the gas sensing potential of nano crystalline sno2 and in203

6
ICSE2006 Proc. 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia The G a s Sensing Potential o f Nanocrystalline SnO2 a n d In203 Powders Prepared by Mechanical Milling Goib Wiranto, Member IEEE, Adiseno, I Dewa P Hermida, Roberth V. Manurung, Slamet Widodo, n d Masbah R . T. Siregar Research Centre for Electronics and Telecommunications Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Jl. Sangkuriang, Bandung 40135 Ph. 6 2 22 2 5 0 4661 Fax. 6 2 22 2 5 0 4659 Email. Abstract - T h e use of nanocrystalline metal oxide powders to increase the sensitivity ofgas sensors h a s been t h e subject of this research. O f particular interest t o o u r application i n environmental monitoring i s 1n203 a n d SnO2, which a r e known, respectively, t o have a high sensitivity t o oxidising polutan gases such a s N O 2 a n d 0 3 , a nd reducing polutant gases such as CO a n d NH3. Preparation of undoped nanocrystalline SnO2 a n d 1n203 powders by mechanical milling v i a centrifugal action have been conducted. T h e technique used h a s allowed t h e reduction o f grain sizes from 3 - 5 ,um t o below 100 m with n o contaminating carbon content, a s confirmed by SEM a n d E D S spectra analysis. Furthermore, t he FTIR spectra that the SnO2 nanopowders h a d a strong band at 6 71 cm-' a nd 1n203 a t 6 0 1 cm-. Th e resulting nanowpowders were then mixed with oc-based terpinol t o produce a thick film paste as a n active material of ga s sensors, a n d applied t o a n alumina platform consisting of AgPt heater a n d electrode tracks. I . INTRODUCTION ONLINE monitoring of gaseous pollutants i s becoming more a n d more important a s t h e need fo r high quality outdoor a i r is increasing. Such monitoring requires g a s sensors a n d telemetric system capable o f delivering information about pollutant parameters a t real time from t h e designated measurement stations [1]. Among other types, perhaps g a s sensors based on metal oxide semiconductors have been t he most widely studied an d applied i n such environmental monitoring [2]. This i s usually d u e t o their simplicity a n d reliability. I n addition, t h e availability of thick film technology ha s made their fabrication process very cost-effective, a n d thus many commercially available g a s sensors have been produced using this technology. Examples a r e Figaro TGS series g as sensors for t h e detection o f C O , NH3, H2S, CO2, a n d a i r contaminants. A l ot of work, however, still needs t o b e done t o improve t e sensitivity of g a s sensors based on metal oxide semiconductors. I n previous works, many have shown that t h e u s e of nanosized particles i n the fabrication of thick-film g a s sensors have significantly increased their sensitivity [3-5]. Although t h e detection limit c a n b e decreased t o below t h e allowable threshold s e t b y international standards, t h e reproducibility o f nanoparticles regarding their chemical composition a n d surface contamination remains problematic. O n t h e other hand, t h e perfect control o f nanoparticles surface a s well a s a good knowledge o n t he chemistry o f t h e gas-solid interface a r e important i n optimising t h e g a s sensor performances. T h e u s e of nanocrystalline metal oxide powders consisting o f In2O3 a n d SnO2 f o r g a s sensors h a s been t h e subject o f this research. Thick film technology will be used i n the fabrication o f t h e sensor structure, including t h e metal oxide paste a n d t h e subsequent screen o f t h e heater, electrode, a n d sensitive layer o n an alumina substrate. I n this paper, t he preparation of t h e nanocrystalline In203 a n d SnO2 powders using mechanical milling will b e presented, taking into account t h e effect o f rotation speed, time, an d sintering temperature. I I . THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I t h a s been known that t he mechanism o f g a s detection b y sensors based on semiconducting materials i s d u e t o variation i n electrical conductivity caused b y adsorption o f gases o n t h e semiconductor surface [6]. Thus, t h e surface o f t e semiconducting materials plays a major role compared t o the bulk. I t s reactivity t o gases c a n b e increased b y increasing t e spesific 0-7803-9731-2/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE 8 3

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Page 1: The Gas Sensing Potential of Nano Crystalline SnO2 and In203

8/8/2019 The Gas Sensing Potential of Nano Crystalline SnO2 and In203

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-gas-sensing-potential-of-nano-crystalline-sno2-and-in203 1/6

I C S E 2 0 0 6P r o c .2 0 0 6 ,K u a l aL um p u r ,Ma l a y s i a

T h eG a sS e n s i n gP o t e n t i a lo fN a n o c r y s t a l l i n eS n O 2a n dI n 2 0 3P o w d e r sP r e p a r e db yM e c h a n i c a lMi l l i n g

G o i bWi r a n t o ,MemberI E E E ,Ad i s e n o ,I Dewa P H e rm i d a ,R o b e r t hV .M a n u r u n g ,S l a m e tWi d o d o ,

a n dM a s b a hR . T .S i r e g a rR e s e a r c hC e n t r ef o rE l e c t r o n i c sa n d Te l e c o mm un i c a t i o n sI n d o n e s i a nI n s t i t u t eo f S c i e n c e s( L I P I )

J l .S a n g k u r i a n g ,B a n d u n g4 0 1 3 5P h .6 2 2 2 2 5 04 6 6 1F a x .6 2 2 2 2 5 04 6 5 9

Em a i l .

