In addition, word lists were elicited in Aja-Tado and Aja-
Tala.31 (See Tompkins et al. 1997.)
Aplahoué-Hwe 97 Sikpi 98 97 Tohoun-Hwe 94 94 96 Dogbo 94 96 93 93 Tado 94 93 95 95 94 Tala
Figure 8: Lexical similarity percentages for the Aja varieties (Tompkins et al. 1997)
31 During the Aja survey, village elders and inhabitants of several Aja villages in Togo’s Lacs prefecture identified
the Aja variety spoken in their villages as ‘Tala.’ Therefore, an additional word list was elicited in this variety.
47
The results of the word-list analysis show a rather high degree of lexical similarity, with
calculations of ≥93% among the six Aja varieties, including Sikpi and Tohoun-Hwe32 (see
Figure 8). These results indicate that all five varieties are fairly homogeneous with respect to
their lexical inventory. Although the results do not include the western Gbe varieties, the
findings clearly identify Sikpi and Tohoun-Hwe as varieties of Aja and therefore as components
of the central Gbe cluster, thus concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification of the Aja
varieties.33
This disparity between the findings of the Aja survey and the findings of the current CA could be
due to the different elicitation procedures employed. For the study reported here, word and
phrase lists were elicited from L1 speakers of the variety in question, of whom some were not
residing in the language area, whereas all word lists for the Aja survey were elicited from groups
of long-term resident L1 speakers. This procedure allowed for the discussion of variants, near-
synonyms and synonyms, and group decisions could be made as to which form to include in the
lists, thus increasing reliability.34
5.1.4. EASTERN GBE VARIETIES
The eastern Gbe varieties are located in Benin and Nigeria east of the Mono river, with the sole
exception of a few western Xwla communities located to the west of the Mono river in
southeastern Togo, in and around the town of Adamé (see Henson et al. 1999).
Capo’s classification (1986:101, map 1b) indicates two clusters of eastern Gbe varieties, Fon and
Phla-Phera, with the latter, according to Capo (1986:100f), differing substantially as far as the
vocabulary of its components is concerned. The following varieties are assigned to the Fon and
Phla-Phera clusters:
Fon: Agbome, Arohun, Gun, Kpase, Maxi, and Weme;
Phla-Phera: Alada, Ayizo, Gbesi, Kotafon, Saxwe, Se, Tofin, Toli, Xwela, and Xwla.
In addition to these varieties, word and phrase lists were elicited in a number of varieties that are
also located in the larger Fon – Phla-Phera area and mentioned by Capo (1986:13f, map 1a) but
that are thus far unclassified: Ci, Daxe, Gbekon, Gbokpa, Movolo and Seto. Furthermore, word 32 The criteria applied for the initial similarity groupings correspond to those for word-list computation WLC-1;
for details see Tompkins et al. 1997. 33 In addition it is noted that, according to the Aja informants, Tohoun-Hwe is identical to the Hwe spoken in
Aplahoué and Azovè in Benin (see Tompkins et al. 1997).
48
and phrase lists were elicited in the Ajra and Gbokpa varieties, also situated in the larger Fon –
Phla-Phera area but not mentioned by Capo (1986).
Thus, the following eastern Gbe varieties are included in this analysis:
− Ajra, Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ayizo, Ci, Daxe, Fon, Gbekon, Gbesi, Gbokpa, Gun,
Kotafon, Kpase, Maxi, Movolo, Saxwe, Se, Seto, Tofin, Toli, northern and southern
Weme, Xwela, eastern and western Xwla.
Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling of the computed similarity matrices were
conducted to explore the clustering of these varieties.
5.1.4.1. CLUSTER ANALYSIS
As explained in Section 4.1 (p. 26), the primary guide for determining adequate cluster solutions
for the CA was SPSS’ agglomeration schedule that indicates an 11-cluster solution for the two
word-list computations and a 13-cluster solution for phrase-list computation PLC, taking into
account all 47 Gbe varieties.35
Based on these cluster solutions and focusing on the eastern Gbe varieties, the SPSS dendrogram
with its graphical display of the clustering of the Gbe varieties identifies five homogeneous
groupings for the two word-list computations and eight homogeneous groupings for phrase-list
computation PLC. Furthermore, the dendrogram indicates that most of the groupings are joined
together to form three major clusters, preliminarily referred to as ‘cluster 1’ (gray shading),
‘cluster 2’ (diagonal shading) and ‘cluster 3’ (no shading) (see Table 6).36
As for cluster 1, a number of varieties are identified by the CA of all three computations as
components, i.e., Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Gun. According to Capo’s
classification (1986:101, map 1b), Agbome, Arohun and Gun are components of the Fon cluster,
whereas Alada is included in the Phla-Phera cluster; Ci37 and Gbekon are thus far unclassified.
These findings suggest that cluster 1, with the addition of a separate entry for the Fon variety,
34 For details on the elicitations procedures, see Appendix 4.2 (p. 105). 35 This total of 47 Gbe varieties does not include the Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe of Tohoun varieties due to the reasons
explained in Section 4.3.1 (p. 28). 36 See Appendix 2 (p.90) for the agglomeration schedules, cluster-membership tables and dendrograms for the
word- and phrase-list computations. 37 As previously mentioned in footnote 6 (p. 10), Capo (1986: map 2) marks Ci as a variety of Fon on a separate
map for the Gbe varieties of the Mono region, ‘Les parlers de la Province du Mono,’ whereas in his official classification (p. 101, map 1b), Ci is not listed.
49
refers to the Fon cluster, and therefore, Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Gun are
referred to below as ‘proposed Fon cluster varieties.’
By contrast, no one single variety is identified across all three computations as a component of
cluster 2 or cluster 3. It is noted, though, that those varieties that are identified as possible
components of one of the two clusters are classified by Capo (1986:101, map 1b) as varieties of
the Phla-Phera cluster, i.e., Ayizo, Gbesi, Kotafon, Saxwe, Se, Tofin, Toli, Xwela or Xwla. The
sole exceptions are Maxi and Weme in computation WLC-1 and Kpase in computation WLC-2,
all three of which, according to Capo (1986), are included in the Fon cluster. These findings
suggest that cluster 2 and cluster 3 refer to the Phla-Phera varieties.
Furthermore, it is noted that those of Capo’s (1986) Phla-Phera varieties and those of the thus far
unclassified Ajra, Daxe, Movolo and Seto varieties, which are located in the southwestern part of
Benin are indicated to be components of cluster 2, whereas the ones identified as components of
cluster 3 are located in the southeastern part of Benin. The sole exception is Xwela, a Phla-Phera
variety situated in southwestern Benin that is identified by the findings based on phrase-list
computation PLC as a component of cluster 3. These findings suggest that cluster 2 refers to a
western Phla-Phera cluster and cluster 3 to an eastern Phla-Phera cluster. Thus, the Ayizo, Daxe,
Gbesi, Gbokpa, Kotafon, Saxwe, Se, Xwela and western Xwla varieties are referred to below as
‘proposed western Phla-Phera cluster varieties,’ whereas the Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and
eastern Xwla varieties are referred to as ‘proposed eastern Phla-Phera cluster varieties.’
The clustering of the eastern Gbe varieties within the Fon or Phla-Phera clusters is given below,
with Table 6 indicating the components and homogeneous sub-groups of these clusters as
determined by the CA of each of the three computations.
50
WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC
Maxi Maxi Weme Weme Xwela Eastern Ajra Ajra Ajra Phla-Phera Movolo Movolo Movolo Tofin Tofin Tofin Toli Toli Toli Seto Seto Seto Xwla (eastern) Xwla (eastern) Xwla (eastern) Ayizo Fon Alada Alada Alada Gbekon Gbekon Gbekon Gun Gun Gun Arohun Arohun Arohun Agbome Agbome Agbome Fon Fon Fon Ci Ci Ci Maxi Weme Kpase Kpase Kpase Ayizo Ayizo Western Gbokpa Gbokpa Gbokpa Phla-Phera Kotafon Kotafon Kotafon Gbesi Gbesi Gbesi Xwla (western) Xwla (western) Xwla (western) Xwela Xwela Saxwe Saxwe Saxwe Se Se Se Daxe Daxe Daxe Table 6: Components of the Fon and western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters according to the
findings of the CA
1) Fon cluster
All three computations identify Agbome, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Gun as components of
the Fon cluster. As already mentioned in ‘Language development’ (p. 8), Fon is one of Benin’s
major languages of wider communication (LWC) and was selected by the Benin government in
1992 as one of six national languages for non-formal adult education, while Gun is the Gbe
variety chosen for non-formal education in the Ouémé region in southeastern Benin. (Direction
de l’Alphabétisation 1992; Direction de l’Alphabétisation n.d., a,b,c)
The results indicate particularly high degrees of lexical similarity between Agbome and Fon,
with 99% similarity in word-list computation WLC-1 and 97% in computation WLC-2, results
matched by the high degree of similarity in phrase-list computation PLC (100%). The degrees of
similarity are lower or slightly lower between any other pairs of the proposed Fon cluster
varieties (WLC-1: 87-97%; WLC-2: 73-85%; PLC: 53-82%). It is noted, though, that the
51
findings based on phrase-list computation PLC indicate Alada, Gbekon and Gun to be
components of a homogeneous sub-group within the Fon cluster.
As previously mentioned, Ci and Gbekon are thus far unclassified, whereas Alada is identified
by Capo (1986) as a component of the Phla-Phera cluster. However, concurring with the
findings of the CA, the three computations generally indicate higher degrees of similarity of
Alada to the Agbome, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Gun varieties than to the components of
Capo’s (1986) Phla-Phera cluster, i.e., Ayizo, Gbesi, Saxwe, Se, Tofin, Toli, Xwela and Xwla
(WLC-1: 90-97% versus 81-94%; WLC-2: 74-85% versus 62-78%; PLC: 65-76% versus 35-
71%).
Kpase, Maxi and Weme are also classified by Capo (1986) as components of the Fon cluster. By
contrast, the analysis of word-list computation WLC-1 identifies Maxi and Weme as components
of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster, although both varieties are lexically more similar to the
proposed Fon than to the proposed eastern Phla-Phera cluster varieties (Maxi: 81-88% versus
73-80%; Weme: 89-94% versus 77-85%). The findings based on word-list computation WLC-
2 indicate Kpase to be a variety of the western Phla-Phera cluster, while the degrees of lexical
similarity of Kpase to the proposed Fon cluster varieties and the identified western Phla-Phera
varieties are comparable (76-90% versus 75-92%). Furthermore, the results based on
computation WLC-2 indicate that Maxi constitutes a distinct cluster by itself, with rather low
degrees of lexical similarity between Maxi and the remaining eastern Gbe varieties: 67-80%
with the proposed Fon cluster varieties, which is lower than the degrees of within-group lexical
similarity among the proposed Fon cluster varieties (73-97%).
2) Western Phla-Phera cluster
As for the clustering of the proposed western Phla-Phera cluster varieties, i.e., Ayizo, Daxe,
Gbesi, Gbokpa, Kotafon, Saxwe, Se, Xwela and western Xwla, the CA of the two word-list
computations identifies Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla as components of the western Phla-
Phera cluster, with lexical similarity calculations among these three varieties being 82-90% in
computation WLC-1 and 73-79% in computation WLC-2. In addition, the findings based on
computation WLC-1 indicate Daxe and Se to be western Phla-Phera cluster varieties, with
lexical similarity to the Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla varieties calculated at 81-86%. By
contrast, the findings based on computation WLC-2 indicate Daxe and Se to be components of a
52
distinct cluster, with lexical similarity to the remaining proposed western Phla-Phera varieties
calculated at 65-75%.
The CA of phrase-list computation PLC identifies Daxe, Saxwe and Se, but not Xwela or
western Xwla, as components of the western Phla-Phera cluster. Within this cluster, Daxe and
Se are identified as a homogeneous sub-group with a notably high degree of similarity (100%),
whereas the similarity of the two varieties to Saxwe is rather low (50%). Xwela is identified as a
component of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster, although its degrees of similarity to the Ajra,
Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla varieties are rather low (43-64%); still, they are
higher than the degrees of similarity between Xwela and the remaining proposed western Phla-
Phera varieties (21-43%). Western Xwla is identified as a variety of the central Gbe cluster;
however, its degrees of similarity to the remaining proposed western Phla-Phera varieties and to
the central Gbe varieties are comparable, though very low (21-47% versus 29-47%).
As for the grouping of Ayizo, Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon, the findings based on word-list
computation WLC-2 identify Ayizo and Kotafon together with Gbokpa and Kpase as
components of a homogeneous sub-group within the western Phla-Phera cluster, while Gbesi is
identified together with Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla as components of a second
homogeneous sub-group. It is noted, though, that the degrees of lexical similarity of the
remaining identified western Phla-Phera varieties, i.e., Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla, to
Ayizo and Gbesi are not very high (69-72% and 72-76%, respectively), while their degrees of
similarity to Gbokpa and Kotafon are slightly higher (79-87% and 77-80%, respectively).
In contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification and the findings of WLC-2 , the results based on
computation WLC-1 identify Ayizo as an eastern Phla-Phera variety, although its lexical
similarity to the remaining proposed western Phla-Phera cluster varieties is slightly higher than
to the proposed eastern Phla-Phera cluster varieties (75-88% versus 73-83%); lexical similarity
to the proposed Fon cluster varieties is still slightly higher (84-87%). Kotafon which is included
in the Phla-Phera cluster, according to Capo (1986),38 is identified as a variety of the Fon cluster,
with Kotafon having slightly higher degrees of lexical similarity to the proposed Fon cluster
varieties than to the remaining components of Capo’s (1986) Phla-Phera cluster, i.e., Ayizo,
Gbesi, Saxwe, Se, Tofin, Toli, Xwela and Xwla39 (90-94% versus 81-91%). Likewise, Gbokpa
is identified as a component of the Fon cluster, with lexical similarity calculations of 89-94%
38 As previously mentioned in footnote 6 (p. 10), Capo (1986: map 2) marks Kotafon as variety of Fon on a
separate map for the Gbe varieties of the Mono region, ‘Les parlers de la Province du Mono,’ whereas in his official classification (p. 101, map 1b) Kotafon is listed as a Phla-Phera variety.
39 Alada is included in the ‘proposed Fon cluster varieties.’
53
with the proposed Fon cluster varieties. Gbesi, however, is indicated to be a component of the
western Phla-Phera cluster, which concurs with Capo’s (1986) classification of Gbesi as a Phla-
Phera variety.
The findings based on phrase-list computation PLC indicate Ayizo, Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon
to be varieties of the Fon cluster. This grouping of Ayizo, Gbesi and Kotafon within the Fon
cluster rather than, as suggested by Capo (1986), within the Phla-Phera cluster is matched by the
respective similarity calculations: the degrees of similarity of the Ayizo, Gbesi and Kotafon
varieties to the proposed Fon cluster varieties, though generally rather low, are higher than to the
remaining components of Capo’s (1986) Phla-Phera cluster (Ayizo: 57-71% versus 36-50%;
Gbesi: 59-76% versus 29-53%; Kotafon: 57-79% versus 29-50%).
3) Eastern Phla-Phera cluster
The CA of word-list computation WLC-1 and phrase-list computation PLC identifies Ajra,
Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla as components of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster, a
grouping that concurs with Capo’s (1986) classification of Tofin, Toli and Xwla as Phla-Phera
varieties. With regard to computation PLC, however, it is noted that the degree of within-group
similarity among the Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla varieties is generally
rather low and the range rather large (47-88%).
In contrast to the findings of computations WLC-1 and PLC, the results based on word-list
computation WLC-2 do not indicate a distinct eastern Phla-Phera cluster. Instead, Ajra, Movolo,
Seto, Tofin, Toli, Weme and eastern Xwla are identified as components of the Fon cluster,
although the degrees of lexical similarity between the Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and
eastern Xwla varieties and the proposed Fon cluster varieties are, at 70-85%, not very high. By
contrast, the degrees of within-group similarity are higher or slightly higher among the Ajra,
Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla varieties (76-100%) and among the proposed Fon
cluster varieties (73-97%), thus indicating a possible alternative grouping of Ajra, Movolo, Seto,
Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla within a distinct cluster.
5.1.4.2. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
The computed percentage matrices were further explored by means of multidimensional scaling
to clarify some of the underlying relationships, especially with regard to the disparities between
54
the findings of the CA and the respective similarity matrices. Across the three computations, the
MDS stress values range from 0.235 to 0.284, and the RSQ values range from 0.677 to 0.746,
thus indicating that the reproduced distances from the MDS analysis have an acceptable
correlation with the original distance matrices.40
The figures below display the MDS plots of the three computations, with the solid ovals
indicating the author’s interpretation of the clustering of the eastern Gbe varieties. According to
this interpretation, both dimension 1 and dimension 1' roughly indicate a perceptual east-west
axis, with west located to the left and east to the right, whereas both dimension 2 and dimension
2' represents the extent to which the eastern Gbe varieties are grouped within the Fon or the Phla-
Phera clusters.
Concurring with the findings of the CA, the MDS plots of all three computations indicate three
clusters, the Fon cluster and the western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters.
1) Word-list computation WLC-1
Overall, the MDS plot of word-list
computation WLC-1 displays the Fon cluster
varieties in the upper part of the space and the
Phla-Phera varieties in the lower part (see
Figure 9). On the perceptual east-west axis,
the western Phla-Phera varieties are situated
to the left and the eastern varieties to the
right, whereas the Fon cluster varieties are
located in the center, as in their actual
geographical distribution.
In agreement with the results of the CA,
Dimension 1
Dim
ensi
on 2
DaxeSe
Saxwe
w. Xwla
Xwela
Gbesi
Gbokpa
Ci
Ayizo
Kotafon
Maxi
Kpase
Agbome
F. Gb.Arohun
Weme
Alada
Gun
e. XwlaSeto
Movolo
Tofin
Toli Ajra
Phla-Phera
West East
Fon
Figure 9: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-141
Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon, Gbokpa, Gun, Kotafon and Kpase are indicated to be
components of the Fon cluster. It is noted, though, that both Gbokpa and Gun are placed in the
lower left and lower right of the space near the western and eastern Phla-Phera varieties,
respectively, thus suggesting a possible alternative grouping, placing Gbokpa with the western
and Gun with the eastern varieties. With regard to Gun, this placement in the lower right of the
space agrees with the comparably high degrees of lexical similarity of Gun to the identified 40 See Appendix 3.3 (p. 98) for detailed stress and RSQ values.
55
eastern Phla-Phera cluster varieties, as to the above-mentioned Fon cluster varieties (88-94%
versus 87-96%). Likewise for Gbokpa, lexical similarity to the identified western Phla-Phera
varieties is generally as high as it is to the above-mentioned Fon cluster varieties (84-96% versus
89-98%).
In contrast to the findings of the CA, Ayizo, Maxi and Weme are also identified as components
of the Fon cluster, with Ayizo and Maxi being placed at the upper end along dimension 2. This
somewhat distinct placement concurs with the degrees of lexical similarity between the Ayizo
and Maxi varieties and the above-mentioned Fon cluster varieties (84-89% and 81-88%,
respectively), which are slightly lower than the degrees of within-group similarity among the
above-mentioned Fon cluster varieties (87-99%).
The MDS plot of word-list computation WLC-1 further suggests Daxe, Gbesi, Saxwe, Se, Xwela
and western Xwla as components of the western Phla-Phera cluster, thus concurring with the
findings of the CA. It is noted, though, that the Xwela and western Xwla varieties are situated
closer to the eastern Phla-Phera varieties than are the remaining western Phla-Phera varieties.
These findings are matched by the calculated similarity degrees for these varieties: overall,
Xwela and western Xwla share slightly higher degrees of lexical similarity with the eastern Phla-
Phera varieties than do the remaining western Phla-Phera varieties (80-88% versus 72-84%).
Further concurring with the findings of the CA, Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern
Xwla are indicated to be components of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster.
2) Word-list computation WLC-2
The MDS plot of word-list computation WLC-2 indicates the same three major Fon and Phla-
Phera clusters (see Figure 10). With regard to the dimensional interpretation of the displayed
plot, however, it is noted that dimension 1 and dimension 2 do not lend themselves to a clear
interpretation. But, the MDS plot suggests a dimensional interpretation along the superimposed
dashed lines: dimension 1' roughly indicates the above-mentioned perceptual east-west axis,
whereas dimension 2' represents the extent to which the eastern Gbe varieties are grouped within
the Fon or the Phla-Phera clusters. Thus, the Fon cluster varieties are placed at the lower end of
dimension 2'. The Phla-Phera varieties are placed toward the upper end, with the western Phla-
Phera cluster located toward the left and the eastern cluster toward the right along the perceptual
east-west axis, while the Fon cluster varieties are situated approximately in the middle.
41 F. Gb. = Fon, Gbekon.
56
Concurring with the findings of the CA, the
MDS plot indicates Agbome, Alada, Arohun,
Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Weme to be components
of the Fon cluster. However, in contrast to
the findings of the CA, the MDS plot further
suggests the grouping of Gun within the
eastern Phla-Phera cluster and the grouping of
Ayizo, Kpase and Maxi within the Fon
cluster. It is noted, though, that for Ayizo the
degrees of lexical similarity to the identified
Fon cluster varieties and the identified
western Phla-Phera varieties, i.e., Daxe,
Dimension 1
Dim
ensi
on 2
Daxe
Se Saxwe
w. Xwla
Xwela
Gbesi Gbokpa
CiAyizo
Kotafon
Maxi
Kpase AgbomeFon
Gbekon
Arohun
Weme
Alada
GunS. X. M.
Tofin
Toli
AjraPhla-Phera
West
Fon
EastDim.-2'
Dim.-1'
Figure 10: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-242
Gbesi, Gbokpa, Kotafon, Saxwe, Se, Xwela and western Xwla, are comparable (67-83% versus
65-82%). Likewise, the degrees of similarity of Kpase to the identified Fon cluster varieties and
the identified western Phla-Phera varieties are comparable (73-90% versus 68-92%). As for
Maxi, it is placed within the Fon cluster, but located in the lower right corner of the space. This
somewhat distinct placement concurs with the lexical similarity of 67-80% between Maxi and
the above-mentioned Fon cluster varieties, which is generally slightly lower than the degrees of
within-group lexical similarity among the remaining identified Fon cluster varieties (67-97%).
As for the western Phla-Phera cluster, the MDS plot of computation WLC-2 suggests the Gbesi,
Gbokpa, Kotafon, Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla varieties as components as well as the Daxe
and Se varieties, which the CA identifies as components of a distinct cluster among the eastern
Gbe varieties. Daxe and Se are grouped within the western Phla-Phera cluster, but it is noted
that they are placed at the left end along dimension 1', together with Saxwe. This somewhat
distinct placement corresponds to the calculated degrees of lexical similarity of the Daxe, Saxwe
and Se varieties to the remaining identified western Phla-Phera cluster varieties, which are lower
than the degrees of within-group lexical similarity among the remaining identified western Phla-
Phera cluster varieties (65-79% versus 71-91%).
It is further noted that Gbokpa, Kotafon and Xwela are the western Phla-Phera varieties placed
furthest right in the space and thus closest to the Fon and eastern Phla-Phera clusters. This
somewhat distinct placement concurs with the calculated degrees of lexical similarity of Gbokpa,
Kotafon and Xwela to the identified eastern Phla-Phera and Fon cluster varieties. All three
42 S. X. M. = Seto, eastern Xwla, Movolo.
57
varieties have a higher degree of lexical similarity to the identified eastern Phla-Phera varieties
(Gbokpa: 78-83%; Kotafon: 74-81%; Xwela: 73-80%) than do the remaining western Phla-
Phera varieties (61-76%). At the same time, Gbokpa and Kotafon have a higher degree of
lexical similarity to the Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Weme varieties (77-85%
and 73-81%, respectively) than does Xwela (66-78%); similarity between the Gbokpa and
Kotafon varieties and Maxi is also slightly higher than between Xwela and Maxi (70-73% versus
67%). Hence, Xwela is placed in close proximity to the eastern Phla-Phera cluster varieties but
not to the Fon cluster varieties, whereas Gbokpa and Kotafon are also situated in close proximity
to the Fon cluster varieties.
The MDS plot of computation WLC-2 further indicates a distinct cluster for the eastern Phla-
Phera varieties including Ajra, Gun, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla, whereas the
CA indicates these varieties to be components of the Fon cluster. This distinct placement of the
eastern Phla-Phera varieties concurs with the calculated degrees of lexical similarity of the
eastern Phla-Phera varieties to the Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Weme
varieties. These degrees of between-group similarity (70-83%) are slightly lower than the
degrees of within-group similarity among the identified eastern Phla-Phera varieties (76-100%)
and among the Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Weme varieties (73-97%).
3) Phrase-list computation PLC
The MDS plot of phrase-list computation
PLC also indicates the same three major Fon
and Phla-Phera clusters (see Figure 11). As
with the MDS plot of word-list computation
WLC-2, the MDS plot of computation PLC
suggests a dimensional interpretation along
the superimposed dashed lines: again,
dimension 1' roughly indicates a perceptual
east-west axis, with west located to the left
and east to the right, whereas dimension 2'
represents the extent to which the eastern Gbe
varieties are grouped within the Fon or the
Dimension 1
Dim
ensi
on 2
Daxe + SeSaxwe
w. Xwla
Xwela
Gbesi Gbokpa CiA. A.
KotafonMaxi
KpaseFon
Gbekon
Arohun Weme
AladaGun
e. Xwla
Seto
MovoloTofin
Toli
Ajra
Phla-Phera
Fon
West
EastDim.-2' Dim.-1'
Figure 11: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation PLC43
43 A. A. = Ayizo, Agbome.
58
Phla-Phera clusters. However, in contrast to the MDS plot of computation WLC-2, this plot
locates the Fon cluster varieties in the upper part of the space, whereas the Phla-Phera varieties
are situated in the lower part along dimension 2'. Again, the western Phla-Phera cluster is
located toward the left and the eastern cluster toward the right along the perceptual east-west
axis, whereas the Fon cluster varieties are situated approximately in the middle.
Concurring with the findings of the CA, the MDS plot suggests Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ayizo,
Ci, Fon, Gbekon, Gbesi, Gbokpa, Gun, Kotafon, Kpase, Maxi and Weme as components of the
Fon cluster. The MDS plot further indicates that Arohun, Gun and Weme are situated in closer
proximity to the eastern Phla-Phera varieties than are the remaining varieties of the Fon cluster.
This placement corresponds to the slightly higher calculations of average between-group
similarity of the eastern Phla-Phera varieties to Arohun (60%), Gun (60%) and Weme (65%)
than to the remaining identified Fon cluster varieties (≤55%).
Also in agreement with the results of the CA, the MDS plot indicates Daxe, Saxwe and Se to be
components of the western Phla-Phera cluster. In addition, western Xwla is identified as a fourth
component of this cluster, whereas the CA identifies western Xwla as a central Gbe variety.
However, it is noted that, although generally very low, the degrees of similarity between western
Xwla and both the remaining identified western Phla-Phera varieties and the central Gbe
varieties are comparable (29-47% versus 29-47%). These low degrees of similarity are
evidenced by the placement of western Xwla in the lower left corner of the space.
The components of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster as indicated by the MDS plot are Ajra,
Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla, as well as Xwela, a grouping that concurs with the
findings of the CA.
59
4) Summary
The findings of multidimensional scaling are summarized below, with Table 7 indicating the
three major clusters of eastern Gbe varieties.
WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC
Xwela Eastern Ajra Ajra Ajra Phla-Phera Movolo Toli Toli Seto Tofin Tofin Tofin Movolo Movolo Toli Seto Seto Xwla (eastern) Xwla (eastern) Xwla (eastern) Fon Gun Gun Gun Alada Alada Alada Gbekon Gbekon Gbekon Arohun Arohun Arohun Fon Fon Fon Agbome Agbome Agbome Ci Ci Ci Maxi Maxi Maxi Weme Weme Weme Kpase Kpase Kpase Ayizo Ayizo Ayizo Kotafon Kotafon Kotafon Gbokpa Gbokpa Gbokpa Western Gbesi Gbesi Gbesi Phla-Phera Xwla (western) Xwla (western) Xwla (western) Xwela Xwela Saxwe Saxwe Saxwe Se Se Se Daxe Daxe Daxe Table 7: Grouping of the eastern Gbe varieties according to the findings of MDS
The displayed groupings concur only to a certain degree with Capo’s (1986) classification, with
major disparities occurring in the composition of the Fon cluster and the identification of two
Phla-Phera clusters and their components.
1) Fon cluster
Concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification, the Fon cluster comprises Agbome, Arohun,
Kpase, Maxi and Weme, as well as the additional entry for Fon and the thus far unclassified Ci
and Gbekon varieties.
However, the findings of MDS also suggest Alada, Ayizo, Gbesi and Kotafon as well as the thus
far unclassified Gbokpa variety as components of this cluster, whereas Capo (1986) classifies
60
Alada, Ayizo and Kotafon as components of the Phla-Phera cluster. Furthermore, the findings
suggest a possible alternative grouping of Gun within the eastern Phla-Phera cluster.
As for Alada, Ayizo, Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon, the MDS plots of the three computations
suggest the grouping of Alada within the Fon cluster, whereas for Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon
the findings indicate some disparities across the three computations. The MDS plot of phrase-
list computation PLC indicates the grouping of Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon within the Fon
cluster, whereas the findings based on word-list computation WLC-2 identify these varieties as
components of the western Phla-Phera cluster. The results based on word-list computation
WLC-1 suggest the grouping of Kotafon and Gbokpa within the Fon cluster and the grouping of
Gbesi within the western Phla-Phera cluster. However, it is noted that the MDS plot of
computation WLC-1 also suggests an alternative grouping of Gbokpa within the western Phla-
Phera cluster.
Gun is indicated to be a variety of the Fon cluster by the MDS plots of word-list computation
WLC-1 and phrase-list computation PLC, whereas analysis of word-list computation WLC-2
indicates that it is a component of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster. In addition, it is noted that the
MDS plot of computation WLC-1 also indicates a possible alternative grouping of Gun within
eastern Phla-Phera cluster.
2) Western Phla-Phera cluster
As for the western Phla-Phera cluster, the MDS plots of the three computations indicate Daxe,
Saxwe, Se and western Xwla to be components of this cluster.
In addition, analysis of word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 suggests the grouping of
Gbesi and Xwela within this cluster, whereas according to the analysis of phrase-list
computation PLC, Gbesi is included in the Fon cluster and Xwela in the eastern Phla-Phera
cluster. The findings based on word-list computation WLC-2 also indicate Gbokpa and Kotafon
to be components of the western Phla-Phera cluster, whereas the MDS plots of the remaining
two computations place Gbokpa and Kotafon within the Fon cluster. However, as mentioned
above, the MDS plot of computation WLC-1 also suggests a possible alternative grouping of
Gbokpa within the western Phla-Phera cluster.
These groupings concur only to certain degree with Capo’s (1986) classification. While Capo’s
(1986) Phla-Phera varieties Saxwe, Se and Xwla are identified as components of the western
Phla-Phera cluster, Gbesi and Kotafon are also identified as varieties of the Fon cluster and
61
Xwela as an eastern Phla-Phera variety (Gbesi: computation PLC; Kotafon: computations
WLC-1 and PLC; Xwela: computation PLC). Ayizo is indicated to be a component of the Fon
cluster across all three computations.
3) Eastern Phla-Phera cluster
The eastern Phla-Phera cluster comprises Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla, a
grouping that concurs with Capo’s (1986) classification of Tofin, Toli and Xwla as Phla-Phera
varieties. In addition, the findings based on word-list computation WLC-2 indicate Gun to be a
component of this cluster. However, as already mentioned, the MDS plot of computation WLC-
1 also indicates an alternative grouping of Gun within the eastern Phla-Phera cluster.
Furthermore, the analysis of phrase-list computation PLC suggests the grouping of Xwela within
the eastern Phla-Phera cluster.
5.1.5. SUMMARY
The findings of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling identify three major groupings of
the investigated 49 Gbe varieties, a western, a central and an eastern cluster.
5.1.5.1. WESTERN GBE
The western Gbe varieties form, according to Capo’s (1986) classification, two major clusters,
the Ewe and Gen clusters. The Gen cluster comprises the Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen varieties,
while the remaining western Gbe varieties are identified as varieties of the Ewe cluster.
A cluster analysis of the three word- and phrase-list computations identifies the same two Ewe
and Gen clusters, with all three computations indicating Adan, Awlan, Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and
Vlin to be components of the Ewe cluster and Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen to be varieties of the
Gen cluster. For the remaining varieties, however, the results differ across the three
computations. The CA of the two word-list computations indicates Kpesi, Vo, Waci, Wance and
Wundi to be varieties of the Gen cluster, whereas the results based on phrase-list computation
PLC identify these varieties as components of the Ewe clusters. As for the Agu, Aveno, Be and
Togo varieties, the CA of word-list computation WLC-1 indicates that they are components of
the Gen cluster, whereas according to the findings for computations WLC-2 and PLC, these
varieties are grouped within the Ewe cluster. It is noted, though, that the evaluation of the three
62
similarity matrices indicates a possible alternative grouping of the Gbin, Kpelen, Ho and Vlin
varieties within the Gen cluster and, for word-list computation WLC-1, of Agu, Aveno, Be and
Togo within the Ewe cluster, and, for phrase-list computation PLC, of Kpesi within the Gen
cluster.
In contrast to the results of the CA, the findings of MDS suggest three clusters, the Ewe and Gen
clusters and a third cluster that comprises Gbin, Ho, Vlin and Kpelen and, for phrase-list
computation PLC, Kpesi. The Ewe cluster consists of Adan, Agu, Aveno, Awlan, Be and Togo
and, for phrase-list computation PLC, of Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi. The Gen cluster
comprises Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen and, for the two word-list computations, Kpesi, Vo, Waci,
Wance and Wundi, the latter set being in contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification.
5.1.5.2. CENTRAL GBE
The central Gbe cluster consists entirely of Aja varieties and includes, according to Capo’s
(1986) classification, Dogbo, Hwe, Sikpi and Tado.
Concurring with this classification, the CA indicates Aja-Dogbo and the Aja-Hwe varieties of
Aplahoué, Azovè and Gboto to be components of the central Gbe cluster. Aja-Sikpi, however, is
identified as a variety of the eastern Gbe cluster and Aja-Hwe of Tohoun as a component of the
western Gbe cluster. However, it is noted that the lexicostatistical analysis of word lists elicited
during a more recent sociolinguistic study of the Aja communities in 1996 shows that Sikpi and
Tohoun-Hwe are, in fact, Aja varieties and thus components of the central Gbe cluster.
5.1.5.3. EASTERN GBE
According to Capo’s (1986) classification, the eastern Gbe varieties group into two major
clusters, the Fon cluster that comprises the Agbome, Arohun, Gun, Kpase, Maxi and Weme
varieties, and the Phla-Phera cluster that consists of the Alada, Ayizo, Gbesi, Kotafon, Saxwe,
Se, Tofin, Toli, Xwela and Xwla varieties.
In contrast to this classification, the CA indicates three major clusters for the eastern Gbe
varieties, the Fon and the western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters. The components of the Fon
cluster, as determined by the CA of the three word- and phrase-list computations, are Agbome,
Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Gun, whereas in the grouping of the remaining eastern Gbe
varieties there are major disparities among the findings for the three computations.
63
Some of the disparities concern Kpase, Maxi and Weme, which Capo (1986) assigns to the Fon
cluster. Across the three computations, Maxi and Weme are identified as components of either
the Fon cluster or the eastern Phla-Phera cluster or, in the case of Maxi, of a distinct cluster,
whereas Kpase is identified as a component of the Fon cluster or the western Phla-Phera cluster.
It is noted, though, that the degrees of similarity of Kpase, Maxi and Weme to the proposed Fon
cluster varieties are generally higher or slightly higher than to the remaining proposed western or
eastern Phla-Phera varieties.
Other disparities concern Capo’s (1986) Phla-Phera varieties and a number of thus far
unclassified eastern Gbe varieties. Overall, the findings indicate the varieties located in the
southwestern part of Benin, i.e., Ayizo, Kotafon, Gbesi, Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla, as
well as the thus far unclassified Daxe, Gbokpa and Se varieties, to be components either of the
western Phla-Phera cluster or of the Fon cluster. However, it is noted that the degrees of
similarity of Ayizo, Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon to the proposed Fon cluster varieties are
generally higher or slightly higher than to the remaining proposed western Phla-Phera cluster
varieties. As for the varieties located in the southeastern part of Benin, i.e., Ajra, Movolo, Seto,
Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla, a CA of word-list computation WLC-1 and phrase-list
computation PLC identifies them as components of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster. By contrast,
the findings based on word-list computation WLC-2 indicate these varieties to be components of
the Fon cluster, although the evaluation of the respective similarity degrees suggests a possible
alternative grouping within a distinct cluster.
The results of MDS indicate the same three Fon and western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters.
The findings suggest Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ayizo, Ci, Fon, Gbekon, Kpase, Maxi and Weme
as varieties of the Fon cluster, whereas Daxe, Saxwe, Se and western Xwla are indicated to be
varieties of the western Phla-Phera cluster, and Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla
to be components of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster. Across the three computations, the findings
are less clear with regard to Gbesi, Gbokpa, Gun, Kotafon and Xwela. Gbokpa, Gbesi and
Kotafon are identified as western Phla-Phera cluster varieties (WLC-1: Gbesi; WLC-2: Gbesi,
Gbokpa, Kotafon) as well as components of the Fon cluster (WLC-1: Gbokpa, Kotafon; PLC:
Gbesi, Gbokpa, Kotafon), whereas Gun is indicated to be a variety of the Fon cluster but also of
the eastern Phla-Phera cluster (WLC-2). Xwela is indicated to be a component of the western
Phla-Phera cluster by MDS of the two word-list computations, whereas MDS of phrase-list
computation PLC suggests the grouping of Xwela within the eastern Phla-Phera cluster.
64
5.2. COMPARABILITY OF WORD- AND PHRASE-LIST RESULTS
Across the three word- and phrase-list computations, the findings of the CA and MDS indicate
several disparities in the grouping of the investigated Gbe varieties. Therefore, to evaluate the
comparability of the word- and phrase-list results, the respective similarity matrices were
compared as well as the groupings of the Gbe varieties across the three computations according
to the findings of the CA and MDS.
In the first comparison, the three similarity matrices indicate differences in the degrees of within-
group similarity among the 47 Gbe varieties.44 Word-list computation WLC-1 indicates 71-
100% lexical within-group similarity among the western Gbe varieties, 86-100% among the
central varieties and 72-100% among the eastern Gbe varieties. For computation WLC-2, the
degrees of within-group similarity are, overall, slightly lower due to the different set of criteria
for the similarity groupings (see Section 3.2.1.1, p. 18): 66-100% among the western Gbe
varieties, 82-100% among the central varieties, and 55-100% among the eastern varieties. For
phrase-list computation PLC the degrees of within-group similarity are still lower: 53-100%
among the western Gbe varieties; 65-100% among the central varieties; and 21-100% among
the western varieties. Presumably, the larger range in computation PLC is due to the small
number of records (17) which brings out similarities and differences much more strongly than
would a larger number of records.
The second comparison concerns the groupings of Gbe varieties based on the findings of the CA
and MDS.
According to the findings of the CA, SPSS’ agglomeration schedule indicates 11 homogeneous
groups for the two word-list computations and 13 groups for phrase-list computation PLC. The
findings further indicate that, in a later step in the agglomeration process, these groups are joined
together to form six larger clusters, the Aja, Ewe, Gen, Fon and western and eastern Phla-Phera
clusters, which are of particular interest in the context of this dissertation. In a still later step, the
Ewe and Gen clusters are joined together to form the western Gbe cluster, and the Fon and
western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters to the eastern Gbe cluster, while the Aja varieties remain
the sole components of the central Gbe cluster.
The findings indicate that the distribution of the Gbe varieties among the western, central and
eastern Gbe clusters is comparable across the three computations. Including the Aja-Sikpi and
44 Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe of Tohoun are excluded from this comparison because of the previously discussed
problems regarding the reliability of the word and phrase lists elicited in these varieties (see Section 4.3.1, p. 28).
65
Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) varieties, the CA of word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 indicates
100% of the 49 Gbe varieties to be components of the same clusters, while a slightly lower
percentage of Gbe varieties (96% – 47/49) is assigned to the same clusters by analysis of phrase-
list computation PLC and word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2, respectively.
However, with regard to the distribution of the western Gbe varieties among the identified Ewe
and Gen clusters, the findings for the three computations show considerably lower levels of
agreement. The CA of the two word-list computations indicate 78% (14/18) of the western Gbe
varieties to be components of the same clusters, and 72% (13/18) are assigned to the same
clusters by the CA of word-list computation WLC-2 and phrase-list computation PLC. By
contrast, only 50% (9/18) of the varieties are indicated by analysis of computations WLC-1 and
PLC to be components of the same clusters.
Likewise, the findings indicate considerable disparities in the distribution of the eastern Gbe
varieties among the identified Fon, eastern and western Phla-Phera clusters and the distinct
clusters for Maxi and the Daxe and Se varieties. The CA of word-list computations WLC-1 and
WLC-2 suggests only 28% (7/25) of the eastern Gbe varieties as components of the same
clusters, and the analysis of computation WLC-2 and phrase-list computation PLC indicates 32%
(8/25) to be components of the same clusters, whereas analysis of computations WLC-1 and PLC
assigns 76% (19/25) to the same clusters.
The distribution of the central Gbe varieties across the three computations is not compared, since
two of the Aja varieties, Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun), had to be excluded from the
subsequent analysis.
The findings of MDS concur with the findings of the CA with regard to the distribution of all 49
Gbe varieties among the western, central and eastern Gbe clusters: the analysis of the two word-
list computations suggests 100% of the Gbe varieties as components of the same clusters, while
99% (48/49) of the varieties are indicated to be components of the same clusters by analysis of
phrase-list computation PLC and word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2, respectively.
In contrast to the findings of the CA, however, the results of MDS suggest a considerably higher
percentage of western and eastern Gbe varieties as components of the same clusters. MDS of the
two word-list computations indicates 100% (18/18) of the western Gbe varieties to be
components of the same clusters, i.e., the Ewe and Gen clusters and ‘cluster 3.’ A lower
percentage, 72% (13/18), is assigned to the same clusters by analysis of phrase-list computation
PLC and word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2, respectively.
66
With regard to the distribution of the eastern Gbe varieties among the Fon, western and eastern
Phla-Phera clusters, the analysis of word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 suggests 88%
(22/25) of the eastern varieties as components of the same clusters, while the analysis of
computation WLC-1 and phrase-list computation PLC indicates 92% (23/25) to be components
of the same clusters, and the analysis of computations WLC-2 and PLC suggests 80% (20/25) as
varieties of the same clusters.
This comparison of the findings of the CA and MDS as to the distribution of the Gbe varieties
among the identified clusters indicates, on the whole, a higher level of agreement among the
three computations for MDS than for CA. As for CA, the lower level of agreement is most
likely related to the fact that the findings of CA agree with the respective similarity calculations
to a lesser degree than do the groupings indicated by MDS. This is, as already discussed, due to
the fact that CA considers the profile of similarities across all the other speech varieties, whereas
MDS approximates the distances between all of these pairs. The to some extent rather low levels
of agreement for CA thus render the comparability of the word- and phrase-list computations
questionable, whereas the rather high levels of agreement for MDS suggest the comparability of
these results.
67
CHAPTER 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Embedded in a larger study of the Gbe language continuum of West Africa, which was initiated
by SIL Togo-Benin, this dissertation focused on the findings of quantitative analysis of lexical
and grammatical features elicited among 49 Gbe language varieties of Benin, Ghana and Togo.
Building on the author’s previous, preliminary analysis of the elicited word- and phrase-list data,
the focus of this dissertation was hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling of
the previously computed percentage matrices for lexical and grammatical similarity. This
analysis had as its main objectives: (1) to identify clusters of Gbe varieties and their
components; (2) to explore whether and to what extent the analysis of the elicited word and
phrase lists yields comparable results; and (3) to establish priorities for further, more in-depth
studies of the Gbe communities.
In the following sections, the findings of this analysis are discussed according to the major
objectives of this study.
6.1. CLUSTERING OF THE GBE LANGUAGE VARIETIES
The findings of the quantitative analysis by means of cluster analysis and multidimensional
scaling identify three major Gbe clusters: a western, a central and an eastern cluster.
The western Gbe varieties are located in southeastern Ghana and southern Togo. According to
the findings of the CA, these varieties are grouped within two larger clusters, the Ewe and Gen
clusters, whereas MDS suggests an additional distinct cluster for the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin
varieties. The central Gbe varieties are situated in southeastern Togo and southwestern Benin,
this group consisting entirely of the Aja varieties. The eastern Gbe varieties are located in
southeastern Togo and southern Benin. The CA identifies three larger clusters of these varieties,
the Fon cluster and the western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters, as well as additional smaller
clusters for the Maxi variety and the Se and Daxe varieties. By contrast, MDS indicates only the
three larger Fon, western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters.
The comparison of the suggested groupings with the actual similarity calculations suggests that
the groupings of Gbe varieties as suggested by MDS agree with the respective similarity
calculations to a higher degree than do the groupings indicated by CA. These disparities are
most likely due to the fact that CA takes into account the profile of similarities across all the
other speech varieties, whereas MDS considers all pairs of speech varieties and approximates the
68
distances between all of these pairs. Thus, the findings of MDS are generally matched by the
respective similarity calculations and appear to reflect the structure of the data more accurately
than does CA.
Thus, the following proposed groupings of Gbe varieties are based on the findings of MDS.
Those Gbe varieties, which, across the three word- and phrase-list computations, are identified as
components of different clusters, are listed in a separate column labeled ‘unclear grouping.’
Western Gbe Central Gbe Eastern Gbe
Ewe Gen Cluster 3 unclear grouping
Aja Fon Western Phla-Phera
Eastern Phla-Phera
Uncleargrouping
Adan Agoi/Gliji Gbin Kpesi Dogbo Agbome Daxe Ajra Gbesi Agu Anexo Kpelen Vo Hwe (Aplahoué) Alada Saxwe Movolo Gbokpa Aveno Gen Ho Waci Hwe (Azovè) Arohun Se Seto Gun Awlan Vlin Wance Hwe (Gboto) Ayizo Xwla (w.) Tofin Kotafon Be Wundi Hwe (Tohoun) Ci Toli Xwela Togo Sikpi Fon Xwla (e.) Gbekon Kpase Maxi Weme
Table 8: Proposed grouping of the Gbe varieties
The proposed groupings correspond to Capo’s (1986) classification only to a certain degree. For
the western Gbe varieties, the differences concern Kpesi and the proposed third cluster
comprised of the Gbin, Kpelen, Ho and Vlin varieties, which Capo (1986) lists as components of
the Ewe cluster. As for the eastern Gbe varieties, the differences concern the grouping of the
Phla-Phera varieties into two clusters. Furthermore, the proposed groupings suggest Alada and
Ayizo to be components of the Fon cluster, whereas Capo (1986) lists them as Phla-Phera
varieties.
