the future of internet of...
TRANSCRIPT
THE FUTURE OF INTERNET OF EVERYTHING
Dr. Jeffrey H. Reed [email protected] http://www.wireless.vt.edu
Overview of IoE (or IoT)
IoE envisions a world that is fully interconnected through the internet
IoE creates a cyber-physical universe around us
IoE will change the way we live, work and play
IoE will transform the characteristics and operation of homes, cars, hospitals, factories, businesses and etc
Internet of Everything
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Overview of Presentation
Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges
Overview of Presentation
Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges
Why do we need IoE?
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140366414003168
IoE is applied in: Industrial domain
Public domain: Ex. Smart cities
Health and wellness
…
Why do we need IoE?
IoE add productivity and comfort to our daily lives
While I am driving back to home, dinner starts and thermostat adjusts the temperature of the home My electric blanket adjusts its heat by communicating with a body temperature measuring wrist-band I can locate my keys using my phone
Productivity
Comfort
TI’s NFC powered temperature sensor (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBCfB5JMbHE)
Example of Today’s IoT Devices
v Fork -- let’s you know if your eating too fast.
v Smart toothbrush – how long do you brush
v Watering System v Propane Tank v Washing Machine v Piggy Bank
http://www.slideshare.net/ValaAfshar/internet-of-thingsslideshare
v Egg Tray v Lighting Control v Slow Cooker v Trash Can v Pet Feeder v Socks v Locks v Shirt
Why do we need IoE?
IoE has industrial benefits Examples:
Improving the efficiency of energy consumption through extensive machine instrumentation and data-analytics
Proactive maintenance Asset tracking Remote control and monitoring Agriculture Healthcare
Source: www.gesoftware.com/predix
Big Picture of Growth
GE Estimates the “Industrial Internet” will add $10 to $15 trillion to global GDP over the next 20 years
Cisco forecast $19 trillion to economic value created by 50B IoE devices in 2020
Gartner estimates IoE products, services and suppliers will generate incremental revenue exceeding $300 billion in 2020
IDC forecast world market for IoE solutions grow from $1.9 trillion in 2013 to $7.1 trillion in 2020
Overview of Presentation
Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges
Basic IoE Architecture
IoE Edges
Short-range communication
Gateway/hub
Internet
Service platform
Applications
Zigbee, Bluetooth, WiFi, White space, NFC, etc
Collect and Backhaul (Ethernet, 3G, 4G, satellite, dialup, fiber, etc)
IP
P2P, Cloud computing, etc
e-health, smart home, smart city, energy management, etc….
Sensors, GPS, actuators, thermostats, light bulb, electric blanket etc
Alternative Architecture: IP-at-the-edge
IoE Edges
Internet
Service platform
Applications
IP
P2P, Cloud computing, etc
e-health, smart home, smart city, energy management, etc….