A b s t r a c t- T h e u s e o f n a n o c r y s t a l l i n em e t a lo x i d ep o w d e r st o i n c r ea se t h es e n s i t i v i t yo f g a ss e n s o r sh a s b e e n t h e s u b j e c to f t h i sr e s e a r c h .Of p a r t i c u l a ri n t e r e s tt o o u r a p p l i c a t i o ni ne n v i r o n m e n t a lm o n i t o r i n gi s 1 n 2 0 3a n d S n O 2 ,w h i c ha r e k n o w n ,r e s p e c t i v e l y ,t o h a v ea h i g hs e n s i t i v i t yt o o x i d i s i n gp o l u t a ng a s e s s u c h a sNO2 a n d0 3 ,a n dr e d u c i n gp o l u t a n tg a s e ss u c ha s CO a n d N H 3 .P r e p a r a t i o no f u n d o p e dn a n o c r y s t a l l i n eS n O 2a n d 1 n 2 0 3p ow d e r s b ym e c h a n i c a lm i l l i n gv i a c e n t r i f u g a la c t i o nh a v eb e e n c o n d u c t e d .The t e c h n i q u eu s e d h a sa l l o w e dt h e r e d u c t i o no f g r a i ns i z e sf r o m3 - 5, u m t o b e l ow 1 0 0nm w i t h n o c o n t a m i n a t i n gc a r b o nc o n t e n t ,a s c o n f i r m e db y SEM a n dEDS s p e c t r aa n a l y s i s .F u r t h e r m o r e ,t h e FT IRs p e c t r ai n d i c a t e dt ha t t heS n O 2n a n o p o w d e r sh a d a s t r o n gb a n da t 6 7 1 cm - 'a n d 1 n 2 0 3a t6 0 1 c m - . The r e s u l t i n gn a n o w p o w d e r sw e r et h e nm i x e dw i t ho c - b a s e dt e r p i n o lt op r o d u c eat h i c k f i l m p a s t e a s a n a c t i v em a t e r i a l o fg a ss e n s o r s ,a n d a p p l i e dt o a n a l u m i n ap l a t f o r mc o n s i s t i n go fA g P th e a t e ra n de l e c t r o d et r a c k s .

I . INTRODUCTION

ONLINE m o n i t o r i n go f g a s e o u sp o l l u t a n t si sb e c om i n gm o r ea n dm o r ei m p o r t a n ta s t h en e e d

f o rh i g hq u a l i t yo u t d o o ra i r i s i n c r e a s i n g .S u c hmo n i t o r i n gr e q u i r e sg a s s e n s o r sa n d t e l e m e t r i cs y s t emc a p a b l eo f d e l i v e r i n gi n f o r m a t i o na b o u tp o l l u t a n tp a r am e t e r sa t r e a l t i m e f r o m t h ed e s i g n a t e dm e a s u r e m e n ts t a t i o n s[ 1 ] .Amongo t h e rt y p e s ,p e r h a p sg a s s e n s o r sb a se d o nme t a lo x i d es em i c o n d u c t o r sh av e b ee nt h em o s tw i d e l ys t u d i e da n d a p p l i e di n s u c h en vi ro nm en ta lmon i t o r i n g[ 2 ] . Th i s i s u s u a l l yd u e t o t h e i rs i m p l i c i t ya n d r e l i ab i l i t y. I n a d d i t i o n ,t h ea v a i l a b i l i t yo f t h i c kf i l mt e c h n o l o g yha s m a d et h e i rf a b r i c a t i o np r o c e s sv e r y c o s t - e f f e c t i v e ,a n d

t h u smany c omm e r c i a l l ya v a i l a b l eg a s s e n s o r sh a v e b e e np r o d u c e du s i n gt h i s t e c h n o l o g y .

E x a m p l e sa r eF i g a r oTGS s e r i e sg a s s e n s o r sf o rt h ed e t e c t i o no f C O ,N H 3 ,H 2 S ,CO2 ,a n d a i rc o n t a m i n a n t s .A l o to f w or k , h ow ev er ,s t i l ln e e d st o b e d o n e

t o i m p r o v et h es e n s i t i v i t yo f g a s s e n s o r sb a s e do nm et a l o x i des em i c o n d u c t o r s .I np r e v i o u sw o r k s ,many h a v e s h o w nt h a tt h e u s e o f n an o s i z edp a r t i c l e si n t h e f ab r i c a t io no f t h i c k - f i l mg a ss e n s o r sh a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l yi n c r e a s e dt h e i rs e n s i t i v i t y[ 3 - 5 ] .A l t h o u g ht h ed e t e c t i o nl i m i tc a nb e d e c r e a s e dt ob e l o wt h ea l l o w a b l et h r e s h o l ds e tb y i n t e r n a t i o n a ls t a n d a r d s ,t h er e p r o d u c i b i l i t yo fn a n o p a r t i c l e sr e g a r d i n gt h e i r c h em i c a lc om p o s i t i o na n d s u r f a c ec o n t a m i n a t i o nr e m a i n sp r o b l e m a t i c .On t h e o t h e rh a n d ,t h e p e r f e c tc o n t r o lo fn a n o p a r t i c l e ss u r f a c ea sw e l la sa g o o dk n o w l e d g eo n t h e c h em i s t r yo f t h e g a s - s o l i di n t e r f a c ea r e i m p o r t a n ti n o p t i m i s i n gt h e g a ss e n s o rp e r f o r m a n c e s .T h eu s eo fn a n o c r y s t a l l i n em et a l o x i dep o w d e r s