Those Gbe varieties that are listed under ‘unclear grouping’ because of their contradictory
groupings are further discussed in ‘Priorities for further sociolinguistic research’ (p. 70).
6.2. COMPARABILITY OF WORD- AND PHRASE-LIST RESULTS
The quantitative analysis conducted in this study involved CA and MDS of three word- and
phrase-list similarity matrices indicating the degrees of linguistic similarity between the 49
69
investigated Gbe varieties: word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 and phrase-list
computation PLC.
The two word-list computations indicate the degree of lexical similarity between the Gbe
varieties based on the elicitation of 100 lexical items in each of these varieties. Similarity
groupings of the elicited items were conducted according to two different sets of criteria: for
computation WLC-1, apparently affixed morphemes and reduplication were ignored, whereas for
computation WLC-2, apparently affixed morphemes and reduplication were included in the
analysis.
Phrase-list computation PLC is based on the quantification of 17 grammatical features elicited in
35 phrases. It should to be reiterated, though, that the computer program used to quantify these
features, WORDSURV, is not designed to analyze grammatical features. Therefore it cannot be
assumed that the computed percentage and variance matrices reflect the actual degrees of
grammatical similarity between these varieties, especially given the low number of records for
this computation (17). Thus, the calculations for grammatical similarity were not interpreted as
the actual degrees of grammatical similarity but only as rough indications of how the Gbe
varieties are grouped.
To evaluate the comparability of the word- and phrase-list results, the respective similarity
matrices were compared as well as the groupings of the Gbe varieties across the three
computations according to the findings of CA and MDS.
The comparison of the three similarity matrices indicates different degrees of lexical similarity
for the two word-list computations due to the different criteria for the similarity groupings of
lexical items. However, rather than investigating which computation reflects the actual degrees
of lexical similarity more accurately, the focus of the analysis was to compare the different
groupings of the Gbe varieties as indicated by CA and MDS. The comparison of the two word-
list computations with phrase-list computation PLC indicates that similarity degrees for
computation PLC are lower than for the word-list computations, while the range is larger.
Regarding the groupings of the Gbe varieties across the three computations, the comparison of
the results based on CA and MDS show, overall, a higher level of agreement between the
groupings indicated by MDS than between those indicated by CA. Most likely this higher level
of agreement for MDS is due to the fact that the groupings indicated by MDS generally agree
with the respective similarity calculations to a higher degree than do the groupings indicated by
CA. This is, as already discussed, due to the fact that MDS approximates the distances between
70
all pairs of speech varieties, whereas CA considers the profile of similarities across all the other
speech varieties.
It is noted, though, that the findings do not indicate patterns of higher or lower levels of
agreement according to the compared computations. Instead, the comparison of the two word-
list computations identifies disparities in the groupings of several eastern Gbe varieties as
suggested by MDS, whereas the comparison of the two word-list computations with the phrase-
list computation also indicates disparities in the groupings of several western Gbe varieties.
These identified disparities across the three computations were taken as an indication of where
more in-depth research should be conducted.
6.3. PRIORITIES FOR FURTHER SOCIOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH
The third major objective of this dissertation was to establish priorities for further, more in-depth
sociolinguistic research of the Gbe language continuum.
As previously mentioned in Section 3.1 (p. 16), the current strategy of SIL Togo-Benin is to
promote the use of already developed language materials by L1 speakers of a given speech
variety and by those who have adequate comprehension of that variety. Thus, SIL’s larger study
of the Gbe language continuum focuses on the question of whether and to what extent the Gbe
varieties of Benin and Togo could benefit from the existing literacy efforts in Aja, Ewe, Fon,
Gen or Gun, or whether additional language-based development programs in some of the
remaining communities would be beneficial and if so, whether and to what extent SIL Togo-
Benin should be involved in these development programs.
In view of this strategy, further research of the Gbe communities should include comprehension
testing to assess whether these communities have adequate levels of comprehension of Aja, Ewe,
Fon, Gen or Gun for the use of any of the existing language materials. SIL’s previously
mentioned ‘Language assessment criteria’ (Bergman 1990:2) recommends conducting
comprehension testing if the indicated lexical similarity between two speech varieties is more
than about 70% at the upper confidence limit of the calculation. However, given that word-list
computation WLC-1 indicates lexical within-group similarity of more than 70% for each of the
identified western, central and eastern Gbe clusters, such research needs to be prioritized.
Thus, the author suggests that further research should prioritize the identified ‘cluster 3’ and the
western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters, since none of these clusters is composed of Gbe
71
varieties that have already undergone language development on a larger scale. Moreover, the
speakers of the Gbe varieties within these clusters are the ones most likely to have low levels of
comprehension of the already standardized Gbe varieties and may therefore be unable to make
use of any of the language materials in these varieties. More in-depth research should also focus
on those Gbe varieties that, across the three computations, were identified as components of
different clusters. In addition, further research should investigate those Gbe varieties that are
identified as components of the Aja, Ewe, Fon or Gen clusters but have rather low degrees of
lexical similarity with the already standardized varieties within these clusters.
Among the western varieties, further research should therefore prioritize the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen
and Vlin varieties and investigate the levels of comprehension of Ewe and Gen within these
speech communities to assess whether these communities could make use of the existing
language materials in Ewe or Gen, or whether a language-based development program for these
communities would be beneficial. If so, further research should investigate which variety could
serve as a reference variety for the whole group and whether and to what extent SIL Togo-Benin
should be involved in a development program among these communities.
In addition, further research should be conducted in the Kpesi, Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi
varieties, given that across the three computations, these varieties were identified as components
of the Ewe and the Gen clusters. Further research should also be conducted in the Agu, Aveno,
Be and Togo varieties, given that their degrees of lexical similarity to the core Ewe and the core
Gen cluster varieties are approximately the same, and further given that these similarity degrees
are not very high for word-list computation WLC-2. Such research should investigate whether
the comprehension levels of these speech communities are higher in Ewe or in Gen and whether
these levels are adequate for the use of the existing language materials in Ewe or Gen.
Among the eastern Gbe varieties, further sociolinguistic research should prioritize the western
and eastern Phla-Phera clusters. For the western Phla-Phera varieties, including Gbesi, Gbokpa
and Kotafon, the main objective would be to determine the levels of comprehension of Fon and
Gen within these speech communities, while Fon and Gun comprehension levels should be
investigated among the eastern Phla-Phera varieties to assess whether these speech communities
could make use of the existing language materials in Fon, Gen and Gun.
In addition, further research should determine potential reference varieties for the western and
eastern Phla-Phera varieties, should comprehension levels in Fon, Gen or Gun prove inadequate
for the use of the existing language materials. In this case, further research should also establish
72
whether the Xwela communities have a higher level of comprehension of the western or the
eastern Phla-Phera reference variety.
Since Gun has already undergone language-based development on a larger scale, there is no need
in the context of this study to establish whether in the Gun speech communities comprehension
levels are higher in Fon or in the eastern Phla-Phera reference variety.
6.4. CONCLUSIONS
Embedded in a larger study of the Gbe language continuum of West Africa, this dissertation
focused on the quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical features elicited among the Gbe
varieties of Benin, Ghana and Togo. Hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling
of previously computed percentage matrices for lexical and grammatical similarity were
conducted to identify the clustering of the Gbe varieties, to explore the comparability of the
computed word- and phrase-list similarity matrices and to establish priorities for further, more
in-depth research of the Gbe communities.
The findings of hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling identify three major
groupings of Gbe varieties, a western, a central and an eastern grouping. The western Gbe
varieties group into two larger clusters, the Ewe and Gen clusters, with MDS suggesting an
additional distinct cluster for the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin varieties. By contrast, the central
grouping of Gbe varieties consists entirely of the Aja varieties. The eastern Gbe varieties
generally group into three larger clusters, the Fon cluster and the western and eastern Phla-Phera
clusters. Although both CA and MDS proved valid exploratory tools to identify the clustering of
the Gbe varieties, the comparison of the suggested groupings with the actual similarity
calculations suggests that MDS reflects the structure of the data more accurately than does CA.
Furthermore, the findings suggest that MDS of the word- and phrase-list computations yields
comparable results for the grouping of the Gbe varieties, whereas this comparability is
questionable in the results of CA of the three computations. The identified disparities across the
three computations with regard to the grouping of the Gbe varieties were interpreted as an
indication of where more in-depth research among the Gbe varieties should be conducted.
73
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APPENDICES
1. Gbe word and phrase lists: Matrices for lexical and grammatical similarity.................81
2. Cluster analysis................................................................................................................90
2.1. Agglomeration schedule ...............................................................................................90
2.2. Cluster membership ......................................................................................................91
2.3. Dendrograms.................................................................................................................92
3. Multidimensional scaling: Kruskal’s stress and RSQ values .........................................98
3.1. Gbe overview: 49 Gbe varieties...................................................................................98
3.2. Western Gbe cluster ......................................................................................................98
3.3. Eastern Gbe cluster .......................................................................................................98
4. Gbe word and phrase lists: Background information.....................................................99
4.1. Alternative spellings of Gbe variety names ..................................................................99
4.2. Investigated Gbe varieties and elicitation procedures ................................................105
4.3. Information on research locations, informants and researchers..................................106
4.4. Transcription of elicited items ....................................................................................110
5. Gbe word-list data .........................................................................................................111
5.1. French glosses.............................................................................................................111
5.2. Elicited data sorted by gloss .......................................................................................112
6. Gbe phrase-list data .......................................................................................................162
6.1. French phrases ............................................................................................................162
6.2. Categories for similarity groupings ............................................................................164
6.3. Elicited data sorted by phrase .....................................................................................169
81
1. GBE WORD AND PHRASE LISTS: MATRICES FOR LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL SIMILARITY
1.1. Word-list computation WLC-1: Similarity percentages
at the upper confidence limit.........................................................................................82
1.2. Word-list computation WLC-2: Similarity percentages
at the upper confidence limit.........................................................................................83
1.3. Phrase-list computation PLC: Similarity percentages .................................................84
1.4. Word-list computation WLC-1: Similarity percentages without variance ..................85
1.5. Word-list computation WLC-2: Similarity percentages without variance ..................86
1.6. Word-list computation WLC-1: Variance ...................................................................87
1.7. Word-list computation WLC-2: Variance ...................................................................88
1.8. Phrase-list computation PLC: Variance.......................................................................89
1.1.
W
OR
D-L
IST
CO
MPU
TATI
ON
WLC
-1:
SIM
ILA
RIT
Y P
ERC
ENTA
GES
AT
THE
UPP
ER C
ON
FID
ENC
E LI
MIT
Ada
n
100
Aw
lan
80
80
Be
80
80
100
Togo
81
81
96
96
A
veno
79
79
87
86
86
Agu
75
75
83
83
85
85
Wan
ce
76
76
84
84
85
85
99
Wun
di
75
75
82
82
83
81
88
88
W
aci
73
73
81
81
81
80
87
87
99
Vo
79
79
79
79
82
77
80
80
85
83
Ane
xo
79
79
79
79
81
76
82
82
86
85
100
Gen
78
78
80
80
83
75
81
81
85
84
97
99
Ago
i/Glij
i
82
82
83
83
84
80
82
81
83
82
88
88
90
Kpe
si
76
76
81
81
83
80
84
83
84
81
80
81
82
82
K
pele
n
72
72
73
73
76
77
79
79
80
79
78
78
79
78
85
V
lin
71
71
74
74
77
79
78
78
81
79
78
78
79
79
86
98
Gbi
n
73
73
75
75
78
80
79
79
82
80
79
79
81
80
88
98
98
Ho
56
56
61
61
61
57
64
64
64
63
65
65
63
62
58
5756
57
A
jra
56
56
59
59
59
56
62
62
66
65
68
68
64
62
57
57
57
57
97To
li
56
56
58
58
58
56
59
59
64
63
66
66
64
58
55
5554
55
90
88
Tofin
56
56
57
58
57
55
59
59
63
62
65
66
63
58
56
54
54
54
8887
10
0 M
ovol
o
59
59
64
63
62
58
64
64
66
64
68
68
66
64
63
56
55
57
9292
88
88
Se
to
60
60
68
67
66
64
70
70
69
68
68
68
65
64
63
62
61
63
8885
82
81
90X
wla
(eas
tern
)
62
62
66
66
65
60
66
66
70
68
73
72
71
66
64
5857
59
90
90
88
88
9490
G
un
63
63
64
64
64
63
68
68
71
71
72
72
71
65
63
59
59
58
8786
90
89
89
84
96
Ala
da
56
56
58
58
57
58
64
64
64
63
68
68
64
62
58
5757
56
85
85
83
83
8377
89
92
Wem
e
61
61
64
64
64
64
68
68
70
69
71
72
68
63
61
60
60
59
8688
87
86
85
81
94
9594
Aro
hun
63
63
63
63
62
62
68
68
70
69
72
72
69
67
63
5958
60
84
85
87
86
9083
94
96
9497
G
beko
n
63
63
62
62
63
62
65
65
68
67
71
72
71
66
63
60
60
60
8587
87
86
86
82
92
9791
93
97Fo
n
61
61
61
62
61
59
64
64
66
65
70
70
68
64
60
6060
60
86
89
85
85
8382
90
94
9092
94
99A
gbom
e
63
63
65
65
65
64
70
70
71
70
72
73
72
69
63
61
60
59
8588
85
85
90
84
90
9486
92
9295
93
Kpa
se
59
59
58
59
58
58
61
61
64
65
66
66
65
63
58
57
57
58
7880
76
76
79
73
81
8585
83
8888
87
85
Max
i
65
65
68
68
66
65
70
70
72
72
74
75
74
72
67
63
63
63
8485
81
80
88
84
93
9486
91
9492
90
95
85
Kot
afon
62
62
67
67
66
64
71
71
71
71
69
71
70
70
68
6362
63
80
83
74
73
8179
84
85
8085
87
8585
89
76
88
Ayi
zo
62
62
63
63
63
62
63
63
66
65
69
71
71
69
62
5859
59
79
83
79
78
8479
87
90
9090
93
9190
89
84
92
85
Ci
65
65
71
71
70
64
70
70
71
70
76
77
78
71
66
64
63
63
8487
84
84
87
82
91
9486
89
9392
90
94
84
9885
92
G
bokp
a
57
57
64
64
64
64
69
69
67
65
70
70
72
65
65
62
61
62
7881
78
78
84
77
85
8583
85
8885
83
90
78
9179
85
96
Gbe
si
58
58
64
64
63
57
64
64
68
66
70
71
70
64
63
5655
56
82
85
85
84
8880
84
85
7881
85
8581
85
77
85
75
82
9085
X
wel
a
62
62
64
64
64
63
67
67
68
66
73
73
73
65
64
59
58
59
8083
84
84
84
80
86
8777
83
8484
82
85
76
8577
81
91
84
90X
wla
(wes
tern
)
63
63
65
65
65
59
64
64
71
68
76
77
76
70
64
62
61
61
7477
77
76
80
73
85
8580
84
8586
81
88
77
8678
85
92
84
8288
Saxw
e
58
58
61
61
63
56
64
64
65
63
68
68
66
63
59
5857
58
75
78
75
75
7872
81
81
8083
85
8583
81
74
82
77
80
8481
81
8584
Se
59
59
61
61
64
57
64
64
65
63
70
70
68
63
61
5857
58
77
79
77
77
7974
81
82
8184
86
8785
83
75
83
78
81
8482
8486
85
100
Dax
e
65
65
69
70
72
68
68
68
73
71
76
75
82
71
69
66
68
70
6666
62
63
68
68
72
6862
67
6866
66
72
64
7665
71
78
73
6870
72
6667
A
ja-H
we
(Azo
vè)
69
69
71
71
72
66
65
65
75
74
79
79
79
70
65
6665
68
63
63
61
60
6463
71
63
5863
65
6263
64
60
69
63
66
7266
64
6870
63
63
86
Aja
-Hw
e (A
plah
oué)
64
64
70
69
71
68
65
65
72
70
79
79
79
71
63
6160
63
64
63
65
64
6965
72
69
6368
70
6764
71
63
77
63
70
7771
69
7275
68
69
92
88A
ja-D
ogbo
65
65
69
68
71
70
66
66
73
71
79
79
80
71
64
6261
63
63
63
64
63
6966
72
69
6368
70
6663
70
63
76
63
69
7670
68
7274
67
69
91
8610
0 A
ja-H
we
(Gbo
to)
62
62
64
64
65
58
63
63
69
67
75
75
73
68
60
5958
59
75
78
76
75
8175
85
85
8083
86
8784
86
77
86
79
85
8880
81
8487
89
90
76
7181
80
A
ja-S
ikpi
80
80
88
88
90
91
98
98
87
86
85
85
85
85
85
8383
84
62
61
59
59
6369
66
66
6266
68
6363
68
60
69
71
62
6969
63
6866
63
63
72
6768
69
62
A
ja-H
we
(Toh
oun)
82
1.2.
W
OR
D-L
IST
CO
MPU
TATI
ON
WLC
-2:
SIM
ILA
RIT
Y P
ERC
ENTA
GES
AT
THE
UPP
ER C
ON
FID
ENC
E LI
MIT
Ada
n
100
Aw
lan
75
75
Be
76
76
99
Togo
79
79
91
90
A
veno
73
73
78
76
83
Agu
68
68
72
72
78
76
Wan
ce
69
69
73
72
77
77
100
Wun
di
71
71
72
71
78
75
79
79
W
aci
69
69
71
70
76
74
79
79
99
Vo
67
67
72
71
75
66
75
75
77
75
Ane
xo
71
71
73
72
76
67
77
77
81
79
99
Gen
67
67
73
72
79
68
75
75
81
79
92
95
Ago
i/Glij
i
70
70
74
73
78
72
72
71
76
76
81
84
87
Kpe
si
71
71
75
74
81
79
73
72
75
74
71
72
73
76
K
pele
n
73
73
70
70
77
74
68
68
75
73
72
74
75
73
81
V
lin
71
71
71
70
78
76
69
69
74
72
72
72
74
75
82
98
Gbi
n
72
72
72
71
79
77
70
70
77
75
73
75
76
75
83
98
97
Ho
51
51
53
52
54
47
53
53
54
54
58
57
56
53
51
5251
51
A
jra
55
55
54
54
56
50
53
53
55
54
56
55
57
54
51
53
52
53
92To
li
50
50
54
53
55
52
51
51
53
52
54
56
54
51
51
4847
48
82
83
Tofin
51
51
52
51
54
50
52
52
54
53
55
56
54
52
50
49
48
49
8283
10
0 M
ovol
o
53
53
55
54
58
52
54
54
56
54
58
59
59
54
54
49
48
49
8483
81
82
Se
to
54
54
55
54
61
55
61
61
62
61
61
61
60
56
57
55
54
55
7977
76
76
85
Xw
la (e
aste
rn)
58
58
57
56
60
53
57
57
63
61
65
64
64
57
57
55
54
55
8182
79
80
85
83
Gun
55
55
56
56
58
54
57
57
57
56
59
58
60
56
54
5051
52
76
78
75
75
7778
80
A
lada
51
51
49
48
51
49
55
55
53
52
60
61
57
52
50
51
51
51
7272
72
72
71
72
74
81W
eme
54
54
55
54
57
54
56
56
55
54
59
59
59
55
52
5252
54
75
77
78
77
7473
83
85
81A
rohu
n
53
53
52
51
56
53
54
54
57
55
61
61
61
56
53
52
51
52
7273
72
73
77
77
77
8281
84
Gbe
kon
54
54
54
53
56
54
57
57
56
55
63
63
60
54
53
5050
50
79
79
80
80
7776
79
82
8179
83
Fon
53
53
53
53
55
53
56
56
55
54
62
62
59
53
51
51
51
51
8079
78
79
74
76
77
8180
79
8397
Agb
ome
55
55
58
57
64
59
61
61
63
62
63
65
65
64
57
5554
55
76
73
76
76
7978
76
79
7579
82
9088
K
pase
49
49
49
48
50
46
48
48
50
50
53
53
53
50
47
4747
47
67
70
69
69
6667
69
67
7471
74
8078
73
M
axi
63
63
62
63
65
58
62
62
65
64
69
69
69
65
58
5857
58
75
75
74
74
7877
81
76
7378
74
8179
85
70
K
otaf
on
56
56
64
63
66
58
64
64
68
67
64
67
67
64
58
57
56
58
7273
70
70
76
74
72
7167
73
7179
80
83
68
82A
yizo
54
54
54
53
55
51
53
53
55
54
58
58
59
57
53
54
54
54
7175
70
71
72
71
74
7473
73
7780
81
77
75
7877
C
i
61
61
68
67
68
62
64
64
68
66
71
72
73
66
63
6261
63
80
79
78
78
8379
82
85
7781
82
8484
92
73
91
82
82
Gbo
kpa
55
55
59
58
59
55
59
59
62
59
64
64
66
61
57
5857
58
70
70
70
71
7173
75
70
7272
71
7572
80
66
80
70
72
85G
besi
52
52
54
55
55
50
52
52
57
55
59
62
63
56
52
49
47
49
7373
80
79
79
76
74
7266
71
7278
74
80
67
8072
73
87
76
Xw
ela
53
53
53
52
58
53
54
54
61
58
64
66
66
57
52
5049
51
68
74
70
72
7071
73
72
7070
72
7372
75
63
78
71
71
8375
79
Xw
la (w
este
rn)
53
53
55
55
56
51
55
55
63
63
63
65
65
64
55
5553
54
64
63
67
68
6763
68
65
6366
64
6867
76
60
77
69
66
7972
73
79Sa
xwe
51
51
51
50
54
46
51
51
56
54
58
59
58
54
48
49
48
50
6162
62
63
64
63
67
6258
64
6668
68
68
55
7065
66
75
68
6975
74
Se
51
51
50
49
54
47
51
51
57
55
60
62
60
54
49
48
47
49
6363
61
62
64
65
68
6359
64
7070
70
70
57
7066
67
75
69
7175
72
95D
axe
54
54
59
58
66
60
65
65
63
59
62
64
70
64
63
6161
64
55
54
50
51
5656
60
52
5154
56
5758
64
51
65
62
59
6957
59
6258
54
56
Aja
-Hw
e (A
zovè
)
59
59
58
57
66
58
65
65
70
69
64
70
71
62
59
60
57
61
5250
45
46
52
54
58
4948
50
5351
53
58
47
6160
54
63
51
5454
55
5052
82
A
ja-H
we
(Apl
ahou
é)
54
54
59
58
67
62
68
68
63
62
63
67
73
66
60
60
57
60
5454
52
53
55
54
61
5353
55
5558
56
65
51
6660
57
71
58
5862
64
5556
86
84
Aja
-Dog
bo
56
56
57
56
65
62
67
67
64
63
63
66
72
64
59
59
56
59
5454
51
52
54
54
59
5352
54
5457
55
64
50
6559
56
70
57
5762
64
5455
85
84
100
Aja
-Hw
e (G
boto
)
55
55
59
58
63
54
56
56
63
62
65
66
66
64
55
56
55
56
6769
65
65
71
68
73
6764
69
7072
71
78
62
7870
71
84
73
7275
79
7980
64
61
75
74
Aja
-Sik
pi
72
72
77
76
80
79
100
100
75
74
78
78
77
76
74
7171
72
53
53
51
53
5660
58
55
5354
55
5656
61
48
61
65
53
6358
53
5556
50
50
67
6569
69
58
A
ja-H
we
(Toh
oun)
83
1.3.
PH
RA
SE-L
IST
CO
MPU
TATI
ON
PLC
: SI
MIL
AR
ITY
PER
CEN
TAG
ES
Ada
n
100
Aw
lan
81
76
Be
81
76
100
Togo
94
88
94
94
A
veno
81
76
94
94
88
Agu
81
76
88
88
88
94
W
ance
81
76
88
88
88
94
100
Wun
di
75
71
82
82
76
82
76
76
Wac
i
75
71
76
76
71
76
71
71
100
Vo
56
53
71
71
65
65
65
65
53
47
A
nexo
56
53
71
71
65
65
65
65
53
47
100
Gen
56
53
71
71
65
65
65
65
53
47
10
0 10
0 A
goi/G
liji
69
65
71
71
71
71
71
71
82
76
71
71
71
Kpe
si
54
57
64
64
64
64
64
64
57
57
57
57
57
64
Kpe
len
63
59
76
76
76
76
76
76
65
59
71
71
71
76
71
V
lin
63
59
76
76
76
76
76
76
65
59
71
71
71
76
71
100
Gbi
n
63
59
76
76
76
76
76
76
65
59
71
71
71
76
71
100
100
Ho
38
41
35
35
35
35
35
35
29
24
24
24
24
35
43
47
47
47
Ajra
50
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
41
35
35
35
35
47
43
5959
59
71
Toli
50
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
41
35
35
35
35
41
36
5353
53
59
71
Tofin
50
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
41
35
35
35
35
41
36
5353
53
59
71
88
Mov
olo
38
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
29
29
29
29
35
36
3535
35
47
47
47
53
Seto
44
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
35
35
35
35
41
36
4141
41
59
59
53
59
76X
wla
(eas
tern
)
50
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
41
41
41
41
47
36
53
53
53
5359
65
59
59
65
Gun
44
47
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
35
29
29
29
41
43
4141
41
65
53
59
53
4135
76
A
lada
50
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
41
41
41
41
53
57
59
59
59
7176
71
71
47
53
71
71W
eme
56
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
47
47
47
47
59
57
65
65
65
5965
65
59
53
59
82
7194
Aro
hun
44
47
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
35
29
29
29
53
50
4747
47
65
41
47
47
3541
53
71
7671
G
beko
n
56
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
47
41
41
41
59
43
5959
59
35
41
47
47
4741
59
65
5965
59
Fon
56
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
47
41
41
41
59
43
5959
59
47
47
53
53
4741
59
71
5965
65
100
Agb
ome
56
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
47
41
41
41
59
50
65
65
65
4753
53
53
47
41
59
6565
71
5994
94
Kpa
se
50
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
41
41
41
41
59
50
6565
65
53
59
59
59
3541
59
59
7671
65
8282
82
M
axi
46
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
36
36
36
36
43
43
50
50
50
4343
57
50
43
43
71
7164
71
5779
79
79
79
Kot
afon
38
36
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
36
36
36
36
57
43
6464
64
64
50
43
43
4343
57
64
7971
71
7171
79
79
64
Ayi
zo
56
59
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
47
47
47
47
59
57
65
65
65
6559
59
59
41
47
65
7176
76
7171
71
76
82
7171
C
i
50
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
41
47
47
47
53
43
5959
59
65
59
65
59
2935
65
71
7671
71
7176
71
82
86
71
82
Gbo
kpa
50
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
41
47
47
47
47
36
53
53
53
4741
53
47
35
41
71
6565
76
5965
71
65
65
7964
71
82
Gbe
si
46
50
43
43
43
43
43
43
36
29
36
36
36
50
50
50
50
50
6464
50
50
43
50
36
4350
43
3636
43
50
43
3636
50
43
29
Xw
ela
31
29
35
35
29
29
29
29
35
35
41
41
41
47
29
35
35
35
2424
24
29
35
29
35
3535
35
2941
41
41
29
2943
35
47
47
21X
wla
(wes
tern
)
46
43
50
50
50
50
50
50
43
36
36
36
36
43
36
57
57
57
4350
50
50
36
36
50
5057
50
4350
57
57
50
5050
50
50
43
4329
Saxw
e
44
47
47
47
41
41
41
41
41
35
47
47
47
53
43
5353
53
41
47
41
41
2935
53
41
5359
41
4747
53
53
43
50
65
5953
43
4750
Se
44
47
47
47
41
41
41
41
41
35
47
47
47
53
43
5353
53
41
47
41
41
2935
53
41
5359
41
4747
53
53
43
50
65
5953
43
4750
10
0 D
axe
44
41
53
53
47
47
47
47
47
47
53
53
53
53
43
47
47
47
2935
35
35
29
35
41
2947
47
3535
35
35
35
2936
41
41
53
2147
21
4141
A
ja-H
we
(Azo
vè)
56
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
65
65
53
53
53
65
43
5353
53
41
41
41
41
2935
41
35
4747
41
4141
41
41
36
50
47
4153
36
4743
41
41
76
Aja
-Hw
e (A
plah
oué)
56
53
47
47
47
47
47
47
53
53
41
41
41
53
36
47
47
47
3535
35
35
29
35
41
3547
47
4147
47
47
47
4343
47
47
59
3635
29
3535
65
82
Aja
-Dog
bo
56
53
47
47
47
47
47
47
53
53
41
41
41
53
36
47
47
47
4141
41
41
29
35
41
3547
47
4147
47
47
47
4343
47
47
59
4335
36
3535
65
82
100
Aja
-Hw
e (G
boto
)
56
53
47
47
47
47
47
47
53
47
41
41
41
59
43
5353
53
41
41
35
35
2935
41
35
5353
41
4747
53
53
43
50
53
5359
43
3529
41
41
59
7688
88
A
ja-S
ikpi
81
76
88
88
88
94
100
100
76
71
65
65
65
71
64
7676
76
35
47
47
47
3541
47
41
4753
41
5353
53
47
43
43
53
4747
43
2950
41
41
47
5347
47
47
A
ja-H
we
(Toh
oun)
84
1.4.
W
OR
D-L
IST
CO
MPU
TATI
ON
WLC
-1:
SIM
ILA
RIT
Y P
ERC
ENTA
GES
WIT
HO
UT
VA
RIA
NC
E
Ada
n
99
Aw
lan
73
73
Be
73
73
98
Togo
74
74
92
92
A
veno
72
72
81
80
80
Agu
67
67
76
76
79
78
W
ance
68
68
77
77
78
79
96
Wun
di
67
67
75
75
76
74
82
82
Wac
i
65
65
74
74
74
73
81
81
97
Vo
71
71
71
71
75
69
73
73
78
76
A
nexo
72
72
71
71
74
68
75
75
80
78
99
Gen
70
70
73
73
76
67
74
74
79
77
94
96
A
goi-G
liji
75
75
76
76
77
73
75
74
76
75
82
82
84
Kpe
si
68
68
74
74
76
73
77
76
77
74
73
74
75
75
Kpe
len
64
64
65
65
68
69
71
71
73
71
70
70
71
70
78
V
lin
63
63
66
66
69
72
70
70
74
72
70
70
72
72
80
95G
bin
65
65
67
67
70
73
71
71
75
73
71
72
74
73
82
95
95
Ho
46
46
51
51
51
47
55
55
55
54
56
56
54
52
48
47
46
47
Ajra
46
46
49
49
49
46
52
52
57
56
59
59
55
52
47
4747
47
93
Toli
46
46
48
48
48
46
49
49
54
53
57
57
54
48
45
4443
44
84
82
Tofin
46
46
47
48
47
45
49
49
53
52
56
57
54
48
46
4443
44
82
81
99
Mov
olo
49
49
54
53
52
48
54
54
57
55
59
59
57
55
53
4645
47
87
87
82
82
Seto
50
50
59
58
57
55
61
61
60
59
59
59
56
55
54
5251
53
82
78
75
74
84X
wla
(eas
tern
)
52
52
57
57
56
50
57
57
61
59
65
64
62
57
55
48
47
49
8485
82
82
89
84
Gun
53
53
54
55
54
53
59
59
63
62
64
64
62
56
53
4949
48
81
80
84
83
8377
92
A
lada
46
46
48
48
47
48
54
54
54
53
59
59
55
52
48
47
47
46
7879
76
76
76
69
83
87W
eme
51
51
55
55
54
54
59
59
61
60
63
63
59
54
51
50
50
49
8082
81
80
79
74
89
9189
Aro
hun
53
53
53
53
52
52
59
59
61
60
64
64
60
58
54
4948
50
77
78
81
80
8476
90
92
9093
G
beko
n
54
54
52
52
53
52
56
56
59
58
63
63
62
57
54
5050
50
79
81
81
80
8075
87
93
8688
93
Fon
51
51
51
52
51
49
55
55
57
56
61
61
59
55
50
5050
50
80
83
78
78
7675
84
89
8587
89
97A
gbom
e
53
53
56
56
56
54
61
61
62
61
64
65
64
60
54
5150
49
79
82
79
78
8477
85
90
8087
87
9188
K
pase
49
49
48
49
48
48
51
51
55
56
57
57
56
53
48
47
47
48
7073
68
68
72
65
74
7979
76
8282
81
78
Max
i
55
55
59
59
57
55
61
61
64
63
66
67
66
64
58
5353
53
77
79
74
73
8277
88
89
7985
89
8784
91
78
K
otaf
on
52
52
58
58
57
54
62
62
63
62
60
62
61
61
59
53
52
54
7376
66
65
74
71
77
7973
78
8179
79
83
68
82A
yizo
52
52
53
53
53
52
53
53
57
56
60
62
62
60
52
4849
49
71
76
71
70
7771
81
85
8584
88
8685
83
77
87
78
Ci
56
56
62
62
61
55
61
61
63
61
68
69
70
62
57
55
53
54
7781
77
77
81
75
86
8980
83
8887
85
89
77
9478
87
G
bokp
a
47
47
55
54
54
54
60
60
58
56
61
61
64
56
56
5251
52
70
74
70
70
7769
79
78
7678
82
7976
84
70
85
72
78
92G
besi
48
48
54
54
53
47
55
55
59
57
61
62
61
55
53
4645
46
75
79
78
77
8273
77
79
7074
78
7874
79
69
78
67
75
8579
X
wel
a
52
52
54
55
55
53
58
58
59
57
65
65
65
56
54
4948
49
73
76
77
77
7773
80
81
6976
77
7775
78
68
78
69
74
8677
85
Xw
la (w
este
rn)
53
53
55
55
56
49
55
55
62
59
68
69
68
61
54
5251
51
66
69
69
68
7365
78
79
7377
78
8074
82
69
80
70
78
8777
75
82Sa
xwe
48
48
51
51
53
46
55
55
56
54
59
59
57
53
49
48
47
48
6770
67
67
70
64
74
7473
76
7979
76
74
66
7569
73
77
74
7479
77
Se
49
49
51
51
54
47
55
55
56
54
61
61
59
54
51
48
47
48
6972
69
69
72
66
74
7574
77
8081
78
76
67
7670
74
77
75
7780
78
98D
axe
56
56
60
61
63
59
59
59
65
62
68
67
75
62
60
57
59
61
5757
52
53
59
59
63
5952
58
5957
57
63
55
6856
62
70
65
5961
64
5758
A
ja-H
we
(Azo
vè)
60
60
62
62
64
57
56
56
67
66
71
72
71
61
56
5756
59
54
53
51
50
5454
62
54
4854
56
5253
55
50
60
54
57
6457
54
5961
53
53
80
Aja
-Hw
e (A
plah
oué)
55
55
61
60
62
59
56
56
64
61
71
71
72
63
54
51
50
53
5554
55
55
60
56
64
6053
59
6158
55
62
54
6954
61
69
62
6063
67
5960
87
82
Aja
-Dog
bo
56
56
60
59
62
61
57
57
65
62
71
71
73
63
55
52
51
54
5454
54
54
60
57
64
6053
59
6157
54
61
53
6854
60
68
61
5964
66
5860
86
80
99
Aja
-Hw
e (G
boto
)
52
52
55
55
56
48
53
53
60
58
67
67
65
59
50
4948
49
67
70
68
67
7467
78
79
7376
80
8177
80
69
80
71
78
8273
74
7781
83
85
68
6374
73
A
ja-S
ikpi
72
72
82
82
84
85
94
95
80
79
78
78
78
78
78
76
76
77
5250
48
48
53
60
56
5651
56
5853
53
58
49
5962
52
59
59
5358
56
5353
63
57
58
59
52
Aja
-Hw
e (T
ohou
n)
85
1.5.
W
OR
D-L
IST
CO
MPU
TATI
ON
WLC
-2:
SIM
ILA
RIT
Y P
ERC
ENTA
GES
WIT
HO
UT
VA
RIA
NC
E
Ada
n
98
Aw
lan
67
67
Be
68
68
97
Togo
72
72
86
85
A
veno
65
65
70
68
76
Agu
59
59
64
63
70
68
W
ance
60
60
65
64
69
69
98
Wun
di
62
62
63
62
70
67
72
72
Wac
i
60
60
62
61
68
66
71
71
96
Vo
58
58
63
62
67
57
67
67
69
67
A
nexo
62
62
65
64
68
58
69
69
74
72
96
Gen
58
58
65
64
71
59
67
67
74
72
87
91
A
goi-G
liji
61
61
66
65
70
64
64
63
68
68
74
77
81
Kpe
si
62
62
67
66
74
72
65
64
67
66
62
64
65
68
Kpe
len
65
65
61
61
69
66
59
59
67
65
64
66
67
65
74
V
lin
63
63
62
61
70
68
60
60
66
64
64
64
66
67
75
95G
bin
64
64
63
62
71
69
61
61
69
67
65
67
68
67
76
95
93
Ho
40
40
42
41
44
36
42
42
44
43
48
47
46
42
40
41
40
40
Ajra
45
45
44
43
46
39
42
42
45
44
46
45
47
44
40
4241
42
87
Toli
39
39
43
42
44
41
40
40
42
41
43
45
43
40
40
3736
37
75
76
Tofin
40
40
41
40
44
39
41
41
43
42
45
46
44
41
39
3837
38
75
76
98
Mov
olo
42
42
44
43
48
41
43
43
46
44
48
49
49
44
43
3837
38
77
76
74
75
Seto
44
44
45
43
51
45
51
51
52
51
51
51
50
46
47
4544
45
72
69
68
68
78X
wla
(eas
tern
)
48
48
47
46
50
42
47
47
53
51
56
55
55
47
47
45
44
45
7475
72
73
78
76
Gun
45
45
46
46
48
43
47
47
47
46
49
48
50
46
43
3940
41
68
70
67
67
6970
73
A
lada
40
40
38
37
40
38
45
45
42
41
50
51
47
41
39
40
40
40
6363
63
63
62
64
66
74W
eme
44
44
45
44
47
43
46
46
45
44
49
49
49
45
41
41
41
43
6769
70
69
66
65
76
7974
Aro
hun
42
42
41
40
46
42
44
44
47
45
51
51
51
46
42
4140
41
64
65
64
65
6969
69
75
7477
G
beko
n
43
43
43
42
46
43
47
47
46
45
53
53
50
44
42
3939
39
72
71
73
73
6968
71
75
7471
76
Fon
42
42
42
42
45
42
46
46
45
44
52
52
49
42
40
4040
40
73
72
70
71
6668
69
74
7371
76
94A
gbom
e
45
45
48
47
55
49
51
51
53
52
54
56
56
55
47
4543
45
68
65
68
68
7170
68
71
6771
75
8482
K
pase
38
38
38
37
39
35
37
37
39
39
42
42
42
39
36
36
36
36
5861
60
60
57
58
60
5866
62
6673
70
65
Max
i
53
53
52
53
55
48
52
52
56
54
60
60
60
56
48
4847
48
67
67
66
66
7069
74
68
6470
66
7472
78
61
K
otaf
on
46
46
54
53
57
48
55
55
59
58
55
58
58
55
48
47
46
48
6465
61
61
68
66
64
6358
65
6272
73
76
59
75A
yizo
43
43
43
42
45
40
42
42
45
43
48
48
49
47
42
4443
43
62
67
61
62
6463
66
66
6565
69
7374
69
67
70
69
Ci
51
51
59
58
59
52
55
55
59
57
63
64
65
57
54
52
51
53
7372
70
70
76
72
75
7869
74
7577
77
87
65
8675
75
G
bokp
a
45
45
49
48
49
45
49
49
52
49
55
54
57
51
47
4847
48
61
61
61
62
6265
67
61
6463
62
6764
73
57
73
61
64
79G
besi
41
41
43
44
45
39
41
41
47
45
49
52
53
46
41
3836
38
65
65
72
72
7168
66
63
5762
64
7066
73
58
73
64
65
8168
X
wel
a
42
42
42
41
48
42
44
44
51
48
55
57
57
47
41
3938
40
59
66
61
64
6162
65
63
6161
63
6563
67
53
70
62
62
7667
72
Xw
la (w
este
rn)
42
42
44
45
46
40
45
45
53
53
53
56
56
54
45
4442
43
54
53
58
59
5853
59
56
5357
54
5958
68
50
69
60
57
7263
65
71Sa
xwe
40
40
40
39
43
35
40
40
46
44
48
49
48
43
37
38
37
39
5152
52
53
54
53
58
5248
55
5759
59
59
45
6156
57
67
59
6067
66
Se
40
40
39
38
44
36
40
40
47
45
50
52
50
44
38
37
36
38
5354
51
52
55
56
59
5449
55
6161
61
61
47
6157
58
67
60
6267
64
91D
axe
43
43
49
48
57
50
56
56
53
49
52
54
61
54
53
51
51
54
4543
39
40
46
46
50
4140
43
4647
48
55
40
5652
49
60
47
4952
48
4446
A
ja-H
we
(Azo
vè)
49
49
48
47
57
48
56
56
61
60
55
61
63
52
49
5047
51
41
39
34
35
4144
48
38
3739
42
4042
48
36
51
50
43
5440
44
4345
39
41
75
Aja
-Hw
e (A
plah
oué)
44
44
49
48
58
52
59
59
54
52
54
58
65
57
50
50
47
50
4443
41
42
45
43
51
4242
45
4548
46
56
40
5750
47
62
48
4852
55
4546
80
77
Aja
-Dog
bo
46
46
47
46
56
52
58
58
55
53
53
57
64
55
49
49
46
49
4343
40
41
44
43
49
4241
44
4447
45
55
39
5649
46
61
47
4752
54
4445
78
77
98
Aja
-Hw
e (G
boto
)
45
45
49
48
53
44
46
46
53
52
56
57
57
55
45
4645
46
58
60
56
56
6259
65
58
5560
61
6462
70
52
70
61
63
7765
64
6772
72
73
55
5167
66
A
ja-S
ikpi
63
63
68
67
72
71
97
98
66
65
70
70
69
67
65
6262
63
41
42
39
41
4549
47
44
4143
44
4545
50
36
51
55
42
5347
42
4445
38
38
57
5560
59
47
A
ja-H
we
(Toh
oun)
86
1.6.
W
OR
D-L
IST
CO
MPU
TATI
ON
WLC
-1:
VA
RIA
NC
E
Ada
n
1.4
Aw
lan
7.3
7.3
Be
7.3
7.3
2.0
Togo
7.
1 7.
1 4.
0 4.
0 A
veno
7.4
7.4
6.1
6.3
6.3
Agu
8.0
8.0
6.8
6.8
6.4
6.5
Wan
ce
7.
8 7.
8 6.
7 6.
7 6.
56.
4 2.
8 W
undi
8.
0 8.
0 7.
0 7.
0 6.
87.
1 5.
9 5.
9 W
aci
8.
2 8.
2 7.
1 7.
1 7.
17.
3 6.
0 6.
0 2.
4 V
o
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.0
7.8
7.2
7.2
6.5
6.8
Ane
xo
7.
4 7.
4 7.
5 7.
5 7.
17.
9 7.
0 7.
0 6.
2 6.
5 1.
4 G
en
7.6
7.6
7.3
7.3
6.8
8.0
7.1
7.1
6.4
6.6
3.4
2.8
Ago
i-Glij
i
6.
9 6.
9 6.
8 6.
8 6.
77.
3 6.
9 7.
1 6.
8 6.
9 5.
9 5.
9 5.
5 K
pesi
7.
8 7.
8 7.
1 7.
1 6.
87.
3 6.
6 6.
8 6.
6 7.
1 7.
2 7.
1 6.
9 6.
9 K
pele
n
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
7.9
7.8
7.5
7.5
7.2
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.5
7.6
6.5
Vlin
8.
4 8.
4 8.
1 8.
1 7.
87.
4 7.
6 7.
6 7.
1 7.
3 7.
6 7.
6 7.
3 7.
3 6.
2 3.
1 G
bin
8.
2 8.
2 8.
0 8.
0 7.
67.
3 7.
5 7.
5 6.
9 7.
2 7.
5 7.
4 7.
1 7.
2 5.
9 3.
1 3.
1 H
o
10.2
10.
2 9.
8 9.
8 9.
810
.1
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.4
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.6
10.0
10.
1 10
.2 1
0.1
Ajra
10.2
10.
2 9.
9 9.
9 9.
910
.2
9.6
9.6
9.1
9.2
8.9
9.0
9.3
9.6
10.1
10.
1 10
.1 1
0.1
3.7
Toli
10
.3 1
0.3
10.2
10.
2 10
.2 1
0.4
10.0
10.0
9.
6 9.
7 9.
3 9.
3 9.
6 10
.1 1
0.4
10.5
10.
6 10
.5
5.6
6.0
Tofin
10.2
10.
2 10
.1 1
0.0
10.1
10.
3 9.
9 9.
9 9.
5 9.
6 9.
2 9.
2 9.
4 10
.0 1
0.2
10.4
10.
5 10
.4
5.9
6.0
1.4
Mov
olo
9.9
9.9
9.5
9.6
9.7
10.1
9.
5 9.
5 9.
2 9.
4 9.
0 9.
0 9.
2 9.
4 9.
6 10
.2 1
0.3
10.1
5.
05.
0 6.
0 5.
9Se
to
9.
8 9.
8 9.
0 9.
1 9.
29.
4 8.
7 8.
7 8.
8 8.
9 8.
9 9.
0 9.
2 9.
3 9.
4 9.
6 9.
7 9.
5 5.
96.
5 7.
0 7.
15.
6 X
wla
(eas
tern
)
9.
7 9.
7 9.
2 9.
2 9.
39.
9 9.
2 9.
2 8.
7 9.
0 8.
3 8.
4 8.
6 9.
2 9.
4 10
.0 1
0.1
9.9
5.6
5.4
6.0
5.9
4.6
5.6
Gun
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.4
9.5
9.6
8.9
8.9
8.4
8.5
8.3
8.4
8.5
9.2
9.5
9.9
9.9
10.0
6.
06.
2 5.
6 5.
75.
7 6.
6 3.
9A
lada
10
.3 1
0.3
10.1
10.
1 10
.2 1
0.1
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.0
9.0
9.4
9.7
10.1
10.
2 10
.2 1
0.3
6.6
6.4
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.8
5.8
5.1
Wem
e
9.7
9.7
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.5
8.9
8.9
8.7
8.8
8.4
8.5
8.9
9.4
9.7
9.8
9.8
9.9
6.2
5.9
6.1
6.2
6.4
7.1
4.6
4.2
4.6
Aro
hun
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.6
9.7
9.7
8.9
8.9
8.7
8.8
8.3
8.4
8.8
9.0
9.4
9.9
10.0
9.
