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Trane 2009 ©
Mike ThompsonDirector of Environmental AffairsTrane Commercial Systems
The Future of Refrigerants:Where Do We Go From
Here?
Trane 2009 ©
Options For HVAC Refrigerants
Fluorocarbons “Natural” Refrigerants
Class 1High ODPCFC’s
Non- Ozone Depleters(Kyoto Protocol)
Ozone Depleters(Montreal Protocol)
Class 2Low ODPHCFC’s
Higher GWP Lower GWP
R-11R-12R113R-500
R-22R-123
R-134aR-410AR-407C
R-32R-152a
PropaneButaneCO2
Ammonia
-Toxicity Concerns-Efficiency Concerns-Cost Concerns
-ODP Concerns-GWP Concerns- Flammable
GWP
ODP
ODP
ODP
ODP
ODP
ODP
ODP
GWP
GWP
GWP
GWP
GWPGWP
GWP
GWP
Trane 2009 ©
Timeline of Refrigerant Usage
Continued use of recycled R-22,R-123 for developing countries
1990 2000 2010 2050204020302020
Montreal Protocol Signed
All CFC productionStopped (R-11,R-12) indeveloped countries
No new equipmentwith R-22
No new R-22 for serviceNo new equipment with R-123in developed countries
No new R-123 for servicein developed countries, noHCFC’s in new equipmentin developing countries
No HCFC production indeveloping countries
Today
Kyoto Protocol Signed
No automotive use ofR-134a in Europe
Continued use of recycled CFC’s
Continued use of recycled R-22
Continued use of recycled R-123
No CFC’s fordevelopingcountries
Note: Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced beforethe phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.
Trane 2009 ©
Kyoto ProtocolGreenhouse Gas Coverage
Six (6) Gases Carbon Dioxide -- CO2
Methane -- CH4
Nitrous Oxide -- N2O
Hydrofluorocarbons -- HFCs
Perfluorocarbons -- PFCs
Sulfur hexafluoride -- SF6
Base Period 1990 for CO2 , CH4 , and N2O
1990 or 1995 for HFCs, PFCs, and SF6
Trane 2009 ©
European HFC Restrictions
Denmark General HFC ban in 2006
HFC ban on HVAC equipment in 2007, except if the factory refrigerant charge is <10kgfor cooling applications or <50 kg for heat pump applications
Austria HFC ban on HVAC equipment, appliances and cars in 2008, except if factory charge is
<20kg of refrigerant
Switzerland Domestic Refrigeration HFC Ban - 2003
Air Conditioners HFC Ban - 2005
Mobile Air Conditioning HFC Ban – 2008
F-Gases Directive on car air conditioning No new vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2011
Prohibit sale of vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2017
Trane 2009 ©
Country GHG Cap & Trade Legislation
Japan GHG emissions reduction target of 60-80% by 2050
Will start trial cap & trade program fall of 2008
Govt pressure on GHGs, including HFCs, against industries desires
New Zealand Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Six gases including HFCs
All sectors
Australia Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Five gases
Separate HFC regulation (25% below 2000 levels by 2020)
HFC regulations begin in 2011
European Union (27 countries) - 2008 CO2 only cap and trade, utilities & large industrials
HFCs under regulatory pressure
Trane 2009 ©
US Legislative Efforts
American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (aka:Waxman-Markey Bill)
Uses the average of 2004, 2005, 2006 production as a baseline for HFC production(weighted HCFC and HFC volumes)
10% below average in 2012
33% below average in 2020
75% below average in 2030
85% below average in 2033
US State Department Proposal to UNEP
Reduce to 2005 levels by 2012
10% reduction by 2015
25% reduction by 2020
50% reduction by 2030
85% reduction by 2039
Developing countries to follow developed countries by 10 years
Trane 2009 ©
Trane 2009 ©
Full Load Vs Part Load
Both full and part load efficiency are important Full Load- Demand/Building new power plants
Part Load- Total kWh consumption
Trane technology optimizes for both Multiple stage chiller gives great part load performance
VFD’s have great part load for the right application
Focus on the efficiency of the system
Trane 2009 ©
Environmental Impact of Refrigerants
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
CFC-
11
CFC-
12
HCFC-
22
HCFC-
123
HFC-
134a
HFC-
410A
HFC-
407C
HFC-
245fa
OD
P(R
-11=1.0
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
CFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
HCFC-123
HFC-134a
HFC-410A
HFC-407C
HFC-245fa
GW
P(C
O2=
1.0
)
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
CFC-
11
CFC-
12
HCFC-
22
HCFC-
123
HFC-
134a
HFC-
410A
HFC-
407C
HFC-
245fa
CO
P
0
20
40
60
80
100
CFC-
11
CFC-
12
HCFC-
22
HCFC-
123
HFC-
134a
HFC-
410A
HFC-
407C
HFC-
245fa
Ye
ars
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
Atmospheric Life (years)Energy Efficiency (COP)
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
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ODP versus GWPCFC-11
12113114115
HCFC-22123124
141b142b
HFC-32125
134a143a152a
227ea236fa245fa
ODP (relative to R-11) GWP (relative to CO2)
0.00.00.20.40.60.81.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
J. M. Calm and G. C. Hourahan, “Refrigerant Data Summary,” Engineered Systems,18(11):74-88, November 2001 (based on 1998 WMO and 2001 IPCC assessments) © JMC 2001
Trane 2009 ©
Chiller Operating PressureO
pera
tin
gP
ressu
re
(p
sig
)
310.0
270.0
230.0
190.0
150.0
110.0
70.0
30.0
-10.0
R-11 R-123 R-12 R-134a R-22 R-410A
Evaporator (38°F)
Off Line (72°F)
Condenser (100°F)
Trane 2009 ©
What Is Important Overthe Life of a Chiller?
Cost of Energy (94.5%)
First Cost of Chiller (5.18%)
Cost of Initial ChargeOf Refrigerant (0.25%)
Refrigerant AddedOver 30 years (0.04%)
Trane 2009 ©