c o n s i s t i n go f I n 2 O 3a n dS nO 2f o rg a ss e n s o r sha sb e e n t h e s u b j e c to f t h i s r e s e a r c h .T h i c kf i l mt e c h n o l o g yw i l lb e u se di n t h e f a b r ic a t i o no f t h es e n s o rs t r u c t u r e ,i n c l u d i n gt h em et a l o x i dep a s t ea n dt h es u b s e q u e n ts c r e e np r i n t i n go f t h eh e a t e r ,e l e c t r o d e ,a n d s e n s i t i v el a y e ro n a n a l u m i n as u b s t r a t e .I n t h i sp a p e r ,t h ep r e p a r a t i o no f t h en a n o c r y s t a l l i n eI n 2 0 3a n d S n O2 p ow d er su s i n g

m e c h a n i c a lm i l l i n gw i l lb e p r e s e n t e d ,t a k i n gi n t oa c c o u n tt h ee f f e c to f r o t a t i o ns p e e d ,t i m e ,a n ds i n t e r i n gt e m p e r a t u r e .

I I .THEORETICALBACKGROUND

I t h a sb e e nk n o w nt h a tt h em e c h a n i s mo f g a sd e t e c t i o nb y s e n s o r sb a s e do n s e m i c o n d u c t i n gm a t e r i a l si s d u e t o v a r i a t i o ni n e l e c t r i c a lc o n d u c t i v i t yc a u s e db y a d s o r p t i o no f g a s e s o nt h es e m i c o n d u c t o rs u r f a c e[ 6 ] .T h u s ,t h es u r f a c eo f t h es em i c o n d u c t i n gm a t e r i a l sp l a y sa m a j o r

r o l ec o m p a r e dt o t h e b u l k .I t sr e a c t i v i t yt o g a s e sc a n b e i n c r e a s e db y i n c r e a s i n gt h e s p e s i f i c

0 - 7 8 0 3 - 9 7 3 1 - 2 / 0 6 / $ 2 0 . 0 0© 2 0 0 6I E E E 8 3

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I C S E 2 0 0 6P r o c .2 0 0 6 ,K u a l aL um p u r ,Ma l a y s i a

s u r f a c ea r e ao f t h es em i c o n d u c t i n gma t e r i a l s .Byr e d u c i n gt h ep ar t i c l e s iz eo f t h es e m i c o n d u c t i n gm a t e r i a l sd o w nt o n a n o m e t e rs c a l e ,a l a r g ei n c r e a s ei n t h e s p e s i f i cs u r f a c e a r e ac a n b eo b t a i n e d[ 7 ] .I n t h i c kf i l mt e c h n o l o g y ,t h es e n s i n gl a y e ri s

v e r y p o r o u s a n d c o n s i s t so f n u m e r o u si n t e r c o n n e c t e dme t a lo x i d eg r a i n si n t h ef o r mo fs i n g l ec r y s t a l so r p o l y c r y s t a l l i n ea g g l o m e r a t e s .H ow e v e r ,t h eh i g hp o r o s i t ye n a b l e st h eam b i e n tg a s e st o a c c e s st h ei n t e r g r a n u l a rc o n n e c t i o n s .Asa r e s u l t s ,t h eg a s i n t e r a c t i o nc a nt a k ep l a c ea t t h es u r f a c eo f i n d i v i d u a lg r a i n s ,a t t h eb o u n d a r i e sb e t w e e ng r a i n s ,a n d a t t h e i n t e r f a c eb e t w e e ng r a i n sa n de l e c t r o d ea n ds u b s t r a t e s .T h e r ea r et w ok i n d so f r e a c t i v i t yt h a tmay t a k e

p l a c ea t t h e s e m i c o n d u c t o rs u r f a c ew i t h t h e

p r e s e n c eo f g a s e s .T h e f i r s tr e a c t i v i t yi s d u e t ot h ep r e s e n c eo f o x i d i s i n gg a s e ss u c hNO2a n dO 3 ,i n w h i c h c a s e o x y g e n a d s o r p t i o na t t h es em i c o n d u c t o rs u r f a c ef o r m sn e g a t i v e l yc h a r g e do x y g e ns p e c i e s .As a r e s u l t ,t h e e l e c t r i c a lc o n d u c t i v i t yo fn - t y p es e m i c o n d u c t o rd e c r e a s e s .T h es e c o n dr e a c t i v i t yi s d u et o t h ep r e s e n c eo f

r e d u c i n gg a s e ss u c h a s H 2 ,NH 3 ,C O , a n dh y d r o c a r b o ni nw h i c hc a s eo x y g e na d s o r p t i o na tt h e s e m i c o n d u c t o rs u r f a c ec a u s e s e l e c t r o ni n j e c t i o nt o t h ec o n d u c t i o nb a n d .A s a r e s u l t ,e l e c t r i c a lc o n d u c t i v i t yo f n - t y p es e m i c o n d u c t o r

i n c r e a s e s .T h i so x y g e na d s o r b t i o ni n i o n i cf o r mc a nb e d e s c r i b e di nt h ef o l l o w i n gr e a c t i o n s