8 6.
66.
5 6.
1 6.
25.
6 6.
8 4.
43.
9 4.
4 3.
7G
beko
n
9.4
9.4
9.7
9.7
9.6
9.7
9.2
9.2
8.9
9.0
8.4
8.5
8.5
9.1
9.4
9.8
9.8
9.8
6.4
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.9
5.0
3.7
5.2
4.8
3.7
Fon
9.7
9.7
9.8
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.3
9.3
9.1
9.2
8.7
8.7
8.9
9.3
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
6.2
5.7
6.6
6.5
6.8
6.9
5.6
4.6
5.4
5.0
4.6
2.4
Agb
ome
9.
5 9.
5 9.
3 9.
3 9.
39.
5 8.
7 8.
7 8.
5 8.
7 8.
3 8.
3 8.
3 8.
8 9.
4 9.
7 9.
8 9.
9 6.
45.
9 6.
4 6.
55.
6 6.
6 5.
44.
4 6.
3 5.
05.
0 4.
2 4.
8 K
pase
9.
9 9.
9 10
.0
9.9
10.0
10.
0 9.
7 9.
7 9.
3 9.
2 9.
1 9.
2 9.
2 9.
5 10
.0 1
0.1
10.1
10.
0 7.
67.
2 8.
0 7.
87.
4 8.
2 7.
16.
4 6.
4 6.
85.
9 5.
9 6.
0 6.
5 M
axi
9.
5 9.
5 9.
0 9.
0 9.
39.
5 8.
8 8.
8 8.
4 8.
6 8.
2 8.
1 8.
2 8.
4 9.
1 9.
7 9.
7 9.
7 6.
76.
4 7.
3 7.
36.
0 6.
7 4.
94.
7 6.
5 5.
54.
7 5.
1 5.
6 4.
2 6.
6K
otaf
on
9.6
9.6
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.5
8.5
8.5
8.4
8.5
8.8
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.9
9.5
9.6
9.4
7.2
6.8
8.2
8.2
7.1
7.5
6.7
6.4
7.3
6.5
6.0
6.4
6.4
5.7
7.8
6.0
Ayi
zo
9.
6 9.
6 9.
6 9.
6 9.
69.
7 9.
5 9.
5 9.
1 9.
2 8.
8 8.
6 8.
5 8.
8 9.
6 10
.0
9.9
9.9
7.5
6.8
7.6
7.6
6.7
7.5
6.1
5.4
5.4
5.5
4.8
5.2
5.4
5.7
6.6
5.1
6.5
Ci
9.
2 9.
2 8.
6 8.
6 8.
79.
4 8.
7 8.
7 8.
4 8.
7 7.
8 7.
8 7.
6 8.
5 9.
1 9.
3 9.
5 9.
4 6.
66.
0 6.
7 6.
66.
1 6.
9 5.
24.
6 6.
3 5.
74.
8 5.
0 5.
4 4.
6 6.
63.
5 6.
5 5.
0G
bokp
a
10.1
10.
1 9.
4 9.
5 9.
59.
5 8.
8 8.
8 9.
1 9.
3 8.
7 8.
7 8.
4 9.
3 9.
3 9.
7 9.
8 9.
7 7.
67.
1 7.
7 7.
66.
7 7.
8 6.
46.
5 6.
9 6.
55.
9 6.
4 6.
8 5.
6 7.
65.
5 7.
4 6.
53.
9 G
besi
10
.0 1
0.0
9.5
9.5
9.6
10.2
9.
4 9.
4 9.
0 9.
2 8.
7 8.
6 8.
7 9.
4 9.
6 10
.2 1
0.3
10.2
7.
06.
4 6.
6 6.
76.
0 7.
3 6.
76.
4 7.
7 7.
16.
5 6.
5 7.
1 6.
4 7.
86.
6 8.
0 7.
05.
4 6.
4 X
wel
a
9.7
9.7
9.5
9.4
9.4
9.6
9.1
9.1
9.0
9.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
9.3
9.5
9.9
10.0
9.
9 7.
36.
8 6.
8 6.
76.
7 7.
3 6.
36.
1 7.
8 6.
86.
7 6.
7 7.
0 6.
5 7.
96.
6 7.
8 7.
15.
2 6.
7 5.
4 X
wla
(wes
tern
)
9.
6 9.
6 9.
5 9.
5 9.
410
.0
9.4
9.4
8.6
9.0
7.9
7.8
7.9
8.7
9.5
9.7
9.8
9.8
8.1
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.3
8.3
6.6
6.4
7.4
6.7
6.6
6.3
7.1
6.0
7.8
6.3
7.6
6.6
5.1
6.7
7.0
6.0
Saxw
e
10.0
10.
0 9.
8 9.
8 9.
610
.2
9.3
9.3
9.2
9.4
8.9
9.0
9.1
9.5
9.9
10.0
10.
1 10
.0
8.0
7.6
8.1
8.0
7.6
8.3
7.1
7.1
7.3
6.8
6.4
6.4
6.8
7.1
8.1
7.0
7.7
7.2
6.6
7.1
7.1
6.4
6.7
Se
9.
9 9.
9 9.
8 9.
8 9.
510
.1
9.3
9.3
9.2
9.4
8.7
8.7
8.9
9.4
9.7
10.0
10.
1 10
.0
7.7
7.3
7.8
7.7
7.4
8.1
7.1
6.9
7.1
6.6
6.2
6.0
6.5
6.8
8.0
6.9
7.6
7.1
6.6
7.0
6.7
6.2
6.6
2.0
Dax
e
9.3
9.3
8.8
8.7
8.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.3
8.6
7.9
8.0
7.0
8.6
8.8
9.2
9.0
8.7
9.2
9.2
9.8
9.6
9.0
9.0
8.5
9.0
9.8
9.1
9.0
9.2
9.2
8.5
9.4
8.0
9.3
8.6
7.6
8.3
9.0
8.7
8.4
9.2
9.1
Aja
-Hw
e (A
zovè
)
8.
8 8.
8 8.
6 8.
6 8.
49.
2 9.
2 9.
2 8.
0 8.
1 7.
5 7.
4 7.
5 8.
7 9.
2 9.
1 9.
2 8.
9 9.
49.
5 9.
9 9.
89.
5 9.
4 8.
69.
4 10
.19.
49.
2 9.
6 9.
5 9.
3 9.
88.
9 9.
4 9.
18.
3 9.
2 9.
5 9.
0 8.
79.
5 9.
5 6.
2A
ja-H
we
(Apl
ahou
é)
9.3
9.3
8.7
8.8
8.6
9.0
9.2
9.2
8.3
8.7
7.5
7.5
7.3
8.4
9.4
9.7
9.8
9.5
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.3
8.8
9.2
8.4
8.8
9.6
8.9
8.7
9.0
9.3
8.5
9.4
7.8
9.4
8.7
7.7
8.6
8.8
8.5
8.0
8.9
8.8
5.0
5.9
Aja
-Dog
bo
9.
2 9.
2 8.
8 9.
0 8.
68.
7 9.
1 9.
1 8.
2 8.
5 7.
5 7.
5 7.
2 8.
4 9.
3 9.
6 9.
7 9.
4 9.
49.
4 9.
6 9.
48.
8 9.
1 8.
48.
8 9.
6 8.
98.
7 9.
1 9.
4 8.
7 9.
58.
0 9.
4 8.
87.
8 8.
7 9.
0 8.
4 8.
19.
0 8.
8 5.
26.
2 1.
4 A
ja-H
we
(Gbo
to)
9.
6 9.
6 9.
4 9.
4 9.
310
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24.5
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fin
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ovol
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wla
(eas
tern
)
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da
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hun
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kon
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90.
0 A
gbom
e
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9 19
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68.
2 8.
2 K
pase
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axi
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922
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otaf
on
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2 A
yizo
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6 28
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218
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9 19
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bokp
a
24
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1 23
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5 27
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619
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0 22
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si
28
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0 28
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8 31
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8 26
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2 26
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2 28
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829
.828
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8 29
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8.0
31.4
Xw
ela
28.7
28.
1 27
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28.
1 28
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25.
8 25
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4 27
.0 2
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29.
6 29
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27.0
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027
.027
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8.1
25.8
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828
.1 3
1.4
28.0
27.0
24.
5 24
.532
.6 X
wla
(wes
tern
)
28
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26.
2 26
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0 29
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3 24
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2 29
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026
.224
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26.
2 26
.226
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28.0
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31.
4 Sa
xwe
26.0
24.
5 24
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25.
8 25
.825
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24.
5 24
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0 23
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Se
26.0
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5 24
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0 23
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8 24
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e
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1 24
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1 23
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5 24
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4 29
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24.
5 32
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5.8
Aja
-Hw
e (A
zovè
)
22.9
23.
1 23
.1 2
3.1
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23.
1 23
.123
.1 1
9.9
19.9
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1 23
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3.1
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28.
0 23
.1 2
3.1
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25.
8 25
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.8 2
5.8
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27.0
25.8
27.
024
.524
.5 2
5.8
25.8
25.8
25.
825
.8 2
9.8
26.2
24.5
25.
8 23
.129
.8 2
4.5
28.0
25.8
25.
8 16
.4A
ja-H
we
(Apl
ahou
é)
22
.9 2
3.1
24.5
24.
5 24
.5 2
4.5
24.5
24.5
23.
1 23
.1 2
5.8
25.8
25.
8 23
.1 2
9.8
24.5
24.
5 24
.5 2
7.0
27.0
27.0
27.
0 28
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.025
.8 2
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24.5
24.5
25.
824
.524
.5 2
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28.
0 28
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29.8
27.
0 31
.427
.0 2
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14.2
Aja
-Dog
bo
22.9
23.
1 24
.5 2
4.5
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24.
5 24
.524
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25.
8 25
.8 2
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29.
8 24
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25.
8 25
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.8 2
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27.0
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27.
024
.524
.5 2
5.8
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24.5
24.
524
.5 2
8.0
28.0
24.5
24.
5 21
.628
.0 2
7.0
29.8
27.0
27.
0 19
.914
.2
0.0
Aja
-Hw
e (G
boto
)
22
.9 2
3.1
24.5
24.
5 24
.5 2
4.5
24.5
24.5
23.
1 24
.5 2
5.8
25.8
25.
8 21
.6 2
8.0
23.1
23.
1 23
.1 2
5.8
25.8
27.0
27.
0 28
.127
.025
.8 2
7.0
23.1
23.1
25.
824
.524
.5 2
3.1
23.1
28.
0 26
.223
.1 2
3.1
21.6
28.0
27.
0 31
.425
.8 2
5.8
21.6
16.4
11.
611
.6 A
ja-S
ikpi
15.1
16.
4 11
.6 1
1.6
11.6
8.
2 0.
0 0.
0 16
.4 1
8.2
19.9
19.
9 19
.9 1
8.2
22.2
16.
4 16
.4 1
6.4
27.0
24.
524
.5 2
4.5
27.0
25.8
24.5
25.
824
.523
.1 2
5.8
23.1
23.1
23.
124
.5 2
8.0
28.0
23.1
24.
5 24
.528
.0 2
8.1
26.2
25.8
25.
8 24
.523
.1 2
4.5
24.5
24.
5 A
ja-H
we
(Toh
oun)
89
90
2. CLUSTER ANALYSIS
2.1. AGGLOMERATION SCHEDULE
The agglomeration schedule shows how the speech varieties are clustered together at each stage of the analysis and indicates a value, the ‘coefficient value.’ These coefficient values can be used as an indication of the appropriate cluster solution; a relatively large increase in the value between two adjoining agglomeration steps indicates that at this stage two clusters have been joined into a single cluster that is notably less homogeneous than the clusters joined at a previous step, and that therefore the data are best described by the clusters identified thus far. The following table indicates the coefficient values for word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 and phrase-list computation PLC; the Aja-Skpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) varieties are excluded due to the reasons explained in Section 4.3.1 (p. 28).
Stage WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 8.000 7.000 0.000 3 9.000 44.000 0.000 4 29.000 44.000 0.000 5 35.000 57.000 0.000 6 38.000 81.000 0.000 7 45.000 113.000 0.000 8 76.000 115.500 241.000 9 92.500 120.000 242.000
10 108.000 143.000 483.000 11 157.500 217.000 551.000 12 182.000 292.000 614.000 13 193.000 487.500 770.000 14 194.000 625.000 786.222 15 199.000 830.500 909.500 16 243.000 928.500 1340.000 17 269.000 983.000 1909.000 18 381.667 984.000 2502.000 19 488.000 1154.500 2573.000 20 500.800 1267.000 2857.000 21 509.500 1269.000 3079.000 22 570.500 1271.000 3091.000 23 642.000 1305.500 3636.000 24 845.714 1388.667 3944.833 25 973.167 1521.333 4352.000 26 1023.000 1538.000 4574.500 27 1027.000 1691.667 4743.000 28 1111.667 1792.250 5373.200 29 1113.333 1961.500 5808.667 30 1124.333 1969.667 5829.333 31 1151.125 2004.000 5979.500 32 1172.000 2062.167 6447.933 33 1258.667 2205.000 7072.667 34 1519.000 2233.000 7085.000 35 1560.500 2487.000 8141.576 36 1598.000 2589.939 8926.100 37 1965.200 3076.333 9469.000 38 2047.375 3118.375 10197.000 39 2344.633 3659.400 10302.857 40 2453.143 3689.125 11667.100 41 2545.556 4099.161 13364.600 42 2967.500 4816.050 15708.096 43 3882.500 5358.864 17816.771 44 4038.694 7054.630 19092.000 45 7736.583 9697.833 26548.400 46 19949.600 21412.154 30087.811
Cluster solution 11 11 13
91
2.2. CLUSTER MEMBERSHIP
The following table gives the cluster membership for each Gbe speech variety according to the cluster solution indicated by the agglomeration schedule; both the Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) varieties are excluded.
WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC
11-cluster solution
11-cluster solution
13-cluster solution
Adan 1 1 1 Awlan 1 1 1 Be 2 2 1 Togo 2 2 1 Aveno 2 2 1 Agu 2 3 1 Wance 3 4 1 Wundi 3 4 1 Waci 3 4 1 Vo 3 4 1 Anexo 4 5 2 Gen 4 5 2 Agoi/Gliji 4 5 2 Kpesi 4 5 3 Kpelen 5 3 4 Vlin 5 3 3 Gbin 5 3 3 Ho 5 3 3 Ajra 6 6 5 Toli 6 6 5 Tofin 6 6 5 Movolo 6 6 5 Seto 6 6 6 Xwla (eastern) 7 6 6 Gun 8 6 7 Alada 8 6 7 Weme 9 6 8 Arohun 8 6 8 Gbekon 8 6 7 Fon 8 6 8 Agbome 8 6 8 Kpase 8 7 8 Maxi 9 8 8 Kotafon 8 7 8 Ayizo 7 7 8 Ci 8 6 8 Gbokpa 8 7 8 Gbesi 10 9 8 Xwela 10 9 9 Xwla (western) 10 9 10 Saxwe 10 9 11 Se 10 10 12 Daxe 10 10 12 Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 11 11 13 Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 11 11 13 Aja-Dogbo 11 11 13 Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 11 11 13
92
2.3. DENDROGRAMS
2.3.1. WORD-LIST COMPUTATION WLC-1
Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, excluding Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25Label Num +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
Adan 1 òûòòòòòòòøAwlan 2 ò÷ óVlin 16 òø ùòøGbin 17 òôòø ó óHo 18 ò÷ ùòòòòò÷ óKpelen 15 òòò÷ óAnexo 11 òø ùòòòòòòòøGen 12 òôòø ó óAgoi/Gliji 13 ò÷ ùòòòø ó óKpesi 14 òòò÷ ó ó óWance 7 òûòø ùòòò÷ óWundi 8 ò÷ ùòø ó óWaci 9 òûò÷ ó ó óVo 10 ò÷ ùò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòøBe 3 òø ó ó óTogo 4 òôòø ó ó óAveno 5 ò÷ ùò÷ ó óAgu 6 òòò÷ ó óAja-Dogbo 46 òø ó óAja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 òôòø ó óAja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ óAja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòò÷ óKotafon 34 òûòø óGbokpa 37 ò÷ ó óFon 30 òø ó óAgbome 31 òú ùòø óAlada 26 òú ó ó óGbekon 29 òú ó ó óArohun 28 òôòø ó óKpase 32 òú ó ùòø óGun 25 ò÷ ó ó ó óCi 36 òòò÷ ó ó óSe 42 òûòø ó ó óDaxe 43 ò÷ ó ó ó óXwela 39 òûòûò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷Xwla (western) 40 ò÷ ó óGbesi 38 òòò÷ óSaxwe 41 òòò÷ óXwla (eastern) 24 òòòòòûòøAyizo 35 òòòòò÷ óTofin 21 òûòø óMovolo 22 ò÷ ùòø óAjra 19 òø ó ó óToli 20 òôò÷ ùò÷Seto 23 ò÷ óWeme 27 òòòûò÷Maxi 33 òòò÷
93
Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, including Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25Label Num +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
Adan 1 òûòòòòòòòøAwlan 2 ò÷ óVlin 16 òø óGbin 17 òôòø óHo 18 ò÷ ùòòòòò÷Kpelen 15 òòò÷ óAnexo 11 òø ùòòòòòòòòòòòøGen 12 òôòø ó óAgoi/Gliji 13 ò÷ ùòòòø ó óKpesi 14 òòò÷ ó ó óBe 3 òø ùò÷ óTogo 4 òôòø ó óAveno 5 ò÷ ùòø ó óAgu 6 òòò÷ ùò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòøWaci 9 òûòø ó ó óVo 10 ò÷ ùò÷ ó óWance 7 òø ó ó óWundi 8 òôò÷ ó óAja-Hwe (Tohoun) 49 ò÷ ó óAja-Dogbo 46 òø ó óAja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 òôòø ó óAja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ óAja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòò÷ óKotafon 34 òûòø óGbokpa 37 ò÷ ó óFon 30 òø ó óAgbome 31 òú ùòø óAlada 26 òú ó ó óGbekon 29 òú ó ó óArohun 28 òôòø ó óKpase 32 òú ó ùòø óGun 25 ò÷ ó ó ó óCi 36 òòò÷ ó ó óXwela 39 òûòø ó ó óXwla (western) 40 ò÷ ó ó ó óGbesi 38 òòòüò÷ ó óSe 42 òûòø ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷Daxe 43 ò÷ ó óSaxwe 41 òûò÷ óAja-Sikpi 48 ò÷ óXwla (eastern) 24 òòòûòòòøAyizo 35 òòò÷ óTofin 21 òûòø óMovolo 22 ò÷ ùòø óAjra 19 òø ó ó óToli 20 òôò÷ ùò÷Seto 23 ò÷ óWeme 27 òòòûò÷Maxi 33 òòò÷
94
2.3.2. WORD-LIST COMPUTATION WLC-2
Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, excluding Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25Label Num +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
Adan 1 òûòòòòòøAwlan 2 ò÷ ùòøBe 3 òûòø ó óTogo 4 ò÷ ùòòò÷ óAveno 5 òòò÷ ùòøVlin 16 òø ó óHo 18 òôòòòø ó óGbin 17 ò÷ ùòòò÷ óAgu 6 òòòûò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòøKpelen 15 òòò÷ ó óAnexo 11 òø ó óGen 12 òôòø ó óAgoi/Gliji 13 ò÷ ùòòòø ó óKpesi 14 òòò÷ ùòòò÷ óWance 7 òûòòòø ó ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòøWundi 8 ò÷ ùò÷ ó óWaci 9 òûòòò÷ ó óVo 10 ò÷ ó óAja-Dogbo 46 òø ó óAja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 òôòø ó óAja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ óAja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòò÷ óSe 42 òûòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø óDaxe 43 ò÷ ó óFon 30 òûòòòø ó óAgbome 31 ò÷ ó ó óAlada 26 òûòø ó ó óArohun 28 ò÷ ó ó ó óGbekon 29 òòòüòüòø ó óWeme 27 òòò÷ ó ó ó óCi 36 òòòòò÷ ùòø ó óSeto 23 òòòø ó ó ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷Xwla (eastern) 24 òòòüòø ó ó óGun 25 òòò÷ ùò÷ ó óTofin 21 òûòø ó ó óMovolo 22 ò÷ ùò÷ ó óAjra 19 òûò÷ ùòòòø óToli 20 ò÷ ó ó óKotafon 34 òòòø ó ó óGbokpa 37 òòòüòø ó ó óKpase 32 òòò÷ ùòòòø ó óAyizo 35 òòòòò÷ ó ùòòò÷Xwela 39 òòòûòø ó óXwla (western) 40 òòò÷ ó ó óGbesi 38 òòòòòüòòò÷ óSaxwe 41 òòòòò÷ óMaxi 33 òòòòòòòòòòòòò÷
95
Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, including Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25Label Num +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
Adan 1 òûòòòòòøAwlan 2 ò÷ ùòøBe 3 òûòø ó óTogo 4 ò÷ ùòòò÷ óAveno 5 òòò÷ ùòøVlin 16 òø ó óHo 18 òôòòòø ó óGbin 17 ò÷ ùòòò÷ óAgu 6 òòòûò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòøKpelen 15 òòò÷ ó óWance 7 òø ó óWundi 8 òôòòòòòòòø ó óAja-Hwe (Tohoun) 49 ò÷ ó ó óWaci 9 òûòòòø ùò÷ óVo 10 ò÷ ó ó ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòøAnexo 11 òø ùòòò÷ ó óGen 12 òôòø ó ó óAgoi/Gliji 13 ò÷ ùò÷ ó óKpesi 14 òòò÷ ó óAja-Dogbo 46 òûòø ó óAja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 ò÷ ó ó óAja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 òòòüòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ óAja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòò÷ óSe 42 òûòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø óDaxe 43 ò÷ ó óKotafon 34 òòòø ó óGbokpa 37 òòòüòø ó óKpase 32 òòò÷ ùòòòø ó óAyizo 35 òòòòò÷ ùòø ó óSaxwe 41 òòòûòòòø ó ó ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷Aja-Sikpi 48 òòò÷ ùò÷ ó óXwela 39 òòòûòø ó ó óXwla (western) 40 òòò÷ ùò÷ ó óGbesi 38 òòòòò÷ ó óFon 30 òûòòòø ó óAgbome 31 ò÷ ó ó óAlada 26 òûòø ó ùòòòòò÷Arohun 28 ò÷ ó ó óGbekon 29 òòòüò÷ óWeme 27 òòò÷ ó óCi 36 òòòòòüòòòø óSeto 23 òòòø ó ó óXwla (eastern) 24 òòòüòø ó óGun 25 òòò÷ ó ó óTofin 21 òûòø ó ùò÷Movolo 22 ò÷ ùò÷ óAjra 19 òûò÷ óToli 20 ò÷ óMaxi 33 òòòòòòòòò÷
96
2.3.3. Phrase-list computation PLC
Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, excluding Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25Label Num +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
Se 42 òûòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòøDaxe 43 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòøSaxwe 41 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ óSeto 23 òòòòòûòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ùòøXwla (western) 24 òòòòò÷ ó ó óTofin 21 òûòòòø ùòòòòòòò÷ óMovolo 22 ò÷ ùòòòòòø ó óToli 20 òòòòò÷ ùòòòø ó óAjra 19 òòòòòòòòòòò÷ ùòòò÷ óXwela 39 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ óWeme 27 òòòûòòòø ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòøArohun 28 òòò÷ ùòø ó óCi 36 òòòòòø ó ó ó óGbokpa 37 òòòòòüò÷ ùòø ó óMaxi 33 òòòòò÷ ó ó ó óAyizo 35 òòòòòòòòò÷ ùòø ó óFon 30 òø ó ó ó óAgbome 31 òôòòòòòòòø ó ó ó óKpase 32 ò÷ ùò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ùòòòøKotafon 34 òòòòòòòûò÷ ó ó óGbesi 38 òòòòòòò÷ ó ó óAlada 26 òòòòòòòûòòòø ó ó óGbekon 29 òòòòòòò÷ ùò÷ ó óGun 25 òòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó óAja-Dogbo 46 òûòòòø ó óAja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 ò÷ ùòòòø ó óAja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòòòò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó óAja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 òòòòòòòòò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ óXwla (western) 40 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ óGen 12 òø óAgoi/Gliji 13 òôòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø óAnexo 11 ò÷ ó óGbin 17 òø ó óHo 18 òôòòòòòø ó óVlin 16 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòø ó óKpesi 14 òòòòòòò÷ ó ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷Waci 9 òòòûòòòòòø ùòø óVo 10 òòò÷ ó ó ó óAdan 1 òûòòòòòø ùòòòòò÷ ó óAwlan 2 ò÷ ó ó ó óWance 7 òø ùò÷ ó óWundi 8 òú ó ùòòòòò÷Agu 6 òôòòòòò÷ óBe 3 òú óTogo 4 òú óAveno 5 ò÷ óKpelen 15 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷
97
Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, including Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25Label Num +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
Wundi 8 òøAja-Hwe (Tohoun) 49 òúWance 7 òúAgu 6 òôòòòòòøBe 3 òú óTogo 4 òú ùòòòøAveno 5 ò÷ ó óAdan 1 òûòòòòò÷ ùòòòøAwlan 2 ò÷ ó óWaci 9 òòòûòòòòòòò÷ óVo 10 òòò÷ ùòòòòòøGbin 17 òø ó óHo 18 òôòòòòòø ó óVlin 16 ò÷ ùòòòòòòò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòøKpesi 14 òòòòòòò÷ ó óGen 12 òø ó óAgoi/Gliji 13 òôòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó óAnexo 11 ò÷ ùòòò÷ óKpelen 15 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ óWeme 27 òòòûòòòø óArohun 28 òòò÷ ùòø óMaxi 33 òòòûòø ó ó óGbokpa 37 òòò÷ ùò÷ ùòø óCi 36 òòòòò÷ ó ó óAyizo 35 òòòòòòòòò÷ ùòø óFon 30 òø ó ó óAgbome 31 òôòòòòòòòø ó ó óKpase 32 ò÷ ùò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø óKotafon 34 òòòòòòòûò÷ ó ó óGbesi 38 òòòòòòò÷ ó ó óAlada 26 òòòòòûòòòòòø ó ó óGbekon 29 òòòòò÷ ùò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòø óGun 25 òòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó ó óSe 42 òûòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó ó óDaxe 43 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòø ó ó óSaxwe 41 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó ó ó óSeto 23 òòòòòûòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ùòòò÷ ó óXwla (eastern) 24 òòòòò÷ ó ó ó óTofin 21 òûòòòø ùòòòòò÷ ó óMovolo 22 ò÷ ùòòòòòø ó ùòòòòò÷Toli 20 òòòòò÷ ùòòòø ó óAjra 19 òòòòòòòòòòò÷ ùòòò÷ óXwela 39 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ óAja-Dogbo 46 òø óAja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 òôòòòø óAja-Sikpi 48 ò÷ ùòòòòòø óAja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòòòò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø óAja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 òòòòòòòòòòò÷ ùòòòòòòò÷Xwla (western) 40 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷
98
3. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING: KRUSKAL’S STRESS AND RSQ VALUES
The results of MDS are displayed in a ‘derived stimulus configuration,’ a perceptual map that indicates the data as a
configuration of points, as on a map, along two, three or more dimensions. In addition, MDS provides for each
configuration a measure of fit (the ‘squared simple correlation’ – RSQ) and a measure of stress (‘Kruskal’s stress’)
that indicate how well the MDS model corresponds to the actual raw data.
3.1. GBE OVERVIEW: 49 GBE VARIETIES
Kruskal’s stress values RSQ values
WLC-1 0.187 0.905 WLC-2 0.246 0.857 PLC 0.264 0.710
3.2. WESTERN GBE CLUSTER
Kruskal’s stress values RSQ values
WLC-1 0.208 0.787 WLC-2 0.256 0.665 PLC 0.165 0.891
3.3. EASTERN GBE CLUSTER
Kruskal’s stress values RSQ values
WLC-1 0.235 0.746 WLC-2 0.284 0.677 PLC 0.280 0.711
4.
GB
E W
OR
D A
ND
PH
RA
SE L
IST
S: B
AC
KG
RO
UN
D IN
FOR
MA
TIO
N
4.1.
A
LTER
NA
TIV
E SP
ELLI
NG
S O
F G
BE
VA
RIE
TY N
AM
ES
The
follo
win
g is
a li
stin
g of
the
vario
us sp
ellin
gs o
f Gbe
var
ietie
s: t
heir
Engl
ish
spel
ling45
as e
mpl
oyed
by
this
dis
serta
tion
as w
ell a
s the
ir sp
ellin
gs a
ccor
ding
to th
e la
ngua
ge
map
for B
enin
(CEN
ALA
199
0), C
apo
(198
646),
Dut
hie
(198
8:91
) and
the
Ethn
olog
ue (G
rimes
199
6).
(For
add
ition
al in
form
atio
n on
the
lang
uage
var
ietie
s, se
e th
e no
tes w
hich
fo
llow
, p. 1
02.)
List
En
glis
h sp
ellin
g C
ENA
LA (1
990)
C
apo
(198
6)
Dut
hie
(198
8)
Gri
mes
(199
6)
A47
A
dan
(T48
)
Adá
n (E
we
cl.49
)
q
Agb
ome
(B)
A
gbóm
e (F
on c
l.)
Agb
óme
(Fon
cl.)
R
Ago
i / G
liji (
B,T
)
Agý
Éi, G
lijí (
Gen
cl.)
G
lidji
(Gen
cl.)
B
Agu
(T)
A
gu (E
we
cl.)
D
Aja
-Dog
bo (B
) A
ja
Dog
bó (A
ja c
l.)
Dog
bó (A
ja c
l.)
Dòg
bó (d
iale
ct o
f Aja
) E
Aja
-Hw
e (A
plah
oué)
(B)
Aja
H
we
(Aja
cl.)
H
we
(Aja
cl.)
H
wè
(dia
lect
of A
ja)
C
Aja
-Hw
e (A
zovè
) (B
) s.a
. s.a
. s.a
. s.a
. s
Aja
-Hw
e (G
boto
) (T)
s.a.
s.a.
s.a.
--
Aja
-Hw
e (T
ado)
(T)
St
ádó
(Aja
cl.)
e
Aja
-Hw
e (T
ohou
n) (T
)
b
Aja
-Sik
pi (B
)
Sikp
í (A
ja c
l.)
F A
jra (B
)
G
A
lada
(B,N
)
Ala
da (P
hla-
Pher
a cl
.) A
lada
(Phl
a-Ph
era
cl.)
Ala
da (a
.n.:50
Gun
) H
A
nexo
(T)
A
néxý
(Gen
cl.)
A
néch
ý (G
en c
l.)
--
51
Anf
oin
(G)
A
nfói
n (E
we
cl.)
x A
rohu
n (B
)
Arý
hún
(Fon
cl.)
--
A
ve (T
)
Avÿ
É
--
A
veda
kpa
(G)
A
vÿÉda
kpá
(Ew
e cl
.) A
véda
kpá
(Ew
e cl
.)
t A
veno
(G)
A
vÿÉno
(Ew
e cl
.) A
véný
(Ew
e cl
.)
45
I.e.,
usin
g th
e En
glis
h al
phab
et.
46
Unl
ess m
entio
ned
othe
rwis
e, th
e fo
llow
ing
listin
g re
fers
to C
apo’
s (19
86) ‘
Loca
lisat
ion
des p
arle
rs G
be’ (
map
1a)
and
‘Le
com
plex
e lin
guis
tique
Gbe
’ (m
ap 1
b).
Mos
t but
no
t all
of th
ese
varie
ties a
re a
lso
men
tione
d in
‘Un
regr
oupe
men
t des
par
lers
Gbe
’ (p.
101)
. 47
A
bbre
viat
ion
assi
gned
to e
ach
Gbe
var
iety
on
the
orig
inal
elic
ited
wor
d an
d ph
rase
list
s. 48
Th
e la
ngua
ge a
rea
is lo
cate
d in
: B
= B
enin
, G =
Gha
na, N
= N
iger
ia, T
= T
ogo.
49
cl
. = c
lust
er.
Cap
o (1
986:
101)
refe
rs to
Aja
as ‘
Ajá
,’ to
Ew
e as
‘Vhe
,’ an
d to
Phl
a-Ph
era
as ‘P
hla-
Pher
á.’
50
a.n.
= a
ltern
ativ
e na
me.
51
N
ot in
vest
igat
ed d
urin
g SI
L To
go-B
enin
’s st
udy
of th
e G
be la
ngua
ge c
ontin
uum
.
99
List
En
glis
h sp
ellin
g C
ENA
LA (1
990)
C
apo
(198
6)
Dut
hie
(198
8)
Gri
mes
(199
6)
I A
wla
n (G
,T)
A
wla
n (a
.s.:52
Ang
lo) (
Ewe
cl.)
A÷l
ý (E
we
cl.)
Ang
lo (d
iale
ct o
f Ew
e)
J A
yizo
(B)
Ayi
zý
Ayi
zý (P
hla-
Pher
a cl
.)
Ayi
zo
K
Be
(T)
B
ÿ (E
we
cl.)
p C
i (B
) C
i C
í
Ci
--
Day
in (G
)
Day
in (E
we
cl.)
Dan
yi (E
we
cl.)
L
Dax
e (B
)
Rax
ÿ (a
.s.:
Dax
ÿ) (P
hla-
Pher
a cl
.)
--
Fo
dom
e (G
)
Fodo
me
(Ew
e cl
.) Fó
dom
ÿ (E
we
cl.)
M
Fo
n (B
) Fý
n Fo
n Fo
n Fo
n N
G
beko
n (B
,N)
G
béko
n
O
G
besi
(B)
G
bési
(Phl
a-Ph
era
cl.)
v G
bin
(G)
G
bin
(Ew
e cl
.) G
bië (E
we
cl.)
P
Gbo
kpa
(B)
G
bokp
a
Q
G
en (B
,T)
Gÿn
G
en (G
en c
l.)
Gen
G
en
S G
un (B
,N)
Gun
G
un (F
on c
l.)
Gun
(Fon
cl.)
G
un
w
Ho
(G)
H
ó (E
we
cl.)
HoÍ
(Ew
e cl
.)
T K
otaf
on (B
) K
o K
otaf
on (P
hla-
Pher
a cl
.) K
otaf
on (P
hla-
Pher
a cl
.) K
o (B
) --
K
pand
o (G
)
Kpá
ndo
(Ew
e cl
.) K
pánd
o (E
we
cl.)
U
K
pase
(B)
K
pasÿ
(Fon
cl.)
V
K
pele
n (G
)
Kpe
len
(Ew
e cl
.)
W
K
pesi
(T)
K
pési
(Ew
e cl
.)
Kpe
ssi
--
Kum
a (T
)
Kúm
á
X
M
axi (
B)
Max
i M
axí (
Fon
cl.))
M
axi (
Fon
cl.)
Max
i r
Mov
olo
(B)
M
ovýÉl
ý
--
Pe
ki (G
)
Pecí
(Ew
e cl
.) Pe
kí (E
we
cl.)
--
Sa
vi (B
,N)
Sa
vi
Y
Saxw
e (B
) Sa
xwÿ
Tsáp
hÿ (P
hla-
Pher
a cl
.)
Saxw
e Z
Se (B
)
Sÿ (P
hla-
Pher
a cl
.)
a
Seto
(B,N
) Sÿ
tý
Asé
ntýÉ
(a.s.
: Sè
to)
Se
to
d To
fin (B
) Tý
fin
Týfin
(Phl
a-Ph
era
cl.)
To
fin
c To
go (T
)
Tógó
f
Toli
(B)
Týli
Týli
(Phl
a-Ph
era
cl.)
To
li --
To
wun
(G)
Tý
wun
(Ew
e cl
.) Tý
÷u (E
we
cl.)
u
Vlin
(G)
V
hlin
(Ew
e cl
.)
Vli
(Ew
e cl
.)
--
Ve
(G)
V
ÿÉ (E
we
cl.)
V
ÿ (E
we
cl.)
g
Vo
(T)
V
o (E
we
cl.)
52
a.s.
= al
tern
ativ
e sp
ellin
g. T
he li
stin
g of
alte
rnat
ive
spel
lings
is n
ot m
eant
to b
e ex
haus
tive.
The
alte
rnat
ive
spel
lings
list
ed a
re th
ose
whi
ch re
late
the
varie
ties m
entio
ned
by
Cap
o to
the
othe
r lin
guis
tic re
fere
nces
men
tione
d in
this
pap
er.
For a
mor
e co
mpl
ete
listin
g of
alte
rnat
ive
spel
lings
see
Cap
o’s ‘
Inve
ntai
re d
es p
arle
rs G
be’ (
1986
:11-
14).
100
List
En
glis
h sp
ellin
g C
ENA
LA (1
990)
C
apo
(198
6)
Dut
hie
(198
8)
Gri
mes
(199
6)
h W
aci (
B,T
) W
aci
Wac
í (Ew
e cl
.)
Wac
i i
Wan
ce (T
)
Wan
cé (E
we
cl.)
k W
eme
(B,N
) W
emÿ
Wém
e (F
on c
l.)
W
eme
--
Wud
u (T
)
Vhu
du
W
udu
l W
undi
(T)
W
undí
m
X
wel
a (B
) X
wel
a Ph
elá
(Phl
a-Ph
era
cl.)
Phla
-Phe
ra c
l. X
wel
a n
Xw
la (e
aste
rn) (
B)
s.a.
s.a.
s.a.
s.a.
o X
wla
(wes
tern
) (T)
X
wla
Ph
la (P
hla-
Pher
a cl
.) Ph
la-P
hera
cl.
Xw
la
101
102
4.1.1. NOTES
Agoi / Gliji − In ‘Inventaire des parlers Gbe,’ Capo (1986:13) lists Gliji and Agoi as two separate entries. − Map 1a refers to both varieties by listing the towns of Glidji (transcribed Glijí; Lacs prefecture,
Maritime region, Togo) and Agoué (transcribed as AgýÉi; Grand-Popo sub-prefecture, Mono region, Benin), while neither town is listed on map 1b (Capo 1986).
Aja-Hwe − Under Togo, the Ethnologue (Grimes 1996:420) lists ‘Hwé’ as a separate entry, classified as Gbe-Aja with the comment: “close to Éwé; closer to Aja.”
Aja-Hwe − Gboto: The word and phrase lists were elicited in Gboto from an Aja-Hwe speaker living in Gboto. However, according to the findings of the Aja survey (Tompkins et al. 1997), Aja-Hwe communities are found north of Gboto but not in Gboto, where Waci is the predominant language.
− Tohoun: According to information provided by the word and phrase lists, the elicited Aja-Hwe variety refers to Hwe of Tohoun, although the informant was born and resided in Aplahoué (Benin), where the word and phrase lists were elicited.
Aja-Sikpi − Transcribed as Sikpí in ‘Un regroupement des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:101) and as Sikpi on map 1a.
Ajra − Not mentioned by Capo (1986); unclassified. − During SIL’s study of the Gbe language continuum, the Ajra word and phrase lists were elicited
in Cotonou (Benin) from an Ajra speaker born in Sado (Avrankou sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin), close to the town of Adjara (Adjara sub-prefecture, Ouémé region). Neither the language map for Benin (CENALA 1990), Capo (1986), the Atlas sociolinguistique du Bénin (CNL du Bénin 1983) nor the Ethnologue (Grimes 1996) lists Ajra. However, it appears likely that the elicited Ajra list refers to the language spoken in Adjara.
Alada − Duthie (1988:91) refers to Phla-Phera as Xlwa-Xwed 8a.
Anexo − Anexo refers to the town of Aného (Lacs prefecture, Maritime region, Togo). − Transcribed as Anéxý in ‘Un regroupement des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:101) and as Anecho on
map 1b.
Arohun − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as a Fon cluster variety (p. 101).
Ave − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Aveno − According to Capo (1986: map 1a,b), located in Ghana; however, for SIL’s study both the word and the phrase lists were elicited in Togo.
− Transcribed as AvÿÉno in ‘Un regroupement des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:101) and as Avÿno on map 1a.
Ci − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.53
Daxe − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified. Daxe refers to the town of Dahé (Houéyogbé sub-prefecture, Mono region, Benin).
Fodome − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as an Ewe cluster variety (p. 101).
Fon − Not mentioned by Capo as a distinct variety but only as a cluster (Capo 1986: map 1a,b).
53 As previously mentioned in footnote 6 (p. 10), Capo (1986: map 2) marks Ci as a variety of Fon on a separate
map for the Gbe varieties of the Mono region, ‘Les parlers de la Province du Mono,’ whereas in his official classification (p. 101, map 1b) Ci is not listed.
103
Gbekon − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified. − According to Capo’s (1986:14) listing of Gbe varieties, the Gbekon language area is located in
Nigeria. However, according to ‘Localisation des parlers Gbe’ (1986: map 1a), the language area is located south of Porto-Novo, i.e., in Benin. For SIL’s study, the word and phrase lists were elicited in Agnanlin which, according to Wiesemann (1993), is located near Honvié (Adjara sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin).
Gbokpa − Capo (1986) does not list Gbokpa as a distinct variety of Gbe neither in ‘Inventaire des parlers Gbe’ (p. 11-14) or on map 1b. However, Capo mentions the town of Bopa (1986: map 1b), which is also listed as Gbokpa (map 1a).
Kotafon − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as a Phla-Phera cluster variety (p. 101).54
− The Ethnologue (Grimes 1996:419) lists Kotafon as a dialect of Ewe in its Togo section.
Kuma − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Movolo − For SIL’s study, the word and phrase lists were elicited in Agbalilame (a rural commune of Agblangandan, Sèmè-Kpodji sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin).
− Mentioned in ‘Inventaire des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:14) but not on map 1a or 1b.
Savi − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Saxwe − Transcribed as Tsáphÿ in ‘Un regroupement des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:101) and as Tsaphÿ on map 1a.
Seto − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Tofin − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as a Phla-Phera cluster variety (p. 101).
Togo − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Toli − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as a Phla-Phera cluster variety (p. 101).
Vlin − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as an Ewe cluster variety (p. 101).
Ve − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as an Ewe cluster variety (p. 101).
Wance − Wance is, according to Capo (1986: map 1a,b), located somewhat south of Notsé (Haho prefecture, Plateaux region, Togo); however, for SIL’s study the word and phrase lists were elicited in Anfoin which is located in the Lacs prefecture (Maritime region, Togo).
Wudu − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Wundi − Mentioned in ‘Inventaire des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:14) but not on map 1a or 1b.
Xwela − Duthie (1988:91) does not mention Xwela or Xwla as distinct varieties, but lists the ‘Xlwa-Xwed 8a’ cluster as one of five Gbe dialect-clusters. The Ethnologue (Grimes 1996:169) lists ‘Xweda’ as a separate entry in addition to Xwela. However, ‘Xweda’ is an alternative name for Xwela (see Henson et al. 1999b).
54 As previously mentioned in footnote 6 (p. 10), Capo (1986: map 2) marks Kotafon as a variety of Fon on a
separate map for the Gbe varieties of the Mono region, ‘Les parlers de la Province du Mono,’ whereas in his official classification (p. 101, map 1b) Kotafon is listed as a Phla-Phera variety.
104
Xwla − In addition to Xwla, the Ethnologue (Grimes 1996:420) lists ‘Hwla’ as a separate entry for Togo suggesting that ‘Hwla’ might be the same as ‘Xwla-Gbe’ in Benin or ‘Hwe’ in Togo. However, Takassi (1983:32,33), in his ‘Inventaire linguistique du Togo,’ lists ‘Hwla’ with ‘Phla’ as an alternative spelling, the latter corresponding to Capo’s (1986) spelling of Xwla. Therefore it can be concluded that the Ethnologue entry for ‘Hwla,’ in fact, refers to Xwla.
105
4.2. INVESTIGATED GBE VARIETIES AND ELICITATION PROCEDURES
Based on Capo’s (1986) research and information provided by the language map of Benin (CENALA 1990) and the Ethnologue (Grimes 1996), SIL Togo-Benin chose 49 varieties of the Gbe continuum for the elicitation of word and phrase lists.
In each of the chosen 49 communities, one set of word and phrase lists was elicited, with the exceptions of the Aja-Hwe and Xwla varieties: in Aja-Hwe four sets of word and phrase lists were elicited, and in Xwla two sets.55
Benin Ghana Togo
Agbome Gun (Nigeria) Aveno Adan Aja-Dogbo Kotafon Awlan (Togo) Agu Aja-Hwe (Togo)56 Kpase Gbin Agoi / Gliji (Benin)57 Aja-Sikpi Maxi Ho Aja-Hwe (Benin) Ajra58 Movolo59 Kpelen Anexo Alada (Nigeria) Saxwe Vlin Be Arohun Se Kpesi Ayizo Seto (Nigeria)59 Togo59 Ci Tofin Vo Daxe59 Toli Wance Fon Waci (Togo) Wundi59 Gbekon (Nigeria)59 Weme (Nigeria) Xwla (Benin) Gbesi Xwela Gbokpa59 Xwla (Togo) Gen (Togo)
The word and phrase lists were elicited by two Beninese research assistants, J. Gandonou and V. Johnson, between October 1988 and August 1992.60 The word and phrase lists were elicited from individual L1 speakers of the variety in question, not all of whom were residing in the language area. Ideally though, word and phrase lists should be elicited from groups of long-term resident L1 speakers. This procedure allows for the discussion of synonyms, near-synonyms and variants, and group decisions can be made about which form to include in the lists, thus increasing reliability (see Sanders 1989:6f). Thus, the non-standard procedure applied during the study reported here potentially decreased the reliability of the elicited lists. (See Appendix 4.3, p. 106, for background information on research locations, informants and researchers.)
55 In addition, a second set of Weme word and phrase lists was elicited in Cotonou, Benin’s capital city, from a
Weme speaker born in Dangbo, in Benin’s Ouémé region. However, due to doubts regarding their reliability, both lists were excluded from the analysis (Wiesemann 1992).
56 According to information provided by Capo (1986) and the background information collected with the elicited lists, this variety is also located in a neighboring country, as indicated in parenthesis.
57 During the SIL study, only one set of common word and phrase lists was elicited for both Gliji and Agoi, whereas Capo (1986:13) lists Gliji and Agoi as two separate entries in his ‘Inventaire des parlers Gbe.’
58 Not mentioned by Capo (1986). 59 Not classified by Capo (1986). 60 Gandonou and Johnson have master’s degrees in linguistics from the Université Nationale du Bénin, Abomey-
Calavi, Benin (Département d’Etudes Linguistiques et de Tradition Orale). During the initial stages of the elicitations, both were still linguistics students at the Université Nationale du Bénin.
4.3.
