the gates farm long-term soil health research site: what, how and results to-date... g.s. abawi...
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The Gates Farm Long-Term Soil Health Research Site: What, How and Results To-Date...
The Gates Farm Long-Term Soil Health Research Site: What, How and Results To-Date...
G.S. Abawi Department of Plant Pathology
G.S. Abawi Department of Plant Pathology
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Goals for Gates Farm:Goals for Gates Farm:
Establish a long-term soil health research site to promote multi-disciplinary research
Assess the impact of soil management practices on soil quality...
Crop rotation, cover crops, and tillage
Living laboratory for hands-on training
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Long-term soil health research site
Located at NYSAES, Geneva, NY
14-acre site (previously in cabbage production)
Split-split plot design with 4 reps3 tillage treatments (plow, no-till, strip-till)
3 cover crop treatments (none, rye, vetch)
2 crop rotations (continuous vegetable vs. soil-building
crops)
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Rep 1 Rep 2
Rep 3 Rep 4
CROP ROTATION:
COVER CROP:
Continuous vegetable
Veg w/ soil-building crops
No cover
Rye cover crop
Vetch cover crop
Strip-till
Plow till
No-till
Each block is 400ft x 120ft
N
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No-tillRye cover
Vetch cover
No coverPlow till
Strip-till
REP 3
NYSAES, Geneva, NY
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Gates Farm:Crop Rotations
Gates Farm:Crop Rotations
Continuous vegetable rotation
Soil-building rotation
2003 Bean Bean
2004 Beet Field corn
2005 Sweet corn Oats/sweet clover
2006 Peas? Soybean?
2007 Bean Bean
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Gates Farm:Cover CropsGates Farm:Cover Crops
Continuous vegetable rotation
Soil-building rotation
Fall 2003No cover, Rye grain,
VetchNo cover, Rye grain,
Vetch
Fall 2004 No cover (late harvest) No cover (late harvest)
Fall 2005No cover , Rye grain,
VetchBarley/sweet cover
Vegetable Soil-building
Vetch
No cover
Rye grain
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Strip-Tillage EquipmentStrip-Tillage Equipment
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Ridge Building and Planting EquipmentRidge Building and Planting Equipment
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No-till planting equipmentNo-till planting equipment
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Soil Health IndicatorsSoil Health IndicatorsTier 1 indicators
Water stable aggregates (2.0 - 0.25 mm)
Bulk density
Available water capacity
Texture by feel
Field penetration resistance
Root heath bioassay
Active Carbon
PMN
Standard chemical analysis
Physical Chemical
Biological
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Results so far....Results so far....
Minimal changes in soil physical indicators (bulk density, aggregate stability, penetration resistance, etc.)• Suggests a minimum transition period• May reflect reduced sampling in spring 2005
Significant changes in soil biological indicators• Soil microbes are able to respond to
environmental changes more rapidly
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Soil Bioassay w/ Bean for Assessing Soil HealthSoil Bioassay w/ Bean for Assessing Soil Health
Soil collectionSoil collection
Root rot severity rating (1 = healthy to 9 =
primary roots rotted)
Root rot severity rating (1 = healthy to 9 =
primary roots rotted)
Beans grown in greenhouse5 to 6 weeks
Beans grown in greenhouse5 to 6 weeks
Bean roots are washedBean roots are washed
Bean seed planted in field soil
Bean seed planted in field soil
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Ro
ot
rot
seve
rity
rat
ing
No
ne
Rye
Vet
ch
No
ne
Rye
Vet
ch
No
ne
Rye
Vet
ch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Tillage and cover crop system
Plow-till Strip-till No-till
Root health assessment NYSAES, Gates Farm 2004 and 2005.Root health assessment NYSAES, Gates Farm 2004 and 2005.