Upon c om p l e t i o no f t h em i l l i n gp r o c e s s ,t h en a n o p o w d e rw a sl e tt od r y i na i ra n dt h e nh a l fo fe a c hp o w d e rw a ss i n t e r e da t 7 0 0° C f o r8 h o u r s .An a l y s i so f t h en a n o p o w d e r sw a st h e np e r f o r m e du s i n gSEM, E D S ,a n dF T I R .T om a k ea p r i n t a b l em et a l o x i dep a s t e ,t h en a n o p o w d e r sw e r em i x e dw i t h a - b a s e d t e r p i n o l .T o o b t a i na s u i t a b l ev i s c o s i t y ,t h e a - b a s e d t e r p i n o lw a s a d d e dd r o pw i s et o t h e n a n o p o w d e r sf o l l o w e db yc o n s t a n t s t i r r i n g .F i g u r e1 s h o w s t h e s t e p si n v o l v e di nt h ep r e p a r a t i o no f t h e t h i c kf i l mp a s t eb a s e d o nt h em et a l o x i den a n o p ow d e r s .

M I XWITHACETONE

BALLM I L L I N G

M I XWITHaBASEDTERPINOL

SEM EDS FTIR

ANALYSIS

DRYING 1 SINTERING

F i g .1 T h ef l ow c h a r ts u mm a r i s i n gt h es t e p s i nt h ep r e p a r a t i o no f t h e t h i c kf i l mp a s t eb a s e don S n O 2a n d 1 n 2 0 3n a n o p o w d e r s

02 + 2 e -* 20 a d s

02 + e -* 0 2 a d s

III. EXPERIMENTAL

2 . 1P o w d e rp r e p a r a t i o n

N a n o s i z e dS n O 2 a n d I n 2 0 3 p o w d e r swerep r e p a r e db y me c h a n i c a l lb a l lm i l l i n gp r o c e s s o fc e n t r i f u g a l - t y p e .T h e p r o c e s s was d o n ea t room

t e m p e r a t u r e .I n i t i a l l y,e a c hs e m i c o n d u c t i n gm e t a lo x i d ep o w d e r ,w i t h a v e r a g e g r a i ns i z eo f 3 - 5p m , was m i x e dw i t h a c e t o n e .T h e amount o fS n O2 p o wd e rwas 3 5 g , a n dt h a to f I n 2 0 3was 1 5g . T h em i l l i n gp r o c e s s was t h e np e r f o r m e dw i t hs t a i n l e s ss t e e lb a l l sw i t h d i a me t ero f 1 2 mm. T h en u m b e ro f b a l l su s e d was 1 2 ,a n d t h es p e e do fr o t a t i o nwas m a i n t a i n e da t 2 5 0r p m . T h em i l l i n gp r o c e s s was d o n ef o r1 5h o u r s w i t h1 5 m i n u t e sp a u s e da f t e re v e r y h o u r .

F i g2 .L a y o u to f t h eg a s s en so r p l a t f o r mon

A 1 2 0 3s u b s t r a t e

2 . 2F a b r i c a t i o nof t h eg a s s e n s o r p l a t f o rm

T h ega s s en so r p l a t f o r mh a s b e e nf a b r i c a t e don

a n a l u m i n a( 9 6 %A1 2 0 3 )s u b s t r a t e .T h e s i z eo ft h ea l u m i n as u b s t r a t ewas 2 x 2 i n c hw i t ha t h i c kne s s o f 0 . 7 mm on w h i c hu p t o 1 0 s en so r

p l a t f o r mc a n b e f i t t e dw i t hd i m e n s i o na s s h o w non F i g u r e 2 . E a c h p l a t f o r mc o n s i s t so f a n

i n t e r d i g i t a t e dA g P te l e c t r o d ef o rm e a s u r i n gt h e

84

( 1 )

( 2 ) A

2 5 mm

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I C S E 2 0 0 6P r o c .2 0 0 6 ,K u a l aL u m p u r ,Ma l a y s i a

s en so rr e s i s t a n c ea n dh e a t e rt r a c kf o rk e e p i n gt h es e n s o ra tt h eo p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e .I n i t i a l l y, t h e a l u m i n a s u b s t r a t ew a s

m e c h a n i c a l l yd r i l l e do n e a c hp a da sa m e a n sf o rt h e s e n s o r i n t e r c o n n e c t i o nw i t h t h e e l e c t r o n i cc i r c u i t r y .T h eh i g ho p e r a t i n gt e m p e r a t u r eo f t h es en so r h a s r e s t r i c t e dt h e u se o f s o l d e r - b a s e di n t e r c o n n e c t i o n .An A g P tp a s t ew a st h e n s c r e e np r i n t e d ,d r i e d ,a n df i r e d .