IN
FOR
MA
TIO
N O
N R
ESEA
RC
H L
OC
ATI
ON
S, IN
FOR
MA
NTS
AN
D R
ESEA
RC
HER
S
In th
e fo
llow
ing
listin
g pe
rtine
nt b
ackg
roun
d in
form
atio
n fo
r the
elic
ited
wor
d an
d ph
rase
list
s is g
iven
con
cern
ing
rese
arch
loca
tion,
info
rman
t’s b
irth
loca
tion,
per
man
ent
resi
denc
e, n
ame,
gen
der a
nd a
ge, e
liciti
ng re
sear
cher
s and
dat
e of
elic
itatio
n. (
For a
dditi
onal
info
rmat
ion,
see
the
note
s whi
ch fo
llow
, p. 1
08.)
Lis
t E
licite
d va
riet
y R
esea
rch
loca
tion
Bir
th lo
catio
n61
Res
iden
ce62
In
form
ant
Res
earc
her(
s)
Dat
e
A63
A
dan
(T64
) Lo
mé65
(T)
Tsév
ié (T
) Lo
mé
(T)
Ben
issa
n, T
.; m
ale;
39
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
66
29. S
ept.
1991
q
Agb
ome
(B)
Abo
mey
(B)
Abo
mey
-Hou
ndjro
to (B
) G
beco
n-H
oueg
bo (B
) V
isoh
, H.;
mal
e; 4
9 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
5. M
ay 1
992
R
Ago
i / G
liji (
B,T
) A
ného
(T)
Ané
ho-L
olam
è (T
) A
ného
(T)
Law
son,
E.;
mal
e; 4
2 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
10. A
ug. 1
991
B
Agu
(T)
Ago
u (T
) A
gou-
Keb
o (T
) A
gou
(T)
Ekpe
, A.L
.; m
ale;
40
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
7.
Sep
t. 19
91
D
Aja
-Dog
bo (B
) D
ogbo
(B)
XwÿÍn
Aga
mÿ
Dog
bo (B
) K
ossi
wa,
T.;
fem
ale;
36
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
22
. Jul
y 19
91
E A
ja-H
we
(Apl
ahou
é) (B
) C
oton
ou (B
) A
plah
oué
(B)
Cot
onou
(B)
Zoci
; fe
mal
e; 3
0 V
. Joh
nson
13
. Mar
ch 1
989
C
Aja
-Hw
e (A
zovè
) (B
) A
zovè
(B)
Azo
vè (B
) A
zovè
(B)
Dav
i, K
.M.;
mal
e; 3
7 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
25. A
ug. 1
991
s A
ja-H
we
(Gbo
to) (
T)
Gbo
to (T
) Sÿ
domÿ
Gbo
to (T
) D
jekp
e, K
.; m
ale;
40
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
28
. May
199
2 e
Aja
-Hw
e (T
ohou
n) (T
) A
plah
oué
(B)
Apl
ahou
é (B
) A
plah
oué
(B)
Dan
sou,
A.;
mal
e; 4
5 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
13. O
ct. 1
991
b A
ja-S
ikpi
(B)
Apl
ahou
é (B
) A
plah
oué
(B)
Apl
ahou
é (B
) C
apo,
K.P
.; m
ale;
39
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
25
. Aug
. 199
1 F
Ajra
(B)
Cot
onou
(B)
Sado
(B)
Sado
(B)
Sodj
emou
, B.;
mal
e; 6
0 V
. Joh
nson
M
arch
198
9 G
A
lada
(B,N
) Po
rto-N
ovo
(B)
Bad
agri
(N)
Porto
-Nov
o (B
) Po
rto-N
ovo
(B)
Hou
nkpe
; m
ale;
75
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
17
. Jul
y 19
91
H
Ane
xo (T
) A
ného
/ Zé
bé (T
) Lo
mé
(T)
Zébé
(T)
Ako
uete
, G.;
mal
e; 4
2 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
29. O
ct. 1
991
x A
rohu
n (B
) D
amè-
Wog
on (B
) A
kpom
è (B
) D
amè-
Wog
on (B
) A
dins
i, D
.; m
ale;
40
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
29
. Aug
. 199
2 t
Ave
no (G
) A
ssah
oun
(T)
Kpa
limé
(T)
Ass
ahou
n (T
) M
ensa
h, K
.; m
ale;
36
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
15
. May
199
2 I
Aw
lan
(G,T
) A
flao
(G o
r T)
Ket
a (G
) A
flao
(G o
r T)
Ais
si, F
.; m
ale;
43
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
1.
Nov
. 199
1 J
Ayi
zo (B
) A
llada
(B)
Zè (B
) A
llada
(B)
Tona
n, A
.; m
ale;
39
V. J
ohns
on
4. M
arch
199
0 K
B
e (T
) Lo
mé
(T)
Tsév
ié (T
) Lo
mé
(T)
Abo
ni, M
.; m
ale;
40
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
17
. Sep
t. 19
91
p C
i (B
) To
vikl
in (B
) Tc
hi-A
hom
adég
bé (B
) To
vink
lin (B
) A
houn
sou,
A.;
mal
e; 4
4 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
10. M
ay 1
992
L D
axe
(B)
Dah
é (B
) D
ahé
(B)
Dah
é (B
) K
ossi
, S.F
.; m
ale;
40
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
28
. Aug
. 199
1 M
Fo
n (B
) C
oton
ou (B
) A
bom
ey (B
) C
oton
ou (B
) D
eha,
J.-J
.; m
ale;
30
Deh
a, J.
-J.
Mar
ch 1
989
N
Gbe
kon
(B,N
) A
gnan
lin (B
) A
gnan
lin (B
) A
gnan
lin (B
) A
kosi
nou,
B.;
mal
e; 5
2 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
3. S
ept.
1991
O
G
besi
(B)
Poss
otom
è (B
) O
uoco
me
(B)
Poss
otom
è (B
) B
otty
, K.;
mal
e; 4
0 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
7. Ju
ly 1
991
v G
bin
(G)
Afla
o (G
or T
) Kw
ati
Den
u (G
) O
hous
sou,
V.;
fem
ale;
37
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
27
. May
199
2
61
B
irth
loca
tion:
onl
y el
icite
d on
the
phra
se li
sts.
62
Res
iden
ce:
only
elic
ited
on th
e w
ord
lists
. 63
A
bbre
viat
ion
assi
gned
to e
ach
Gbe
var
iety
on
the
orig
inal
elic
ited
wor
d an
d ph
rase
list
s. 64
A
bbre
viat
ions
: B
= B
enin
, G =
Gha
na, N
= N
iger
ia, T
= T
ogo.
65
Th
e lis
ted
loca
tions
can
be
foun
d on
the
road
map
s for
Ben
in a
nd T
ogo
(IG
N 1
992;
IG
N 1
991)
unl
ess m
entio
ned
othe
rwis
e.
66
J. G
ando
nou,
V. J
ohns
on.
106
Lis
t E
licite
d va
riet
y R
esea
rch
loca
tion
Bir
th lo
catio
n61
Res
iden
ce62
In
form
ant
Res
earc
her(
s)
Dat
e
P G
bokp
a (B
) B
opa
(B)
Hou
nont
in (B
) B
opa
(B)
Lant
efo,
K.;
mal
e; 4
2 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
8. Ju
ly 1
991
Q
Gen
(B,T
) C
oton
ou (B
) A
goué
(B)
Ago
ué (B
) Jo
hnso
n, V
.; m
ale;
30
V. J
ohns
on
Dec
. 198
8 S
Gun
(B,N
) --
--
Porto
-Nov
o (B
) Po
rto-N
ovo
(B)
Akp
loga
n, J.
A.;
mal
e; 2
8 --
--
22. F
ebr.
1989
w
H
o (G
) D
enu
(G)
Ho
Xýdw
aba
Kod
zi, G
.; m
ale;
4467
J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
16. M
ay 1
992
T K
otaf
on (B
) --
--
----
--
--
----
--
--
----
U
K
pase
(B)
Savi
(B)
Oui
dah
(B)
Savi
(B)
Adj
ovi,
K.;
mal
e; 4
3 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
15. A
ug. 1
991
V
Kpe
len
(G)
Lom
é (T
) K
palim
é (T
) Lo
mé
(T)
Mas
san,
A.;
fem
ale;
39
V. J
ohns
on
10. M
arch
199
0 W
K
pesi
(T)
Lom
é (T
) A
nié
(T)
Lom
é (T
) A
kass
i, A
.; m
ale;
36
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
2.
Nov
. 199
1 X
M
axi (
B)
Cot
onou
(B)
Sava
lou
(B)
Cot
onou
(B)
Deg
elo,
P.;
mal
e; 3
4 V
. Joh
nson
M
arch
198
9 r
Mov
olo
(B)
Aga
lilam
e (B
) --
--
Agb
alila
me
(B)
Ado
uhou
ekon
ou, L
.; m
ale;
50
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
12
. May
199
2 Y
Sa
xwe
(B)
Lobo
go (B
) D
outo
u (B
) Lo
bogo
(B)
Phlt:
68
Hou
nsou
nou;
mal
e; 4
1 W
dlt:69
Lan
kon;
mal
e; 4
2 V
. Joh
nson
17
. Feb
r. n.
d.
Z Se
(B)
Sè (B
) Sè
(B)
Sè (B
) M
ekli,
D.;
mal
e; 3
8 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
24. A
ug. 1
991
a Se
to (B
,N)
Cot
onou
(B)
Porto
-Nov
o (B
) C
oton
ou (B
) H
ouso
u, M
.; m
ale;
30
V. J
ohns
on
Mar
ch 1
989
d To
fin (B
) C
oton
ou (B
) So
-Tch
anho
ué (B
) C
oton
ou (B
) Zo
sson
, H.A
.; m
ale;
30
Zoss
ou, H
.A.
22. M
arch
198
9 c
Togo
(T)
Lom
é (T
) To
govi
lle (T
) Lo
mé
(T)
Am
eyan
si, L
.; m
ale;
39
J. G
and.
, V. J
ohn.
25
. Sep
t. 19
91
f To
li (B
) H
onvi
é (B
) H
onvi
é (B
) H
onvi
é (B
) Y
aca,
H.;
mal
e; 7
1 A
nago
, A.D
.P.
12. F
ebr.
1989
u
Vlin
(G)
Afla
o (G
or T
) K
eta
(G)
Afla
o (G
or T
) A
mou
, L.;
mal
e; 3
9 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
23. M
ay 1
992
g V
o (T
) A
nfoi
n (T
) V
ogan
(T)
Anf
oin
(T)
Agu
esso
u, D
.; m
ale;
45
J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
18. S
ept.
1991
h
Wac
i (B
,T)
Cot
onou
(B)
Cot
onou
(B)
Cot
onou
(B)
Kik
i, M
.M.;
fem
ale;
43
V. J
ohns
on
Mar
ch 1
989
i W
ance
(T)
Anf
oin
(T)
Gam
e-Se
va
Anf
oin
(T)
Maw
ule,
G.;
mal
e; 3
9 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
28. S
ept.
1991
k
Wem
e (B
,N)
Adj
ohou
n (B
) --
--
----
--
--
J. G
ando
nou
----
l
Wun
di (T
) N
ogok
po (T
) Sa
ngué
ra (T
) N
ogok
po (T
) A
gbag
lo;
mal
e; 4
6 J.
Gan
d., V
. Joh
n.
24. S
ept.
1991
m
X
wel
a (B
) G
uézi
n (B
) G
uézi
n (B
) G
uézi
n (B
) Ph
lt:
Am
ouss
ou, N
.; m
ale;
44
Wdl
t: B
essa
n, A
.; m
ale;
38
V. J
ohns
on
7. A
pril
1990
n X
wla
(eas
tern
) (B
) D
jeffa
(B)
Dje
ffa (B
) D
jeffa
(B)
Zann
ou, M
.; m
ale;
44
V. J
ohns
on
Mar
ch 1
989
o X
wla
(wes
tern
) (T)
A
dam
é (T
) A
dam
é (T
) C
oton
ou (B
) N
icou
e; m
ale;
50
Am
oni,
J. D
ec. 1
988
67
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
wor
d-lis
t bac
kgro
und
info
rmat
ion:
“38
/44”
yea
rs.
68
Phlt
= ph
rase
list
. 69
W
dlt =
wor
d lis
t.
107
108
4.3.1. NOTES
Adan − Residence location: Notsé (Togo) (Wiesemann 1993).
Agbome − Abomey-Houndjroto: on the phrase list transcribed as Houndjroto. According to J.-J. Deha and L. Boko, translators with Alliance Biblique au Bénin (Bible Society of Benin), ‘Houndjroto’ means the area around Abomey’s central market, which is called ‘Houndjro’ (Deha et al. 1999).
− Gbecon-Houegbo: rural commune of Djegbe (Abomey circonscription-urbaine, Zou region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994d:7).
Agoi / Gliji − Aného-Lolamè: neighborhood in the center of Aného; on the phrase list transcribed as Lonamÿ.
Agu − Agou: refers to Agou-Gadzépé (Wiesemann 1993). − Agou-Kebo: listed neither by IGN 1980 nor by IGN 1991. However, according to Bewald
(1999), Agou-Kebo is located close to Agou-Etoé, which lies approximately 4 km east of Agou-Gadzépé, south of Mt. Agou (Kloto prefecture, Plateaux region, Togo) (IGN 1977). (IGN 1980 lists Etoé as Toé.)
Aja-Dogbo − XwÿÍn Agamÿ: listed neither by IGN 1992 nor by Ministère du Plan 1994b. However, IGN 1992 lists the town of Houégamè (Djakotomè sub-prefecture, Mono region, Benin), northeast of Djakotomè.
Aja-Hwe (Gboto)
− Research location: it is noted that the predominant language of Gboto is Waci and not Aja, according to the findings of a more recent and thorough study of the Aja communities in late 1996; Aja-Hwe communities are found north of Gboto (see Tompkins et al. 1997). Birth location: Sÿdomÿ is, according to information provided by inhabitants of Aného (Togo), located near Tabligbo (Yoto prefecture, Maritime region, Togo) (Johnson 1999c).
Alada − Badagri: located approximately 20 km east of the Benin-Nigeria border (IGN 1992).
Anexo − Research location: Aného, according to the word list; Zébé, according to the phrase list. − Zébé: located northeast of Aného (IGN 1980).
Arohun − Akpomè: rural commune of Sèdjè-Houègoudo (Zè sub-prefecture, Atlantique region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994a:36).
Aveno − Assahoun: on the word and phrase lists transcribed as Azanhoun with Wiesemann (1993) specifying Azanhoun (Agadzepe, Togo). Thus, Assahoun might refer to Assahoun-Fiagbé (Kloto prefecture, Plateaux region, Togo) located south of Agou-Gadzépé (approximately 20 km southeast of Kpalimé). However, Assahoun could also refer to the town of Assahoun near Kévé (Golf prefecture, Maritime region, Togo), approximately 50 km northwest of Lomé.
Awlan − Aflao: it is unclear whether Aflao refers to the Lomé suburb called Aflao located northwest of Lomé (Togo) on the road to Kpalimé (IGN 1980), or to the town of Aflao (Volta region, Ghana), located west of Lomé (Survey of Ghana 1994).
Gbekon − Agnanlin: located near Honvié (Adjara sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin) (Wiesemann 1993)
Gbesi − Ouocome: rural commune of Possotomè (Bopa sub-prefecture, Mono region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994b:10); on the phrase list transcribed as Xokome.
Gbin − Kwati: listed neither by IGN 1991 nor by Survey of Ghana 1994. − Denu: located west of Lomé (IGN 1991).
Gbokpa − Hounontin: located between Guantitomé and Ouassa-Topka (Bopa sub-prefecture, Mono region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994b:26).
Gun − Research location: Cotonou (Wiesemann 1993) − Researcher: Akplogan, J.A. (Wiesemann 1993).
109
Kotafon − Research location: Lokossa (Wiesemann 1993). − Researcher: V. Johnson (Wiesemann 1993)
Movolo − Agalilame: rural commune of Agblangandan (Sèmè-Kpodji sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994c:27).
Saxwe − Doutou: on the word and phrase lists transcribed as Saxwe Dutun.
Tofin − So-Tchanhoué: So-Awa sub-prefecture (Atlantique region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994a:44). − Residence location: Cotonou (Ganvié) (Wiesemann 1993).
Togo − Residence location: Lomé (Togoville) (Wiesemann 1993).
Wance − Game-Seva: − Given that both lists were elicited in Anfoin, Game-Seva could refer to Agomé-Séva
(southeast of Tabligbo) also located in the Lacs prefecture (Maritime region, Togo); − Given the location of the Wance language area south of Notsé, Game-Seva could also refer
to Gamé, approximately 15 km south of Notsé, or to Séva, approximately 10 km southwest of Notsé (Togo). In addition, IGN 1980 lists two villages named Gamé, Gamé-Kové and Gamé-Lili; Gamé-Lili is also listed by IGN 1991 as being west of Agbélouvé, 32 km south of Notsé. Thus, there may be a village called Gamé-Séva located near one of these two locations, which does not appear on the maps.
Weme − Residence location: Porto-Novo (Wiesemann 1993).
Wundi − Nogokpo: located between Atitogou and Tanou (Lacs prefecture, Maritime region, Togo) (Wiesemann 1993).
− Sanguéra: approximately 15 km northwest of Lomé (Golf prefecture, Maritime region, Togo) (IGN 1991); on the phrase list transcribed as Zanguera.
Xwela − Residence: Cotonou, Grand-Popo (Wiesemann 1993).
Xwla (eastern)
− Djeffa: rural commune of Ekpè (Sèmè-Kopdji sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994c:27).
110
4.4. TRANSCRIPTION OF ELICITED ITEMS
On the original word and phrase lists, the elicited items were not strictly transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Instead, they were transcribed using Benin’s national alphabet as employed by the language map of Benin (CENALA 1990) or the character set employed by Capo in his Renaissance du gbe (1986:ix). Some of these sounds are represented by different IPA characters; however, during the application of the grouping criteria for the word-list analysis, they were analyzed according to their phonetic values when employed by CENALA (1990) and Capo (1986).
The elicited lists were entered into the computer program WORDSURV, Release 2.4 (Wimbish 1989), for further analysis. This early version of WORDSURV does support the ASCII extended character set, which includes a number of special symbols, though not the entire IPA character set. Therefore, special characters employed for the transcription of the elicited lists had to be represented by the available characters, as listed below. A consequence was that the elicited items were entered without tone, though tone was transcribed on the original lists.
For representation in this dissertation, the WORDSURV database was reformatted so that the special characters employed on the original lists are retained except for nasalization: nasalized vowels are represented according to the IPA rather than as [vowel] + [n] as originally transcribed.
IPA Original elicited lists WORDSURV database
Dissertation (Appendices 5.2 & 6.3)
[ƒ] [ƒ] [D] [ƒ] [kw] [kw] [Q] [kw] [kÉp] [kp] [K] [kp] [gÉb] [gb] [G] [gb] [÷] [÷] [N] [÷] [™] [™] [ñ] [™] [∏] [ƒ] [ƒ] [ƒ] [X] [x]; (IPA [x] = voiceless velar fricative) [x] [x] [ ] [h]; (IPA [h] = voiced pharyngeal fricative) [h] [h] [Xw] [xw]; (IPA [xw] = rounded voiceless velar fricative) [X] [xw] [ w] [hw]; (IPA [hw] = rounded voiced pharyngeal fricative) [H] [hw] [Â] […]; (IPA […] = voiced velar fricative) [R] […] [S] [S] [S] [S] [º] [º] [Z] [º] [tÉs] [ts] [C] [ts] [d Éz] [dz] [J] [dz] [tÉS] [c]; (IPA [c] = voiceless palatal plosive) [c] [c] [d ɺ] [j]; (IPA [j] = voiced palatal approximant) [j] [j] [ÿ] [ÿ] [è] [ÿ] [‡] [‡] [E] [‡] [ý] [ý] [ç] [ý] [ÿË] [ÿn] [ë] [ÿËË] [ýË] [ýn] [Ç] [ýË] [nasalized
vowel] [vowel + n] (e.g., an, en, in) [vowel + ^]
(e.g., â, ê, î) [nasalized
vowel]
111
5. GBE WORD-LIST DATA
5.1. FRENCH GLOSSES
The word list is based on Swadesh’s 100-word list (Swadesh 1955) and the word list published in the Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (Dieu et al. 1983):
1) oeil 2) oreille 3) nez 4) dent 5) langue 6) tête 7) cou 8) ventre 9) cordon du ventre 10) sein (de la femme) 11) genou 12) ongle 13) peau 14) homme 15) mari, époux 16) père (pas ancêtre) 17) femme 18) épouse 19) nom 20) vache 21) chèvre (pas mouton) 22) chien 23) éléphant 24) serpent 25) poux (de tête) 26) poulet 27) oiseau 28) plume 29) corne (de vache) 30) queue (de chien) 31) oeuf (d’oiseau) 32) lait (de vache) 33) graisse (d’animal) 34) pot (pour cuisine) 35) couteau (petit coupe coupe) 36) siège 37) case (l’endroit pour dormir) 38) village 39) ficelle (pour attacher) 40) nuit 41) lune 42) étoile 43) soleil 44) nuage 45) pluie (pas la saison) 46) eau 47) feu 48) fumée 49) bois de chauffage 50) cendres (pl.) 51) terre (pas souillure) 52) poussière (dans l’air) 53) pierre
54) arbre 55) racine 56) l’écorce (peau de l’arbre) 57) feuille (d’arbre) 58) année 59) un, une 60) deux 61) trois 62) quatre 63) cinq 64) chaud (il fait chaud) 65) froid (il fait froid) 66) long (horizontal) 67) grande taille (un homme grand) 68) petite taille (un homme petit) 69) rouge 70) noir 71) blanc 72) mordre 73) manger 74) boire 75) vomir 76) tousser 77) sucer (doigt) 78) cracher 79) souffler 80) siffler (par la bouche) 81) chanter 82) rire 83) parler 84) aboyer (chien) 85) sentir (la nourriture) 86) écouter 87) pousser 88) tirer 89) jeter 90) battre (avec bâton) 91) nager 92) s’asseoir 93) se mettre debout 94) se coucher 95) tomber 96) dormir 97) laver (un pot) 98) laver (la lessive) 99) gratter (avec ongle) 100) verser (liquide)
112
5.2. ELICITED DATA SORTED BY GLOSS
1. oeil
Adan ÷ku Agbome nuËkuË Agoi/Glidji ÷kuvi Agu ÷ku Aja-Dogbo nkuvi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ÷kuvi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ÷kuvi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ÷kuvi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ÷ku Aja-Sikpi nkuË nkuvi Ajra nuËkuË Alada nuËkuË Anexo ÷ku Arohun nuËkuË Aveno ÷ku Awlan ÷ku Ayizo ÷kuvi Be ÷ku Ci nuËkuË Daxe ÷kuËsœë Fon nuËkuË Gbekon oË÷kuË Gbesi nuËku Gbin ÷ku Gbokpa ÷ku nuËku Gen ÷kuvi Gun nuËkuË Ho nku Kotafon nuËkuË Kpase nuËkuË Kpelen nku Kpesi ÷kuvi Maxi nuËkuË Movolo nuËkuË Saxwe ÷kusi Se ÷kuËsœë Seto nuËkuË Tofin nuËkuË Togo ÷ku Toli nuËkuË Vlin nku Vo ÷kuvi Waci ÷kuvi Wance ÷ku Weme nuËkuË Wundi ÷ku Xwela okuË Xwla (eastern) nuËkuË Xwla (western) ý÷kusi
2. oreille
Adan eto Agbome to Agoi/Glidji eto Agu to Aja-Dogbo eto Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eto Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eto Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eto Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eto Aja-Sikpi eto oto Ajra oto Alada oto Anexo eto Arohun oto Aveno to Awlan eto Ayizo ‡to Be eto Ci to Daxe oto toboe Fon to Gbekon oto Gbesi oto Gbin eto Gbokpa oto ýto Gen eto Gun oto Ho eto Kotafon to Kpase to Kpelen ÿto Kpesi eto Maxi togbe Movolo oto Saxwe oto Se to toboe Seto oto Tofin oto Togo eto Toli oto Vlin eto Vo ÿto Waci eto ÿto Wance eto Weme to Wundi eto Xwela oto Xwla (eastern) to Xwla (western) ýtý
113
3. nez
Adan ÷ýËti Agbome awýËtœë Agoi/Glidji ÷ýËti Agu ÷ýËti Aja-Dogbo ÷ýËci Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ÷ýËcœë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ÷ýËti Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ÷ýËci Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) wýËti Aja-Sikpi wýËtœë Ajra ý÷ýËtœë Alada awýËtœë Anexo ÷ýËti Arohun awýËtœë Aveno ÷ýËci Awlan ÷ýËti Ayizo ÷ýËti Be ÷ýËci Ci awýËtœë Daxe wýËtœë Fon awýËtœë Gbekon awýËtœë Gbesi a÷ýËti Gbin ÷a Ëti Gbokpa a÷ýËti ÷ýËti Gen ÷ýËti Gun awýËtœë Ho ÷a Ëti Kotafon awýËtœë Kpase awýËti Kpelen ÷a Ëti Kpesi ÷ýËti Maxi a÷ýËtœë Movolo ýwýËtœë Saxwe ÷ýËti Se wýËtœë Seto a÷ýËtœë Tofin ýwýËtœë Togo ÷ýËci Toli awýËtœë Vlin ÷a Ëti Vo a÷ýËtœë Waci a÷ýËtœë Wance wýËti Weme awýËtœë Wundi wýËti Xwela owýËti Xwla (eastern) ýwýËti Xwla (western) ý÷ýËtœë
4. dent
Adan aƒu Agbome aƒu Agoi/Glidji aƒu Agu aƒu Aja-Dogbo aƒu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) aƒu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) aƒu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) aƒu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) aƒu Aja-Sikpi aƒu Ajra aƒu Alada aƒu Anexo aƒu Arohun aƒu Aveno aƒu Awlan aƒu Ayizo aƒu Be aƒu Ci aƒu Daxe aƒu Fon aƒu Gbekon aƒu Gbesi aƒu Gbin aƒu Gbokpa aƒu Gen aƒu Gun aƒu Ho aƒu Kotafon aƒu Kpase aƒu Kpelen aƒu Kpesi aƒu Maxi aƒu Movolo aƒu Saxwe aƒu Se aƒu Seto aƒu Tofin aƒu Togo aƒu Toli aƒu Vlin aƒu Vo aƒu Waci aƒu Wance aƒu Weme aƒu Wundi aƒu Xwela aƒu Xwla (eastern) aƒu Xwla (western) aƒu
114
5. langue
Adan aƒe Agbome ƒÿ Agoi/Glidji aƒe Agu aƒe Aja-Dogbo aƒe Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) aƒe Aja-Hwe (Azovè) aƒe Aja-Hwe (Gboto) aƒe Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) aƒu Aja-Sikpi aƒÿ Ajra ÿƒÿ Alada oƒÿ Anexo aƒÿ Arohun ƒÿ Aveno aƒe Awlan aƒe Ayizo aƒÿ Be aƒe Ci ƒÿ Daxe ÿƒÿ Fon ƒÿ Gbekon eƒÿ ÿƒÿ oƒÿ Gbesi ƒÿ Gbin aƒe Gbokpa oƒÿ ýƒÿ Gen aƒe Gun oƒÿ Ho aƒÿ Kotafon ƒÿ Kpase ƒÿ Kpelen aƒÿ Kpesi aƒe Maxi ƒÿ Movolo ÿƒÿ Saxwe ÿƒÿ Se ÿƒÿ Seto oƒÿ Tofin ÿƒÿ Togo aƒe Toli oƒÿ Vlin aƒe Vo aƒÿ Waci aƒÿ Wance aƒe Weme oƒÿ Wundi aƒe Xwela eƒÿ Xwla (eastern) oƒÿ Xwla (western) ÿƒÿ
6. tète
Adan eta Agbome ta Agoi/Glidji eta Agu ta Aja-Dogbo ata Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eta Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eta Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ata Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) aƒe Aja-Sikpi ota Ajra takuË Alada ota Anexo eta Arohun ota Aveno eta Awlan eta Ayizo ‡ta Be eta Ci ta Daxe ota Fon ta Gbekon ta Gbesi ota Gbin eta Gbokpa ota Gen eta Gun ota Ho eta Kotafon taa Kpase ta Kpelen ÿta Kpesi eta Maxi nta Movolo takuË Saxwe ota Se ota Seto takuË Tofin takuË Togo eta Toli takuË Vlin eta Vo ÿta Waci ÿta Wance eta Weme ota Wundi eta Xwela takuË Xwla (eastern) ota Xwla (western) eta
115
7. cou
Adan eký Agbome ký Agoi/Glidji eký Agu eký Aja-Dogbo eký Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eký Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eký Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eký Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eký Aja-Sikpi eký oký Ajra oký Alada oký Anexo eký Arohun oký Aveno eký Awlan eký Ayizo ‡ký Be eký Ci cý Daxe ohlo Fon ký Gbekon ký vÿgo Gbesi oký Gbin ‡ký Gbokpa oko oký Gen eký Gun oký Ho ‡ký Kotafon ký Kpase ký Kpelen ÿký Kpesi eký Maxi ký cý Movolo oký Saxwe oký Se ohlo Seto kýtuË Tofin oký Togo eký Toli oký Vlin ‡ký Vo ÿký Waci ÿký Wance eký Weme oký Wundi eký Xwela iký Xwla (eastern) oký Xwla (western) eký
8. ventre
Adan fodo Agbome adýgo Agoi/Glidji podo Agu ƒodo Aja-Dogbo hodu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xodu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) xodu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) hodu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) fodo Aja-Sikpi dýma Ë Ajra ýƒýgo Alada adýgo Anexo adýma Ë Arohun adýgo Aveno ƒodo Awlan fodo Ayizo podo Be ƒodo Ci xodo Daxe dýma Ë Fon adýgo Gbekon oƒýgo Gbesi xoma Ë Gbin dýma Ë Gbokpa adýgo xoto Gen adýma Ë podo Gun xoto Ho epo Kotafon hoto Kpase adýgo Kpelen podo Kpesi podo Maxi ƒýgo Movolo ýdýgý Saxwe dýma Ë Se dýma Ë Seto xoto Tofin ýdýgý Togo fodo Toli adýgbe Vlin dýma Ë Vo dýma Ë Waci dýma Ë Wance ƒodo Weme adýgo Wundi fodo Xwela ýdýgý Xwla (eastern) goto Xwla (western) ýdý
116
9. cordon du ventre
Adan ahýË Agbome hýË Agoi/Glidji axýËvi Agu agbugbý Aja-Dogbo hýËvi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ehýË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) exýË Aja-Hwe (Gboto) hýËvi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi hýËvi Ajra ýhýË Alada aƒývi Anexo ahýË Arohun hýËka Ë hýË Aveno avugbý Awlan ahýË Ayizo axýËvi Be agbugbý Ci hýËvi Daxe ýhýË Fon hýË hýËvi Gbekon hý ohý Gbesi axýnuË Gbin agýbý Gbokpa axýËvi Gen ahýË Gun ahýË Ho agýbý Kotafon ---- Kpase xýËvi Kpelen agbýgbý Kpesi ahýËvi Maxi hýka Ë Movolo ýhýËka Ë Saxwe axýËvi Se ýhýË Seto ahýË Tofin ýhýËka Ë Togo agbugbý Toli ahýka Ë Vlin agýbý Vo ahýË Waci ahýË Wance ahýË Weme ohýË Wundi ahýË Xwela oxýËvi Xwla (eastern) ýhýË Xwla (western) ýhýËvi
10. sein
Adan enýË Agbome anýË Agoi/Glidji anýË Agu nýË Aja-Dogbo anýË Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) anýË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) anýË Aja-Hwe (Gboto) anýË Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) enýË Aja-Sikpi anýË Ajra ýnýË Alada anýË Anexo anýË Arohun anýË Aveno anýË Awlan enýË Ayizo anýË Be anýË Ci anýË Daxe ýnýË Fon anýË Gbekon onýË Gbesi anýË Gbin enýË Gbokpa anýË Gen anýË Gun anýË Ho enýË Kotafon anýË Kpase anýË Kpelen ÿnýË Kpesi anýË Maxi anýË Movolo ýnýË Saxwe anýË Se ýnýË Seto anýË Tofin ýnýË Togo anýË Toli anýË Vlin enýË Vo anýË Waci anýË Wance enýË Weme anýË Wundi enýË Xwela onýË Xwla (eastern) ýnýË Xwla (western) ýnýË
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11. genou
Adan eklo Agbome koli Agoi/Glidji eklo Agu koli Aja-Dogbo eklo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eklo kloË÷tÿvi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eklo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eklo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eklo Aja-Sikpi eklota klita Ajra xligo Alada kiligonuË Anexo eklo Arohun kiligonuË Aveno koli klonuË Awlan eklo Ayizo kligonuË Be klonuË Ci klotanuË Daxe klita Fon koli Gbekon kiligo Gbesi kolonuË Gbin eklo Gbokpa koligo klota Gen eklý Gun klo Ho eklo Kotafon kligonuË Kpase koli Kpelen koli Kpesi kolitevi Maxi kogoli Movolo anœëklo Saxwe klitanuË Se klita Seto koligo Tofin anœëklo Togo klonuË Toli xligo Vlin eklo Vo ÿklo Waci ÿklo kloË÷kui Wance eklo Weme kiligonuË Wundi eklo Xwela kolikpa Ë Xwla (eastern) koligo Xwla (western) ýklonuË
12. ongle
Adan fetu Agbome fa Ë Agoi/Glidji fesuË Agu fecu Aja-Dogbo efa Ë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) fa Ësu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) efa Ë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) efa Ë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) fecu Aja-Sikpi ÿfa Ë Ajra efa Ë Alada ofa Ë Anexo fesu Arohun ofa Ë Aveno fecu Awlan fetu Ayizo fecu Be fesu Ci fa Ë Daxe efa Ë Fon fa Ë Gbekon efa Ë Gbesi ofa Ë Gbin efa Ë Gbokpa ofa Ë Gen fesuË Gun ofa Ë Ho efa Ë Kotafon fa Ë Kpase fa Ë Kpelen ÿfÿ Kpesi efesu efevi Maxi fa Ë Movolo ÿfa Ë Saxwe efa Ë Se efa Ë Seto fa ËtuË Tofin efa Ë Togo fesu Toli ofa Ë Vlin efa Ë Vo fecu Waci fecu Wance fecu Weme ofa Ë Wundi fecu Xwela efa Ë Xwla (eastern) ofaË Xwla (western) ÿfa Ë
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13. peau
Adan ÷uËtigbalÿ Agbome a™uË Agoi/Glidji agbaze Agu nti Aja-Dogbo gbaza Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) gbaza Aja-Hwe (Azovè) gbaza gotu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) gbaza Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) agbaje Aja-Sikpi gbaza Ajra ayu Alada agbasa a™uË Anexo agbaze Arohun awutu Aveno agbaje Awlan ÷uËtigbalÿ Ayizo agbazi Be agbaze Ci awutu Daxe gbaza Fon a™uË Gbekon agbaza Gbesi awutu Gbin nti ewœë Gbokpa agbaza Gen agbaze Gun agbaza Ho ewœë Kotafon agbaza Kpase agbaza wutu Kpelen agbaje Kpesi agbaze Maxi a™uË Movolo ayu Saxwe gbaza Se gbaza Seto agbaza Tofin ayu Togo agbaze Toli ayu wutu Vlin ewœë Vo agbaje Waci agbaje Wance agbaje Weme a™uË awutu Wundi agbaje Xwela agbaza Xwla (eastern) agbaza Xwla (western) agbaza
14. homme
Adan ÷uËtsu Agbome sunuË Agoi/Glidji nsu Agu ncu Aja-Dogbo nsu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ÷su Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ÷su Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ncu Aja-Sikpi gbÿtý Ajra xwuËxwa Ë Alada sunuËsi Anexo nsu Arohun sunuËsi Aveno nuËcu ncu Awlan ÷uËtsu Ayizo ncu Be nuËcu ncu Ci sunuË Daxe gbÿtý Fon sunuË gbÿtý Gbekon sunuËsi Gbesi sunuË Gbin ncu Gbokpa sunuËsi Gen nsu Gun sunuË Ho ncu Kotafon sunuË Kpase sunuË Kpelen ncu Kpesi ncu Maxi sunuË suna Ë Movolo suËsi Saxwe nsuglo Se gbÿtý Seto xwuËxwa Ë Tofin suËsi Togo nuËcu Toli xwuËxwa Ë Vlin ncu Vo ÷cu Waci ÷cu Wance ncu Weme gbÿtý Wundi ncu Xwela sruË Xwla (eastern) suËnuË Xwla (western) uËsuË
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15. mari, époux
Adan srýË ÷uËtsu Agbome asu Agoi/Glidji esrýË Agu acu Aja-Dogbo asu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) asu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) asu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) asu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) esrýË Aja-Sikpi asu Ajra osu Alada asu Anexo esrýË Arohun asu Aveno esrýË Awlan srýË ÷uËtsu Ayizo ‡srýË Be srýË ncu Ci asu Daxe suwe Fon asu Gbekon asu Gbesi asu Gbin esrýË Gbokpa asu Gen esrýË Gun asu Ho esrýË Kotafon asu Kpase asu Kpelen esrýË Kpesi esrýË Maxi asu Movolo osu Saxwe osu Se suwe Seto asu Tofin osu Togo srýË Toli asu osu Vlin esrýË Vo esrýË Waci esrýË Wance esrýË Weme asu Wundi esrýË Xwela osu Xwla (eastern) acu Xwla (western) ýsu
16. père
Adan etý Agbome tý Agoi/Glidji etý Agu etý Aja-Dogbo eda Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eda Aja-Hwe (Azovè) da Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eda Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) etý Aja-Sikpi etý Ajra baba Alada otý Anexo etý Arohun otý Aveno etý Awlan etý fofo Ayizo etý Be etý Ci tý Daxe otý sunuË Fon tý Gbekon otý Gbesi atý Gbin tý Gbokpa otý atý Gen etý Gun baba Ho tý Kotafon tý Kpase tý Kpelen papa Kpesi etý Maxi tý Movolo otý Saxwe dida Se otý sunuË Seto baba Tofin otý Togo etý Toli otý Vlin tý Vo etý Waci etý Wance etý Weme otý Wundi etý Xwela itý Xwla (eastern) baba Xwla (western) etý
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17. femme
Adan ™ýËnuË Agbome ™ýËnuË Agoi/Glidji ™ýËnuË Agu ™ýËnuË Aja-Dogbo ™ýËnuË Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ™ýËnuË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ™ýËnuË Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ™ýËnuË Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ™ýËnuË Aja-Sikpi ™ýËnuË Ajra ™ýËsi Alada ™ýËnuËsi Anexo ™ýËnuË Arohun ™ýËnuËsi Aveno ™ýËnuË Awlan ™ýËnuË Ayizo ™ýËnuË Be ™ýËnuË Ci asi Daxe ™ýËnuË Fon ™ýËnuË Gbekon ™ýËnuËsi Gbesi ™ýËnuË Gbin ™ýËnuË Gbokpa ™ýËnuË ™ýËnuËsi Gen ™ýËnuË Gun ™ýËnuË Ho ™ýËnuË Kotafon ™ýËnuË Kpase ™ýËnuË Kpelen ™ýËnuË Kpesi ™ýËnuË Maxi ™ýËna Ë ™ýËnuË Movolo ™ýËsi Saxwe ™ýËnuË Se ™ýËnuË Seto ™ýËnuËsi Tofin ™ýËsi Togo ™ýËnuË Toli ™ýËsi Vlin ™ýËnuË Vo ™ýËnuË Waci ™ýËnuË Wance ™ýËnuË Weme asi Wundi ™ýËnuË Xwela ™ýËsi Xwla (eastern) ™ýËnuËsi Xwla (western) ™ýËnuË
18. épouse
Adan srýË ™ýËnuË Agbome asi Agoi/Glidji esrýË Agu asi Aja-Dogbo asi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) aci Aja-Hwe (Azovè) aSi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) asi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) esrý ™ýËnuË Aja-Sikpi asi Ajra osi yawo Alada asi Anexo esrýË Arohun asi Aveno srýË Awlan srýË ™ýËnuË Ayizo ‡srýË Be srýË ™ýËnuË Ci asi Daxe siye Fon asi Gbekon asi Gbesi asi Gbin esrýË Gbokpa asi Gen esrýË Gun asi Ho esrýË Kotafon asi Kpase asi Kpelen esrýË Kpesi esrýË Maxi asi Movolo osi Saxwe osi Se siye Seto asi Tofin osi Togo srýË ™ýËnuË Toli asi osi Vlin esrýË Vo esrýË Waci esrýË Wance esrýË ™ýËnuË Weme asi Wundi esrýË Xwela osi Xwla (eastern) aci Xwla (western) ýsi
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19. nom
Adan ÷ký Agbome ™œëký Agoi/Glidji ™œëký Agu ÷ký Aja-Dogbo ™œëký Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ÷ký Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ™œëký Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ™œëký Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ÷ký Aja-Sikpi ™œëký Ajra ™œëký Alada ™œëký Anexo ™œëký Arohun ™œëký Aveno ÷ký Awlan ÷ký Ayizo ™œëký Be ÷ký Ci ™œëký Daxe ™œëký Fon ™œëký Gbekon ™œëký Gbesi a™œëký Gbin ÷ký Gbokpa ÷ký a™œëký Gen ™œëký Gun ™œëký Ho ÷ký Kotafon a™œëký Kpase nký Kpelen nký Kpesi ÷ký Maxi ™œëký Movolo ™œëký Saxwe ™œëký Se ™œëký Seto ™œëký Tofin ™œëký Togo ÷ký Toli ™œëký Vlin ÷ký Vo ™œëký Waci ™œëký Wance ÷ký Weme ™œëký Wundi ÷ký Xwela ™œëký Xwla (eastern) ™œëký Xwla (western) ™œëký
20. vache
Adan e™œë Agbome ™œëbu Agoi/Glidji e™œë Agu e™œë Aja-Dogbo xwe÷œë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xe÷œë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) xwe÷œë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xwe™œë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e™œë Aja-Sikpi ™œëbu Ajra ÿnœësi Alada o™œë Anexo e™œë Arohun ™œë ™œëbu Aveno e™œë Awlan e™œë Ayizo ™œëbu Be ™œënýË Ci a™œëbu Daxe ™œëbu o™œë Fon ™œëbu Gbekon e™œë Gbesi a™œëbu Gbin e™œë Gbokpa ™œëbu Gen e™œë Gun o™œë Ho e™œë Kotafon a™œëbu Kpase ™œëbu Kpelen ÿ™œë Kpesi e™œë Maxi ™œëbu Movolo ÿnœësi Saxwe ™œëbu Se ™œëbu Seto o™œë Tofin ÿnœësi Togo ™œënýË Toli o™œë ÿ™œë Vlin e™œë Vo ÿ™œë Waci ÿ™œë Wance e™œë Weme o™œë Wundi e™œë Xwela ™œëbu Xwla (eastern) ÿ™œë Xwla (western) ÿ™œë
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21. chèvre
Adan egbýË Agbome gbý gbýgbýÿ Agoi/Glidji egbý Agu egbý Aja-Dogbo egbý Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) egbý Aja-Hwe (Azovè) egbý Aja-Hwe (Gboto) egbý Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) gbýnýË Aja-Sikpi ogbý Ajra gbý Alada ogbýgbýÿ Anexo gbýgboe Arohun ogbý Aveno egbý Awlan egbýË Ayizo ‡gbý Be gbýnýË Ci gbý Daxe ogbý Fon xwegbý Gbekon gbý Gbesi gbý Gbin egbý Gbokpa ogbý gbagba Gen gbýgboe Gun gbý Ho egbý Kotafon gbý Kpase gbý Kpelen egbý Kpesi egbý Maxi kpý Movolo ogbý Saxwe ogbý Se ogbý Seto ogbý Tofin ogbý Togo gbýnýË Toli gbý Vlin egbý Vo egbý Waci egbý Wance gbýnýË Weme gbýgbýÿ Wundi gbýnýË Xwela igbý Xwla (eastern) ogbý Xwla (western) egbý
22. chien
Adan avu Agbome cuku Agoi/Glidji avuË Agu avu Aja-Dogbo avu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) avuË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) avu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) avu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) avu Aja-Sikpi ovuË Ajra ovuË Alada xweka Ëlœë Anexo avuË Arohun avuË Aveno avu Awlan avu Ayizo avuË Be avu Ci duvi Daxe ovuË Fon cuku Gbekon avuË Gbesi avuË Gbin aƒuË Gbokpa avuË duvi Gen avuË Gun avuË Ho avuË Kotafon duvi Kpase avuË Kpelen avu Kpesi avu Maxi afuË Movolo avuË Saxwe ovuË Se ovuË Seto avuË Tofin avuË Togo avu Toli avuË ovuË Vlin avuË Vo avuË Waci avuË Wance avu Weme hweka Ë™œë Wundi avu Xwela ovu Xwla (eastern) avuË Xwla (western) ývuË
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23. éléphant
Adan atigli™œë Agbome ajina Ëku Agoi/Glidji atiginœë Agu atigli™œë Aja-Dogbo ajina Ëku Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ga Ëlœë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ajina Ëku Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ajina Ëku Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) tegli™œë Aja-Sikpi ajina Ëku Ajra ajraËku Alada ajina Ëkugeli Anexo atigœëlœë Arohun ajana Ëku Aveno atigli™œë Awlan atigli™œë Ayizo atœëgilœë Be atigli™œë Ci jija Ëkugelu Daxe o™œë ajina Ëku Fon ajina Ëku Gbekon ajaËna Ëku Gbesi ajina Ëku Gbin atigli™œë Gbokpa ajina Ëku Gen atigœëlœë Gun ajina Ëku Ho atigli™œë Kotafon ajina Ëku Kpase ajina Ëku Kpelen tigli™œë Kpesi atigli™œë Maxi ajina Ëku Movolo ajlaËku Saxwe ekpý Se o™œë ajina Ëku Seto ajina Ëku Tofin ajlaËku Togo atigli™œë Toli ajraËku Vlin atigli™œë Vo tigœëlœë Waci tigœëlœë Wance tegli™œë Weme ajaËna Ëku Wundi tegli™œë Xwela ajina Ëku Xwla (eastern) ajinaËku Xwla (western) ajraËku
24. serpent