2004 – back2005 – front
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Gates Farm: Plow-Till, Vetch Cover Crop 2004 Gates Farm: Plow-Till, Vetch Cover Crop 2004
Date: 2-8-04
INDICATORS Measured ValuesAverage
Rela RATING CONSTRAINTCONSTRAINT
Sub-optimal
50th Pecentile
Optimal
Root Rot Rating 7.88 0Root Health
Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen 3.00 0
Nitrogen Release and Microbial
Activity
Organic Matter (%) 3.80 1
Aggregate Stability 0.25 - 2mm (%) 24.18 1
Bulk Density (g/cc) 1.38 1
Available Water Capacity (m/m) 0.13 0
Water storage
3
Slope (%): 1%
Silt SoilsSoil Quality Rating Model by Cornell Soil Health Team
OVERALL QUALITY
Farm: Gates, GenevaField: Plow-Till Vetch
Soil Type: Silt Loam
Soil Texture: Silt Drainage: Good Percentile
out of 12 ( Low:0-4; Medium:5-8; High:9-12)
0 - Low; 1 -Medium; 2 -High
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Date: 2-8-04
INDICATORS Measured ValuesAverage
Rela RATING CONSTRAINTCONSTRAINT
Sub-optimal
50th Pecentile
Optimal
Root Rot Rating 6.00 1
Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen 5.58 2
Organic Matter (%) 3.54 1
Aggregate Stability 0.25 - 2mm (%) 23.05 1
Bulk Density (g/cc) 1.48 0
Root Proliferation, Hardsetting and
Crusting
Available Water Capacity (m/m) 0.13 0
Water storage
5
Slope (%): 1%
Silt SoilsSoil Quality Rating Model by Cornell Soil Health Team
OVERALL QUALITY
Farm: Gates, GenevaField: Zone-Till Vetch
Soil Type: Silt Loam
Soil Texture: Silt Drainage: Good Percentile
out of 12 ( Low:0-4; Medium:5-8; High:9-12)
0 - Low; 1 -Medium; 2 -High
Gates Farm: Strip-Till, Vetch Cover Crop 2004 Gates Farm: Strip-Till, Vetch Cover Crop 2004
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Gates Farm: Yield DataGates Farm: Yield Data
2004 Yields 2005 Yields
Tillage System
Beet
root wt (lb/10ft)
Field corn
top wt (lb/ 10 plants)
Sweet corn (ears/10ft)
Number Wt (lb)
No-till/ ridge till
12.5 a 22.3 a 13.2 a 8.3 a
Plow till 11.7 a 24.8 a 9.7 b 4.9 bStrip-till 8.3 b 22.1 a 12.5 a 7.6 aP -value 0.0038 0.1116 0.0008 <0.0001
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2004 Yields 2005 Yields
Cover crop
Beet
root wt (lb/10ft)
Field corn
top wt (lb/ 10 plants)
Sweet corn (ears/10ft)
Number Wt (lb)
Vetch 12.7 a 25.0 a 12.1 a 7.2 a
No cover crop 10.5 ab 21.8 b 11.9 a 7.1 a
Rye grain 9.3 b 22.4 ab 11.4 a 6.5 a
P -value 0.0437 0.0452 0.8194 0.7084
Gates Farm: Yield DataGates Farm: Yield Data
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1
2
3
4
5
Plow-till Strip-till No-till
NoneRyeVetch
Gro
wth
/vig
or/
colo
r
Vigor ratings of sweet corn under different tillage systems and cover crops (1=least, 5= greatest vigor).
NYSAES, Gates Farm 2005. 19 July 05.
Vigor ratings of sweet corn under different tillage systems and cover crops (1=least, 5= greatest vigor).
NYSAES, Gates Farm 2005. 19 July 05.
Tillage system
Cover crop
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The Gates Farm: The Gates Farm: What’s next... What’s next...
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Research Labs David Wolfe George Abawi Harold van Es Janice Thies Renuka Rao
Cornell Cooperative Extension Educators
New York Grower Cooperators
The Farm Research Unit Staff - NYSAES
Soil Health Team (partial list)
Funding Sources:Funding Sources:
NE-SARENE-SARE
NYS/CU IPMNYS/CU IPM
FFF Hatch ProgramFFF Hatch Program
CCE/Smith-Lever CCE/Smith-Lever
NNY – Ag & Markets ProgramNNY – Ag & Markets Program
Funding Sources:Funding Sources:
NE-SARENE-SARE
NYS/CU IPMNYS/CU IPM
FFF Hatch ProgramFFF Hatch Program
CCE/Smith-Lever CCE/Smith-Lever
NNY – Ag & Markets ProgramNNY – Ag & Markets Program