T h e f a c tt h a tt h eo r i g i n a lS n O 2p o w d e r sw e r em i x e dw i t h a c e t o n eb e f o r et h em i l l i n gp r o c e s sh a sm a d et h er e s u l t i n gn a n o p o w d e r sh a v ea h i g hc a r b o n c o n t e n t e v e n a f t e rd r y i n g .T h e EDSs p e c t r ai n F i g u r e 5 s h o w s t h a t t h e S n O 2n a n o p o w d e r sc o n t a i n1 6 . 8 2 %o f C . A f t e rs i n t e r i n ga t 7 0 0° C f o r 8h o u r s ,a l lt h eC c o n t e n tc a nb e c om p l e t e l yr e m o v e d .Th i si s s h o w ni n t h eEDS s p e c t r ao nF i g u r e6 .

F i g3 .SEMp i c t u r eo f S n O 2n a n o p ow d e r s ,w i t ha n a v e r a g en a n o g r a i ns i z eo f l e s st h a n1 0 0nm

IV .R E S U LT SANDD I S C U S S I O N

4 . 1T i no x i d en a n o p a r t i c l e sF i g u r e3 a n d4 s h o wt h eSEM p i c t u r e so f t h e

S n O 2p ow d e r sb e f o r ea n d a f t e rs i n t e r i n ga t 7 0 0° C .As c a nb e s e e n ,a n a v e r a g eg r a i ns i z eo f l e s st h a n 1 0 0 nm h a sb e e n a c h i e v e d .A l t h o u g hac omp l e t ep a r t i c l er e d u c t i o nt o n a n o s c a l ec a nn o tb e o b t a i n e d ,b u ts t i l la s i g n i f i c a n tr e d u c t i o no fm o r et h a n97% f r o mi t so r i g i n a lg r a i ns i z eo f 3 - 5p t mi s a c h i e v a b l ew i t ht h i st e c h n i q u e .T h ea c t u a lq u a l i t yo f t h e n a n o p o w d e rd e p e n d so n m a n yf a c t o r s ,s u c ha st h es i z eo f t h eo r i g i n a lg r a i n ,t h ewe i g h to f t h ep ow d e r ,b a l l - t o - p o w d e rm a s sr a t i o ,r o t a t i o ns p e e d ,a n g l eo f c o l l i s i o n ,m i l l i n ga t m o s p h e r e ,m i l l i n gt i m e , a n d m i l l i n gt e m p e r a t u r e[ 8 ] .T h e e f f e c to f s i n t e r i n ga t 7 0 0 ° C o n t h eS n O 2

p ow d e r si s a p p a r e n tf r o m t h e f o r m a t i o no fa g g l o m a r a t e so n t h e n a n o p ow d e r s .Th i s i s i na c c o r d a n c ew i t h t h ep r e v i o u sw o r k[ 9 ] ,w h i c hs h o w e dt h a ti n c r e a s i n gt h et e m p e r a t u r ea n dt i m eo f s i n t e r i n gp r o c e s sw i l l i n c r e a s et h e a v e r a g eg r a i ns i z e ,a l t h o u g ht h ee f f e c to f s i n t e r i n gt i m ei sn o t s i g n i f i c a n ta t h i g ht e m p e r a t u r e sa b o v e6 0 0OC .

F i g4 . SEMp i c t u r eo f S n O 2n a n o p o w d e r sw i t ht h es a m ea v e r a g eg r a i n s i z e sb u ts h o w i n gt h ef o r m a t i o no f a g g l o m e r a t e s

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m a s s% fE r r o r % O,A t%l 6 . 8 2 0. 16 49 , 59l 3 . 3 7 1 . 4 6 2 9 , 5 8E i g . 8 1 1 . 04 2 0 . 8 20 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 . 0 0

F i g5 .EDS s p e c t r ao f t h eS nO 2n a n o p o w d e r sb e f o r es i n t e r i n ga t7 0 0° C

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E l e m e n t( k e \ o ma s s% E r r o r % 6A t % C o m p o u n d ma s s% C a t i o n KO 2 1 . 2 5Fe K 6 . 3 9 8 0 . 8 5 1 . 1 2 2 . 2 6 F e O 1 . 0 9 0 . 2 7 1 . 0 9 8 8S nL 3 . 4 4 2 7 7 . 9 1 1 . 0 6 9 7 . 7 4 S n O r 9 8 . 9 1 1 1 . 8 6 9 8 . 9 0 1 2To t a l 10 0 . 0 0 10 0 . 0 0 10 0 . 0 0 12 . 14

F i g6 .EDS s p e c t r ao f t h eS n O 2 n a n o p ow d er sw i t ht h eC c o n t e n tc o m p l e t e l yr e m o v e d

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I C S E 2 0 0 6P r o c .2 0 0 6 ,K u a l aL u m p u r ,Ma l a y s i a

T h em a i np r o b l e mo f u s i n gt h ec e n t r i f u g a lb a l lm i l l i n gp r o c e s s i s r e l a t e dw i t h p o w d e rc o n t a m i n a t i o n .T h e EDS s p e c t r ao n F i g u r e6s h o w st h a ta s m a l la m o u n to f F e( 0 . 8 5% )p r e s e n ti n t h e S nO 2 n a n o p o wd e ra f t e rs i n t e r i n g .T h ep r e s e n to f F e i n t h ef o r mo f FeO ( 1 . 0 9% )c o u l db e d u et op a r t i c l e sl e f ti n t h eo v e nc h am b e r .T h ea d d i t i o no f FeO i n S n O 2a n d i t s e f f e c tt o t h es en so r r e s p o n s et o g a s e sw i l lb e i n t e r e s t i n ga si n d i c a t e di nt h ep r e v i o u sw o r k[ 1 0 ] .