Adan eda Ë Agbome odaË Agoi/Glidji edaË Agu eda Aja-Dogbo la Ëvi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eda Ë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eda Ë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) la Ëvi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eda Aja-Sikpi la Ëvi Ajra odaË Alada odaË Anexo eda Ë Arohun odaË Aveno eda Awlan eda Ë Ayizo ‡da Ë Be eda Ë Ci da Ë Daxe la Ëvi Fon da Ë Gbekon da Gbesi odaË Gbin eda Gbokpa odaË Gen eda Ë Gun odaË Ho eda Kotafon da Ë Kpase da Ë Kpelen eda Kpesi eda Ë Maxi ƒa Ë Movolo odaË Saxwe odaË Se la Ëvi Seto odaË Tofin odaË Togo eda Ë Toli odaË Vlin eda Vo eda Ë Waci eda Ë Wance eda Weme odaË Wundi eda Xwela ida Ë Xwla (eastern) odaË Xwla (western) edaË
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25. poux
Adan eyý Agbome jý Agoi/Glidji eyý Agu eyý Aja-Dogbo eyýÿ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eyýÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eyýÿ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eyýÿ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eyýÿ Aja-Sikpi ojý Ajra oju Alada ojý Anexo eyý Arohun ojý Aveno eyý Awlan eyý Ayizo jý Be eyý Ci jý Daxe ojý Fon jý Gbekon jý Gbesi ojý Gbin eji Gbokpa ojý Gen eyý Gun jý Ho eyýÿ Kotafon jý Kpase jý Kpelen ÿyýÿ Kpesi eyý Maxi jý Movolo ojý Saxwe ojý Se ojý Seto ojý Tofin ojý Togo eyý Toli ojý Vlin eji Vo eyý Waci eyý Wance eyýÿ Weme jý Wundi eyýÿ Xwela ijý Xwla (eastern) ojý Xwla (western) ejý
26. poulet
Adan koklo Agbome koklo Agoi/Glidji koklo Agu koklo Aja-Dogbo kloklo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kloklo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) kloklo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kloklo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) koklo Aja-Sikpi kokolo Ajra koklo Alada okokolo Anexo kokolo Arohun koklo Aveno koklo Awlan koklo Ayizo koklo Be koklo Ci kokolo Daxe koklo Fon koklo Gbekon kokolo Gbesi kokolo Gbin koklo Gbokpa koklo Gen kokolo Gun koklo Ho koklo Kotafon koklo Kpase koklo Kpelen koklo Kpesi koklo Maxi koklo Movolo koklo Saxwe koklo Se koklo Seto koklo Tofin koklo Togo koklo Toli koklo Vlin koklo Vo koklo Waci koklo Wance koklo Weme kokolo Wundi koklo Xwela koklo Xwla (eastern) koklo Xwla (western) koklo
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27. oiseau
Adan xevi Agbome xÿ Agoi/Glidji xevi Agu xevi Aja-Dogbo xevi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xÿvi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) xevi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xevi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) xevi Aja-Sikpi oxÿ Ajra ÿxÿ Alada oxÿ Anexo xevi Arohun xÿvi xÿ Aveno xevi Awlan xevi Ayizo xevi Be xevi Ci xÿvi xÿ Daxe oxe Fon xÿ Gbekon oxÿ Gbesi oxÿ Gbin xevi Gbokpa xÿvi oxÿ Gen xevi Gun oxÿ Ho xevi Kotafon xÿvi Kpase xÿ Kpelen xÿvi Kpesi xevi Maxi xÿvi Movolo ÿxÿ Saxwe oxÿ Se oxe Seto oxÿ Tofin ÿxÿ Togo xevi Toli xÿyi oxÿ Vlin xevi Vo xevi Waci xevi Wance xevi Weme oxÿ Wundi xevi Xwela exÿ Xwla (eastern) ÿxÿ Xwla (western) ÿxÿ
28. plume
Adan xefu Agbome fuË Agoi/Glidji efuË Agu efu Aja-Dogbo efuË Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) efuË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) efu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) efuË Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) efu Aja-Sikpi oxÿfuË Ajra ofuË Alada oxÿfuË Anexo efuË Arohun xÿfuË Aveno efu Awlan xefu Ayizo ‡fu Be xefu Ci xÿfuË Daxe oxefuË Fon fuË Gbekon ofuË ofu Gbesi fuË Gbin efu Gbokpa oxÿfu ofu Gen efuË Gun xÿfuË Ho efu Kotafon fuË Kpase fuË Kpelen ÿfu Kpesi efu Maxi xÿfuË Movolo ofuË Saxwe ofuË Se oxefuË Seto fuË Tofin ofuË Togo xefu Toli xÿfuË Vlin efu Vo efuË Waci efuË Wance efu Weme ofuË Wundi efu Xwela ofuË Xwla (eastern) ofuË Xwla (western) ýfuË
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29. corne
Adan azo Agbome zo azo Agoi/Glidji azo Agu ejo Aja-Dogbo azo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ezo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ezo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) dzo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ejo Aja-Sikpi azo Ajra azo Alada azo Anexo azo Arohun azo Aveno azo Awlan azo Ayizo ajo Be azo Ci azo Daxe azo Fon zo Gbekon ozo Gbesi azo Gbin ejo Gbokpa azo Gen azo Gun azo Ho ejo Kotafon azo Kpase zo Kpelen ÿjo Kpesi ezo Maxi zo Movolo azo Saxwe azo Se azo Seto azo Tofin azo Togo azo Toli azo Vlin ejo Vo ajo Waci ajo Wance ejo Weme azo Wundi ejo Xwela ozo Xwla (eastern) ýjo Xwla (western) ----
30. queue
Adan asikÿ Agbome osi si Agoi/Glidji asike Agu asike Aja-Dogbo Sike Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Sike Aja-Hwe (Azovè) Sike Aja-Hwe (Gboto) Sike Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) asige Aja-Sikpi sike Ajra osi Alada osi Anexo asike Arohun osi Aveno asike Awlan asikÿ Ayizo asik‡ Be sike Ci si Daxe výnuË Fon si Gbekon esi Gbesi asi Gbin eblÿ Gbokpa asike Gen asike Gun osi Ho eblÿ Kotafon asige Kpase sike Kpelen ÿble Kpesi asige Maxi si Movolo asi Saxwe fýga Ë Se výnuË Seto osi Tofin asi Togo sike Toli osi Vlin eblÿ Vo asike Waci asike Wance asige Weme usi Wundi asige Xwela ovýnuË Xwla (eastern) osi ýnýËsœë Xwla (western) ovýnuË
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31. oeuf
Adan azi Agbome azœë Agoi/Glidji azœë Agu azi Aja-Dogbo ajœë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) aZœë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) azœë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ajœë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) azi Aja-Sikpi azœë Ajra azœë Alada azœë Anexo azœë Arohun azœë Aveno azi Awlan azi Ayizo aZœë Be azœë Ci azœë Daxe azœë Fon azœë Gbekon azi Gbesi azœë Gbin azi Gbokpa azœë Gen azœë Gun azœë Ho azi Kotafon azœë Kpase azœë Kpelen azi Kpesi azi Maxi azœë Movolo azœë Saxwe azœë Se azœë Seto azœë Tofin azœë Togo azœë Toli azœë Vlin azi Vo azœë Waci azœë Wance azi Weme azœë Wundi azi Xwela azœë Xwla (eastern) azœë Xwla (western) azœë
32. lait
Adan anýËtsi Agbome nýËsœë Agoi/Glidji anýËsi Agu nýËci Aja-Dogbo anýËsi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) anýËSu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) anýËSu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) anýËsi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) anýËci Aja-Sikpi anýËsœë Ajra ýnýËsœë Alada anýËsœë Anexo anýËsi Arohun anýËsi Aveno anýËci Awlan anýËtsi Ayizo anýËsi Be anýËsi Ci anýËsœë Daxe anýËsœë Fon anýËsœë Gbekon onýËsœë Gbesi anýËsœë Gbin enýËci Gbokpa anýËsi Gen anýËsi Gun anýËsœë Ho enýËci Kotafon anýËsœë Kpase anýËsi Kpelen ýnýËti Kpesi anýËci Maxi anýËsœë Movolo ýnýËsœë Saxwe anýËsi Se anýËsœë Seto anýËsœë Tofin ýnýËsœë Togo anýËsi Toli anýËsœë Vlin enýËci Vo anýËci Waci anýËci Wance anýËci Weme anýËsœë Wundi anýËci Xwela anýËsi Xwla (eastern) ýnýËsœë Xwla (western) ýnýËsœë
128
33. graisse
Adan amœë Agbome jo Agoi/Glidji amœë Agu amœë Aja-Dogbo amœë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) amœë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) amœë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) amœë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) amœë Aja-Sikpi oju Ajra oju Alada ojo Anexo amœë Arohun ojo Aveno amœë Awlan amœë Ayizo jo Be amœë Ci ojo Daxe oju Fon jo Gbekon jo Gbesi oju Gbin amœë Gbokpa oju Gen amœë Gun ojo jo Ho amœë Kotafon jo Kpase jo Kpelen amœë Kpesi amœë Maxi jo Movolo oju Saxwe oju Se oju Seto oju Tofin oju Togo amœë Toli oju Vlin amœë Vo amœë Waci amœë Wance amœë Weme ojo Wundi amœë Xwela oju Xwla (eastern) ojo Xwla (western) eju
34. pot
Adan eze Agbome jaË Agoi/Glidji eze Agu eze ezý Aja-Dogbo eze Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) zevi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eze Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eze Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi ÿza Ë Ajra kplÿgba Ë Alada oza Ë Anexo eze Arohun oza Ë Aveno eze Awlan eze Ayizo za Ë Be eze Ci za Ë Daxe oza Ë Fon za Ë Gbekon eza Ëvi Gbesi oza Ë Gbin eze Gbokpa dozaË za Ë Gen ---- Gun oza Ë za Ë Ho eze Kotafon za Ë Kpase za Ë Kpelen ÿzÿ Kpesi eze Maxi sa Ë Movolo oza Ë Saxwe oza Ë Se oza Ë Seto oza Ë Tofin oza Ë Togo eze Toli kpanuË Vlin eze Vo ÿza Ë Waci ÿza Ë Wance ÿza Ë Weme ka Wundi ÿza Ë Xwela iza Ë Xwla (eastern) ozaË Xwla (western) ezœë
129
35. couteau
Adan ehÿ Agbome jivi Agoi/Glidji kakla Agu exe Aja-Dogbo ewi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ewi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ewi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ewi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kakla Aja-Sikpi ehwi Ajra jivu Alada oha Anexo kakla Arohun ohi Aveno ehi ehÿ Awlan ehÿ Ayizo xa Be xi ehe Ci ohwi havi Daxe na ËhuËgbohi jivi Fon jivi hlilikÿ Gbekon ohavi Gbesi oxi Gbin exÿ Gbokpa oxi Gen kakla Gun ohi Ho exÿ Kotafon xiklÿvi Kpase jivi Kpelen ÿxÿ Kpesi kakla Maxi civi Movolo oji Saxwe oxwi Se na ËhuËgbohi Seto oji Tofin oji Togo xi ehe Toli jivu jikpÿvu Vlin exÿ Vo ÿvi Waci ÿwi Wance kakla Weme oha Wundi kakla Xwela iji Xwla (eastern) oji Xwla (western) ehi
36. siège
Adan ezi Agbome zœëkpo Agoi/Glidji azikpe Agu ama Ëgoe azikpui Aja-Dogbo jikpœë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Zœëkpœë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) jikpœë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) jikpa Ë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi zœëkpoe Ajra ojaË Alada azœëkpo Anexo azikpe Arohun akpotœë Aveno azikpui Awlan ezi Ayizo atœëkpo Be tefe Ci ma Ëgoevi azœëkpo kpo kpo Daxe okpo azœëkpoe Fon zœëkpo Gbekon atikpo akpoti Gbesi atœëkpo Gbin kpukpo Gbokpa azœëkpo atœëkpo Gen azikpe Gun ojaË Ho kpukpo Kotafon Kpase azœëkpo Kpelen ÿzikpe Kpesi azikpe Maxi zœëkpo Movolo ojaË Saxwe ---- Se okpo Seto toklo Tofin ojaË Togo tefe Toli awa ËsœënuË ojaË Vlin kpukpo Vo azikpo Waci azikpo Wance azikpo Weme jaË kpoti Wundi azikpo Xwela zœëkpe Xwla (eastern) ajœëkpo Xwla (western) azœëkpe
130
37. case
Adan exý Agbome xý Agoi/Glidji exý Agu exý Aja-Dogbo exý Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) exý Aja-Hwe (Azovè) exý Aja-Hwe (Gboto) exý Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) exý Aja-Sikpi oxý Ajra oxý Alada oxý Anexo exý Arohun oxý Aveno exý Awlan oxý Ayizo xý Be xý Ci xý Daxe oxý Fon xý Gbekon xý Gbesi oxý Gbin exý Gbokpa oxý Gen exý Gun oxý Ho exý Kotafon xý Kpase xý Kpelen exý Kpesi exý Maxi xý Movolo oxý Saxwe oxý Se oxý Seto oxý Tofin oxý Togo xý Toli oxý Vlin exý Vo exý Waci exý Wance exý Weme oxý Wundi exý Xwela ixý Xwla (eastern) oxý Xwla (western) exý
38. village
Adan kofe Agbome gletoxo Agoi/Glidji kýpe axwe Agu afe edu Aja-Dogbo axwe Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kýxwi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) axwe Aja-Hwe (Gboto) axwe Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi oto Ajra gbeta Alada ogletoxo Anexo kýpe ký™œë Arohun geletoxo Aveno kýƒe Awlan kofe Ayizo gbeta Be kýfe Ci xwe Daxe oto Fon gletoxo Gbekon geletoxo Gbesi xwe to Gbin kýpe Gbokpa oxwe ýxwe Gen kýpe kýËji Gun to Ho kýpe Kotafon ---- Kpase gletoxo Kpelen kýpe Kpesi kýpe Maxi he Movolo oto Saxwe oxwe Se oto Seto oto Tofin oto Togo kýfe Toli gbeta Vlin kýpe Vo agbleta Waci agbleta Wance agbleta Weme ---- Wundi agbleta Xwela ito Xwla (eastern) to Xwla (western) ýxwe
131
39. ficelle
Adan eka Agbome ka Ë Agoi/Glidji eka Agu eka Aja-Dogbo eka Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eka Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eka Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eka Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eka Aja-Sikpi eka Ë Ajra seka Ë Alada oka Ë Anexo ekavi Arohun oka Ë Aveno eka Awlan eka Ayizo ka Ë Be ƒecika Ci ka Ë Daxe oka Ë Fon ka Ë Gbekon oka Gbesi ka Ë Gbin eka Gbokpa oka Ë Gen ekavi Gun oka Ë Ho eka Kotafon ka Ë Kpase ka Ë Kpelen ÿka Kpesi eka Maxi ka Ë Movolo okaË Saxwe oka Ë Se oka Ë Seto oka Ë Tofin oka Ë Togo ƒecika Toli oka Ë Vlin eka Vo eka Waci eka Wance eka Weme oka Ë Wundi eka Xwela oka Ë Xwla (eastern) okaË Xwla (western) ekaË
40. nuit
Adan eza Ë Agbome za Ë Agoi/Glidji ezaË Agu eza Ë Aja-Dogbo za Ë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) za Ë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eza Ë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) za Ë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eza Ë Aja-Sikpi oza Ë Ajra oza Ë Alada oza Ë Anexo eza Ë Arohun oza Ë Aveno za Ë Awlan eza Ë Ayizo za Ë Be za Ë Ci za Ë Daxe oza Ë Fon za Ë Gbekon oza Gbesi oza Ë Gbin za Ë Gbokpa za Ë oza Ë Gen ezaË Gun oza Ë Ho za Ë Kotafon za Ë Kpase za Ë Kpelen za Ë Kpesi eza Ë Maxi za Ë Movolo oza Ë Saxwe oza Ë Se oza Ë Seto oza Ë Tofin oza Ë Togo za Ë Toli oza Ë Vlin za Ë Vo za Ë Waci za Ë Wance eza Ë Weme za Ë Wundi eza Ë Xwela oza Ë Xwla (eastern) ozaË Xwla (western) azaË
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41. lune
Adan dzinuË Agbome suË Agoi/Glidji wetri Agu wleti Aja-Dogbo xwleci Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) wleci Aja-Hwe (Azovè) wleci Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xwleci Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) xleti Aja-Sikpi ÿsuË Ajra osuË Alada osuË Anexo wetri Arohun osuË Aveno wleti Awlan dzinuË Ayizo suË Be wleti Ci suËxwe suË Daxe osuË Fon suË Gbekon su Gbesi suËxwle Gbin jinuË letri Gbokpa osuË Gen wetri Gun suËxwlÿ Ho jinuË Kotafon suË Kpase suË Kpelen wleti Kpesi wetri Maxi suË Movolo osuË Saxwe osuË Se osuË Seto osuË Tofin osuË Togo wleti Toli osuË Vlin jinuË Vo ewli Waci ewli Wance xleti Weme osuË Wundi xleti Xwela isuË Xwla (eastern) cuË Xwla (western) esuË
42. étoile
Adan xlilivi Agbome suËvi Agoi/Glidji wetrivi Agu wletivi Aja-Dogbo xwlecivi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) wlecivi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) wlecivi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xwlecivi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) xletivi Aja-Sikpi osuËhwevi Ajra suËhwlevu suËvi Alada osuËvi Anexo wetrivi Arohun osuËvi Aveno wletivi Awlan xlilivi Ayizo suËvi Be wletivi Ci suËvi Daxe osuËhwehwevi Fon suËvi Gbekon suvi Gbesi suËvi Gbin letrivi Gbokpa suËxwlÿvi Gen wetrivi Gun suËxwlÿvi Ho letrivi Kotafon suËvi Kpase suËvi Kpelen wletivi Kpesi wetrivi Maxi suËvi Movolo suËvi Saxwe osuËvi Se osuËhwehwevi Seto suËvi Tofin suËvi Togo wletivi Toli suËvi Vlin letrivi Vo witri Waci witri Wance xletivi Weme osuËvi Wundi xletivi Xwela suËvi Xwla (eastern) cuËvi Xwla (western) suËhwÿlÿ
133
43. soleil
Adan ÷dý Agbome hwe Agoi/Glidji dýË÷kusu Agu ndý Aja-Dogbo ™œëdýË Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ™œëdýË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ewe Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ™œëdýË Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ndýkucu Aja-Sikpi ohwe Ajra ohwe Alada ohwe Anexo dýË÷kusu ohwe Arohun ohwenuËvý Aveno ndý xwe Awlan ÷dý Ayizo xwe nuËvý Be xwe Ci sývý Daxe ohwe Fon hwe Gbekon ohwelivý ohwe Gbesi xwevý Gbin ndý Gbokpa oxwe oxwevý Gen dýË÷kusu Gun ohwe Ho ndý Kotafon xlevý Kpase xwe Kpelen ndý Kpesi dýË÷kusu Maxi hezivý Movolo sývý Saxwe nœëdýË Se ohwe Seto oxwe Tofin sývý Togo xwe Toli ohwe Vlin ndý Vo ™œëƒý Waci ™œëdý Wance ndýkucu Weme hwenuËvý Wundi ndýkucu Xwela sÿzo Xwla (eastern) ohwe Xwla (western) ýnœëzýË
44. nuage
Adan alilikpo Agbome avivi Agoi/Glidji lilikpo Agu lilikpo Aja-Dogbo jœëkusi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) azý Aja-Hwe (Azovè) azý jœëkui Aja-Hwe (Gboto) jœëkusi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) axu Aja-Sikpi oju Ajra zœëvlu Alada ojiwu Anexo lilikpo Arohun jiwuwu jiwu Aveno lilikpo Awlan alilikpo Ayizo jixwesuË Be alilikpo Ci jiwu Daxe oju ojudo Fon akpýkpý Gbekon ejiwu Gbesi ---- Gbin lilikpo Gbokpa suËwý Gen lilikpo Gun ---- Ho lilikpo Kotafon jivotœëzý Kpase akplýkplý Kpelen lilikpo Kpesi jœëgý Maxi azý Movolo jlokuËdo Saxwe suËwý Se oju ojudo Seto ---- Tofin ---- Togo alilikpo Toli ahý Vlin lilikpo Vo jœë÷gba Waci jœë÷gba Wance axu Weme Wundi axu Xwela kpÿtÿvi Xwla (eastern) ýzizý Xwla (western) ývidrý
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45. pluie
Adan tsidzadza Agbome ji Agoi/Glidji eji Agu cijaja Aja-Dogbo eji Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eSi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eSi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ji Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ecijaja Aja-Sikpi eji Ajra jokuË Alada ojikuË Anexo eji Arohun oji Aveno cijaja Awlan tsidzadza Ayizo ji Be cijaja Ci ji Daxe oju Fon ji Gbekon eji Gbesi jikuË Gbin ecijaja Gbokpa ojikuË Gen eji Gun jikuË Ho ecijaja Kotafon ji Kpase ji Kpelen eci Kpesi eji Maxi ci Movolo jlokuË Saxwe oji Se oju Seto jokuË Tofin jlokuË Togo cijaja Toli jokuË Vlin ecijaja Vo eci Waci eci Wance ecijaja Weme oji Wundi ecijaja Xwela jokuË Xwla (eastern) jikuË Xwla (western) ýji
46. eau
Adan etsi Agbome sœë osœë Agoi/Glidji esi Agu ci Aja-Dogbo esi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eSi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) esi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) esi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eci Aja-Sikpi ÿsœë Ajra ÿsœë Alada osœë Anexo esi Arohun osœë Aveno ci Awlan etsi Ayizo sœë Be ci Ci asi Daxe ÿsœë Fon sœë Gbekon esœë Gbesi osœë Gbin ecinýËnuË Gbokpa osœë Gen esi Gun osœë Ho ecinýËnuË Kotafon sœë Kpase sœë Kpelen ÿti Kpesi esi Maxi sœë Movolo ÿsœë Saxwe ÿsœë Se ÿsœë Seto osœë Tofin ÿsœë Togo ci Toli osœë Vlin ecinýËnuË Vo eci Waci eci Wance eci Weme osœë Wundi eci Xwela esœë Xwla (eastern) ÿcœë Xwla (western) ÿsœë
135
47. feu
Adan edzo Agbome mœëýË Agoi/Glidji ezo Agu jo Aja-Dogbo ezo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ezo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ezo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ezo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ejo Aja-Sikpi ozo Ajra omœëýË Alada omœëýË Anexo ezo Arohun omœëýË Aveno jo Awlan edzo Ayizo mœëýË Be jo Ci zo Daxe ozo Fon mœëýË Gbekon mœëýË Gbesi ozo Gbin ejo Gbokpa ozo Gen ezo Gun mœëýË Ho ejo Kotafon zo Kpase zo mœëýË Kpelen ÿjo Kpesi ezo Maxi mœëýË Movolo omœëýË Saxwe ozo Se ozo Seto mœëýË Tofin omœëýË Togo jo Toli mœëýË Vlin ejo Vo ÿjo Waci ÿjo Wance ejo Weme mœëýË Wundi ejo Xwela izo Xwla (eastern) mœëýË Xwla (western) ezo
48. fumée
Adan dzudzo Agbome azý Agoi/Glidji azizý Agu ajujý Aja-Dogbo zizý Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Zizý Aja-Hwe (Azovè) azý Aja-Hwe (Gboto) zizý Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ajujý Aja-Sikpi Zizý Ajra ýzý Alada azý Anexo azizý Arohun azý Aveno ajujý Awlan dzudzo Ayizo azý Be ajujý Ci azý Daxe ýzo ýzý Fon azý Gbekon ozý Gbesi azizý Gbin ajijý Gbokpa azizý azý Gen azizý Gun azý Ho ajijý Kotafon azý Kpase azizý Kpelen ajijý Kpesi azizý Maxi zý Movolo ýzý Saxwe azizý Se ýzo ýzý Seto azý Tofin ýzý Togo ajujo Toli azý Vlin ajijý Vo ajijý Waci ajijý Wance ajujý Weme azý Wundi ajujý Xwela ozý Xwla (eastern) ýjý Xwla (western) ýzý
136
49. bois de chauffage
Adan na Ëke Agbome na Ëki Agoi/Glidji anaËke Agu ana Ëke Aja-Dogbo na Ëke Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) na Ëke Aja-Hwe (Azovè) na Ëke Aja-Hwe (Gboto) na Ëke Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ana Ëke Aja-Sikpi na Ëke Ajra na Ëke Alada na Ëki na Ëke Anexo ana Ëke Arohun na Ëke Aveno ana Ëke Awlan na Ëke Ayizo na Ëke Be ana Ëka Ci na Ëke Daxe na Ëkÿ Fon na Ëki Gbekon na Ëki Gbesi na Ëke Gbin na Ëkÿ Gbokpa na Ëke Gen ana Ëke Gun na Ëke Ho na Ëkÿ Kotafon na Ëke Kpase na Ëki Kpelen na Ëke Kpesi ana Ëke Maxi ƒaki Movolo na Ëke Saxwe na Ëke Se na Ëkÿ Seto na Ëke Tofin na Ëke Togo ana Ëka Toli na Ëke Vlin na Ëkÿ Vo ana Ëke Waci ana Ëke Wance ana Ëke Weme na Ëke Wundi ana Ëke Xwela na Ëke Xwla (eastern) naËke Xwla (western) naËke
50. cendres
Adan afi Agbome afœë Agoi/Glidji afœë Agu ---- Aja-Dogbo afi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) afœë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) asii Aja-Hwe (Gboto) afi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi afœë Ajra afœë Alada afœë Anexo afœë Arohun afœë Aveno afi Awlan afi Ayizo afœë Be afi Ci afœëfœë Daxe ofœë Fon afœë Gbekon afœë afi Gbesi afœë Gbin jýwý Gbokpa afœë azýfœë Gen afœë Gun afœë Ho jýwý Kotafon afœë Kpase afœë Kpelen jýfi Kpesi azýfi Maxi afœë Movolo afœë Saxwe ofœë Se ofœë Seto afœë Tofin afœë Togo afi Toli afœë Vlin jýwý Vo afi Waci afi Wance afi Weme afœë Wundi afi Xwela ofœë Xwla (eastern) afœë Xwla (western) ýfœë
137
51. terre
Adan a™œëgba Ë Agbome ayikuËgba Ë Agoi/Glidji a™œëgba Ë Agu a™œëgba Aja-Dogbo ™œëgba Ë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ™œëgba Ë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ™œëgba Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ™œëgba Ë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a™œëgba Aja-Sikpi ™œëgba Ë Ajra ayigba Alada ayigba Anexo a™œëgba Ë Arohun ayigba Aveno a™œëgba Ë Awlan a™œëgba Ë Ayizo ayigba Be a™œëgba Ci a™œëgba Ë Daxe ™œëkuËda Ë Fon ayikuËgba Ë Gbekon ayigba Gbesi ký Gbin a™œëgba Gbokpa ký Gen a™œëgba Ë Gun ayigba Ho a™œëgba Kotafon a™œëgba Kpase ayikuda Ë Kpelen a™œëgba Kpesi a™œëgba Maxi ayi Movolo asaxwÿ Saxwe ™œëxý Se ™œëkuËda Ë Seto ayigba Tofin asaxwÿ Togo a™œëgba Toli ayigba Vlin a™œëgba Vo a™œëgba Ë Waci a™œëgba Ë Wance a™œëgba Weme ayigba Wundi a™œëgba Xwela awla Ëglo Xwla (eastern) ayigba Xwla (western) awazaË
52. poussière
Adan vuvu Agbome afuËtuËtuË Agoi/Glidji xuËxuË Agu ßußu Aja-Dogbo xuËxuË Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xuËxuË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ---- Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xuËxuË Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi xuËxuË Ajra afœëfœë Alada afœëfœë Anexo xuËxuË Arohun afœëfœë Aveno ßußu Awlan vuvu Ayizo afuËtuËtuË Be wudedi Ci afuËtuËtuË Daxe flœëzo Fon afuËtuËtuË Gbekon afitutu Gbesi afœëfœë Gbin fufu Gbokpa afœëtutuË afœëfœë Gen xuËxuË Gun afœëfœë Ho fufu Kotafon afœëfœë Kpase afœëtuËtuË Kpelen fufu Kpesi fufu Maxi afituËtuË Movolo afuËtuËtuË Saxwe fœëzý Se flœëzo Seto afituËtuË Tofin afuËtuËtuË Togo wudedi Toli afœëfœë Vlin fufu Vo afifi Waci afifi Wance afifi Weme afœëfœë Wundi afifi Xwela ofœëtuËtuË Xwla (eastern) afœëfœë Xwla (western) xuËxuË
138
53. pierre
Adan ekpe Agbome awi™a Ë Agoi/Glidji ekpe Agu ekpe Aja-Dogbo ekpe Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ekpe Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ekpe Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ekpe Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ekpe Aja-Sikpi ekpa Ë Ajra oso sa Ëvi Alada ose aga Ë Anexo ekpe Arohun ozœëja Aveno ekpe Awlan ekpe Ayizo awia Ë Be ekpe Ci hwa Ë Daxe ekpa Ë Fon awœë™a Ë Gbekon awi™a Ë Gbesi oxwa Ë Gbin ekpe Gbokpa okpa Ë Gen ekpe Gun aga Ë Ho ekpe Kotafon kpe Kpase awi™a Ë Kpelen ekpe Kpesi ekpe Maxi awia Ë Movolo ose Saxwe ÿkpa Ë Se ÿkpa Ë Seto sa Ë™œë aga Ë ga Ëga Ëhwœë Tofin ose Togo ekpe Toli sa Ë™œë Vlin ekpe Vo kpekui Waci kpekui Wance ekpe Weme ohwa Ë Wundi ekpe Xwela ekpa Ë Xwla (eastern) adakuË Xwla (western) ÿkpa Ë
54. arbre
Adan ati Agbome atœë Agoi/Glidji ati Agu ati Aja-Dogbo aci Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) aci Aja-Hwe (Azovè) aci Aja-Hwe (Gboto) aci Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ati Aja-Sikpi aci Ajra otœë Alada atœë Anexo ati Arohun atœë Aveno aci Awlan ati Ayizo atœë Be aci Ci atœë Daxe otœë Fon atœë Gbekon ati Gbesi atœë Gbin ati Gbokpa atœë Gen ati Gun atœë Ho ati Kotafon atœë Kpase atœë Kpelen ati Kpesi ati Maxi atœë Movolo otœë Saxwe otœë Se otœë Seto atœë Tofin otœë Togo aci Toli otœë atœë Vlin ati Vo ati Waci ati Wance ati Weme atœë Wundi ati Xwela otœë Xwla (eastern) atœë Xwla (western) ýtœë
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55. racine
Adan atifeke Agbome atœëƒý Agoi/Glidji eke Agu eke atike Aja-Dogbo acike Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eke Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eke Aja-Hwe (Gboto) acike Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) atike Aja-Sikpi acike Ajra ýƒý Alada atœëƒý Anexo eke Arohun atœëƒý Aveno eke Awlan atifeke Ayizo ƒý Be eke Ci aƒý Daxe okœëýË Fon ƒý atœëƒý Gbekon atiƒý Gbesi aƒý Gbin ÿkÿ Gbokpa oƒý atœëƒý Gen eke Gun aƒý Ho ÿkÿ Kotafon aƒý Kpase atœëƒý Kpelen eke Kpesi eke Maxi ƒý Movolo ýƒý Saxwe okœëýË Se okœëýË okuËýË Seto aƒý Tofin ýƒý Togo eke Toli aƒý Vlin ÿkÿ Vo ÿke Waci ÿke Wance atike Weme aƒý Wundi atike Xwela oƒý Xwla (eastern) ýƒý Xwla (western) ýƒý
56. écorce
Adan atitsro Agbome atœëflo Agoi/Glidji atikpa Agu ecrio Aja-Dogbo acikpa Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) acikpa Aja-Hwe (Azovè) acikpa Aja-Hwe (Gboto) acikpa Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) aticro Aja-Sikpi acikpa Ajra otœëflo Alada atœëflo Anexo atikpa Arohun atœëflo Aveno ecro akpa Awlan atitsro Ayizo atœëflo Be akpa Ci flo atœëflo Daxe atikpa Fon atœëflo Gbekon atigoto Gbesi akpa Gbin ecro Gbokpa atœëkpa atœëgoto Gen atikpa Gun atœëkpa atœëflo Ho ecro Kotafon atœëkpa Kpase atœëgoto Kpelen kpalakoco Kpesi akplafo Maxi otœëflo Movolo otœëflo Saxwe otœëkpa Se otœëkpa Seto atœëflo Tofin otœëflo Togo akpa Toli otœëflo tœëflo Vlin ecro Vo atikpa Waci atikpa Wance aticro Weme atœëflo Wundi aticro Xwela otœëkpa Xwla (eastern) atœëflo Xwla (western) ýtœëkpa
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57. feuille
Adan a™uËgba Agbome ama Ë Agoi/Glidji ama Ëkpa Agu ama Ëkpa Aja-Dogbo ma Ëkpa Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ma Ëkpa Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ma Ëkpa Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ma Ëkpa Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ama Ëkpa Aja-Sikpi ama Ë Ajra ma Ëklo ama Ëklo Alada atœëma Ë Anexo ama Ë Arohun ama Ë atœëma Ë Aveno ama Ëkpa Awlan a™uËgba Ayizo ama Ë Be ama Ëkpa Ci ama Ë Daxe ama Ë Fon ama Ë Gbekon atimaË Gbesi ama Ë Gbin ama Ëkpa Gbokpa ama Ë Gen ama Ë Gun ama Ë Ho ama Ëkpa Kotafon ama Ë Kpase ama Ë Kpelen ama Ëkpa Kpesi ama Ëkpa Maxi ama Ë Movolo ama Ë Saxwe ama Ë Se ama Ë Seto ama Ë Tofin ama Ë Togo ama Ëkpa Toli ama Ëklo Vlin ama Ëkpa Vo ama Ëkpa Waci ama Ëkpa Wance ama Ëkpa Weme ama Ë atœëma Ë Wundi ama Ëkpa Xwela ama Ë Xwla (eastern) amaË Xwla (western) amaË
58. année
Adan efe Agbome xwe Agoi/Glidji epe Agu efe Aja-Dogbo exwe Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) exwe Aja-Hwe (Azovè) exwe Aja-Hwe (Gboto) exwe Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) efe Aja-Sikpi exwe Ajra oxwe Alada oxwe Anexo epe Arohun oxwe Aveno eƒe Awlan efe Ayizo xwe Be efe Ci xwe Daxe oxwe Fon xwe Gbekon oxwe Gbesi oxwe Gbin epÿ Gbokpa oxwe Gen epe Gun oxwe Ho epÿ Kotafon xwe Kpase xwe Kpelen epe Kpesi epe Maxi hwe Movolo oxwe Saxwe ---- Se oxwe Seto oxwe Tofin oxwe Togo efe Toli oxwe Vlin epÿ Vo epe Waci epe Wance eƒe Weme hwe Wundi efe Xwela ixwe Xwla (eastern) oxwe Xwla (western) exwe
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59. un, une
Adan ƒeka Agbome ƒokpo Agoi/Glidji ƒeka Agu ƒeka Aja-Dogbo ƒeka Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ƒeka Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ƒeka Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ƒeka Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ƒeka Aja-Sikpi ƒokpo Ajra ƒekpo Alada ƒokpo Anexo ƒeka Arohun oƒe Aveno ƒeka Awlan ƒeka Ayizo ƒokpo Be ƒeka Ci ƒokpo Daxe ƒokpo Fon ƒokpo Gbekon ƒe ƒekpo Gbesi ƒokpo Gbin ƒeka Gbokpa ƒokpo Gen ƒeka Gun ƒokpo Ho ƒeka Kotafon ƒokpo Kpase ƒokpo Kpelen ƒeka Kpesi ƒeka Maxi uËkpo Movolo ƒekpo Saxwe lokpo Se ƒokpo Seto ƒokpo Tofin ---- Togo ƒeka Toli ƒekpo Vlin ƒeka Vo ƒeka Waci ƒeka Wance ƒeka Weme ƒokpo Wundi ƒeka Xwela lokpo Xwla (eastern) lokpo Xwla (western) lokpo
60. deux
Adan eve Agbome we Agoi/Glidji eve Agu eve Aja-Dogbo ama Ëve Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ama Ëve Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ama Ëve Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ama Ëve Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ama Ëve Aja-Sikpi ýwe Ajra ýwe Alada awe Anexo eve Arohun awe Aveno eve Awlan eve Ayizo awe Be eve Ci awe Daxe ýwe Fon we Gbekon owe Gbesi awe Gbin eve Gbokpa awe Gen eve Gun awe Ho eve Kotafon awe Kpase we Kpelen eve Kpesi eve Maxi owe Movolo ýwe Saxwe owe Se ýwe Seto ýwe Tofin ýwe Togo eve Toli awe Vlin eve Vo ÿve Waci ÿve Wance ama Ëve Weme awe Wundi ama Ëve Xwela owe Xwla (eastern) ýwe Xwla (western) ýwe
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61. trois
Adan etýË Agbome atýË Agoi/Glidji etýË Agu etýË Aja-Dogbo ama ËtýË Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ama ËtýË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ama ËtýË Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ama ËtýË Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ama ËtýË Aja-Sikpi ýtýË Ajra ýtýË Alada atýË Anexo etýË Arohun atýË Aveno etýË Awlan etý Ayizo atýË Be etýË Ci atýË Daxe ýtýË Fon atýË Gbekon otý Gbesi atýË Gbin etýË Gbokpa atýË Gen etýË Gun atýË Ho etýË Kotafon atýË Kpase atýË Kpelen etýË Kpesi etýË Maxi otýË Movolo ýtýË Saxwe atýË Se ýtýË Seto atýË Tofin ýtýË Togo etýË Toli atýË Vlin etýË Vo ÿtýË Waci ÿtýË Wance ama ËtýË Weme atýË Wundi ama ËtýË Xwela otýË Xwla (eastern) ýtýË Xwla (western) ýtýË
62. quatre
Adan eneË Agbome ÿna Ë Agoi/Glidji enaË Agu ena Ë Aja-Dogbo ama Ëna Ë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ama Ëna Ë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ama Ëna Ë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ama Ëna Ë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ama Ëna Ë Aja-Sikpi ÿna Ë Ajra ÿna Ë Alada ÿna Ë Anexo ena Ë Arohun ÿna Ë Aveno eneË Awlan eneË Ayizo ÿna Ë Be ena Ë Ci ÿna Ë Daxe ÿna Ë Fon ÿna Ë Gbekon ena Ë Gbesi ÿna Ë Gbin ena Ë Gbokpa ÿna Ë Gen ena Ë Gun ÿna Ë Ho ena Ë Kotafon ÿna Ë Kpase ÿna Ë Kpelen ÿna Ë Kpesi ena Ë Maxi ÿna Ë Movolo ÿna Ë Saxwe ÿna Ë Se ÿna Ë Seto ÿna Ë Tofin ÿna Ë Togo ena Ë Toli ÿna Ë Vlin ena Ë Vo ÿna Ë Waci ÿna Ë Wance ama Ëna Ë Weme ÿna Ë Wundi ama Ëna Ë Xwela ena Ë Xwla (eastern) ÿna Ë Xwla (western) ÿna Ë
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63. cinq
Adan atýË Agbome atýËýË Agoi/Glidji atýË Agu atýË Aja-Dogbo ama ËtýË Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ama ËtýË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ama ËtýË Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ama ËtýË Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ama ËtýË Aja-Sikpi atýË Ajra atýË Alada atýË Anexo atýË Arohun atýË Aveno atýË Awlan atýË Ayizo atýË Be atýË Ci atýË Daxe atýË Fon atýËýË Gbekon atý Gbesi atýË Gbin atýË Gbokpa atýË Gen atýË Gun atýË Ho atýË Kotafon atýËýË Kpase atýËýË Kpelen atýË Kpesi atýË Maxi atý Movolo atýË Saxwe atuË Se atýË Seto atýË Tofin atýË Togo atýË Toli atýË Vlin atýË Vo atýË Waci atýË Wance ama ËtýË Weme atýnýË Wundi ama ËtýË Xwela atýË Xwla (eastern) atýËýË Xwla (western) atýË
64. chaud
Adan dzodzo Agbome yozo fiýfiý Agoi/Glidji zozo Agu jojo Aja-Dogbo zozu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) fœëýËfœëýË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) zozo fœëýËfœëýË Aja-Hwe (Gboto) zozu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) zozo Aja-Sikpi zozo Ajra yozo fiýfiý Alada mœëawu Anexo zozo Arohun huËmœëýË Aveno zozo Awlan dzodzo Ayizo fiofio Be zozo Ci ayufiý Daxe zozo Fon zozo mœëý˃owu Gbekon mœëýËwu humœëýË Gbesi zozo Gbin afifia Gbokpa ozozo yýzo Gen zozo Gun mœëa Ëwu Ho afifia Kotafon zozo Kpase zozo Kpelen jojo Kpesi zozo Maxi xuËmœëýË Movolo mœëýËgo Saxwe zoji Se zozo Seto mœëa Ëwu Tofin mœëýËgo Togo zozo Toli fiýfiý Vlin afifia Vo jojo Waci jojo Wance zozo Weme humœëýË Wundi zozo Xwela zozo Xwla (eastern) yozo Xwla (western) zozo
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65. froid
Adan fafa Agbome avivý jýhýË Agoi/Glidji fafa Agu fafa Aja-Dogbo fafa Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) vuvý Aja-Hwe (Azovè) fafa vuvý Aja-Hwe (Gboto) fafa Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) fafa Aja-Sikpi fifa Ajra vivý Alada fifa mœëýËmœëýË Anexo fafa Arohun mœëýË mœëýËmœëýË Aveno fafa Awlan fafa Ayizo avivý Be fafa Ci efa avivý Daxe fifa vivo Fon fifa Gbekon fifa Gbesi fafa Gbin avuvý Gbokpa fifa vivý Gen fafa Gun mœëmœëýË Ho avuvý Kotafon fifa Kpase fifa Kpelen fafa Kpesi fafa Maxi fa Movolo fifa Saxwe fifa Se fifa vivo Seto fifa mœëmœëýË Tofin fifa Togo fafa Toli vivý Vlin avuvý Vo fafa Waci fafa Wance fafa Weme mœëýË Wundi fafa Xwela fifa Xwla (eastern) ývivý Xwla (western) fifa
66. long
Adan dzidzimeË Agbome gaga Agoi/Glidji didi lýbý Agu didi Aja-Dogbo jiji Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) jœëjœë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) didi lagba Aja-Hwe (Gboto) jiji Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- didi Aja-Sikpi gaga Ajra gaga Alada gaa ƒite Anexo lýbý Arohun ga ƒite Aveno didi Awlan dzidzimeË Ayizo gaga Be didi Ci gaga Daxe gaga Fon gaga Gbekon gaga gaa Gbesi ƒiga Gbin didi Gbokpa ƒiga gaga Gen lýbý Gun ga Ho didi lýbý Kotafon gaa Kpase gagaa Kpelen didi Kpesi didi Maxi ƒiga Movolo oga Saxwe gaga Se gaga Seto gaga Tofin oga Togo didi Toli gaa Vlin lýbý Vo didii Waci didii Wance ƒiƒii Weme ƒiga Wundi ƒiƒii Xwela ziza Xwla (eastern) gaga Xwla (western) gaga
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67. taille, grande
Adan kýký Agbome gaga Agoi/Glidji lýbý didi Agu ekýji didi Aja-Dogbo jiji Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) jœëjœë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) lagba didi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) jiji Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi gaga Ajra gaga Alada gaa Anexo didi Arohun ga Aveno kýký Awlan kýký Ayizo gaga Be kýký Ci gaga yiji Daxe gaga Fon gaga Gbekon gaga gaa Gbesi ƒite Gbin lýbý didi Gbokpa gaga ƒite Gen didi Gun ga Ho didi Kotafon gaa Kpase ƒiga Kpelen didi Kpesi kýyiji Maxi ƒaxo Movolo oga Saxwe gaga Se gaga Seto gaga Tofin oga Togo kýký Toli gaa tuËte Vlin ƒiƒi Vo didii Waci didii Wance ƒiƒii Weme ƒite ƒiga Wundi ƒiƒii Xwela ziza Xwla (eastern) gaga Xwla (western) gaga
68. taille, petite
Adan kpi Agbome gli Agoi/Glidji kpokpoe Agu kpui Aja-Dogbo kpokpo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kpokpo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) kpoe Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kpokpo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kpokpoe Aja-Sikpi kpokpo Ajra glui Alada ma Ëgili Anexo kpokpoe Arohun gili Aveno kpui Awlan kpi Ayizo gli Be vi Ci hwegili Daxe kpokpoe Fon gli Gbekon gili Gbesi kpokpoe Gbin kpoe Gbokpa gli Gen kpokpoe Gun gli Ho kpoe Kotafon glii Kpase kpÿvi gli Kpelen kpeƒe Kpesi kpokpoe Maxi kpÿvi Movolo ogbli Saxwe kpokpoe Se kpokpoe Seto kpÿvi Tofin ogbli Togo vi Toli glui Vlin kpoe Vo kpokpui Waci kpokpui Wance kpokpoe Weme hwete Wundi kpokpoe Xwela giga Ë Xwla (eastern) kpÿvi Xwla (western) kpokpoe
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69. rouge
Adan dzi Agbome vývý Agoi/Glidji jaË Agu jiaË Aja-Dogbo ejœë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) jaË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) juË Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ejœë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) je Aja-Sikpi ovÿ Ajra fifiý Alada vÿvÿ Anexo jÿ Arohun vÿ Aveno jie Awlan dzi Ayizo vÿÿ Be jiÿ Ci hÿhÿ Daxe ovÿ Fon vývý Gbekon vÿvÿ Gbesi vÿ Gbin jÿ Gbokpa vÿvÿ Gen jaË Gun vÿ Ho jaË Kotafon vÿÿ Kpase vývý mœëa Ëmœëa Ë Kpelen je Kpesi je Maxi vývý Movolo fýfý Saxwe vÿÿ Se ovÿ Seto fifiý Tofin fýfý Togo jie Toli bibia Vlin jaË Vo jaË Waci jaË Wance je Weme jovÿ Wundi je Xwela fÿfÿyi Xwla (eastern) fÿfÿ Xwla (western) jÿjÿ
70. noir
Adan yibý Agbome wiwi Agoi/Glidji yibý Agu yibý Aja-Dogbo eyu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) yu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) yu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eyu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) yibý Aja-Sikpi owi Ajra viý Alada yuyu Anexo yibý Arohun wi Aveno yibý Awlan yibý Ayizo wiwi Be yibý Ci wiwi Daxe owi Fon wiwi Gbekon wiwi Gbesi yuu Gbin yibý Gbokpa yuyu Gen yibý Gun yu Ho yibý Kotafon yuu Kpase wiwi Kpelen yibý Kpesi yibý Maxi wiwi Movolo ývý Saxwe wi Se owi Seto viý Tofin ový Togo yibý Toli viý Vlin yibý Vo yibý Waci yibý Wance yibý Weme jýwi Wundi yibý Xwela veyi xwý Xwla (eastern) yuu yuyu Xwla (western) hihý
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71. blanc
Adan …i Agbome wewe Agoi/Glidji he Agu hititi Aja-Dogbo ehi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) …i hi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) yi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ehi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) xe Aja-Sikpi owe Ajra wewe Alada wewe Anexo he Arohun wewe Aveno hie Awlan …i Ayizo we Be ---- Ci wewe Daxe owe Fon wewe Gbekon wewe Gbesi we Gbin xe Gbokpa wewe Gen he Gun wewe Ho xe Kotafon wee Kpase wewe Kpelen xee Kpesi xe Maxi wewe Movolo wewe Saxwe we Se owe Seto wewe Tofin wewe Togo ---- Toli wewe Vlin xe Vo ÿ…i Waci ÿ…i Wance xe Weme wiwe Wundi xe Xwela wewe Xwla (eastern) wewe Xwla (western) wewe
72. mordre
Adan ƒu Agbome ha ˃u Agoi/Glidji ha ˃u Agu ƒu Aja-Dogbo ƒaƒu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ƒaƒu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ƒaƒu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ƒaƒu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi hÿƒu Ajra ha ˃u Alada xuaƒu Anexo ha ˃u Arohun ha ˃u Aveno ƒu Awlan ƒu Ayizo ha ˃u Be ƒu Ci ha ˃u Daxe ha ˃u Fon ha ˃u Gbekon haƒu Gbesi ha ˃u Gbin ƒu Gbokpa ha ˃u Gen aƒu heË ha ˃u Gun ha ˃u Ho ƒu Kotafon xa ˃u Kpase ha ˃u Kpelen ƒu Kpesi ka Maxi ha ˃u Movolo ƒu Saxwe ƒu Se eƒu Seto ha ˃u Tofin ƒu Togo ƒu Toli ha ˃ÿ Vlin ƒu Vo ƒu Waci ƒu Wance ƒu Weme ha ˃u Wundi ƒu Xwela ha ˃u Xwla (eastern) ha˃u Xwla (western) aƒu ƒu
148
73. manger
Adan ƒunuË Agbome ƒu Agoi/Glidji ƒu Agu ƒu Aja-Dogbo ƒu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ƒu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ƒu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ƒu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ƒu Aja-Sikpi ƒu Ajra ƒu Alada ƒu Anexo ƒu Arohun ƒu Aveno ƒu Awlan ƒunuË Ayizo ƒu Be ƒu Ci ƒu Daxe ƒu Fon ƒu Gbekon ƒu Gbesi ƒu Gbin ƒu Gbokpa ƒu Gen ƒu Gun ƒu Ho ƒu Kotafon ƒunuË Kpase ƒu Kpelen ƒu Kpesi ƒu Maxi ƒu Movolo ƒu Saxwe ƒunuË Se ƒu Seto ƒu Tofin ƒu Togo ƒunuË Toli ƒu Vlin ƒu ƒunuË Vo ƒu Waci ƒu Wance ƒu Weme ƒu Wundi ƒu Xwela ƒunuË Xwla (eastern) ƒu Xwla (western) ƒu
74. boire
Adan noË Agbome nuË Agoi/Glidji nuË Agu nýËnuË Aja-Dogbo nuË Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nuË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nuË Aja-Hwe (Gboto) nuË Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) nuË Aja-Sikpi nuË Ajra nuË Alada nuË Anexo nuË Arohun nuË Aveno nýË Awlan noË Ayizo nuË Be nýËnuË Ci nuË Daxe nuË Fon nuË Gbekon nuË Gbesi nuË Gbin nýË Gbokpa nuË Gen nuË Gun nuË Ho nýË Kotafon nuË Kpase nuË Kpelen kýnýË Kpesi nuË Maxi nuË Movolo nuË Saxwe nuË Se nuË Seto nuË Tofin nýËnuË Togo nýËnuË Toli nuË Vlin nýË Vo nuË Waci nuË Wance nuË Weme nuË Wundi nuË Xwela nuË Xwla (eastern) nuË Xwla (western) nuË
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75. vomir
Adan ƒexe Agbome vi Agoi/Glidji tru Agu trunuË Aja-Dogbo tru Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) tru Aja-Hwe (Azovè) tru Aja-Hwe (Gboto) tru Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) cru Aja-Sikpi vi Ajra xlu Alada sulu Anexo tru Arohun sulu Aveno jonuË Awlan ƒexe Ayizo vi Be jonuË Ci vi Daxe vi Fon vi Gbekon sulu Gbesi sulu Gbin tru Gbokpa slu sru Gen tru Gun sru Ho tru Kotafon sru Kpase sru Kpelen ƒenuË Kpesi tru Maxi sru Movolo slu Saxwe tru Se vi Seto xlu Tofin slu Togo jýnuË Toli xlu Vlin tru Vo tru Waci tru Wance cru Weme sulu Wundi cru Xwela sru Xwla (eastern) sru Xwla (western) sru
76. tousser
Adan kpekpe Agbome kpa Ëkpa Ë Agoi/Glidji kukpa Ë Agu kpekpi Aja-Dogbo kpa Ëkpa Ë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kukpa Ë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) fukpa Ë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kpa Ëkpa Ë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kpeÿkpe Aja-Sikpi kpa Ëkpa Ë Ajra kpa Ëkpa Ë Alada kpa Ëkpa Ë Anexo kukpa Ë Arohun kpa Ëkpa Ë Aveno kpekpe Awlan kpekpe Ayizo kpa Ëkpa Ë Be kpekpe Ci kpa Ëkpa Ë Daxe kpa Ëkpa Ë Fon kpa Ëkpa Ë Gbekon kpa Ëkpa Ë ekpa Ë Gbesi kpa Ëkpa Ë Gbin kpekpa Ë Gbokpa kpa Ëkpa Ë Gen kukpa Ë kuekpa Ë Gun kpa Ëkpa Ë Ho kpekpa Ë Kotafon kpa Ëkpa Ë Kpase kpa Ëkpa Ë Kpelen kpa Ëkpa Ë Kpesi kpekýË Maxi kpa Ë Movolo kpa Ëkpa Ë Saxwe kuÿkpa Ë Se kpa Ëkpa Ë Seto kpa Ëkpa Ë Tofin kpa Ëkpa Ë Togo kpekpe Toli kpa Ëkpa Ë Vlin kpekpa Ë Vo kpÿÿkpa Ë Waci kpÿÿkpa Ë Wance kpeÿkpe Weme kpa Ëkpa Ë Wundi kpeÿkpe Xwela kpa Ëkpa Ë Xwla (eastern) kpÿÿkpa Ë Xwla (western) kpaËÿkpa Ë
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77. sucer
Adan gbugbý Agbome gbœëgbýË Agoi/Glidji ƒiƒý Agu gbigbýË Aja-Dogbo gbýgbý Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) gbýgbœë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ƒiƒý Aja-Hwe (Gboto) gbýËgbýË Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) nýË Aja-Sikpi gbýËgbýË Ajra gbœëgbýË Alada gbigbýË Anexo gbigbýË Arohun gbigbýË Aveno Awlan gbugbý Ayizo gbœëgbýË Be gbugbýË Ci gbigbýË Daxe nýË Fon gbœëgbýË Gbekon gbugbýË Gbesi ƒiƒý Gbin ƒuƒý Gbokpa gbœëgbýË Gen gbigbýË Gun gbigbýË Ho ƒuƒý Kotafon gbœëgbýË Kpase gbœëgbýË Kpelen ™œë Kpesi gbugbýË Maxi kpuË÷gbýË Movolo gbœëgbýË Saxwe gbœëgbýË Se nýË Seto gbœëgbýË Tofin gbœëgbýË Togo gbugbýË Toli gbœëgbýË Vlin ƒuƒý Vo gbigbýË Waci gbigbýË Wance nýË Weme gbœëgbýË Wundi nýË Xwela gbœëgbýË Xwla (eastern) gbœëgbýË Xwla (western) gbœëgbýË
78. cracher
Adan tu Agbome tuË Agoi/Glidji tu Agu ƒe Aja-Dogbo cu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) tu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) cu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) cu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kukpe Aja-Sikpi tuË Ajra tý zetý bÿ Alada tuË Anexo tu Arohun tuËta Ë Aveno tu Awlan tu Ayizo tuË Be tu Ci tuË Daxe tuË Fon tuË Gbekon tu™œë tu Gbesi tu Gbin tu Gbokpa tuË Gen tu Gun tuË Ho tu Kotafon tuË Kpase tuË Kpelen tu Kpesi tu Maxi tu Movolo tuË Saxwe tuË Se tuË Seto tuË Tofin tuË Togo tu Toli ™œë tuË Vlin tu Vo tu Waci tu Wance kukpe Weme tuË Wundi kukpe Xwela tuË Xwla (eastern) tuË Xwla (western) tuË
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79. souffler
Adan ƒepupu Agbome fuËfuË Agoi/Glidji plu Agu ƒofufui Aja-Dogbo fufu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ƒefufu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ƒefufu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) fufu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) Aja-Sikpi fufu Ajra fufu Alada gbý dofufu Anexo plu Arohun dofufu Aveno ƒeƒuƒui Awlan ƒepupu Ayizo dofuËfuË Be flu Ci fu fufu Daxe ƒefufu Fon fuËfuË Gbekon fu Gbesi fu Gbin dopupu Gbokpa fufu ƒefufu Gen plu Gun fu Ho dofufu Kotafon dofufu Kpase dodufuË Kpelen dopupui Kpesi flu fluaya Maxi fuË Movolo fufu Saxwe fuaya Se ƒefufu Seto fufu Tofin fufu Togo flu Toli fufu Vlin dopupu Vo plý Waci plý Wance plý Weme fu Wundi plý Xwela gbýfufu Xwla (eastern) fu Xwla (western) gbýfufu
80. siffler
Adan liakwi Agbome kwœëkwœë Agoi/Glidji luyakwi luiakwi Agu luiýaku Aja-Dogbo lakwi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) yakwi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) lakwi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) lakwi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) lýaku Aja-Sikpi lakwi Ajra kuËxwa Alada kuËxwe kuËkwœë Anexo luiý Arohun kuËxwe Aveno kuze Awlan liakwi Ayizo kuËkuË Be kuze Ci kuËkwœë Daxe nuËkuËkuË Fon kwi Gbekon ku Gbesi kuË Gbin yrýkwi Gbokpa kuËxwe kuËkwœë Gen luiý Gun kuËxwe Ho yrýkwi Kotafon kwœëkwœë Kpase kwœëkwœë Kpelen lýku Kpesi luyakwi luiakwi Maxi kwœë Movolo kuËxwe Saxwe dokwi Se nuËkuËkuË Seto kuËxwe Tofin kuËxwe Togo kuze Toli kuËtÿ kuËxwe Vlin yrýkwi Vo liakwi Waci liakwi Wance lýaku Weme kuË Wundi lýaku Xwela kuËxwe Xwla (eastern) kuËxwe Xwla (western) kuË
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81. chanter
Adan dziha Agbome jiha Ë Agoi/Glidji jiha Agu jiha Aja-Dogbo jiha Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) jiha Aja-Hwe (Azovè) jiha Aja-Hwe (Gboto) jiha Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) jiha Aja-Sikpi jiha Ë Ajra jiha Ë Alada jiha Ë Anexo jiha Arohun jiha Ë Aveno jiha Awlan dziha Ayizo jiha Ë Be jiha Ci jiha Ë Daxe jiha Ë jioha Ë Fon jiha Ë Gbekon ji Gbesi jiha Ë Gbin jiha Gbokpa jiha Ë Gen jiha Gun jiha Ë Ho jiha Kotafon jiha Ë Kpase jiha Ë Kpelen jiha Kpesi jiha Maxi jiha Ë Movolo jiha Ë Saxwe jiha Ë Se jiha Ë jioha Ë Seto jiha Ë Tofin jiha Ë Togo jiha Toli jiha Ë Vlin jiha Vo jiha Waci jiha Wance jiha Weme jiha Ë Wundi jiha Xwela jiha Ë Xwla (eastern) jihaË Xwla (western) jœëha Ë
82. rire
Adan konuË Agbome ko konuË Agoi/Glidji konuË Agu konuË Aja-Dogbo konuËkui Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) konuËkui Aja-Hwe (Azovè) konuËkui Aja-Hwe (Gboto) konuËkui Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) konuË Aja-Sikpi konuË Ajra koÿdÿ Alada konuË Anexo konuË Arohun konuË Aveno ko konuË Awlan konuË Ayizo konuË Be konuË Ci ko Daxe ko Fon konuË Gbekon ko Gbesi konuË Gbin konuË Gbokpa kodÿ Gen kýnuË Gun konuË Ho konuË Kotafon konuË Kpase konuË Kpelen konuË Kpesi konuË Maxi konuË Movolo ko konuË Saxwe koÿdÿ Se ko Seto konuË Tofin konuË Togo konuË Toli konuË kodÿ Vlin konuË Vo konuË Waci konuË Wance konuË Weme konuË Wundi konuË Xwela koedÿ Xwla (eastern) konuË Xwla (western) ko
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83. parler
Adan fonuË Agbome ƒýxo Agoi/Glidji ponuËpo Agu fonuËfo Aja-Dogbo xonuËxu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xonuËxu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) xonuËxu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xonuËxu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) fonuËfo Aja-Sikpi xoliƒý Ajra lýxo Alada ƒýxo Anexo ponuËpo Arohun ƒýxo Aveno ƒo ƒonuË Awlan fonuË Ayizo ƒýxo Be fonuË Ci ƒý Daxe xolilý Fon ƒýxo Gbekon ƒý Gbesi ƒýxo Gbin ponuË Gbokpa ƒýxo Gen ponuËpo Gun ƒýxo Ho ponuË Kotafon ƒýxo Kpase ƒýxo Kpelen ponuË Kpesi ponuË Maxi ƒýxo Movolo ƒýxo Saxwe lýxo Se xolilý Seto ƒýxo Tofin ƒýxo Togo fonuË Toli lýxo Vlin ponuË Vo ponuËpo Waci ponuËpo Wance fonuËfo Weme ƒýxo Wundi fonuËfo Xwela lýxo Xwla (eastern) lýxo Xwla (western) lýxo
84. aboyer
Adan klo Agbome ho Agoi/Glidji gbo Agu xo Aja-Dogbo wo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) gbogbo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) wo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) wo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) xo Aja-Sikpi wo Ajra gbo ƒaxo Alada gbo ho Anexo gbo Arohun gbo ho Aveno gbo wo Awlan klo Ayizo xo Be gbo Ci ho Daxe gbo Fon ho Gbekon ho Gbesi xo Gbin wo Gbokpa gbo wo Gen gbo Gun gbo ho Ho wo Kotafon xo Kpase xo Kpelen dapa Kpesi xo Maxi ho Movolo gbo Saxwe gbo Se gbo Seto xo Tofin gbo Togo gbo Toli gbo Vlin wo Vo gbogbo Waci gbogbo Wance xo Weme ho Wundi xo Xwela gbigbo Xwla (eastern) xo Xwla (western) gbo
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85. sentir
Adan ve Agbome hwa Ë hwa Ëwa Ë Agoi/Glidji hwa Ëse Agu vivi Aja-Dogbo xwa ËkpýË Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xwœëse Aja-Hwe (Azovè) hwa Ë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xwa Ë xwa ËkpýË Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi ha ËkpýË Ajra hwla ËkpýË hwla Ëwa Ë Alada hwa Ëwa Ë Anexo xa Ëgo Arohun nuËwa Ë Aveno ßi Awlan ve Ayizo xwla ËkpýË Be xwa Ëse Ci sewa Ë Daxe hwihwilœë Fon senuËwa Ë Gbekon nuËwa Ë Gbesi xwa Ë Gbin ßÿßaË Gbokpa xwa ËkpýË hwa Ëla Ë Gen xa Ëse Gun sewa Ë Ho ßÿßaË Kotafon hla ËkpýË Kpase ha ËkpýË Kpelen xwaËse Kpesi vekpý Maxi hwaË Movolo hwaË Saxwe xa ËkpýË Se hwilœë Seto xwa ËkpýË Tofin ---- Togo hwa Ëse Toli hwla ËkpýË Vlin ßÿßaË Vo xwlœëse Waci xwlœëse Wance xwlœëse Weme nuËwa Ë Wundi xwlœëse Xwela xwa Ëse Xwla (eastern) sewaË Xwla (western) hwaË
86. écouter
Adan se Agbome ƒoto Agoi/Glidji se Agu ƒoto Aja-Dogbo se Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) se Aja-Hwe (Azovè) se Aja-Hwe (Gboto) se Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- ƒoto Aja-Sikpi se Ajra ƒoto Alada ƒoto Anexo se Arohun ƒoto Aveno ƒoto Awlan se Ayizo se ƒoto Be ƒoto Ci se Daxe se Fon se ƒoto Gbekon se Gbesi se Gbin se Gbokpa se Gen se Gun se Ho se Kotafon se Kpase ƒoto Kpelen senuË Kpesi senuË Maxi se Movolo ƒoto Saxwe senuË Se se Seto se Tofin ƒoto Togo ƒoto Toli se ƒoto xýto Vlin se Vo ƒoto Waci se ƒoto Wance ƒoto Weme se setonuË ƒoto Wundi ƒoto Xwela se Xwla (eastern) se ƒoto Xwla (western) se
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87. pousser
Adan tutu Agbome sisÿ tuË Agoi/Glidji tutu Agu tutu Aja-Dogbo cuicui Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) cucu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) cucu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) cuicui Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) tutu Aja-Sikpi cuicui Ajra sisÿ Alada sisÿ Anexo tutu Arohun sisÿ Aveno tutu Awlan tutu Ayizo sisÿ Be tutu Ci tuËdo Daxe tœëtrœë Fon sisÿ tuË Gbekon ti Gbesi kpikpe titrœë Gbin tutu Gbokpa tœëtœë Gen tutu Gun sisÿ Ho tutu Kotafon sisÿ Kpase kpikpe sisÿ Kpelen tutu Kpesi tudu Maxi tuË Movolo sisÿ Saxwe tœëtii Se tœëtrœë Seto sisÿ Tofin sisÿ Togo tutu Toli sisÿ Vlin tutu Vo tutu Waci tutu Wance tutu Weme wu Wundi tutu Xwela tuËtuË Xwla (eastern) sisi Xwla (western) tuËtuË
88. tirer
Adan he Agbome dýË Agoi/Glidji dýË Agu hi Aja-Dogbo duËœë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ƒuË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) dýË Aja-Hwe (Gboto) duËœë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) dý Aja-Sikpi duËœë Ajra dýË Alada dýË Anexo dýË Arohun dýË Aveno dý Awlan he Ayizo dýË Be dýË Ci dýË Daxe dýna Ë dýË Fon dýË Gbekon dýË Gbesi dýË Gbin xevama Ëgbe Gbokpa dýË Gen dýË Gun dýË Ho xeva Kotafon dýË Kpase dýË Kpelen dýva Kpesi he Maxi ƒýË Movolo dýË Saxwe dýnýË Se dýna Ë dýË Seto dýË Tofin dýË Togo dýË Toli dýË Vlin xevama Ëgbe Vo ƒýË Waci dýË Wance dý Weme dýË Wundi dý Xwela dýË Xwla (eastern) dýË Xwla (western) dýË
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89. jeter
Adan fugbe Agbome ™œë Agoi/Glidji da Ë÷gbe Agu deƒa Aja-Dogbo sýdý Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) da Ë÷kpe Aja-Hwe (Azovè) dý Aja-Hwe (Gboto) sýdý Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi sýdý dla Ë Ajra zedraË Alada zeda Ëla Ë sý™œëgbe Anexo da Arohun ze™œëgbe Aveno fuigbe Awlan fugbe Ayizo ™œë Be fugbe Ci ™œë Daxe xýflœë Fon ™œë Gbekon ze™œëgbe sý™œëgbe Gbesi ™œëgbe Gbin da Ëgbe Gbokpa ký™œëgbe flœë÷gbe Gen da Gun zedla Ë Ho da Ëgbe Kotafon ™œëgbe Kpase ze™œëgbe Kpelen cýpugbe Kpesi cýdaËgbe Maxi ™œë Movolo zeda Ëla Ë Saxwe fla Ë Se xýflœë Seto zedraË Tofin zeda Ëla Ë Togo fugbe Toli draË ™œë Vlin da Ëgbe Vo da Ë÷gbe Waci daË÷gbe Wance da Ë÷gbe Weme ze™œëgbe Wundi da Ë÷gbe Xwela duË Xwla (eastern) jedraË Xwla (western) draË
90. battre
Adan fo Agbome xo Agoi/Glidji po Agu fo Aja-Dogbo xo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) xo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi xo Ajra xo Alada xo Anexo po Arohun xo zinuËdo Aveno ƒo Awlan fo Ayizo xo Be fu Ci xo Daxe xo xoe Fon xo Gbekon xo Gbesi xo Gbin po Gbokpa xo Gen po Gun xo Ho po Kotafon xo Kpase xo Kpelen poe Kpesi po Maxi xo Movolo xo Saxwe xo Se xo xoe Seto xo Tofin xo Togo fu Toli xo Vlin po Vo xu Waci xu Wance xu Weme xo Wundi xu Xwela xo Xwla (eastern) xo Xwla (western) xo
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91. nager
Adan futsi Agbome lœëtý Agoi/Glidji pusi Agu fuci Aja-Dogbo husi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xuSi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) lœëtý Aja-Hwe (Gboto) husi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) puci Aja-Sikpi husi Ajra lœëtý Alada lœëtý Anexo pusi Arohun lœësœë Aveno ƒuci Awlan futsi Ayizo lœëtý Be fuci Ci lœë Daxe linoËsœë sœëlœëlœë Fon lœëtý Gbekon lœë Gbesi lœëtý Gbin puci Gbokpa lÿtý xotý Gen pusi Gun lÿtý Ho puci Kotafon lœëtý Kpase lœëtý Kpelen letý Kpesi puci Maxi lœë Movolo nœëÿsœë Saxwe xuÿsœë Se sœëlœëlœë Seto lœësœë Tofin neËÿsœë Togo fuci Toli lœëtý Vlin puci Vo poci Waci poci Wance puci Weme lœësœë Wundi poci Xwela lœëtý Xwla (eastern) linaËcœë Xwla (western) ™œëtý
92. s’asseoir
Adan nýËa™œë Agbome jijýna Ëyi Agoi/Glidji nýËa™œë Agu nýËa™œë Aja-Dogbo na ËnýËnýË Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nýË™œë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nýËnýËnýË Aja-Hwe (Gboto) nýËnýË na ËnýËnýË Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) na Ë™œë Aja-Sikpi nýËayi na ËnýËnýË Ajra sœëa Ë Alada jijýna Ëyi Anexo na Ë™œë Arohun jijýna Ëyi Aveno na Ë™œë Awlan nýËa™œë Ayizo fla™œë Be na Ë™œë Ci fla™œë Daxe ™œëhihilýË Fon jœëjýna Ëyi Gbekon jijýayi si™œë Gbesi fla™œë Gbin na Ë™œë Gbokpa fla™œë Gen na Ë™œë Gun sina Ë™œë sia™œë Ho na Ë™œë Kotafon fla™œë flaa™œë Kpase jija™œë Kpelen na Ë™œë Kpesi na Ë™œë Maxi ciyýË Movolo sœëa Ëwa Ë Saxwe xinýË™œë xinýË™œë Se ™œëhihilýË Seto sœëa Ëwa Ë Tofin sœëa Ëwa Ë Togo na Ë™œë Toli sœëa Ëwa Ë sœëa Ë Vlin na Ë™œë Vo na Ë™œë Waci na Ë™œë Wance na Ë™œë Weme jijýna Ëyi Wundi na Ë™œë Xwela xina Ëwa Ë Xwla (eastern) sœëa Ëwa Ë Xwla (western) sinýËawa Ë
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93. se mettre debout
Adan tsitre Agbome site Agoi/Glidji nýËte Agu citre Aja-Dogbo nýËte Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nýËte cite Aja-Hwe (Azovè) sojete Aja-Hwe (Gboto) nýËte Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) cite Aja-Sikpi nýËte Ajra nýËte Alada cite Anexo nýËte Arohun cite Aveno citre Awlan tsitre Ayizo cite Be citre Ci cite Daxe cite Fon site Gbekon kiete Gbesi nýËte Gbin to Gbokpa cite Gen nýËte Gun nýËte Ho to Kotafon cite Kpase nýËte Kpelen co Kpesi co na Ëtre Maxi cite Movolo fýË Saxwe nýËte Se cite Seto cite tite Tofin fýË Togo citre Toli nýËte tite Vlin to Vo nýËte site Waci nýËte site Wance co cite Weme nýËte Wundi cite Xwela cite Xwla (eastern) cite Xwla (western) cite
94. se coucher
Adan mlýËa™œë Agbome mlýËayi mla Ë™œë Agoi/Glidji mlýËa™œë Agu mlýËa™œë Aja-Dogbo mla Ë™œë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mla Ë™œë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) mla Ë™œë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) mla Ë™œë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) mlýËa™œë Aja-Sikpi mla Ë™œë Ajra fia Ë fia Ëwa Ë Alada mla Ë™œë Anexo mla Ë™œë Arohun mýËlýËayi Aveno mlýË™œë Awlan mlýËa™œë Ayizo mla Ë™œë Be mlýË™œë Ci mla Ë™œë Daxe ™œëhœëhlýË Fon mlýËayi mla Ë™œë Gbekon mlýËayi Gbesi mla Ë™œë Gbin mlýË™œë Gbokpa mla Ë™œë Gen mla Ë™œë Gun mlýËayi Ho mlýË™œë Kotafon mlýËa™œë mla Ë™œë Kpase mla Ë™œë Kpelen mla Ë™œë Kpesi mla Ë™œë Maxi mla Ë™œë Movolo fia Ëwa Ë Saxwe hlý™œë Se ™œëhœëhlýË Seto fia Ë Tofin fia Ëwa Ë Togo mlýË™œë Toli fia Ë fia Ëwa Ë Vlin mlýË™œë Vo mla Ë™œë Waci mla Ë™œë Wance mlýËa™œë Weme mýËlýËayi Wundi mlýËa™œë Xwela fia Ëwa Ë Xwla (eastern) viaËwa Ë Xwla (western) hlýËawa Ë via Ëawa Ë
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95. tomber
Adan ge Agbome jÿayi jayi Agoi/Glidji ja™œë Agu jea™œë Aja-Dogbo ja™œë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) juË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ja™œë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ja™œë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ja™œë Aja-Sikpi ja™œë Ajra jaa jawa Ë Alada jayi Anexo ja™œë Arohun jÿayi Aveno ja™œë Awlan ge Ayizo jayi Be ja™œë Ci jayi Daxe jÿ™œë Fon jÿayi jayi Gbekon jayi Gbesi jayi Gbin ja™œë Gbokpa jayi Gen ga Ë ja™œë Gun jayi Ho ja™œë Kotafon ja™œë Kpase jayi Kpelen ja™œë Kpesi ja™œë Maxi jayi Movolo za Ëwa Ë Saxwe jÿ™œë Se jÿ™œë Seto jawa Ë Tofin za Ëwa Ë Togo ja™œë Toli jawa Ë flÿ Vlin ja™œë Vo jaË™œë Waci jaË™œë Wance ja™œë Weme jÿayi Wundi ja™œë Xwela jawa Ë Xwla (eastern) jawaË Xwla (western) jÿawa Ë
96. dormir
Adan dýlýË Agbome damýËlýË Agoi/Glidji dýna ËlýË Agu dýalý Aja-Dogbo da ËlýË Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) da ËlýË Aja-Hwe (Azovè) da Ëlý Aja-Hwe (Gboto) da Ëlý Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) dýna ËlýË Aja-Sikpi ýwlýË Ajra dýËmlýË Alada da ËmlýË Anexo dýna ËlýË Arohun dýaËmlýË Aveno dýlýË Awlan dýlýË Ayizo da ËmlýË Be dýlýË Ci da ËmlýË Daxe ýwlýË Fon dý dýamlýË da ËmlýË Gbekon dýËmlýË Gbesi da ËmlýË Gbin da ËlýË Gbokpa da ËmlýË Gen dýna ËlýË da ËlýË Gun da ËmlýË Ho da ËlýË Kotafon dýaËmlýË da ËmlýË Kpase da ËlýË Kpelen dalýË Kpesi dalýË Maxi daËmlýË Movolo dýËmlýË Saxwe dawlýË Se dýwlýË Seto dýËmlýË Tofin dýËmlýË Togo dýlýË Toli dýËmlýË da ËmlýË dýwlýË Vlin da ËlýË Vo da ËlýË Waci daËlýË Wance dýna ËlýË Weme dýaËmlýË Wundi dýna ËlýË Xwela dýýlýË Xwla (eastern) dýËmlýË Xwla (western) dýýË÷lý
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97. laver (un pot)
Adan klý Agbome kýlý Agoi/Glidji klý Agu klý Aja-Dogbo klý Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) klý Aja-Hwe (Azovè) klý Aja-Hwe (Gboto) klý Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) klý Aja-Sikpi klý Ajra klý Alada kýlýza Ë Anexo klý Arohun kýlý Aveno klý Awlan klý Ayizo klý Be klý Ci klý Daxe klý lÿsœë Fon klý Gbekon kýlý Gbesi klý kýlý Gbin klý Gbokpa klý Gen klý Gun klý Ho klý Kotafon klý Kpase klý Kpelen klý Kpesi klý Maxi klý Movolo klý Saxwe klý Se klý Seto klý Tofin klý Togo klý Toli klý Vlin klý Vo klý Waci klý Wance klý Weme ™a Ë Wundi klý Xwela klý Xwla (eastern) klý Xwla (western) klý
98. laver (la lessive)
Adan ™a ËnuË Agbome ™a Ë Agoi/Glidji ™a Ë Agu ™a Ë Aja-Dogbo ™a Ë ™œë Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ™a Ë Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ™a Ë Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ™a ËnuË ™a Ë ™œë Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ™a Ë Aja-Sikpi ™a Ë Ajra ™a Ë Alada ™a Ëvý Anexo ™a Ë Arohun ™a Ë Aveno ™a Ë Awlan ™a ËnuË Ayizo ™a Ë Be ™a Ë Ci ™a Ë Daxe ™a ËnuË ™a Ë Fon ™a Ë Gbekon ™a Ë Gbesi kýlý Gbin ™a Ë Gbokpa ™a Ë Gen ™a Ë Gun ™a Ë Ho ™a Ë Kotafon ™a Ë Kpase ™a Ë Kpelen ™a Ë Kpesi ™a Ë Maxi ™a Ë Movolo ™a Ë Saxwe ™a Ë Se ™a ËnuË ™a Ë Seto ™a Ë Tofin ™a Ë Togo ™a Ë Toli ™a ËvýË Vlin ™a Ë Vo ™a Ë Waci ™a Ë Wance ™a Ë Weme nuË™œë™a Ë Wundi ™a Ë Xwela ™a Ë Xwla (eastern) ™a Ë Xwla (western) ™a ËnuË
161
99. gratter
Adan ku Agbome xwÿlÿ Agoi/Glidji klu Agu ku Aja-Dogbo klu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) klu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) klu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) klu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kuË ku Aja-Sikpi klu Ajra kikýË klu Alada kusu Anexo kliko Arohun kusu Aveno klu Awlan ku Ayizo klu Be klu Ci kýË kluyi klu Daxe xwele xwelÿ Fon xwÿlÿ Gbekon xwÿlÿ Gbesi xwÿlÿ Gbin kuwi Gbokpa klu xwlÿ Gen kliko Gun klu Ho kuwi Kotafon klu Kpase klu Kpelen ku Kpesi klu Maxi kluË Movolo xwlÿ Saxwe klu Se xwele Seto klu Tofin xwlÿ Togo klu Toli klu Vlin kuwi Vo klu Waci klu Wance kuË ku Weme xwÿlÿ Wundi kuË ku Xwela Xwla (eastern) klu Xwla (western) kuË
100. verser
Adan ký Agbome kýË Agoi/Glidji ký Agu fugbe Aja-Dogbo ký Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ký Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ký Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ký Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ký Aja-Sikpi kýË Ajra kýË ƒiý Alada kýË Anexo ký Arohun kýË Aveno ký Awlan ký Ayizo kýË Be ký Ci kýË Daxe xýkuË Fon kýË Gbekon kýË Gbesi ƒiý Gbin kuË÷gbÿ Gbokpa kýË Gen ký Gun kýË Ho kuË÷gbÿ Kotafon kýË Kpase kýË Kpelen ký Kpesi cýkýËgbe Maxi kýË Movolo kýË Saxwe kýË Se xýkuË Seto kýË Tofin kýË Togo ký Toli kýË ƒiý Vlin kuË÷gbe Vo dýli Waci dýli Wance ký Weme kýË Wundi ký Xwela kýË Xwla (eastern) kýË Xwla (western) kýË
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6. GBE PHRASE-LIST DATA
6.1. FRENCH PHRASES
The phrase list was developed by Wiesemann (1988:113f; 1989) and focuses on the verbal and the person (or noun) reference systems.
6.1.1. STANDARD LIST
1) Il a mangé poisson (hier). 2) L’homme a mangé poisson (hier). 3) Il est en train de manger poisson (maintenant). 4) Il mangera poisson (plus tard). 5) Qui a mangé poisson? L’homme a mangé poisson. 6) Qu’est-ce qu’il mange (maintenant)? Il mange poisson. 7) Est-ce qu’il mange poisson (maintenant)? Non, il ne mange pas poisson. 8) Est-ce qu’il a mangé poisson? Non, il n’a pas mangé poisson. 9) Il a chanté un chant (hier). 10) Il est en train de chanter un chant (maintenant). 11) Il chantera un chant (plus tard). 12) Qui a chanté un chant? L’homme (dont on a déjà parlé) a chanté un chant. 13) Est-ce qu’il a chanté un chant? Non, il n’a pas chanté un chant. 14) Il est tombé (hier) 15) Il est en train de tomber (maintenant). 16) Il tombera (plus tard). 17) Qui est tombé? Cet-homme-ci (proche du locuteur) est tombé. 18) Qui est tombé? Cet-homme-là (proche de l’auditeur) est tombé. 19) Qui est tombé? Cet-homme acolà (loin du locuteur et de l’auditeur) est tombé. *** disqualified *** 20) Est-ce qu’il est tombé? Non, il n’est pas tombé. 21) C’est un poisson. 22) Ceux sont des poissons. 23) C’est un chien. 24) Ceux sont des chiens. 25) C’est un couteau. 26) Ceux sont des couteaux. 27) C’est une case. 28) Ceux sont des cases. 29) La case de l’homme. 30) La case de la femme (de l’homme). 31) L’enfant de l’homme. 32) L’enfant masculin. 33) Les enfants de l’homme. 34) L’oeil. 35) Les yeux de l’homme
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6.1.2. ALTERNATIVE LIST70
1) Il tomba (hier). 2) L’homme tomba. 3) Il est en train de tomber. 4) Il tombera plus tard. 5) Qui tombera? L’homme tombera. 6) Etait-il tombé? Non, il n’était pas tombé. 7) Si (quand) il tombe, dis-le moi. 8) S’il était tombé, cela aurait été mauvais (mais il n’est pas tombé). 9) Ne tombe pas! 10) Il mangea de la nourriture (hier). 11) Il est en train de manger de la nourriture (maintenant). 12) Il mangera de la nourriture (plus tard). 13) Est-il en train de manger de la viande? Non, il n’est pas en train de manger de la viande. 14) Qu’est-ce qu’il est en train de manger? Il est en train de manger de la viande. 15) Si (quand) il mange du poisson, dis-le moi. 16) S’il avait mangé de la viande, cela aurait été bon (mais il n’a pas mangé). 17) Mange du poisson! 18) Mange ce poisson (ici)! 19) Ne mange pas de la viande! 20) Ne mange pas cette viande (là-bas)! 21) Ne mange pas la viande (dont on avait déjà parlé)! 22) Cet homme (ici) veut manger du poisson. 23) Il mangera beaucoup de poissons. 24) Cet homme (là-bas) veut manger de la viande. 25) Il mangera toute la viande. 26) Qui tomba? L’homme (dont on avait déjà parlé) tomba. 27) Qui tomba? (Plusieurs) hommes tombèrent. 28) C’est une maison. 29) C’est la maison de l’homme. 30) C’est une maison en boue. 31) Ceux sont (quelques) maisons. 32) Ceux sont (quelques) maisons en boue.
70 The alternative list was elicited in the Ayizo, Kotafon, Kpelen, Saxwe and Xwela varieties.
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6.2. CATEGORIES FOR SIMILARITY GROUPINGS
The following guidelines were established by Wiesemann (1992) for the similarity groupings of shared grammatical features from the elicited Gbe phrase lists.
6.2.1. GRAMMATICAL FEATURES IN FOCUS
Grammatical features in focus: Phrase number:71
− Definite marker 2 − Negation: form of 1. + 2. particle 7, 8, 13, 20 − Noun forms in possessive constructions 31, 32 − Noun order in possessive constructions 32 − Noun – singular order 21 − Plural marker 22, 24, 26, 28 − Possessive marker 29, 30, 31, 33, 35 − Progressive marker 3, 10, 15 − Question marker: existence of particle 5, 12, 17, 18 − Question marker: form of particle 7,8,13,20 − Question marker: form of qui (who) 5, 12, 17, 18 − Singular marker 21 − Specific indicators: ci – la (this – that) 17, 18 − Subject marker 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16 − Subject marker + future marker 4, 11, 16 − Verb – object/location order 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16
6.2.2. GUIDELINES FOR SIMILARITY GROUPINGS
The elicited forms are grouped together according to shared grammatical features as defined by Wiesemann (1992):
6.2.2.1. Definite marker
Group 1) a Group 2) lý Group 3) ý Group 4) ýn Group 5) no particle
Phrase #2
6.2.2.2. Negation: Form of 1. + 2. particle
1. Particle 2. Particle 1. Particle 2. Particle
Group 1) ƒe o Group 2) mÿ Group 3) ƒe go Group 4) mý Group 5) ga a Group 6) mý gÿ Group 7) hýn Group 8) mu o Group 9) hýn ný Group 10) n o Group 11) ma Group 12) n go Group 13) maa Group 14) gbe go Group 15) ma ƒe Group 16) a Group 17) ma gÿ Group 18) aa
71 Of the 35 phrases, 29 were analyzed; the following phrases are not included in the analysis: #s 6, 19, 23, 25, 27,
34.
165
1. Particle 2. Particle 1. Particle 2. Particle
Group 19) ma nÿ Group 20) e Group 21) ma wa Group 22) go Group 23) me o Group 24) ný Group 25) mÿ o
Phrase #s 7, 8, 13, 20
6.2.2.3. Noun forms in possessive constructions
6.2.2.3.1. Forms for homme – masculin (man – masculin)
Group 1) #31 homme identical with #32 masculin Group 2) #31 homme not identical with #32 masculin
Phrase #s 31, 32
6.2.2.3.2. Form for enfant (child)
Group 1) #31 enfant identical with #32 enfant Group 2) #31 enfant not identical with #32 enfant
Phrase #s 31, 32
6.2.2.4. Noun order in possessive constructions
Group 1) noun 1 – noun 2 Group 2) noun 2 – noun 1
Phrase #32
6.2.2.5. Noun – singular order
Group 1) noun – singular Group 2) singular – noun
Phrase #21
6.2.2.6. Plural marker
Group 1) wo e; wo; o yý; o Group 2) we Group 3) lÿ e; lÿ nÿ; lÿ wÿ; lÿ ye Group 4) wÿ Group 5) ye Group 6) xwlÿn Group 7) ye wÿ Group 8) e n
Phrase #s 22, 24, 26, 28
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6.2.2.7. Possessive marker
Group 1) noun 1 particle noun 2 Group 2) noun 1 no particle noun 2 Group 3) noun 1 noun 2 particle Group 4) noun 2 noun 1 týn; dýn
Particle forms:
− fe − be − we − sin − ki − mE − ni
Phrase #s 29, 30, 31, 33, 35
6.2.2.8. Progressive marker
1. Particle Verb 2. Particle 1. Particle Verb 2. Particle
Group 1) le; lee; l; na verb ÷; m; mu; nu; ný Group 2) ƒe verb no particle Group 3) le verb ký Group 4) ƒo verb no particle Group 5) le verb gbe Group 6) ný verb no particle Group 7) lo verb wý Group 8) to verb no particle Group 9) ƒo verb ný; wÿ; wý Group 10) le verb no particle Group 11) ƒo verb kýn Group 12) no particle VV72 no particle Group 13) ƒe verb alýnu Group 14) gbe VV no particle Group 15) no particle verb ný le; ný; ÷ Group 16) ƒo VV no particle
Phrase #s 3, 10, 15
6.2.2.9. Question marker: Existence of particle
Group 1) particle73 Group 2) no particle
Phrase #s 5, 12, 17, 18
6.2.2.10. Question marker: Form of particle
Group 1) a Group 2) ya Group 3) ÿ Group 4) ý Group 5) e Group 6) nÿ Group 7) wÿ Group 8) no particle
Phrase #s 7, 8, 13, 20
72 Reduplication of the verb. 73 The specific form of the particle is not included in the analysis.
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6.2.2.11. Question marker: Form of qui (who)
Group 1) mÿka; meka Group 2) mÿ÷; mÿnÿ; mÿnÿ; mÿnÿ Group 3) mÿkÿ Group 4) mi Group 5) mÿ; mÿÿ Group 6) nuƒÿ Group 7) mÿnu; mÿun; mÿÿnu Group 8)
Phrase #s 5, 12, 17, 18
6.2.2.12. Singular marker
Group 1) e; ye Group 2) ÿnyi; yi Group 3) yý Group 4) nÿ; nÿÿ Group 5) wÿ Group 6) ÿ
Phrase #21
6.2.2.13. Specific indicators: ci – la (this – that)
ci la ci la
Group 1) sia ma Group 2) xÿ ny Group 3) ya ma Group 4) xe newun Group 5) ya miƒa Group 6) xý hÿn Group 7) ya wan Group 8) ke hin Group 9) yý nÿ Group 10) e xÿn Group 11) yý ne Group 12) e e nÿ e Group 13) iyÿ dýn Group 14) enÿ yinÿ Group 15) yý dýýn Group 16) nÿ ƒi Group 17) lý dýýn Group 18) ni ƒyý ni Group 19) lý nÿ Group 20) yý ni yý ni Group 21) lý ne Group 22) ke a a Group 23) cý ma Group 24) ke un kÿn un Group 25) cÿ ƒa Group 26) ke÷ kÿn÷ Group 27) cÿ ntý Group 28) lewÿ leblÿ Group 29) xe nÿ Group 30) huƒne xýn
Phrase #s 17, 18
6.2.2.14. Subject marker
Group 1) e Group 2) ÿ Group 3) ya
Phrases #s 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16
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6.2.2.15. Subject marker + future marker
Subject Future marker Subject Future marker
Group 1) e la Group 2) a gbe Group 3) e na; ma Group 4) e no particle Group 5) e lÿ; le Group 6) ya /a no particle Group 7) e mý Group 8) e le … ge; go Group 9) e gbe Group 10) e na … ge Group 11) e gbo Group 12)
Phrase #s 4, 11, 16
6.2.2.16. Verb – object/location order
Group 1) verb – object/location Group 2) location/object – verb
Phrases #s 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16
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6.3. ELICITED DATA SORTED BY PHRASE
1. Il a mangé poisson (hier).
− Alternative phrase list:74 10. Il mangea de la nourriture (hier).
Adan eÍu tçmelan (etsç) Agbome e Íu hwev"@ (sç) Agoi/Gliji e Íu elanv"@ (esç) Agu e Íu akpa (cç) Aja-Dogbo e Íu@ kpa@v"@ (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e Íu@ kpav"@ (esç) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e Íu kpa@v"@ (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e Íu kpa@v"@ (sç) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e Íu akpa (ecç) Aja-Sikpi e Íu@ hwe (sç) Ajra e Íu hwevi (e@tle@) Alada e Íu whevi (sç Íe@ wayiE) Anexo e Íu elanvi (esç) Arohun e Íu hwevi (sç) Aveno e Íu akpa (cç) Awlan e Íu tçmelan (etsç) Ayizo e Íu (nu) (sç) [#10] Be e Íu akpa (ecç si va@ yi) Ci e Íu hwevi (sç Íe wayi de) Daxe e Íu ohwe (lesçE@) Fon e Íu hwev"@ (sç) Gbekon e Íu whevi (Íe sç) Gbesi e Íu xwe (sç) Gbin e Íu alanvi (cç) Gbokpa e Íu xwe (sç) Gen e Íu elanv" (esç) Gun e Íu hwev"@ (sç) Ho e Íu alanvi (cç) Kotafon e Íu@ (nuÍu@Íu) (sç@ç@) [#10] Kpase e Íu xwevi (sç) Kpelen e Íu (nu) (cç@) [#10] Kpesi e Íu adovi (cç) Maxi e Íu hwevi (sç) Movolo e Íu ohwe$ Saxwe e Íu (nuu@) (swE) [#10] Se e Íu ohwe (le sçE@) Seto e Íu hwey" (Ío e@tle) Tofin e Íu ohwe Togo e Íu akpa (ecç si va@yi) Toli e Íu hwey" (Íe@tle) Vlin e Íu alanvi (cç) Vo E Íu lanv"@ (cç) Waci E Íu lanv" (cç) Wance e Íu akpa (ecç) Weme e Íu hwev"@ Wundi e Íu akpa (ecç) Xwela e Íu (nuÍuÍu) (sç) [#10] Xwla (eastern) e Íu hwev" (Ío e@te@nE@) Xwla (western) e Íu xwe
74 The alternative phrase list was elicited in the Ayizo, Kotafon, Kpelen, Saxwe and Xwela varieties.
170
2. L’homme a mangé poisson (hier).
− Alternative phrase list: 2. L’homme tomba. + 10. Il mangea de la nourriture (hier).