F i g 8 .SEMp i c t u r eo f t h eI n 2 0 3n a n o p o w d e r sm i l l e da t2 5 0r p mf o r1 5h

F i g7 .FTIR t r a n s m i s s i o ns p e c t r umo f t h eS n O 2n a n o p o w d e r sw i t h o u ts i n t e r i n ga t7 0 0° C

F u r t h e ra n a l y s i so f t h eS n O 2n a n o p o w d e r sha sb e e np e r f o rm e du s i n gF o u r i e rT r a n s f o r mI n f r a r e d( F T I R )t r a n s m i s s i o ns p e c t r o s c o p y .FTIR a n a l y s i sb r i n g si n f o r m a t i o no n t h e i n t e r a t o m i cb o n d sc o n s t i t u t i n gt h eb u l k ,t h ec h em i c a ln a t u r eo f t h es u r f a c eb o n d s ,t h e p o s s i b l ep r e s e n c e o fc o n t a m i n a t i n gs p e c i e so n t h es u r f a c e ,t h en a t u r eo f t h ea d s o r p t i o ns i t e s ,t h ef r e e c a r r i e rd e n s i t y ,e t c [ 1 1 ] .As s u c h ,i t i s p o s s i b l et o c o r r e l a t et h es u r f a c er e a c t i o n sw i t h t h ec h a n g e si n e l e c t r i c a lc o n d u c t i v i t yo f t h en a n o p o w d e r su p o nr e a c t i o nw i t hg a s e s ,a n dt h i sc a nb e a n i m p o r t a n ta n a l y s i st o o b t a i nt h e g a s s e n s i n gp o t e n t i a l i t yo f t h en a n o p ow d e r s .F i g u r e7 s h o w st h eFTIR s p e c t r u mo f S n O 2

n a n o p o w d e r sb e f o r es i n t e r i n gp r o c e s sa t 7 0 0° C .T h em a i nc h em i c a ls p e c i e sp r e s e n to n t h es u r f a c eo f t h e S n O 2n a n o p o w d e r sa r eh y d r o x y l( OH )g r o u p s .T h e ya d s o r bi n t h eh i g h e s twave n u m b e rr e g i o n( p e a ka t3 4 4 8 . 5c m - 1 )o f t h es p e c t r um .T h el o w e r b a nd sw i t h t h e p e a k s a t 1 0 6 0 . 8c m - 1 ,1 3 8 0 . 9 c m - 1 ,a n d 1 6 3 5 . 5 c m - 1a r e p r o b l a b l ya t t r i b u t e dt oh y d r o x i d e ,mo l e c u l a rw a t e r ,a n dS n -O - S nb o n d s .T h e S n O 2b a n d sh a v e t h ep e a k sa r o u n d6 7 1 . 2c m - 1 .T h eFTIR s p e c t r u mo f S nO 2p ow d e r sa f t e rs i n t e r i n ga t 7 0 0° Cd i dn o t s h o was i g n i f i c a n td i f f e r e n c ew i t ht h a tb e f o r es i n t e r i n g .

F i g9 . SEMp i c t u r eo f t h eI n 2 0 3n a n o p o w d e r ss i n t e r e da t7 0 0° Cf o r8 h

F i g10 .I n f r a r e dt r a n s m i s s i o ns p e c t r u mo ft h eI n 2 0 3 n a n o p a r t i c l e s

4 . 2I n d i u mo x i d en a n o p a r t i c l e s

F i g u r e8 s h o w s t h e SEM p i c t u r eo f 1 n 2 0 3p ow d e r sa f t e rb a l lm i l l i n ga t 2 5 0 r p mf o r1 5h .U n l i k et h ec a s e o f S n O 2 ,t h er e s u l t i n gp a r t i c l es i z e sv a r y f r o ml e s st h a n 10 0 nm t o 1 r t m .I t i ss u s p e c t e dt h a tt h e d i f f e r e n c ei s c a u s e db y t h eh i g h e rg r a i ns i z eo f t h es t a r t i n gI n 2O3ma t e r i a l s .T h ee f f e c to f s i n t e r i n gt h ea t 7 0 00C f o r 8h o u r s

8 6

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I C S E 2 0 0 6P r o c .2 0 0 6 ,K u a l a L u m pu r ,Ma l a y s i a

i s s i m i l a rt o S nO2 .A s s h o w ni n F i g u r e9 , t h en a n o p o w d e r sb e g i nt oa g g l o m e r a t e .T h e F T I Rs p e c t r u mo f t h eI n 2 0 3p a r t i c l e si s

p r e s e n t e di n F i g u r e1 0 .L i k et h ec a s eo f S n O2 ,t h eb a n di n h i g hw a v e n u m b e r( p e a ka t 3 4 6 7 . 8c m - 1 )a r e ac o r r e s p o n dt o s u r f a c eh y d r o x y l( O H )g r o u p s . S e v e r a lp e a k sa t t h el o w e rw a v en u m b e r s( f r om 1 0 2 6 . 1t o 1 6 2 4 . 0c m - 1 )a r e d u e t o t h es u r f a c er e a c t i o no f t h en a n o p a r t i c l e sw i t h t h ea tmo s p h e r e .