Adan ---- Agbome nya ç@ Íu hwev"@ (sç) Agoi/Gliji n@su a Íu elanv"@ (esç) Agu ncu a Íu akpa (cç) Aja-Dogbo nsu@ ç Íu kpa@v"@ (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu@ a Íu kpav"@ (esç) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsi lç Íu kpa@v"@ (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ ç@ Íu$ kpa@v"@ (sç) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) n@cu a Íu akpa (cç) Aja-Sikpi nsu@ ç@ Íu hwe (sç) Ajra xwunxwa&n Íu hwevi (e@tle@) Alada sunu Íu whevi (sç Íee@ wayi E) Anexo @su a Íu elanv"@ (esç) Arohun sunusi lç Íu hwevi (sç) Aveno ncu a Íu akpa (cç) Awlan Nutsu Íu tçmelan Ayizo nya a Íu (nu&) (sç$) [#s 2+10] Be n@cu a Íu akpa (ecç si va@ yi) Ci sunu Íu hwevi (sç) Daxe sunu Íu ohwe (lesç E@) Fon nya ç@ Íu hwevi (sç) Gbekon sunu Íu whevi Íe (sç) Gbesi su@nu ç@ Íu xwe (sç) Gbin ncu a Íu alanvi (cç) Gbokpa osu@nu@ ç@ Íu xwe (sç@) Gen n@su a Íu elanv"@ (esç) Gun su@nu lç@ ko Íu hwev"@ (sç) Ho ncu a Íu alanvi (cç) Kotafon dawe ç@ du@ (nu Íu@Íu) [#s 2+10] Kpase dawe@ ç@ Íu xwev"@ (sç) Kpelen ncu Íu (nu) (cç@) [#s 2+10] Kpesi n@cu a Íu adovi (cç) Maxi sunE ç Íu hwevi (sç) Movolo su@ns"@ lç@ Íu$ hwe$ Saxwe nsuglo a Íu (nuu@) (swE) [#s 2+10] Se gbetç@ Íu ohwe (lesç E@) Seto xunxwan lç@ Íu hwey"@ (Ío e@tle) Tofin su@ns"@ lç@ Íu hwe Togo n@cu a Íu akpa (e cç@ si va@ yi) Toli xuxwa&n lç@ Íu hwey"@ (Íe@tle) Vlin n@cu$ a$ Íu alanv"@ (cç) Vo ncu a Íu lanv"@ (cç) Waci n@cu a Íu lanv"@ (cç) Wance n@cu a Íu akpa (cç) Weme nya ç@ Íu hwev"@ Wundi n@cu a Íu akpa (cç) Xwela islun Íu@ (nuÍuÍu) (sç) [#s 2+10] Xwla (eastern) su@nu lç@ Íu hwev"& (Ío e@te@nE@) Xwla (western) n@sun çn Íu xwe
171
3. Il est en train de manger poisson (maintenant).
− Alternative phrase list: 11. Il est en train de manger de la nourriture (maintenant).
Adan e@ le tçmelan Íu m Agbome e@ Ío hwev" Íu wE (din) Agoi/Gliji e@ lee@ Íu elanv"@ (f"@fi) Agu e@ le akpa Íu mu@ (fia) Aja-Dogbo e@ gbe@ Íu@Íuç@ kpa@v" (uyE@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ ÍuÍuwç kpav"@ (ka@ka E@) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ le kpav"@ Íu kç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ gbe@ Íu@Íu$ç kpa@v"@ (u$yE@) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Aja-Sikpi e@ gbe@ Íu@Íuç hwe (viE) Ajra e@ nç Íu hwevi Alada e@ to whevi Íu (din vie) Anexo e@ lee@ Íu e@lanv"@ (f"@f"@) Arohun e@ Íe hwev"@ Íu (din) Aveno e le akpa Íu mu Awlan e@ le tçmelan Íu m Ayizo e@ Ío (nu) Íu wE (diin) [#11] Be e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Ci e Ío hwevi Íu wE (dEn) Daxe e@ Íu ohwe nç (lesyE) Fon e@ Ío hwev"@ Íu wE (din) Gbekon e@ Íe owhevi Íu (alçnu) (din/di) Gbesi e lo$ xwe Íu wç Gbin e@ le alanvi Íu (fifi jE) Gbokpa e@ Ío xwe Íu wE Gen e@ le Íu elanv"@ (f"@fi) Gun e@ to hwev"@ Íu (din) Ho e@ le alanvi Íu (fifi la) Kotafon e@ Ío@ (nuÍu@Íu) Íu wç (diin) [#11] Kpase e@ Ío xwev" Íu@ wE (diin) Kpelen e@ Íe@ (nu) Íu (fi gba le) [#11] Kpesi e@ le Íu adovi Maxi e@ Ío hwevi Íu we Movolo e@ Ío@ hwe$ Íu$ Saxwe e@@@ Íu@nuu@ nç@ (f"@fi) [#11] Se e@ Íu ohwe nç (lesiE) Seto e@ Ío@ hwey"@ lç@ Íu kçn Tofin e@ Ío@ hwe Íu$u$ Togo e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Toli e@ nç Íu@ hwey" (ti) Vlin e@ le$ alanv"@ Íu (f"@f"@ jE) Vo E@ le lanv"@ Íu ˜@ (f"@fi a) Waci E@ le lanv"@ Íu ˜@ (f"@fi a) Wance e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Weme e@ Íe hwev"@ Íu Wundi e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Xwela e@ nç Íu@nu (tEn) [#11] Xwla (eastern) e@ nç Íu@ hwev"& (Ío@ hale@) Xwla (western) e@ le xwe Íunu
172
4. Il mangera poisson (plus tard).
− Alternative phrase list: 12. Il mangera de la nourriture (plus tard).
Adan e na Íu tçmelan ge Agbome e@ na@ wa@ Íu hwev"@ Agoi/Gliji e@ la@ va@ Íu elanv"@ Agu e@ le akpa Íu ge@ Aja-Dogbo a gbe@ va@ Íu@ kpa@vi@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) a@ va@ Íu kpav"@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) (e@ya@ ç@) a va@ yi@ Íu kpavi lç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) a$ gbe@ va@ Íu@ kpa@v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e le akpa Íu ge@ Aja-Sikpi e@ gbe va@ Íu@ hwe Ajra e@ na@ wa Íu hwevi Alada e@ na@ wa@ Íu whevi (madEn madEn mE) Anexo e@ la@ Íu elanv"@ (e@yç@ mE) Arohun e@ na va Íu hwevi Aveno e na va Íu akpa e gbç na akpa Íu ge Awlan e@ na Íu tçmelan ge Ayizo e@ na@ wa@ Íu (nu) [#12] Be e@ gbç na akpa Íu ge@ Ci e na wa Íu hwevi Daxe e@ na@ va@ Íu ohwe Fon e@ na wa@ Íu hwev"@ Gbekon e@ na Íu whevi (nEya nEya) Gbesi e na Íu xwe Gbin e@ na va Íu alanvi Gbokpa e@ na@ Íu@ çxwe Gen e@ la@ va@ Íu elanv"@ (e@yo@mE) Gun e@ na@ wa@ Íu hwev"@ (nE@ e@ ya@) Ho e@ na@ va Íu alanvi Kotafon e@ na@ wa@ Íu (nuÍuÍu) [#12] Kpase e@ na@ Íu xwev"@ (xwe Íe@ vo nu) Kpelen a@ va@ Íu (nuÍu@Íu@) [#12] Kpesi e@ le va Íu adovi Maxi e@ na wa@ Íu@ hwevi Movolo e@ na@ Íu$ hwe$ Saxwe e@ na@ va Íu (nuu@) [#12] Se e@ na@ va@ Íu ohwe Seto e@ mç@ wa@ Íu hwey"@ Tofin e@ na@ wa@ Íu hwe Togo e@ gbç na akpa Íu ge@) Toli e@ ma@ wa Íu@ hwey"@ Vlin e@ na$ va@ Íu$ alanv"@ Vo ya@ va@ Íu lanv"@ Waci ya@ va@ Íu lanv"@ Wance e@ le akpa Íu ge@ Weme e@ na@ wa@ Íu hwev"@ Wundi e@ le akpa Íu ge@ Xwela e@ la@we Íu (nu@) [#12] Xwla (eastern) e@ gbo wa@ Íu@ hwev"& Xwla (western) a@ ba@ Íu xwe
173
5. Qui a mangé poisson? L’homme a mangé poisson.
Adan a meka e Íu tçmelan? Nutsu Íu tçmelan Agbome o mEka Íu hwev"@? nya ç@ Íu hwevi Agoi/Gliji mEkE@ ye@ Íu elanv"@ o? n@su a ye@ Íu elanv"@ Agu mEka ye@ Íu akpa? ncu a ye@ Íu akpa Aja-Dogbo m"@ Íu@ kpa@v"@? nsu@ lç@ yi Íu@ kpa@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mi Íu kpav"@ lç@ç? nsu lç@ "@ Íu kpav"@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) m"@ Íu kpavi lç@? nsu lç@ y"@ Íu kpavi lç@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) m"& Íu@ kpa@v"@? n$su@ lç@ y"$ Íu kpa@v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a mEka ye@ Íu akpa? çncu a xe Íu akpa Aja-Sikpi mEE@ Íu hwe? nsu@ lç@ y"@ Íu hwe Ajra E mE@ Íu hwevi? xwuxwan Íu hwevi Alada mEka@ Íu whev"@? gbEtç@ Íu whev"@ Anexo mEkE@ Íu@ e@lan v"@ o? @su a Íu elanv"@ Arohun mEnu wE Íu hwevi? sunu lç wE Íu hwevi Aveno amEka ye@ Íu@ akpa? ncu a ye Íu akpa Awlan a meka e Íu tçme lan? Nutsu Íu tçmelan Ayizo ---- Be a mEka ye@ Íu akpa? n@cu a ye@ Íu akpa Ci mE Íu hwevi? sunu Íu hwevi Daxe mE lE Íu ohwe yç? gbetç wE Íu ohwe yç Fon mEka Íu hwev"@? nya o@ Íu hwev"@ Gbekon e meka Íu whevi? egbEtç Íu whevi Gbesi mEnu@ wE Íu xwe lç@? su@nu ç@ wE Íu Gbin mE Íu alanvi? ncu a ye Íu alanvi Gbokpa mEE@ E Íu xwe lç@? su@nu lç@ wE@ Íu xwe lç@ Gen mEkE@ Íu elanv"@ o? n@su a Íu elanv"@ Gun mE&Enu wE Íu hwev"@? su@nu lç@ Íu hwev"@ Ho mE Íu alanvi? ncu a ye@ Íu alanvi Kotafon ---- Kpase mEE@ Íu xwev"@? dawe@ ç@ Íu xwev"@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi a mEka la ye@ Íu adovi? ncu a Íu adovi Maxi mE Íu hwevi? sunE ç wE Íu hwevi Movolo mE@ @ Íu@ hwe$? su@ns"@ Íu$ hwe$ Saxwe ---- Se mE lE Íu ohwe yç? gbetç wE Íu ohwe yç Seto E mE@n"@ Íu hwey"@? xunxwan lç@ Íu hwey"@ Tofin mE@u@n Íu@ hwe? su@ns"@ Íu hwe Togo a mEka ye@ Íu akpa? ncu@ a ye@ Íu akpa Toli E mE@ Ío@ e@ Íu hwey"? xunxwan lç@ Íu hwey"@ Vlin mE& Íu$ a$lanv"@? n@cu$ ye$ Íu alanvi Vo mEka Íu lanv"@? @cu a Íu lanv"@ Waci mEka Íu lanv"@? n@cu a Íu lanv"@ Wance a mEka ye@ Íu akpa? çncu a ye@ Íu akpa Weme mE@ wE Íu hwev"@? Wundi a mEka ye@ Íu akpa? çncu a ye Íu akpa Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) E mE@n"@ Íu@ hwev"? su@nu lç@ n"@ Íu@ hwev"& lç@ Xwla (western) mEnE@ Íu xwe o?
174
6. Qu’est ce qu’il mange (maintenant)? Il mange poisson.
− Alternative phrase list: 14. Qu’est ce qu'il est en train de manger? Il est en train de manger de la viande.
Adan nuka Íum wo le? e tçmelan Agbome e@tE@ Íu wE e@ka Íe (din)? e Ío hwevi Íu@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji nu@kE@ Íu wç@ ye@ bee@ le o? elanv"@ Íu wç ye@ bee@ le Agu nu@ka Íu mu@ e@ le (fia)? e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Aja-Dogbo nyE@ Íu@Íu@ o@ e viE? e@ Íu ç kpa@v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nyE Íu@Íu ç (ka@ka E@)? e Íu@Íu ç kpavi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nyi Íu kç e@ le ç? e@ Íu kç kpav"@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) nyE$ Íu@Íu@ o@ e$vyE$? e@ Íu$ ç$kaa@v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) nu@ka Íu mE ele? e@ le@ akpa Íu mu@ Aja-Sikpi nyE ÍuÍu o@ e@ viE? e@ Íu ç hwe Ajra amu@ e@ nç Íu@ e@tE^? e@ nç Íu hwevi Alada e@ tE Íu e@ Íe din? e@ Íu whev"@ Anexo nu@ kE@ Íu wç ye@ bee@ le (f"@f"@) a? e@lee@ Íu elanv"@ Arohun etE Íu e@ Íe$ (din)? e@ Íe hwevi Íu Aveno nuka Íu mu e le$? e le akpa Íu mu Awlan nu ka Íum wo le? e tçmelan Ayizo nuwE e@ kaÍo Íu wç ja? (lan) Íu wE e@ Íe [#14] Be nu@ ka Íu mu@ e@ le? e@ le kpa Íu mu@ Ci ani wE e nç Íu (dEn)? e@ Íu hwev"@ Daxe çn"@ e@ Íu nç siE ç@? e@ Íu ohwe nç Fon e@tE Íu wE e@ ka Íe (din)? e@ Ío hwev"@ Íu@ wE Gbekon ani Íu e ka Íe din/di? whevi Íu e Íe ani Íu e ka Íe din/di? whe vi Gbesi nç@ le@ Íu diin? e@ lo@ xwe Íu wç Gbin nuka Íu e le? e@ le$ alanvi Íu Gbokpa a mu@ wE@ le@ Íu wç lç@? oxwe wE e@le@ Íu Gen nu@kE@ Íu wç ye@ be& le o? e@ le& Íu elanv"@ Gun nutE@ Íu wE e@ te (din)? e@ to hwev"@ Íu Ho nuka Íu e le? e@ le$ alanvi Íu Kotafon nç e Ío@ Íu@ ç? e@ Ío (lan) Íu ç [#14] Kpase e@ tE@ Íu wE e@ Íe? e@ Ío xwev"@ Íu@ wE a ni Íu wE e@ Íe? e@ Ío xwev"@ Íu@ wE Kpelen mE n I Íu o le? e@ le (la) Íuu@ [#14] Kpesi mE na e@ le Íu? e@ le Íu adovi Maxi etE Íu wE e@ Íe? e@ Ío hwevi Íu wE Movolo e@tE@ Íu e@ Íe@? o$hwe$ Íu@ e@ Íe$ Saxwe ElE@ o@ Íu@ nç? e@ u@ (lan) nç@ [#14] Se N n"@ e@ Íu nç siE ç@? e@ Íu ohwe nç Seto amu@ Íu kçn o Íe? e@ Ío hwey"@ Íu Tofin e@tE@ Íu@ e@ Íe@? ohwe Íu@ e@ Íe@ Togo nu@ ka Íu mu@ e@ le? e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Toli e@Íe mu@ e@ nç Íu? e@ nç Íu@ hwey"@ Vlin nu@ka Íu e le? e@ le$ alanvi Íu Vo nu@ka Íu @ E le (fifi a)? E@ le lanv"@ Íu N Waci nu@ka Íu @ E@ le (f"@fi a)? E@ le lanv"@ Íu @ Wance nu@ka Íu mE e@ le? e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Weme e@tE@ Íu e@ (Íe)? e@ Íe hwev"@ Íu Wundi nu@ka Íu mE e@ le? e@ le akpa Íu mu Xwela amu@ e@ nç@ Íu@? e@ nç Íu (ilan) [#14] Xwla (eastern) amu@ a nç Íu@? e@ nç@ Íu@ hwev"& Xwla (western) nyikç wE le@ Íu nu o? e@ le xwe Íu nu
175
7. Est ce qu’il mange poisson (maintenant)? Non, il ne mange pas poisson.
− Alternative phrase list: 13. Est ce qu’il est en train de manger de la viande? Non, il ne pas en train de manger de la viande.
Adan tçme lan Íum wole a? a o@, me Íu na tçme lan o@ Agbome eka Ío hwevi Íu (din)? e@ o&, e Íu hwevi a$ Agoi/Gliji elanv"@ Íu wç bee@ le a? o, mu@ lee@ Íu elanv"@ o Agu e@ le akpa Íu mu@ a? a@wo, mE@ le akpa Íu mu@ o Aja-Dogbo e@ Íu wç kpav"@ a? o@o, Íe@ Íu@Íu wç kpa@v"@ go Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e ÍuÍu ç kpavi? o, e@ ÍuÍu ç kpavi go Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ gbe@ Íu ç kpav"@ a? o, n@gbe@ Íu ç kpav"@ go Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ Íu wç$ Kpa$v"@ vyE$ a@? o$ho@, Íe@ Íu@Íu@ wç$ kpa@v"@ go$ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le akpa Íu ma? awo, mE le akpa Íu mu@ o$ Aja-Sikpi e Íu ç@ hwe viE a? o, Íe@ ÍuÍu@ ç hwe go Ajra be@ e@ nç Íu hwevi? e@he@o, e@ mç nç Íu hwevi Alada be@ e@ Íu whev"@? e@heo@, e@ ma Íu whev"@ Anexo elanv"@ Íu wç ye@ bee@ le a? e, mu@ lee@ Íu elanv"@ o Arohun be e@ Íe hwevi Íu (din) a? awo, e ma Íe hwevi Íu Aveno e@ le akpa Íu ma? awo, me le akpa Íu ma o Awlan tçme lan Íum wole a? a o@, me Íu na tçmelan o Ayizo (lan) Íu wE e@ Íe a? ewoo@, e@ ma Ío (lan) Íu wE [#13] Be e@ le akpa Íu mu@ a? awo, mE@ le akpa Íu mu@ o Ci e Ío hwevi Íu wE (dEn) a? Eho, e ga Ío hwevi Íu a$ Daxe e@ Íu ohwe nç siE ç@ wE$? oo, çn hçn Íu ohwe nç Fon e@ ka@ Ío hwev"@ Íu wE a? e@eo@, e@ Ío hwev"@ Íu wE a& Gbekon e@ ka Íe whevi Íu a? owhee@, e@ Íe@ whevi Íu aa@ owo, Íe@ whevi Íu aa@ Gbesi o@ lo@ xwe lç@ Íu a? e@eoo@, e mç@ (nç@) Íu xwe gE@ Gbin e@ le alanvi Íu (fifi jE)? o, mE la alanvi Íu o$ Gbokpa e@le@ Íu xwe ç$? oo, e@ ma@ le@ Íu ç nE@ Gen elanv" Íu wç ye@ be& le a? o, mu@ le& Íu elanv"@ o Gun be@ e@ to hwev"@ Íu ya? ehe, e@ ma to hwev"@ Íu Ho e@ ga le$ alanvi Íu (fifi la)? o, mE ga la alanvi Íu o Kotafon nE@ e@ Ío (lan) Íu wE a? e@e@woo, e@ ma@ Ío (lan) Íu gE@ [#13] Kpase e@ Ío xwevi Íu@ wE dinn a? e@e@oo@, e@ Ío xwevi@ Íu@ wE aa@ Kpelen e (la) Íu@ a e@ le a? o, mu@ ela Íu e@ le o [# 13] Kpesi e@ le Íu adovi a? o, mE@ le Íu adovi Maxi hwevi Íu wE e@ Íe@ a? e@wo, e@ Ío hwevi Íu wE a Movolo o$hwe$ Íu$ e@ Íe$? e@he@, e@ ma$ Ío@ hwe$ Íu$ wa$ Saxwe (olan) o@ Íu@ nç@? o, ç@n Íu (lan) nç [#13] Se e Íu ohwe nç ç@ wE$? oo, çn hçn Íu ohwe nç Seto e@ lo@ hwey"@ lç@ Íu kçn ya? eyeo, e@ ma@ Íu hwey"@ Íe Tofin ohwe Íu e@ Íe@e? e@he@, e@ ma Ío@ hwe Íu wa Togo e@ le akpa Íu mu@ a? awo, mE@ le@ akpa Íu mu@ o Toli be@ e@ nç Íu hwey"@ t"? owo&, e@ ma nç Íu@ hwey"@ Vlin e ga le$ alanv"@ Íu (fifi jE)? o$, mE@ ga la$ alanvi Íu o$ Vo E@ le lanv"@ Íu N a? o@o, mE@ le lanv"@ Íu N o Waci E@ le lanv"@ Íu ˜@ a? o, mE@ le lanv"@ Íu @ o Wance e@ le akpa Íu ma? awo, mE@ le akpa Íu mu@ o Weme e@ Íe hwev"@ Íu a? awo@, e@ ma Íe hwev"@ Íu Wundi e@ le akpa Íu ma? awo@, mE le akpa Íu mu@ o Xwela (ilan) e@ nç Íu? o, gÛ nç Íu e [#13] Xwla (eastern) be@ e@ nç Íu@ hwev"& ya? eye&o, ma· nç Íu@ hwev"& Xwla (western) e@ le xwe Íu nu wE? oo, n@ le xwe Íu nu o
176
8. Est ce qu’il a mangé poisson? Non, il n’a pas mangé poisson.
Adan e Íu tçme lan? ao@, me Íu tçme lan o Agbome e@ ka Íu hwev"@ a$? e@ o&, e@ Íu hwevi a Agoi/Gliji e@ Íu elanv"@ a? o, mu@ Íu elanv"@ o Agu e@ Íu akpa? awo, mE@ Íu akpa o Aja-Dogbo e@ Íu@ kpa@v"@ a@? o@o, Íe@ Íu@ go Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ Íu kpav"@ a@? o, e@ Íu kpav"@ go Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ Íu kpav"@ a? o, n@ Íu kpa@v"@ go Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ Íu kpa@v"@ a@? o$ho@, Íe@ Íu@ go$ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ Íu akpa? awo, mE Íu akpa o@ Aja-Sikpi e@ Íu hwe a@? oo, Íe@ Íu@ o Ajra be@ e@ Íu hwevi? e@he@o, e@ ma Íu hwevi Alada be@ e@ ko Íu whev"@? e@heo@, e ma ko Íu whev"@ Anexo e@ Íu elan v"@ a? o, mu@ Íu elan v"@ o Arohun be e koÍe hwevi Íu a? awo, e ma ko Íu hwevi Aveno ---- Awlan e Íu tçme lan? a o@, me Íu tçme lan o Ayizo ---- Be e@ y"@ Íu akpa a? awo, mE@ y"@ Íu akpa o Ci e ga Íu hwevi a$? Eho, e ga Íu hwevi a Daxe e@ Íu ohwe wE? oo, çn hçn Íu ohwe Fon e@ ka@ Íu hwev"@ a? e@eo@, e@ Íu hwev"@ a& Gbekon be@ e@ ka Íu whevi a? owhe@, e@ Íu whevi a@ be@ e@ ka Íu whevi a? owo, e@ Íu whevi a@ Gbesi e@ Íu xwe a? ee@o@o, e@ ma@ lo@ xwe lç@ Íu gE@ Gbin e@ Íu alanvi e? o, mE Íu alanvi Gbokpa e@ Íu xwe lç@ a? oo, e@ ma@ Íu xwe gE@ Gen e@ Íu elanv"@ a? o, mu@ Íu elanv"@ o Gun be@ e@ ka@ Íu hwev"@ ya? ehe, e@ ma Íu hwev"@ Ho e@ Íu alanvi e$? o$, mE Íu alanvi Kotafon ---- Kpase e@ ka@ Íu xwev"@ a? e@e@oo@, e@ Íu xwev"@ aa@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi e@ Íu adovi a? o, mE@ Íu adovi o Maxi e@ Íu hwevi a? e@wo, e@ Íu hwevi a Movolo e@ Íu@ hwe@? e@he@, e@ ma@ Íu@ hwe$ wa@ Saxwe ---- Se e@ Íu ohwe wE? oo, çn hçn Íu ohwe Seto e@ ma Íu hwey"@ lç@ ya? eyeo, e@ ma@ Íu hwey"@ Íe Tofin o e@ Íu@ hwe@? e@he@, e@ ma@ Íu@ hwe wa Togo e@ y"@ Íu akpa a? awo, mE@ y"@ Íu akpa o Toli be@ e@ Íu hwey"&? owo&, e@ ma Íu hwey"@ Vlin e@ Íu$ a$lanv"@ e$? o$, mE Íu$ alanv"@ Vo E Íu lanv"@ a? o@o, mE@ Íu lanv"@ o Waci E@ Íu lanv"@ a? o, mE@ Íu lanv"@ o Wance e@ Íu akpa? awo, mE@ Íu akpa o Weme e@ Íu hwev"@ a? awo@, e@ ma Íu hwev"@ Wundi e@ Íu akpa? awo, mE Íu akpa o Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) be@ e@ ma Íu@ hwev"& ya? eye&o, e@ ma Íu@ hwev"& Xwla (western) e@ Íu xwe wE? oo, n@ Íu xwe o
177
9. Il a chanté un chant (hier).
Adan e dzi ha deka (etsç) Agbome e@ ji han (sç) Agoi/Gliji e@ ji ha (esç) Agu e@ ji ha (cç) Aja-Dogbo e j"@ ha (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ ji ha (sç) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ ji ha (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e$ j"@ ha$ (Deka) (sç) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ ji eha (ecç) Aja-Sikpi e@ j"@ han (sç@) Ajra e@ ji han (e@tle@) Alada e@ j"@ han (sç) Anexo e ji ha (esç) Arohun e@ ji han (Íokpo) (sç) Aveno e ji ha (Deka) (cç) Awlan e dzi ha (etsç) Ayizo ---- Be e@ ji ha (ecç si va@ yi) Ci e ji han (sç) Daxe e@ ji han (le@ su@ wE) Fon e@ ji han (sç) Gbekon e@ ji oha Gbesi e@ j"@ han (sç) Gbin e@ ji ha (Deka) (cç) Gbokpa e@ ji han (sç) Gen e@ ji ha (esç) Gun e@ ji han (sç) Ho e@ ji ha (cç) Kotafon ---- Kpase e@ ji han (sç) Kpelen ---- Kpesi e@ ji ha Maxi e@ ji han (sç) Movolo e@ j"$ ha$n Saxwe ---- Se e@ ji han (le su@ wE) Seto e@ ji han (Ío e@tle) Tofin e@ ji han Togo e@ ji ha (ecç si va@yi) Toli e@ ji han Vlin e@ j"$ ha$ (cç) Vo E@ j"@ ha (cç) Waci E@ ji ha (cç) Wance e@ ji eha (ecç) Weme e@ ji han (sç) Wundi e@ ji eha (ecç) Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) e@ ji han (Ío e@te@nE@) Xwla (western) e@ jin han
178
10. Il est en train de chanter un chant (maintenant).
Adan e na Íe dzi m Agbome e@ Ío han j"@ wE (din) Agoi/Gliji e@ lee@ ji ha Agu e@ le ha ji mu@ Aja-Dogbo e@ gbe j"@j"@E eha Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ j"@jiE ha Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ le ha ji kç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ gbe$ j"$j"@E$ ha$ (deka vyE@) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le eha ji mu@ Aja-Sikpi e@ gbe j"@j"@E e@han Ajra e@ nç j"@ han Alada e@ to han Íe j"@ Anexo e@ lee@ ji eha Íe Arohun e Íe han (Íokpo) ji (din) Aveno e le ha ji mu Awlan e na Íe dzi m Ayizo ---- Be e@ le ha ji mu@ Ci e Ío han ji wE (dEn) Daxe e@ ji han nç (lesye$) Fon e@ Ío han j"@ wE Gbekon e Íe oha ji Gbesi e@ lo@ han ji wç Gbin e le ha ji (fifi jE) Gbokpa e@ le@ ji han Gen e@ le& ji ha Gun e@ to han ji Ho e@ le ha ji (fifi) Kotafon ---- Kpase e@ Ío han ji wE Kpelen ---- Kpesi e@ le ji ha Maxi e@ Ío han ji wE Movolo e@ Ío@ ha$n j"$ Saxwe ---- Se e@ ji han nç Seto e@ Ío@ han ji kçn Tofin e@ Ío@ han ji Togo e@ le ha ji mu@ Toli e@ nç j"& han Vlin e@ le$ ja$j"$ (fifi jE) Vo E le ha ji @ Waci E@ le ha ji @ Wance e@ le eha ji mu@ Weme e@ Íe han ji Wundi e@ la eha ji mu Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) e@ nç j"@ han Xwla (western) e@ le han jin nu
179
11. Il chantera un chant (plus tard).
Adan e le ha Íe dzi ge Agbome e@ na wa ji han Agoi/Gliji e@ la@ va@ ji ha Agu e@ le ha ji ge@ Aja-Dogbo a gbe@ ji ha Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) a@ va@ ji ha Aja-Hwe (Azovè) (e@ya@ ç@) a@ va@ ji ha Aja-Hwe (Gboto) a$ gbe@ j"$ ha$ (Íeka) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le eha ji go Aja-Sikpi e@ gbe@ ji ha Ajra e@ na@ wa ji han Alada e@ na@ j"@ han Anexo e@ la@ ji ha Arohun e@ na wa ji han (Íokpo) Aveno e gbç na ha ji ge Awlan e le ha Íe dzi ge Ayizo ---- Be e@ gbç na ha ji ge@ Ci e na wa ji han Daxe e@ na@ ji han Fon e@ na wa ji han Gbekon e$ lE wa ji oha Gbesi e@ na@ j"@ han Gbin e@ na va ji ha (Íeka) Gbokpa e@ na wa@ ji han Gen e@ la@ va@ ji ha Gun e@ na@ ji han Ho e@ na va ji ha Kotafon ---- Kpase e@ na@ ji han Kpelen ---- Kpesi e@ le va ji ha Maxi e@ na wa ji han Movolo e@ na@ j"$ han Saxwe ---- Se e@ na@ va@ ji han Seto e@ mç@ wa@ ji han Tofin e@ na@ ji han Togo e@ gbç na ha ji ge@ Toli e@ ma@ ji han Uu Vo ya@ va@ ji ha Waci ya@ va@ ji ha Wance e le eha ji go Weme e@ na@ wa@ ji han Wundi e le eha ji go Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) e@ gbo j"@ han Xwla (western) a@ ba@ jin han
180
12. Qui a chanté un chant? L’homme (dont on a déja parlé) a chanté un chant.
Adan a meka e dzi ha? Nutsu ye dzi ha Agbome mEka ji han? nya ç wE ji han Agoi/Gliji mEkE@ ye@ ji ha o? n@su a ye@ ji ha Agu mEka ye@ le ha ji mu@? n@cu a ye@ le ha ji mu@ Aja-Dogbo m"@ j"@ ha? nsu@ lç@ ye j"@ ha Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mi ji ha? nsu lç@ "@ ji ha Aja-Hwe (Azovè) m"@ ji ha o? nsu@ lç@ y"@ ji ha Aja-Hwe (Gboto) m"& j"@ ha$? (Íeka) n$su@ lç@ ye$ j"@ ha Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a mEka ye@ ji ha? oncu a ye@ ji eha Aja-Sikpi mEE@ j"@ han? nsu@ lç@ ye ji han Ajra E mE@ ji han? xwuxwa&n y"@ e@ j"@ han Alada mEnu@ wE j"@ han? E@ j"@ han Anexo mEkE@ ye@ ji ha Íe@ o? @su a ye@ ji ha Arohun mEnu wE ji han (Íokpo)? sunusi (Íe xomi koÍo lç) wE jihan (Íokpo) Aveno a mEka ye ji ha? (Íeka) ncu a ye ji ha Awlan a meka e dzi ha? Nutsu ye dzi ha Ayizo ---- Be a mEka va@ ji ha? n@cu (si fe@ nya wo gblç la@) ye@ va@ ji ha Ci mE wE ji han (Íokpo wE)? sunu (Íee xo mi Íç) wE ji han Daxe mE lE@ ji ohan nç? gbe tç ke xo@ mi lç@ saa@n wE ji ohan Fon mEka ji han? nya ç@ wE ji han Gbekon e@ mEka ji oha? Gbesi mEnu@ wE ji han? ...han ji wç Gbin mE ji ha? ncu a ye ji ha Gbokpa mEka@ lE@ ji han? osu@nu lç@ wE@ le@ ji han Gen mEkE ye@ ji ha Íe@ o? n@su a ye@ ji ha Gun mEnu wE ji han? su@nu lç@ wE ji han Ho mE ji ha? ncu a ye ji ha Kotafon ---- Kpase mEE@ka ji han? [email protected]@ ji han Kpelen ---- Kpesi mE ji ha Íe@ o? ncu a ye@ ji ha Íe@ Maxi mE ji han? sunE ç wE ji han Movolo mE@ @ j"$ ha$n? su@ns"@ lç@ j"$ ha$n Saxwe ---- Se mE lE ji ohan nç? gbetç lç@ ji ohan Seto E mE@n"@ ji han? xunxwan lç@ n"@ ji han Tofin mE@u@n ji han? su@ns"@ lç@ ji han Togo a mEka va ji ha? [email protected]@ va@ ji ha Toli E mE@ ji han? xuxwa&n lç@ ji han Vlin mE ji ha? n@cu a ye@ ji ha Vo mEka ji ha@? @cu a E ji ha Waci mEka ji ha (de$ka@) a$? n@cu a E ji ha Wance a mEka ye@ ji ha? çncu a ye@ ji eha Weme mE@ wE ji han? mE ÍyE@ wE ji han Wundi a mEka ye@ ji ha? çncu a ye@ ji eha Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) E mE@n"@ ji han? su@nu lç@ n"@ ji han Xwla (western) mEnE@ jin han o? EmE ç@n jin han
181
13. Est ce qu’il a chanté un chant? Non, il n’a pas chanté un chant.
Adan e dzi ha a? a o@, me dzi ha o Agbome e@ ka ji han a$? e@ o&, e@ ji han a& Agoi/Gliji e@ lee@ ji ha a? o, mu@ lee@ ji ha o Agu e@ ji ha? awo, mE@ ji ha o Aja-Dogbo e@ j"@ ha a? o@o, Íe@ j"@ ha@ go Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ ji ha lç a? o, e@ ji ha go Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ ji ha a? o, e@ gbe@ ji ha go Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ j"@ ha$ a$? o$ho@, Íe@ j"@ ha Íe@ go$ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ ji eha a? awo, mE ji eha o Aja-Sikpi e@ j"@ han a? oo, Íe j"@ han o Ajra be@ e@ ji han? eheo, e ma ji han Alada be@ e@ j"@ han? e@heo@, e ma j"@ han Anexo e@ ji ha a? o, mu@ kpo@ jii o$ Arohun be e ko ji han Íokpo a? awo, e ma ko ji han Íokpo Aveno e ji ha? awo, mE ji ha o$ Awlan e dzi ha a? a o@, me dzi ha o Ayizo ---- Be e@ ji ha a? awo, mE@ ji ha o$ Ci e ga ji han a? Eho, e ga ji han a Daxe e@ ji ohan wE$? oo, çn hçn ji ohan Fon eka ji han a? ee, o@ e@ ji han aa@ Gbekon be@ e@ka ji oha a? owhe, e@ ji oha aa@ Gbesi e@ ji han lç@ a? e@eoo@, e@ ma@ j"@ han gE@ Gbin e@ ji ha a? o$, mE ji ha Gbokpa ohan bçç@ tç@n wE@ e@ ji? oo, e@ ma@ ji han nE@/gE e ji han a? oo, e@ ma@ ji han nE@/gE Gen e@ ji ha a? o, mu@ kpç@ ji o Gun be@ e@ ko@ ji han ya? ehe@, e@ ma ji han Ho e@ ji ha? o$, mE ji ha Kotafon ---- Kpase e@ ka@ ji han a? e@e@oo@, e ji han a a$a& Kpelen ---- Kpesi e@ ji ha a? o, mE@ ji ha o Maxi e@ka ji han a? e@wo, e ji han a Movolo e@ j"@ ha@n? e@he@, e@ ma j"@ ha$n wa$ Saxwe ---- Se e@ j"@ ohan wE$? oo, çn hçn ji ohan Seto e@ ma j"@ han ya? eyeo, e@ ma ji han Tofin e@ j"@ ha@n? e@he@, e@ ma j"@ han wa Togo e@ ji ha a? awo, mE@ ji ha o Toli be@ e@ ji han? owo&, e@ ma ji han Vlin --- Vo E ji ha a? o@o, mE ji ha o Waci E@ ji ha a$? o, mE@ ji ha o Wance e@ ji eha a? awo, mE ji eha o Weme e@ ji han a? awo@, e ma ji han Wundi e@ ji eha a? awo, mE ji eha o Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) be@ e@ ma j"@ han ya? eye&o, e@ ma j"@ han Xwla (western) e@ jin han wE? oo, n@ jin han o
182
14. Il est tombé (hier).
− Alternative phrase list: 1. Il tomba (hier).
Adan e dze anyi Agbome e@ jE ay"$ (sç) Agoi/Gliji e@ jany"@ (esç) Agu e@ jany"@ (cç) Aja-Dogbo e@ ja@n yi"@ (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ jwin (sç) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ jwin (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ ja@ny"& (sç) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ je any"@ (ecç) Aja-Sikpi e@ ja@nyi"@ (sç) Ajra e@ jawa@n (e@tle@) Alada e@ ja ay"@ (sç) Anexo e@ je any"@ (esç) Arohun e jE ayi (sç) Aveno e janyi (cç) Awlan e dze anyi Ayizo e@ jayi"@ (sç) [#1] Be e@ je any"@ (esç@ si va@ yi) Ci e jEnyi (sç) Daxe e@ jEnyi (le sç E@) Fon e jayi (sç) Gbekon e jayi (Íe sç) Gbesi e@ jayi"@ (sç) Gbin e@ janyi (cç) Gbokpa e@ jayi"@ (sç) Gen e@ jany"@ (esç) Gun e@ jay"@ (sç) Ho e@ janyi (cç) Kotafon e@ jani"@ (sçç) [#1] Kpase e@ jayi"@ (sç) Kpelen e@ janyi"@ (cç@) [#1] Kpesi e@ janyi"@ Maxi e@ jayi (sç) Movolo e@ za@nwa@n Saxwe e@ jE@ nyi"@ (swE=sçE) [#1] Se e@ jEnyi (le sç E@) Seto e@ jawan (Ío e@tle) Tofin e@ za@nwa@n Togo e@ je anyi (esç@ si va@yi) Toli e@ jawa@n (Íe@tle) Vlin e@ janyi (cç) Vo E@ jan ny"@ (cç) Waci E@ jany"@ (cç) Wance e@ je anyi (ecç) Weme e@ jayi (sç) Wundi e@ je any"@ (ecç) Xwela e@ jawa@n (sç) [#1] Xwla (eastern) e@ nç jawa@n (Ío@ e@te@nE@) Xwla (western) e@ jawa@n
183
15. Il est en train de tomber (maintenant).
− Alternative phrase list: 3. Il est en train de tomber.
Adan e le anyi dze m Agbome e@ Ío ani jE wE (din) Agoi/Gliji e@ lee@ jany"@ (f"@fi) Agu e@ le any"@ je mu@ Aja-Dogbo e@ janjany"@ (viE@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ jujwin (ka@ka E@) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ le@ jwin kç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ janjanyi (vyE@) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le any"@ je mu (fifi a) Aja-Sikpi e@ ja@nyi"@ (sç) Ajra e@ nç jawa@n (datE@) Alada e@ to ay"@ jE (din vie) Anexo e@ lee@ ja any"@ (f"@fi) Arohun e Íe ani jE (din) Aveno e@ le anyi je mu Awlan e le anyi dze m Ayizo e@ Ío ayi"@ jE wE [#3] Be e@ le any"@ je mu@ Ci e Ío anyi jE wE (dEn) Daxe e@ jEnyi nç (lesiE) Fon e Ío ayi jE wE (din) Gbekon e Íe ayi jE (alçnu) (din/di) Gbesi e@ lo@ ayi"@ jE wç Gbin e@ lan yi jE (fifi jE) Gbokpa e @ Ío ayi"@ jE wç e @ Íay i"@ jE wç Gen e@ le& janny"@ Gun e@ to an"@ jE Ho e@ lan yi jE (fifi la) Kotafon e@ Ío@ anyi"@ jE@ ç [#3] Kpase e@ Ío ani"@ jE@ wE (diin) Kpelen e@ le anyi"@ je gbe@ [#3] Kpesi e@ le janyi"@ Maxi e@ Ío ani jE wE Movolo e@ Ío@ a$wa$n za@n a@ Saxwe e@ jE@ nyi"@ nç [#3] Se e@ jEnyi nç Seto e@ Ío@ ana@n jE kçn Tofin e@ Ío@ anan za@n a@ Togo e@ le anyi je mu@ Toli e@ nç jawa@n Vlin e@ la$nyi jE (fifi la) Vo E@ lany"@ jE N (fifi a) Waci E@ le any"@ jE @ Wance e@ le any"@ je mu@ (fifia) Weme e@ Íe ani jE Wundi e@ le anyi je mu (fifia) Xwela e@ nç jawa@n [#3] Xwla (eastern) e@ nç jawa@n (Ío@ hale@) Xwla (western) e@ le ana@n jE nu
184
16. Il tombera (plus tard).
− Alternative phrase list: 4. Il tombera (plus tard).
Adan a anyi dze ge Agbome e@ na@ wa$ jE ay"$ Agoi/Gliji e@ la@ va@ jany"@ Agu ------ Aja-Dogbo a gbe@ va@ jan y"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) a@ va@ jwin Aja-Hwe (Azovè) a va@ jwin Aja-Hwe (Gboto) a$ gbe@ va ja$ny"& Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le any"@ je ge@ Aja-Sikpi e@ gbe@ va@ ja@nyi"@ Ajra e@ ma@ wa@ jawa@n Alada e@ na@ ja@ a y"@ (madEn madEn mE vie) Anexo e@ la@ je any"@ Arohun e@ na wa jE ayi Aveno e gbç na any je ge Awlan a anyi dze ge Ayizo e@ na@ wa@ jayi"@ [#4] Be e@ gbç na any"@ je ge@ Ci e@ na wa janyi Daxe e@ na@ va@ jEnyi Fon e@ na@ wa@ jE ayi Gbekon e$ lE wa jayi nE ya e@ na jE ayi Gbesi e@ na@ jayi"@ Gbin e na va ja nyi Gbokpa e@ na@ wa@ jayi"@ Gen e@ la@ va@ jany"@ (e@ yo@ mE) Gun e@ na@ wa@ jay"@ Ho e@ na va ja nyi Kotafon e@ na wa@ ja@nyi"@ [#4] Kpase e@ na@ jayi"@ (xwe Íe@ vo nuu@) Kpelen a@ va@ janyi"@ [#4] Kpesi a va janyi"@ e@ la@ va janyi"@ Maxi e@ na wa jayi Movolo e@ na@ za@n wa@n Saxwe e@ na@ jE@ nyi"@ [#4] Se e@ na@ va@ jEnyi Seto e@ mç@ wa@ jawa@n Tofin e@ na@ za@n wa@n Togo e@ gbç na anyi je ge@ Toli e@ ma@ wa jawa@n Vlin e@ na va ja$ nyi Vo ya@ va@ jany"@ Waci ya@ va@ jany"@ Wance e@ le any"@ je ge@ Weme e@ na@ wa@ jayi Wundi e@ le anyi je ge@ Xwela e@ la@ we jawa@n [#4] Xwla (eastern) e@ gbo wa@ jawa@n Xwla (western) a@ ba@ jE awa@n
185
17. Qui est tombé? Cet-homme-ci (proche du locuteur) est tombé.
− Alternative phrase list: 26. Qui tomba? + 22. Cet homme (ici) (veut manger du poisson).
Adan a meka e dze anyi? Ntsu sia dze anyi Agbome mEka jE ayi? nya e@ lç@ wE@ jE$ ayi Agoi/Gliji mEkE@ ye@ jany"@ o? n@su a ye@ jany"@ Agu a mEka ye@ jany"@? n@cu ya ye@ jany"@ Aja-Dogbo m"@ ja@n yi"@? nsu@ hunÍe@ jan yi"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mi jwin ç? nsu cE yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) m"@ jwin ç? nsu cE yi jwin Aja-Hwe (Gboto) m"& ja@ny"&? n$su@ hunÍe@ ja$ny"& Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a me@ka ye@ janyi? çncu ke cç ye@ jany"@ Aja-Sikpi mEE@ ja@nyi"@? nsu@ hunÍe@ ja@nyi"@ Ajra E mE@ jawa@n? xwuxwa&n e jawa@n Alada mEnu@ wE jE a y"@? mE e@ xe@ wE jE ay"@ Anexo mEkE@ ye@ je any"@ o? @su ya ye@ je any"@ Arohun mE wE jE ayi? sunusi e@ yç@ wE jE ayi Aveno a mEka ye janyi? ncu sya ye janyi Awlan a meka e dze anyi? Nutsu sia dze anyi Ayizo mE$E@ ja$y"&? nya@ yç@ o@ (jro@ na@ Íu$ xwe$v"@) [#s 26+22] Be a mEka yé jany"@ a? n@cu ya ye@ jany"@ Ci mE wE janyi? mE iyE janyi Daxe mE lE jEnyi çn? mE ke wE jEnyi ç@n Fon mEka jE ayi? nya e@ lç@ wE jE ayi Gbekon e@ meka jayi? e mE e yç wE jEayi Gbesi mEnu@ wE@ jayi"@? mE xE ç@ wE Gbin mE janyi? ncu ya ye@ janyi Gbokpa mEnu wE@ jayi"@ lç@? osu@nu@ nE@ jayi"@ Gen mEkE ye@ je any"@ o? n@su ya ye@ je any"@ Gun mEnu wE jay"@? mE e@ xe wE jay"@ Ho mE janyi? ncu ya ye janyi Kotafon mE$nu@ ja@nyi? da$we@ xe@ ç@ (jro@ na@ Íu$ xwev"&) [#s 26+22] Kpase mEka@ jayi"@? daa@we e@ lç wE jayi"@ Kpelen mE$E@ jay"&? n$cu@ xe@ (j"@ be@ ya$ Íu$ akpa) [#s 26+22] Kpesi mE janyi"@ o? ncu ke a janyi"@ Maxi mE jayi? sunE e@ lç wE jayi Movolo mE@ @ za@nwa@n? su@ns" ke@N za@n wa@n Saxwe n$dE@ jE@y"&? n$su@glo xe@ le$wE@ (jro@ tu@n xe@ a$ Íu@ o$xwe$ la$) [#s 26+22] Se mE lE jEnyi çn? mE ke wE jEnyi ç@n Seto E mE@n"@ jawa@n? mE e n"@ jawa@n Tofin mE@u@n za@nwa@n? su@ns"@ ke@ u@n za@n wa@n Togo a mEka ye@ janyi a? n@cu ya ye janyi Toli E mE@ jawa@n? xuxwa&n e@ jawa@n Vlin mE janyi? ncu ya ye@ janyi Vo mEka jany"@? ncu ya E@ jany"@ Waci mEka jany"@? n@cu ya E@ jany"@ Wance a mEka ye@ jany"@? çnc u ke cç ye@ jany"@ Weme mE wE jayi? mE yç wE jayi Wundi a mEka ye@ jany"@? çncu@ ke cç ye@ ja@ny"@ Xwela e$ mE@ ja$wa@n? "$slun enE@ ç@ (e na Íu$ xwe) [#s 26+22] Xwla (eastern) E mE@n"@ jawa@n? su@nu(Íe@nE@)e@ yç n"@ jawa@n Xwla (western) mEnE@E jE awa@n o? EmE xç jE awa@n
186
18. Qui est tombé? Cet-homme-la (proche du auditeur) est tombé.
− Alternative phrase list: 26. Qui tomba? + 24. Cet homme (là-bas) (veut manger de la viande).