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3 0 0° C ,t h ea m o u n to fp o w e rr e q u i r e di s a r o u n d3- 9 Wa t t s ,w h i c h i s t y p i c a lf o r t h i c kf i l mt e c h n o l o g y .

V . CONCLUSION

I nt h i sp a p e r ,t h ep r e p a r a t i o no f S n O 2a n dI n 2 0 3n a n o p o w d e r sf o r g a s s e n s i n ga p p l i c a t i o nha sb e e nd e s c r i b e d .T h e m e t h o do f p r e p a r a t i o nha sb e e nb a s e do n t h eu s e o f b a l lm i l l i n gp r o c e s so fc e n t r i f u g a lt y p e .Wi t ht h er o t a i o ns p e e do f 2 50r p mf o r1 5h , t h e g r a i ns i z e so f b o t hm et a l o x i dep o w d e r sw e r ea b l et ob e r ed u c edt o l e s st h a n1 0 0n m . De sp i t e t h e p r e s e n c e o f v e r y s m a l lc o n t am i n a t i n gs p e c i e s ,t h e EDS a n d I n f r a r e d

s p e c t r as h o w e dt h a tt h ec h em i c a ln a t u r eo f b o t hn a n o p o w d e r sw e r es t a b l e ,e v e na f t e r s i n t e r i nga t7 0 0 ° C f o r8 h . Thu s ,t h em e t h o do f p r o du c i n gs u c hn a n o p o w d e r si s p o t e n t i a l l yu s e f u lf o rg a ss e n s o rf a b r i c a t i o n .

VI . FUTUREWORK

F i g 1 1 .Tem p e r a t u r ev e r s u sp o w e rc h a r a c t e r i s t i c so f t h eA g P tt h i c kf i l mh e a t e r

4 . 3C h a r a c t e r i s t i c so ft h et h i c k f i l mh e a t e r

One o f t h er e q u i r e m e n t sf o rme t a lo x i d eb a s e dg a s s e n s o r si s t h e i rh i g ho p e r a t i n gt e m p e r a t u r e ,w h i c hi s n o r m a l l yb e t w e e n1 0 0 - 3 0 0 ° C .Th et e m p e r a t u r eo f g a s s e n s o r s i n f l u e n c e st h e i rs e ns i t i v i t y , s e le c t iv i t y,a n dr e s p o n s et i m e .I nt h i sr e s e a r c h ,t h ec h o i c eo f u s i n gA g P ta s t h eh e a t e ra n de l e c t r o de m a t e r i a l sh a v e b ee nb a s e do n t h et r a d e - o f fb e t w e e nc o s ta n dp e r f o r m a n c e .An i d e a lh e a t e ra n de l e c t r o d e m a t e r i a l sw o u l db e p l a t i n uma n d

g o l d , r e sp e c t iv e l y .H ow e v e r ,t h e c o s to f

p l a t i n uma n d g o l dp a s t e sf o r t h i c k f i l mt e c h n o l o g yi s a l m o s tt e n t i m e s t h a to f s i l v e r .U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,s i l v e ri s k n o w nt o h a v e a ne l e c t r o m i g r a t i o na t h i g ht e m p e r a t u r e s .The r e f o r ef o rm a n ya p p l i c a t i o n s ,A g P tp a s t es e e m st o b e ag o o do p t i o n .T h eh e a t e rm e a s u r e m e n tw a sd o n eb y a p p l y i n g

c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t s( K e n w o o dR e g . DC P o w e rS u p p l y PD1 8 - 3OAD ) a n d s i m u l t a n e o u s l ym e a s u r e t h e v o l t a g ed r o p a n d t e m p e r a t u r e( L u t r o nD u a lTe r m om e t e rTM 9 1 5 A )a c r o s st h e

h e a t e rt r a c k s .F i g u r e1 1 s h o w s r e s u l t i n gt e m p e r a t u r ev e r s u s p o w e rc h a r a c t e r i s t i c so f t h e

T h ew o r kp r e s e n t e di n t h i sp a p e r i s t h ef i r s ts t e pt o w a r d st h ed e s i g na n d f a b r i c a t i o no f g a ss e n s o rs y s t emf o re n v i r o nm e n t a lm o n i t o r i n g ,i nw h i c ht h em a i np a r t sc o n s i s to f g a s s e n s o r sa n d

o n - l i n et e l e m e t r i cs y s t e m .The r e f o r e manya s p e c t ss t i l l n e e d t o b e d o n e i n c l u d i n gc h a r a c t e r i s a t i o no f t h e s en a n om a t e r i a l sf o rt h e i rr e s p o n s e st o p o l u t a n tg a s e s ,a n d t h e u s e o fMEMs t e c h n o l o g yi n t h e f a b r i c a t i o no f t h es e n s o r p l a t f o r m .T h e w o r ko n t h i s p a r t i c u l a ra s p e c ti s s t i l li np r o g r e s s ,a n dt h er e s u l t sw i l lb ep u b l i s h e de l s e w h e r e .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Th i s w o r k i s f i n a n c i a l l ys u p p o r t e db y L I P IComp e t i t i fP r o j e c tN o . 2 7 . 0 4 / SK /KP P I / I I / 2 0 0 6o n De v e l o pm e n to fNe wM e t h o d si n t h eDe s i g na n d F a b r i c a t i o no f G a s S e n s o r S y s t e mf o rE n v i r o nm e n t a lM o n i t o r i n g .

R E F E R E N C E S

[ 1 ]

[ 2 ]

W. Ts u j i t a ,A . Yo s h i n o ,H . I s h i d a ,a n d T .Mo r i i z um i ," G a s s e n s o r n e t w o r kf o r a i r -p o l l u t i o nm o n i t o r i n g " ,S e n s o r s .A c t u a t o r sB ,v o l .11 0 ,p p .3 0 4 - 3 11( 2 0 0 5 ) .N . Ya m a z o e ," To w a r d si n n o v a t i o n so f g a s

s e n s o r t e c h n o l o g y " ,S e n s o r s .A c t u a t o r sB ,v o l .1 0 8 ,p p .2 - 1 4( 2 0 0 5 ) .

8 7

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I C S E 2 0 0 6P r o c .2 0 0 6 ,K u a l aL u m p u r ,Ma l a y s i a

[ 3 ] T .Mo c h i d a ,K . K ik u ch i ,T .K o n d o ,H .U o n o ,a n d Y . M a t s u u r a ," H i g h l ys e n s i t i v ea n ds e l e c t i v eH 2 Sg a s s e n s o rf r o mr . f . s p u t t e r e dS n O 2t h i nf i l m " ,S e n s o r s .A c t u a t o r sB ,v o l .2 4 - 2 5 ,p p .4 3 3 - 4 3 7( 1 9 9 5 ) .

[ 4 ] U. Ke r s e n ," T h e g a s - s e n s i n gp o t e n t i a lo f

n a n o c r y s t a l l i n eS n O 2 p r o d u c e d b y am e c h a n o c h e m i c a lm i l l i n gv i a c e n t r i f u g a la c t i o n " ,A p p l .P h y s .A . Ma t e r i a l Sc i .P r o c e s s . ,v o l .7 5 , p p .5 5 9 - 5 6 3( 2 0 0 2 ) .

[ 5 ] K o r o t c e n k o v ," G a sr e s p o n s ec o n t r o lt h r o u g hs t r u c t u r a la n dc h em i c a lm o d i f i c a t i o no fme t a lo x i d ef i l m s :s t a t eo f t h ea r ta n da p p r o a c h e s " ,S e n s o r s .A c t u a t o r sB ,v o l .1 0 7 ,p p .2 0 9 - 2 3 2( 2 0 0 5 ) .

[ 6 ] . D . K o hl , " Fu n c t i ona n d a p p l i c a t i o n so f g a ss e n s o r s " ,J . P h y s .D. A p p l .P h y s . ,v o l .3 4 ,p p .R 1 2 5 - R 1 4 9( 2 0 0 1 ) .

[ 7 ] S . A . Ho o k e r ," N a n o t e c h n o l o g ya d v a n t a g e sa p p l i e dt o g a s s e n s o r d e v e l o pme n t " ,P r o c .Th e Na n o p a r t i c l e s2 0 0 2 C o n f ,p p . 1 - 7( 2 0 0 2 ) .

[ 8 ] U . Ke r s e n , " T h e g a s - s e n s i n gp o t e n t i a lo fn a n o c r y s t a l l i n eS n O 2 p r o d u c e d b y am e c h a n o c h e m i c a lm i l l i n gv i a c e n t r i f u g a la c t i o n " ,A p p l .P h y s .A . ,v o l .7 5 ,p p .5 5 9 - 5 6 3( 2 0 0 2 ) .

[ 9 ] M . S r i y u d t h s a ka n d S . S u p h o t i n a ," H u m i d i t y - i n s e n s i t i v ea n d l o w o x y g e nd e p e n d e n c et u n g s t e n o x i d eg a s s e n s o r s " ,S e n s o r s .A c t u a t o r sB ,v o l .1 1 3 ,p p .2 6 5 - 2 7 1( 2 0 0 6 ) .

[ 1 0 ] K . A r sh a k a n dI . G a i d a n ," G a s s e n s i n gp r o p e r t i e so f Z n F e 2 O 4 / Z n Os c r e e n - p r i n t e dt h i c kf i l m s " ,S e n s o r s .A c t u a t o r sB ,v o l .1 1 1 -1 1 2 ,p p .5 8 - 6 2( 2 0 0 5 ) .

[ 1 1 ] M . - I . B a r a t o na n dL .M e r h a r i ," E l e c t r i c a lb e h a v i o ro f s em i c o n d u c t i n gn a n o p ow d e r sv e r s u s e n v i r o n m e n t " ,R e v .A d v .Ma t e r .S c i ,v o l .4 ,p p .1 5 - 2 4( 2 0 0 3 ) .

8 8