Adan a meka e dze anyi? Ntsu ma e dze anyi Agbome mEka jE ayi? nya e@ne@ wE$ jE ayi Agoi/Gliji mEkE@ ye@ jany"@ o? n@su wa@n ye@ jany"@ Agu a mEka ye@ jany"@? n@cu ma@ ye@ jany"@ Aja-Dogbo mi"@ ja@n yi"@? nsu@ xç@n ja@n yi"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mi jwin ç? nsu ntç@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) m"@ jwin ç? nsu nç Ía yi jwin Aja-Hwe (Gboto) m"& ja@ny"&? n@su@ xç@n ja@ny"& Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a me@ka ye@ janyi? çncu (ke) ma@ ye@ janyi Aja-Sikpi mEE@ ja@nyi"@? nsu@ xç@n ja@nyi"@ Ajra E mE@ jawa@n? xwunxwa&n xE@n jawa@n Alada mEnu@ wE jE ay"@? mE e@ nE@ wE jE ay"@ Anexo mEkE@ ye@ je any"@ o? @su wa@n ye@ je any"@ Arohun mE wE jE ayi? sunusi e@nE@ wE jE ayi Aveno a mEka ye janyi? ncu ma@ ye janyi Awlan a meka e dze anyi? Nutsu ma e dze anyi Ayizo mE$E@ ja$y"&? nya$ e@ Ío$ dç$ç@n (jro@ na@ Íu$ la$n) [#s 26+24] Be a mEka ye@ jany"@ a? n@cu ma@ ye@ jany"@ Ci mE wE janyi? mE (Íe Ío) dçn wE janyi Daxe mE lE jEnyi çn? mE hin wE jEnyi ç@n Fon mEka jE ayi? nya e@nE@ wE@ jE ayi Gbekon e@ meka jayi? emE e@ ne@ çn wE jEayi Gbesi mEnu@ wE jay"@? mE nyç@ wE Gbin mE janyi? ncu miÍa ye janyi Gbokpa mEnu wE@ jayi"@ lç@? osu@nu@si ye jayi"@ç@ e@ Í"@ ye Íef"@ Gen mEkE ye@ je any"@ o? n@su wa@n ye@ je any"@ Gun mEnu wE jay"@? mE e@nE@ wE jay"@ Ho mE janyi? ncu miÍa ye@ janyi Kotafon mE$nu@ ja@nyi? da$we@ nE@ (jro@ na@ Íu$ la$n) [#s 26+24] Kpase mEka@ janyi"@? daa@we (dee@Ío)dçç@n wE jayi" Kpelen mE$E@ jay"&? n$cu@ xe$wun (j"@ be@ ya$ Íu$ la$) [#s 26+24] Kpesi mE janyi"@ o? ncu a janyi"@ Maxi mE jayi? sunE e@ nE ç wE jayi Movolo mE@ @ za@n wa@n? su@ns"@ kE@n @ za@n wa@n Saxwe n$dE@ jE@y"&? n$su@glo xe@ le$blE@ (jro@ tu@n xe$ a$ Íu@ o$lan) [#s 26+24] Se mE lE jEnyi çn? mE hin wE jEnyi ç@n Seto E mE@n"@ jawa@n? EmE Íyç n"@ jawa@n Tofin mE@u@n za@n wa@n? su@ns"@ kE@n u@n za@n wa@n Togo a mEka ye@ janyi a? n@cu ma@ ye janyi Toli E mE@ jawa@n? xunxwa&n e@ nE@ e@ jawa@n Vlin mE janyi? ncu miÍa ye@ janyi Vo mEka jany"@? Ncu ma@ E@ jany"@ Waci mEka jany"@? n@cu ma@ E@ jany"@ Wance a mEka ye@ jany"@? çncu (ke) ma@ ye@ jany"@ Weme mE wE jayi? mEnE@ wE jayi Wundi a mEka ye@ jany"@? çncu@ (ke) ma ye@ jany"@ Xwela e$ mE@ ja$wa@n? "$slun nE@ Íe@ y"@nE@ ç@ (e@ na Íu$ "$la$n) [#s 26+24] Xwla (eastern) E mE@n"@ jawa@n? su@nu (Íe@nE@) e@ yç n"@ jawa@n Xwla (western) mEnE@E jE awa@n o? EmE hEn ç jE awa@n
187
19. Qui est tombé? Cet-homme acolà (loin de locuteur et auditeur) est tombé. *** disqualified ***
Adan a me ka e dze anyi? Ntsu ma e dze anyi [#18] Agbome mE ka yE ayi? nya e@Ío dçn ewE$ jE ayi Agoi/Gliji mE kE@ ye@ jany"@ o? n@su (wa@n Ía@a@) ye@ jany"@ Agu a mE ka ye@ jany"@? n@cu ma@ Ía@a@ ye@ jany"@ Aja-Dogbo mi"@ ja@n yi"@? nsu@ tlun Íe jan yi"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mi jwin ç? nsu Ía@a yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) mi jwin ç? nsu (nç Ía) y"@ jwin [#18] Aja-Hwe (Gboto) m"& ja@nyi? n@su@ trunda jany"& Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a me@ ka ye@ janyi? çncu ma da@ ye jany"@ Aja-Sikpi mEE@ ja@nyi"@? nsu@ tlun da janyi"@ Ajra E mE@ jawa@n? xwuxwa&n e@ Ío@ flç@n Ía@a jawa@n Alada mE nu@ wE jE a y"@? mE Íee@ de dçn le wE jE ay"@ Anexo mE kE@ ye@ je any"@ o? Nsu wa@n da@a@ ye@ Arohun mE wE jE ayi? sunusi (Íe Íç nukçndçn) wE jE ayi Aveno a mE ka ye janyi? ncu ma Ía@a@ ye janyi Awlan a me ka e dze anyi? Nutsu ma e dze anyi [#18] Ayizo ---- Be a mE ka ye@ jany"@ a? n@cu ma@ Ía@a@ ye@ jany"@ Ci mE wE janyi? mE Íe Ío kaka dçn wE janyi Daxe mE lE jEnyi çn? mE hin daa@n wE jEnyi ç@n Fon mE ka jE ayi? nya e@ Ío dçn e wE jE ayi Gbekon e@ me ka jayi? e mE Íee@ de nukç dçç@ wE jE ayi Gbesi mE nu@ wE jayi"@? mE Ío dçç@n nyç@ wE Gbin mE janyi? ncu mi Ía ye janyi Gbokpa mE nu wE@ jayi"@ lç@? osu@nu@ si ye le dççn wE jayi"@ Gen mE kE@ ye@ je any"@ o? n@su wa@n Ía@a@ ye@ je any"@ Gun mE nu wE jay"@? mE Íe to@ dçn wE jayi Ho mE janyi? ncu mi Íaa ye@ janyi Kotafon ---- Kpase mE ka@ jayi"@? daa@we (Íee@ Ío ka@ka@ dçç@n wE@) jayi"@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi mle janyi"@ o? ncu ma@ janyi"@ Maxi mE jayi? sunE e@ jayi nE Movolo mE@ @ za@n wa@n? su@ns"@ kE@n @ za@n wa@n Saxwe ---- Se mE lE jEnyi çn? mE hin daa@n wE jEnyi ç@n Seto E mE n"@ jawa@n? E mE Íyç n"@ jawa@n Tofin mE@ u@n za@n wa@n? su@ns"@ kE@n u@n zan wan Togo a mE ka ye@ janyia? n@cu ma@ Ía@a@ ye@ janyi Toli E mE@ jawa@n? xunxwa&n e@ mç@ e@ jawa@n Vlin mE janyi? ncu mi Íaa$a$ ye janyi Vo mE ka jany"@? Ncu ma@ da@a@ E@ jany"@ Waci mE ka jany"@ o? n@cu ma@ Ía@a E@ jany"@ Wance a mE ka yé janyí? çncu ma Ía@ yé janyí Weme mE wE jayi? Wundi a mE ka ye@ jany"@? çncu@ ma da ye@ janyi Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) E mE@ n"@ jawa@n? su@nu Íe@nE@ e@yç n"@ jawa@n Xwla (western) mE nE@E jE awa@n o? E mE hEn ç jE awa@n
188
20. Est ce qu’il est tombé? Non, il n’est pas tombé.
− Alternative phrase list: 6. Etait-il tombé? Non, il n’était pas tombé.
Adan Íe wo dze anyi a? a$ o@, me dze anyi o$ Agbome e@ ka jE ayia? e@ o&, e jE ayi a& Agoi/Gliji e@ jany"@ a? o, mu@ jany"@ o Agu e@ jany"@ a? oo, mE jany"@ o Aja-Dogbo e@ ja@n yi a? o@o, e jw"@n go Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ jwin a? o, e@ jwin go Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e jwin a? o, e jwin go Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ janyi? o$he@, e@ jw"@n go$ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ jany"@ a? awo, mE jany"@ o Aja-Sikpi e@ ja@nyi a? oo, e@ jw"@n go Ajra be@ e@ jawa@n? e@he@o, e@ ma jawan Alada be@ e@ ka@ jE@ ay"@ a? e@heo@, e@ ma jE@ ay"@ Anexo e@ je any"@ a? o, mu@ any"@ o Arohun be e jE ayi a? awo, e@ ma jE ayi Aveno e janyi a? awo, mE janyi o Awlan Íe wo dze anyi a? a o@, me dze anyi o Ayizo e@ jayi"@ wE? e@ woo@, e@ jayi a$a$ [#6] Be e@ jany"@ va@va@n? awo, mE jany"@ o Ci e@ ga janyi a$? Eho, e ga janyi a$ Daxe e@ jEnyi ç@n wE nugbo@? oo, çn hç@n jEnyi Fon e ka jE ayi a? eo@, e jE ayi a& Gbekon be@ e ka jE ayi a@? owhe, e jE ayi a& Gbesi e@ jayi"@ nugbo a? ee@ o@o, e@ ma@ jayi"@ gE Gbin e@ janyi a? o, mE janyi Gbokpa e@ jayi"@ wE? oo, e@ ma@ jayi"@ nE@ oo, e@ ma@ jayi"@ gE Gen e@ je any"@ a? o, mu@ je any"@ o Gun be@ e@ jay"@ ya? ehe, e@ ma jayi Ho e@ janyi a? o, mE janyi o Kotafon e@ ja@nyi"@ wE@ a? e@ woo@, e@ ma@ ja@nyi"@ gE@ [#6] Kpase e@ ka@ jayi"@? e@e@ oo@, e@ jayi"@ a$a@ Kpelen e@ janyi"@ E? o, mE@ janyi"@ o [#6] Kpesi e@ janyi"@ a? o, mE@ janyi"@ o Maxi e@ jayi wE a? e@wo, e@ jayi a Movolo e@ za@nwa@n? e@he@, e@ ma@ za@n wa@n wa@ Saxwe e@ jE@ nyi"@? o, ç@n jE@ nyi"@ [#6] Se e@ jEnyi ç@n wE nugbo@? oo, çn hç@n jEnyi Seto e@ ma jawa@n wE ya? eyeo, e@ ma jawa@n Íe@ Tofin e@ zanwan? e@he@, e@ ma za@n wa@n wa@ Togo e@ janyi va@va@n? awo, mE janyi o Toli be@ e@ jawa@n? owo&, e ma jawa@n Vlin e@ janyi a? o, mE ye janyi Vo E@ jany"@ a? o@o, mE jany"@ o Waci E@ jany"@ a? o, mE@ jany"@ o Wance e@ jany"@ a? awo, mE@ jany"@ o Weme e@ jayi a? awo@, e@ ma jayi Wundi e@ janyi a? awo, mE@ janyi o Xwela e@ jawa@n nE? o o@, jawa@n e [#6] Xwla (eastern) e@ jawa@n ya? eye&o, e@ ma@ jawa@n Xwla (western) e@ jE awa@n wE? oo, n@ jE awa@n o
189
21. C’est un poisson.
− Alternative phrase list: 17. Mange du poisson. + 28. C’est une maison.
Adan tçmelan e Agbome hwev"@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji elanv"@ ye@ Agu akpa ye@ Aja-Dogbo kpa@v"@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kpav"@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) kpav"@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kpa@v"@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) akpa ye Aja-Sikpi kpa@v"@ yç@ Ajra hwevi nE Alada whev"@ wE Anexo e@ lanv"@ ye@ Arohun ohwevi wE Aveno akpa ye Awlan tçmelan e Ayizo xwev"@ Íe@ wE [#s 17+28] Be akpa ye@ Ci hwevi wE Daxe ohwe wE Fon hwev"@ wE Gbekon ohwe vi wE Gbesi xwe wE Gbin elanvi ye@ Gbokpa oxwe wE Gen elanv"@ ye@ Gun hwev"@ wE Ho e$lanvi ye Kotafon hwev"@ wE [#s 17+28] Kpase xwev"@ wE Kpelen akpa ye@ [#s 17+28] Kpesi adovi yi Maxi hwevi wE Movolo o$hwe$ nE$ Saxwe oxwe wE@ [#s 17+28] Se ohwe wE Seto hwey"@ nE Tofin ohwe nE Togo akpa ye@ Toli hwey"@ nE Vlin e@lanvi ye@ Vo lanv"@ E (nyi) Waci lanv"@ E (ny"@) Wance akpa ye@ Weme hwev"@ wE Wundi akpa ye@ Xwela xwe nE@E [#s 17+28] Xwla (eastern) hwev"& nE@ Xwla (western) ehwe wE
190
22. Ce sont des poissons.
− Alternative phrase list: 17. Mange du poisson. + 31. Ce sont (quelques) maisons.
Adan tçmelan wo e Agbome hwev"@ lE@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji elanv"@ we@ Agu akpa we@ Aja-Dogbo kpa@v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kpav"@ o@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) kpavi we@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kpa@v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) akpa we@ Aja-Sikpi kpa@v"@ o@ Ajra hwevi lE@ nE Alada whev"@ lE@ wE Anexo e@ lanv"@ we@ Arohun ohwevi lE wE Aveno akpa we Awlan tçmelan wo e Ayizo xwev"@ Íe@ lE@ wE [#s 17+31] Be akpa we Ci hwevi lE wE Daxe ohwe ye Fon hwe lE wE Gbekon e@hwevi lE wE Gbesi xwe lE@ wE Gbin elanvi we@ Gbokpa oxwe lE ye@ Gen elanv"@ we@ Gun hwev"@ lE wE Ho elanvi we Kotafon hwev"@ lE@ wE [#s 17+31] Kpase xwev"@ lE@ wE Kpelen akpa Íe@ we@ [#s 17+31] Kpesi adovi wo Maxi hwevi lE wE Movolo o$hwe$ lE$ nE$ Saxwe oxwe Íe@e@ wE@ [#s 17+31] Se ohwe ye Seto hwey"@ lE@ nE Tofin ohwe lE nE Togo akpa we Toli hwey"@ e nE Vlin e@lanvi we@ Vo lanv"@ o (nyi) Waci lanv"@ o (ny"@) Wance akpa we@ Weme hwev"@ wE Wundi akpa we@ Xwela xwe Íe xwlEn [#s 17+31] Xwla (eastern) hwev"& lE@ e Xwla (western) exwe ye wE
191
23. C’est un chien.
Adan avu e Agbome cuku@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji avuu@n ye@ Agu avu ye@ Aja-Dogbo avu@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) avun yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) avu yç@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) a$vu@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) avu ye Aja-Sikpi ovu@n yç@ Ajra ovun nE Alada xwe@ kanlin wE Anexo avuu@n ye@ Arohun avun wE Aveno avu ye Awlan avu e Ayizo ---- Be avu ye@ Ci duvi wE Daxe ovu@n wE Fon cuku@ wE Gbekon avu wE Gbesi avuu@n wE Gbin avu ye Gbokpa odun v"@ wE Gen avu&n ye@ Gun avu@n wE Ho avu ye Kotafon ---- Kpase avuu@n Kpelen ---- Kpesi avu yi Maxi afun wE Movolo a$vu@n nE$ Saxwe ---- Se ovu@n wE Seto avun nE Tofin a@vu@n nE Togo avu ye@ Toli avu&n nE Vlin avu ye@ Vo avun E (ny"@) Waci avun E (ny"@) Wance avu ye@ Weme avu@n wE Wundi avu ye@ Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) avu&n nE@ Xwla (western) çvun wE
192
24. Ce sont des chiens.
Adan avu wo e Agbome cuku@ lE@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji avuu@n we@ Agu avu we@ Aja-Dogbo avu@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) avun o yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) avu we@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) avu@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) avu we@ Aja-Sikpi ovu@n o@ Ajra ovun lE nE Alada xwe@ kanlin lE@ wE Anexo avuu@n we@ Arohun avun lE wE Aveno avu we@ Awlan avu wo e Ayizo ---- Be avu we@ Ci duvi lE wE Daxe ovun ye Fon cuku@ lE wE Gbekon avu lE wE Gbesi avuu@n lE@ wE Gbin avu we Gbokpa odun v"@ lE@ ye Gen avu&n we@ Gun avu@n lE wE Ho avu we Kotafon ---- Kpase avun lE@ wE Kpelen ---- Kpesi avu wo Maxi afun lE wE Movolo a$vu@n lE@ nE$ Saxwe ---- Se ovu@n ye Seto avun lE@ nE Tofin a@vu@n lE@ nE Togo avu we@ Toli avu&n e nE Vlin avu we@ Vo avun o@ (nyi) Waci avun o (nyi) Wance avu we@ Weme avu@ lE wE Wundi avu we@ Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) avu&n lE@ e Xwla (western) çvun ye@ wE
193
25. C’est un couteau.
Adan ehe e Agbome j"&v"@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji kakla@ ye@ Agu ehe ye@ Aja-Dogbo ewi yç Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ewi yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ewi yç@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e$w"$ jç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ehe ye@ Aja-Sikpi e@hwi"@ yç Ajra oji nE Alada oj"@ vi"@ wE Anexo kakla@ ye@ Arohun ohi wE Aveno ehi ye Awlan ehe e Ayizo ---- Be xi"@ ye@ Ci havi wE Daxe ohwi wE Fon j"&vi wE Gbekon ehi"@ wE Gbesi oh"@ wE Gbin exe ye@ Gbokpa oxi"@ wE Gen kakla@ ye@ Gun oh"@i wE Ho exe ye Kotafon ---- Kpase jivi"@ wE Kpelen ---- Kpesi ehie Maxi civi wE Movolo o@j"@ nE$ Saxwe ---- Se ohwi wE Seto oji nE Tofin o@j"@ nE Togo xi"@ ye@ Toli oj"& nE Vlin exe ye@ Vo ewi E (ny"@) Waci ew"@ E (ny"@) Wance ehe ye@ Weme ohi wE Wundi ehe ye@ Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) oj"& nE@ Xwla (western) h"&v"@ wE
194
26. Ce sont des couteaux.
Adan ehe wo e Agbome j"&v"@ lE wE$ Agoi/Gliji kakla@ we@ Agu ehe we@ Aja-Dogbo ewi o@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ewi o yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ewi we@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ew"$ o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ehe we@ Aja-Sikpi e@hwi"@ o Ajra oji lE nE Alada oj"@ vi"@ lE@ wE Anexo kakla@ we@ Arohun ohi lE wE Aveno ehi we@ Awlan ehe wo e Ayizo ---- Be xi"@ we Ci havi lE wE Daxe ohwi ye Fon j"&vi lE wE Gbekon ehi"@ lE wE Gbesi oh"@ lE@ wE$ Gbin exE we Gbokpa oxi"@ lE@ ye Gen kakla@ we@ Gun oh"@ lE wE Ho exE we Kotafon ---- Kpase jivi"@ lE@ wE Kpelen ---- Kpesi ehie wo Maxi civi lE wE Movolo o@j"@ lE@ nE$ Saxwe ---- Se ohwi ye Seto oji lE@ nE Tofin o@j"@ lE@ nE Togo xi"@ we Toli oj"& e nE Vlin exE we@ Vo ewi o@ (nyi) Waci ewi o@ (nyi) Wance ehe we@ Weme ohi lE wE Wundi ehe we@ Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) oj"& lE@ e Xwla (western) h"&v"@ ye wE
195
27. C’est une case.
− Alternative phrase list: 28. C’est une maison.
Adan xç e Agbome xç@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji exç ye@ Agu exç ye@ Aja-Dogbo exç yç@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) exç yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) oxç yç@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e$xç@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) exç ye@ Aja-Sikpi oxç@ yç Ajra oxç nE Alada oxç wE Anexo e@xç ye@ Arohun oxç wE Aveno exç ye@ Awlan xç e Ayizo xwe@ Íe@ wE [#28] Be exç ye@ Ci xç wE Daxe oxç@ wE Fon xç wE Gbekon xç wE Gbesi oxç@ wE Gbin exç ye Gbokpa oxç wE Gen e@xç ye@ Gun oxç wE Ho exç ye Kotafon xwe@ wE [#28] Kpase xç wE Kpelen ape@ ye@ [#28] Kpesi exç yi Maxi xç wE Movolo o@xç@ nE$ Saxwe oxwe@ wE@ [#28] Se oxç@ wE Seto oxç nE Tofin o@xç nE Togo exç ye@ Toli oxç nE Vlin exç ye@ Vo exç E (ny"@) Waci exç E (ny"@) Wance exç ye@ Weme oxç wE Wundi exç ye@ Xwela os"@n nE@ E [#28] Xwla (eastern) oxç nE@ Xwla (western) exç wE
196
28. Ce sont des cases.
− Alternative phrase list: 31. Ce sont (quelques) maisons.
Adan xç wo e Agbome xç@ lE@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji exç we@ Agu exç we@ Aja-Dogbo exç o@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) exç o yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) oxç we@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e$xç@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) exç we@ Aja-Sikpi oxç@ o Ajra oxç lE nE Alada oxç lE@ wE Anexo e@xç we@ Arohun oxç lE wE Aveno exç we@ Awlan xç wo e Ayizo xwe@ Íe@ lE@ wE [#31] Be xç we Ci xç lE wE Daxe oxç@ ye Fon xç lE wE Gbekon oxç lE wE Gbesi oxç@ lE@ wE Gbin exç we Gbokpa oxç lE@ ye Gen e@xç we@ Gun oxç lE wE Ho exç we Kotafon xwe@ lE@ wE [#31] Kpase xç lE@ wE Kpelen apee@ Íe@ we@ [#31] Kpesi exç wo Maxi xç lE wE Movolo o@xç@ lE@ nE$ Saxwe oxwe Íe@e@ wE@ [#31] Se oxç@ ye Seto oxç lE@ nE Tofin o@xç lE@ nE Togo xç we Toli oxç e nE Vlin exç we@ Vo exç o@ (nyi) Waci exç o@ (nyi) Wance exç we@ Weme oxç lE wE Wundi exç we@ Xwela os"@n Íe xwlEn [#31] Xwla (eastern) oxç lE@ e Xwla (western) exç ye wE
197
29. La case de l’homme.
− Alternative phrase list: 29. C’est la maison de l’homme.
Adan Nutsu a fe anyi xçe Agbome xç@ nya ç@ tçn nya ç s"@n xç Agoi/Gliji n@su a be@ exç Agu n@cu fe@ xç Aja-Dogbo nsu@ xç@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu xç Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu xç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ xç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) çncu mE@ xç Aja-Sikpi nsu@ xç@ Ajra oxç xwunxwa@n tçn Alada oxç gbE tç@ tçn Anexo @su be@ xç Arohun sunusi sin xç Aveno ncu fe xç Awlan Nutsu a fe anyi xçe Ayizo nya ç xwe@ [#29] Be n@cu fe@ xç Ci xç sunu dçn Daxe gbetç@ we oxç Fon nya ç@ s"@n xç Gbekon sunusi xç gbEtç xç Gbesi xç su@nu@ tçn Gbin ncu be xç Gbokpa oxç su@nu@ tçn Gen n@su be@ xç Gun oxç su@nu tçn Ho ncu be xç ye Kotafon dawe@ ç@ s"@n xwe@ wE [#29] Kpase dawe@ ç@ s"@n xo@ Kpelen ncu@ a@ be@ ape@ ye@ [#29] Kpesi ncu ki xç Maxi sunE sin xç Movolo su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n xç$ Saxwe nsuglo la we@ xwe wE@ [#29] Se gbetç@ we oxç Seto xunxwan s"@n xç Tofin su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n xç Togo n@cu fe@ xç Toli xunxwa&n n"@ xç Vlin n$cu$ be xç ye Vo @cu a mE xç Waci n@cu a mE@ xç Wance çncu mE@ xç Weme gbetç@ xç Wundi çncu mE xç Xwela islun ç s"@n oxwe@ nE@ E [#29] Xwla (eastern) su@nu s"@n xç Xwla (western) n@sun çn e@ xç
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30. La case de la femme (de l’homme).
Adan nyçnu a fe anyi xçe Agbome xç nyçnu@ ç@ tçn nyçnu ç@ s"@n xç Agoi/Gliji nyç@nu a be@ exç Agu nyç@nu fe@ xç Aja-Dogbo nyç@nu@ xç@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nyçnu xç Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nyçnu xç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) nyç@nu@ xç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) nyç@nu mE@ xç Aja-Sikpi nyç@nu@ xç@ Ajra oxç nyçsi tçn Alada oxç nyçnu si a suxwe@ s"@ tçn Anexo nyç@nu be@ xç Arohun nyçnusi sin xç Aveno nyçnu fe xç Awlan nyo nu a fe anyi xçe Ayizo ---- Be nyçnu fe@ xç Ci xç nyçnu dçn Daxe nyçs"@ we xç Fon nyçnnu@ ç sin xç Gbekon nyçnusi xç Gbesi xç nyçnu tçn Gbin nyçnu be xç Gbokpa oxç@ nyçnu@ tçn Gen nyç@nu be@ xç Gun oxç nyçnu@ tçn Ho nyçnu be xç ye@ Kotafon ---- Kpase dawe@ ç@ asi s"@n xç Kpelen ---- Kpesi nyçnu ki xç Maxi nyçnE sin xç Movolo nyç@s"@ lç@ s"@n xç$ Saxwe ---- Se nyçs"@ we xç Seto nyçnusi s"@n xç Tofin nyç@s"@ lç@ s"@n xç Togo nyçnu fe@ xç Toli nyçsi n"@ xç Vlin nyçnu be xç ye Vo nyçnu@ a mE xç Waci nyç@nu a mE@ xç Wance nyç@nu mE@ xç Weme asi s"@n xç Wundi nyçnu mE xç Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) nyçnu s"@n xç Xwla (western) nyç@nu çn e@ xç
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31. L’enfant de l’homme.
Adan Nutsu a fe vi Agbome nya ç@ s"@n v"& v"& nya ç tçn Agoi/Gliji n@su a be@ v"@ Agu n@cu fe@ v"@ Aja-Dogbo nsu@ ç@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu v"@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ ç@ v"@o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ç@ncu mE@ v"@ Aja-Sikpi nsu@ ç@ v"@ Ajra vi xwuxwa&n tçn Alada ovi"@ gbEtç@ tçn Anexo @su be@ v"@ Arohun sunusi sin vi Aveno ncu fe vi Awlan Nutsu a fe vo Ayizo ---- Be n@cu fe@ v"@ Ci sunu si vi Daxe Nsuglo we v"@ Fon nya ç sin v"& Gbekon vi"@ sunu tçn Gbesi su@nu ç v"@ wç Gbin ncu be vi Gbokpa ov"@ su@nu@ tçn Gen n@su a be@ v"@ Gun su@nu lç@ s"@n v"& Ho ncu be vi Kotafon ---- Kpase dawe@ ç@ s"@n vi"@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi ncu ki vi Maxi sunE ç sin vi Movolo su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n v"@ Saxwe ---- Se Nsuglo we v"@ Seto xunxwan s"@n v"& Tofin su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n v"@ Togo ncu fe v"@ Toli xunxwa&n n"@ v"& Vlin ncu be@ v"@ Vo Ncu@ a mE v"@ Waci n@cu a mE@ v"@ Wance ç@ncu mE@ v"@ Weme gbEtç@ vi Wundi çncu mE vi Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) su@nu s"@n v"& Xwla (western) dahwe ç e@ v"@
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32. L’enfant masculin.
Adan evi Nutsu vi Agbome su$nu@ v"@ Agoi/Gliji n@su v"@ Agu n@cu v"@ Aja-Dogbo nsu@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu vi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu v"@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) çncu v"@ Aja-Sikpi nsu@ v"@ Ajra sEvu& xwuxwa&n Alada ovi"@ sunu Anexo Nsu v"@ Arohun sunu vi Aveno ncu vi Awlan evi Ntsu vi Ayizo ---- Be n@cu v"@ Ci sunu vi vi sunu Daxe Nsuglo v"@ to@e Fon v" sunnu@ v"@ Gbekon sunusi Gbesi su@nu v"@ Gbin ncu vi Gbokpa ov"@ su@nu@ Gen n@su v"@ Gun su@nu v"@ Ho ncu vi Kotafon ---- Kpase su@nu v"@ nya v"@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi n@cu v"@ Maxi vi sunu Movolo o$v"@ su@ns"@ lç@ Saxwe ---- Se Nsuglo v"@ to@e Seto su@nu Tofin ovi su@ns"@ lç@ Togo n@cu v"@ Toli ov" xunxwa&n Vlin n$cu v"@o@ Vo @cu v"@ Waci n@cu v"@ Wance çncu v"@ Weme su@nnu Wundi çncu v"@ Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) su@nu Xwla (western) nsu v"@
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33. Les enfants de l’homme.
Adan Nutsu a fe vi wo Agbome v"& nya ç@ tçn lE nya ç@ s"@n v"& lE@ Agoi/Gliji n@su a be@ v"@ o@ Agu n@cu fe@ v"@ wo@ Aja-Dogbo nsu@ ç@ v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu v"& o@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu ç@ v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ ç@ v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) çncu mE vi o@ Aja-Sikpi n@su@ ç@ v"@ o@ Ajra xwuxwa&n v"@ lE Alada ovi"@ lE@ gbEtç@ tçn Anexo Nsu a be@ v"@ o Arohun sunusi sin vi lE ovi sunusi tçn lE Aveno ncu fe@ vi wo Awlan Nutsu a fe vi wo Ayizo ---- Be n@cu fe@ v"@ wo@ Ci sunu sin vi lE Daxe Nsu glo we vi kpEe@ Fon nya ç@ s"@n v"& lEE Gbekon sunusi vi lE Gbesi su@nu ç v"@ lE Gbin ncu be vi o Gbokpa ov"@ su@nu@ mE lç@ tçn lE@ Gen n@su a be v"@ o@ Gun su@nu lç@ s"@n v"& lE Ho ncu be vi o Kotafon ---- Kpase dawe@ ç@ s"@n vi"@ lE@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi n@cu ki vi o Maxi sunE ç sin vi lE Movolo su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n v"$ lE@ Saxwe ---- Se Nsuglo we@ vi kpE e@ Seto xuxwan lç@ s"@n v"& lE Tofin su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n vi lE Togo n@cu fe vi wo@ Toli xunxwa&n n"@ v"& e Vlin n@cu be@ v"@ o@ Vo @cu a mE@ v"@ o@ Waci n@cu a mE@ v"@ o@ Wance çncu mE v"@ o@ Weme gbEtç@ v"@ lE Wundi çncu mE v"@ o Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) su@nu lç@ s"@n v"& lE@ E Xwla (western) n@sun ç e@ v"@ ye
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34. L’oeil.
Adan Nku Agbome nuku@n Agoi/Gliji Nku@ v"@ Agu Nku@ Aja-Dogbo nku v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Nku v"@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) Nku v"@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$ku v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) nku Aja-Sikpi n@ku@n nku@ v"@ Ajra nukun Alada nuku@n Anexo Nku@ v"@ Arohun nukun Aveno Nku Awlan Nku Ayizo ---- Be Nku v"@ Ci nukun Daxe Nkun s"@n Fon nuku@n Gbekon oNkun Gbesi nuku@ Gbin nku Gbokpa nuku@n Gen Nku@ v"@ Gun nuku@n lç@ Ho nku Kotafon ---- Kpase nuku@n Kpelen ---- Kpesi nku vi Maxi nuku@n Movolo nu@ku@n lç@ Saxwe ---- Se Nkun s"@n Seto nukun Tofin nu@ku@n lç@ Togo Nku v"@ Toli nuku@n Vlin nku Vo Nku@ v"@ Waci Nku@ v"@ Wance nku Weme nuku@n Wundi nku Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) nuku@n Xwla (western) çNku si
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35. Les yeux de l’homme.
Adan Nutsu a fe Nku wo Agbome nuku@n nya ç@ tç$n lE@ Agoi/Gliji n@su a be@ Nku@v"@ o@ Agu n@cu fe@ Nku@ wo@ Aja-Dogbo nsu@ lç@ nku@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu Nku v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu ç@ nku v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ lç@ n$ku@v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) çncu mE Nku o@ Aja-Sikpi nsu@ lç@ nku@ v"@ Ajra xwuxwa&n nukun Alada nuku@n gbE tç@ tçn lE@ Anexo agbe tç@ be Nku@ Arohun sunusi sin nukun lE nukun sunusi tçn lE Aveno ncu fe Nku wo Awlan Nutsu a fe Nku wo Ayizo ---- Be n@cu fe@ Nku@ wo@ Ci sunu sin nukun lE Daxe Nsuglo Nkun s"@n ye Fon su@nu ç@ s"@n nuku@n lE Gbekon oNkun egbE tç tçn lE Gbesi nuku@ su@nu lç@ tçn Gbin ncu be nku o Gbokpa nuku@n mE lç@ tçn lE@ Gen n@su a be@ Nku@v"@ o@ Gun su@nu lç@ s"@n nuku@n lE Ho ncu be nku o Kotafon ---- Kpase dawe@ ç@ s"@n nuku@n Kpelen ---- Kpesi ncu ki nkuvi Maxi sunE ç sin nukun lE Movolo su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n nu@ku@n lE@ Saxwe ---- Se Nsuglo Nkun s"@n ye Seto xuxwan lç@ s"@n nukun lE Tofin su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n nu@ku@n lE Togo n@cu fe@ Nku@ wo@ Toli xunxwa&n n"@ nuku@n e Vlin n@cu be@ nku@ o@ Vo @cu a mE@ Nku@ v"@ o@ Waci n@cu a mE@ Nku@ v"@ o@ Wance çncu mE Nku o@ Weme gbEtç@ nuku@n lE Wundi çncu mE Nku o Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) su@nu s"@n nuku@n lE@ E Xwla (western) n@sun ç e@ Nku@si ye
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Alternative phrase list elicited in the Ayizo, Kotafon, Kpelen, Saxwe, Xwela varieties:
1. Il tomba (hier).
Ayizo e@ jayi"@ (sç) Kotafon e@ ja@nyi"@ (sçç) Kpelen e@ janyi"@ (cç@) Saxwe e@ jE@ nyi"@ (swE) Xwela e@ jawa@n (sç)
2. L’home tomba.
Ayizo nya a janyi"@ Kotafon dawe ç@ ja@nyi"@ Kpelen ncu o@ janyi"@ Saxwe nsuglo a je@ nyi"@ Xwela islun ç@ jawa@n
3. Il est en train de tomber.
Ayizo e@ Ío ayi"@ jE wE Kotafon e@ Ío@ a@nyi"@ jE@ ç Kpelen a@ va@ janyi"@ Saxwe e@ jE@ nyi"@ nç Xwela e nç jawa@n
4. Il tombera plus tard.
Ayizo e@ na@ wa@ jayi"@ Kotafon e@ na wa@ ja@nyi"@ Kpelen a@ va@ janyi"@ Saxwe e@ na@ va jE@nyi"@ Xwela e@ la@ we jawa@n
5. Qui tombera? L’homme tombera.
Ayizo mE na@ wa@ jayi"@? nya a na@ wa@ jayi"@ Kotafon mE nu@ wa@ ja@nyi"@? dawe ç@ na wa@ ja@nyi"@ Kpelen mE a@ va@ janyi"@ o? ncu a@ va@ janyi"@ Saxwe nuÍE@ na@ va jE@nyi"@? nsuglo a na@ va jE@nyi"@ Xwela emE@ wa@ jawa@n? islu@n ç@ la@ we jawa@n
6. Etait-il tombé? Non, il n’était pas tombé.
Ayizo e@ jayi"@ wE? e@ woo@, e@ jayi"@ a a Kotafon e@ ja@nyi"@ wE@ a? e@ woo@, e@ ma@ ja@nyi"@ gE@ Kpelen e@ janyi"@ E? o, mE@ janyi"@ o Saxwe e@ jE@nyi"@? o, ç@n jE@nyi"@ Xwela e@ jawa@n nE? o o@, jawa@n e
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7. Si (quand) il tombe, dis-le moi.
Ayizo eny"@ e@ jayi"@ ç@ (xuu@n), Íç na@ n Kotafon nE@ e@ ja@nyi"@ ç@, Íç na@ n Kpelen nE@ e@ janyi"@, gblçn na@ n Saxwe na@ e@ jE@nyi"@, bo lç na@ n Xwela nE e@ jawa@n, lç na@ n
8. S’il était tombé, cela aurait été mauvais (mais il n’est pas tombé).
Ayizo eny"@ e@ jayi"@, ç@ e@ na@ nyla@, a mçç@ e@ jayi"@ aa@) Kotafon nE e ja@nyi"@, ç@ e@ na@ nyla@ (a mçç@ e@ ma@ ja@nyi"@ gE@) Kpelen nE@ e@ janyi"@, ma@ nyç@ o (vç mE@ janyi"@ o@) Saxwe na@ e@ jE@nyi"@, o@ o@n nyç@ nç@ (vç ç@n jE@nyi"@) Xwela nE@ awa@n eyi, e@ jE ç@ a@ nyla
9. Ne tombe pas!
Ayizo ma jayi"@ o@ Kotafon nç ja@nyi"@ gE@ Kpelen mE ga janyi"@ o@ Saxwe ka@ jE@nyi"@ Xwela ma jawa@n e
10. Il mangea de la nourriture (hier).
Ayizo e@ Íu nu@ (sç) Kotafon e@ Íu nuÍu@Íu (so@o@) Kpelen e@ Íu nu (cç@) Saxwe e@ Íu nuu@ (swE) Xwela e@ Íu@ nuÍuÍu (sç)
11. Il est en train de manger de la nourriture (maintenant).
Ayizo e@ Ío nu@ Íu wE (diin) Kotafon e@ Ío nuÍu@Íu Íu wç (diin) Kpelen e@ Íe nu Íu (figbale) Saxwe e Íu@ nuu@ nç@ (f"@fi) Xwela e@ nç Íu@ nu@ (tEn)
12. Il mangera de la nourriture (plus tard).
Ayizo e@ na@ wa@ Íu nu@ Kotafon e@ na@ wa@ Íu nuÍu@Íu Kpelen a@ va@ Íu nuÍu@Íu@ Saxwe e@ na@ va Íu nuu@ Xwela e@ la@ we Íu nu@
13. Est-il en train de manger de la viande? Non, il n’est pas en train de manger de la viande.
Ayizo lan Íu wE e@ Íe@ din a? e woo@, e@ ma Ío lan Íu wE Kotafon e@ Ío lan Íu wE a? e@e woo@, e@ ma@ Ío lan Íu gE@ Kpelen e la Íu@ a e@ le a? o, mu@ ela Íu@ e@ le o Saxwe olan o@ Íu@ nç@? o, ç@n Íu lan nç Xwela ilan e@ nç Íu? o, e@ go@ nç Íu@ e
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14. Qu’est-ce qu’il est en train de manger? Il est en train de manger de la viande.
Ayizo nu wE e@ kaÍo Íu wç ja? lan Íu wE e@ Íe Kotafon nç e@ Ío@ Íu@ ç@? e@ Ío lan Íu ç Kpelen mE n"@ Íu o le? e@ le la Íuu@ Saxwe E lE o@ Íu@ nç? e@ Íu@ lan nç@ Xwela a mu@ e@ nç@ Íu@? e@ nç Íu@ ilan
15. Si (quand) il mange du poisson, dis-le moi.
Ayizo eny"@ xwev"@ Íu wE e@ Íe@ ç@, Íç na@ n Kotafon nE@ e@ Íu hwevi ç@, Íç na@ n Kpelen nE@ Íu la, gblçn E na@ n Saxwe na e@ Íu@ oxwe nç, lç na@ n Xwela nE@ e@ny"@ fa@n e@ nç Íu@ xwe ç@, lç na@ n
16. S’il avait mangé de la viande, cela aurait été bon (mais il n’a pas mangé).
Ayizo eny"@ lan wE e@ ka@ Íu@ lç@, e@ na@ nyç@ (a mçç@ e@ ma Íu lan) Kotafon nE@ e@ Íu@ lan ç@, e@ nyç@ (a mçç@ e@ ma@ Íu gE@) Kpelen nE@ e@ Íu la, a@ nyç@ Saxwe na@ o@ Íu@ olan, nç o@ jçwun nç (vç ç@n Íu) Xwela nE@ e@ny"@ fa@n s"@ ilan e@yi e@ Íu ç, e@ lç@ jçxun
17. Mange du poisson!
Ayizo Íu xwev"@ Kotafon Íu hwevi Kpelen Íu akpa Saxwe Íu oxwe Xwela Íu xwe
18. Mange ce poisson (ici)!
Ayizo Íu xwev"@ Íee@ (Ío f"@ Íe@) Kotafon Íu hwevi nyç@ (Ío@ fi) Kpelen Íu akpa exe (li ge@) Saxwe Íu oxwe xe@ (le wE@) Xwela Íu ixwe e@nE@ (ç@ Íe@ y"@e)
19. Ne mange pas de la viande!
Ayizo ma Íu lan o@ Kotafon nç Íu lan gE@ Kpelen mE ga Íu la Saxwe ka Íu lan Xwela ma Íu lan
20. Ne mange pas cette viande (la-bas)!
Ayizo ma Íu lan Íee@ Ío dçç@n Íe@ o@ Kotafon nçç@ Íu lan nE@ gE@ Kpelen mE ga Íu la n@ (legawu@n) Saxwe ka Íu@ olan mE@ (leblE) Xwela ma Íu elan e@nE@ ç@ Íe@ y"@nE@ ç
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21. Ne mange pas la viande (dont on a déja parlé)!
Ayizo ma Íu lan e@nE@ o@ Kotafon nçç@ Íu lan nE@ ç@ gE@ Kpelen mE ga Íu la e@xe Saxwe ka@ Íu olan mE@ Xwela ma Íu lan e@nE@ ç@ e
22. Cet homme (ici) veut manger du poisson.
Ayizo nya yç@ o@ jlo@ na@ Íu xwev"@ Kotafon dawe@ xe@ ç@ jlo@ na@ Íu hwevi"@ Kpelen ncu@ xe@ j"@ be@ ya Íu akpa Saxwe nsuglo xe@ jlo@ tu@n xe a Íu@ oxwe la Xwela islun e nE@ ç@ e na Íu xwe
23. Il mangera beaucoup de poissons.
Ayizo e@ na@ wa@ Íu xwev"@ Kotafon e@ na@ wa@ Íu hwevi"@ (su@su) Kpelen a@ va@ Íu@ akpa (sugbç) Saxwe e@ na@ va Íu@ oxwela (zE tE@) Xwela e@ lç@ Íu xwe (susu)
24. Cet homme (la-bas) veut manger de la viande.
Ayizo nya (e@ Ío dçç@n) jlo@ na@ Íu@ lan Kotafon dawe@ nE@ jlo@ na@ Íu lan Kpelen ncu@ (xewun) j"@ be@ ya Íu la Saxwe nsu@glo xe@ (leblE@) jlo@ tu@n xe a Íu olan Xwela islun nE@ (Íe@ y"@nE@ ç@) e@ na Íu ilan
25. Il mangera toute la viande.
Ayizo e@ na@ Íu lan ç@ bi"@ Kotafon e@ na@ wa@ Íu lan ç@ bii Kpelen a@ va@ Íu la pete@ Saxwe e@ na@ va Íu@ olan ç zE tE@ Xwela e@ lç@ Íu elan tE@tE@
26. Qui tomba? L’homme (dont on avait déja parlé) tomba.
Ayizo mE E jayi"@? nya ç@ wE jayi"@ Kotafon mE nu@ ja@nyi"@? dawe@ ç@ ja@nyi"@ Kpelen mEE@ janyi"@? ncu@ ç@ la@ e@ janyi"@ Saxwe ndE@ jE@nyi"@? nsu@glo la@ jE@nyi"@ Xwela e mE@ jawa@n? islun ç@ jawa@n
27. Qui tomba? (Plusieurs) hommes tomberent.
Ayizo mEE jayi"@? nya (gege@) jayi"@ Kotafon mE nu@ ja@nyi"@? dawe@ (su@su) ja@nyi"@ Kpelen mEE@ janyi"@? ncu@ o@ (sugbç) janyi"@ Saxwe ndE@ jE@nyi"@? nsu@glo (su@su) jE@nyi"@ Xwela e mE@ jawa@n? islun (susu) jawa@n
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28. C’est une maison.
Ayizo xwe@ wE Kotafon xwe@ wE Kpelen ape@ ye@ Saxwe oxwe@ wE@ Xwela os"@n nE@ E
29. C’est la maison de l’homme.
Ayizo nya ç xwe@ wE Kotafon dawe@ ç@ s"@n xwe@ wE Kpelen ncu@ a@ be@ ape@ ye@ Saxwe nsu@glo la we xwe@ wE@ Xwela islun ç s"@n oxwe@ nE@ E
30. C’est une maison en boue.
Ayizo a doo@ vEE xwe@ wE Kotafon baba s"@n xwe@ wE Kpelen anyi kçç@ be@ ape@ ye@ Saxwe baba we@ xwe@ wE@ Xwela adoo@ s"@n os"@n nE@ E
31. Ce sont (quelques) maisons.
Ayizo xwe@ Íe@ lE@ wE Kotafon xwe@ lE@ wE Kpelen ape@ Íe@ we@ Saxwe oxwe@ Íe@e@ wE@ Xwela os"@n Íe xwlEn
32. Ce sont (quelques) maisons en boue.
Ayizo a doo@ vEE xwe Íe@ lE@ wE Kotafon baba xwe@ Íe@ lE@ wE Kpelen anyi kçç@ ma@ pe@ Íe@ o@ we@ Saxwe baba we@ xwe@ Íe@e@ wE@ Xwela adoo@ s"@n os"@n Íe@ xwlEn