Sensors, GPS, actuators, thermostats, light bulb, electric blanket etc
IP-at-the-edge = no Gateways
Overview of Presentation
Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges
Development Environments 1/3
Apple’s HomeKit Platform (https://developer.apple.com/homekit/ ) HomeKit is a framework in iOS 8 that allows IoE app and
hardware developers to easily configure and control IoE accessories from iOS devices
Bluetooth and WiFi are used for short range communication(Designing Accessories for iOS and OS X,WWDC14, https://developer.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2014/ , http://www.macrumors.com/2014/11/03/homekit-chips-device-makers/ )
Gateway for remote control is likely going to be AppleTV http://www.macworld.com/article/2364315/apples-homekit-hub-may-already-be-in-your-house.html, http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2474991,00.asp
Chip making (Apple-approved) partners are Broadcom, TI,
and Marvel. The chips are loaded with Homekit firmware http://www.forbes.com/sites/aarontilley/2014/11/03/apple-homekit-enabled-chips-are-already-shipping-to-smart-home-device-makers/, https://mfi.apple.com/MFiWeb/getFAQ.action
Development Environments 2/3
Google’s Nest developer program (https://developer.nest.com/ ) Provides the APIs developers can user to communicate with nest thermostat and smoke detectors (https://developer.nest.com/documentation/cloud/nest-api-intro )
Google-Nest is pushing for a mesh-network based network protocol called Thread (http://www.threadgroup.org/About.aspx )
Remove gateways. No single point of failure. Short-range communication is through WiFi and IEEE 802.15.4
Companies such as Mercedes-Benz have signed up into the program (They make “works with nest” products)
https://developer.nest.com/
Development Environments 3/3 Qualcomm development network :
Qualcomm provides hardware and software tools for building IoE apps
Qualcomm led the establishment of the Allseen Alliance under the Linux Foundation Allseen Alliance (https://allseenalliance.org/ )
has more than 100 member companies
is less than 2 years old
Alljoyn: Open-source software framework for interoperable
IoE
Lets developers write applications that can discover and communicate with near-by devices regardless of brand and operating system
Meant to be the “language of IoE”
https://developer.qualcomm.com/dragonboard-8094-development-kit-based-snapdragon-810-processor-apq8094
IoT Standardization Efforts
ICC OIC ALLSEEN
3GPP oneM
2M
IET
S
ISA ISO IEEE IE
TF
EPC
glob
al
Thread
Interoperability
IoT Standards (1/4)
RFID related standards RFID based Electronic Product Code (EPC) standard from EPCglobal
ISO/IEC 15961-1:2013, ISO/IEC 15962:2013 (address data protocol between RFID tag and RFIC reader)
IoT Standards (2/4)
Wireless communication standards IEEE 802.15.4 (PHY for Zigbee, ISA100.11a, etc) IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n/ af (WiFi) IEEE 802.15.7 (Visible light communication) IEEE 1901 (Broadband over power line) 3GPP’s LTE (LTE has provision in for “Machine-
type-communications”) IEEE 801.16p/b (WiMax enhancements to support
M2M) etc
IoT Standards (3/4)
Network and Data-link layer standards Thread
Supported by Google-nest and partners It pushes for a mesh-type network architecture
IETF’s 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over low-power Wireless Personal Networks)
IP for is applied even for small devices IP based IEEE 802.15.4
ISA100.11a Industrial use IETF 6LOWPAN network layer IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer Modified IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IoT Standards (4/4)
Service layer standardization efforts: Allseen alliance
Open-Internet Consortium (OIC)
Industrial-Internet Consortium (IIC)
oneM2M
Consortium of ICT-related standardization bodies and companies
Overview of Presentation
Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges
Industrial IoE
Industrial IoE is driven by improvement of efficiency, reliability, and productivity Currently, only 37% of the currently connected “things” are industrial equipment Cisco expects the share of industrial IoE to surpass consumer IoE in 2017 ttp://blogs.cisco.com/news/the-internet-of-things-moving-beyond-the-hype/
Industrial IoE appears to have stronger momentum for growth
https://www.ihs.com/articles/insights/things-explodes.html
Data Analytics and Industrial IoE
Data analytics plays a huge role in Industrial IoE
Data analytics uses row data to examine and draw conclusions.
GE is transforming itself from industrial machinery maker, to an advanced data analytics company (https://hbr.org/2014/11/digital-ubiquity-how-connections-sensors-and-data-are-revolutionizing-business)
GE is developing a proprietary industrial IoE and big data analytics software called Pardix
Alternative platforms exist Example: IzoT
IzoT Industrial IoE Platform (http://www.echelon.com/izot-platform)
Data Analytics and Industrial IoE
Most corporate executives believe big data analytics is important (http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture-Industrial-Internet-
Changing-Competitive-Landscape-Industries.pdf)
Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC)
The goal is to create reference architectures, use-cases and test-beds for the industrial internet Plans to release technology and security guidelines Founded by five companies by March, 2014 Currently, more than 120 members
Source: http://www.echelon.com/izot-platform
IoE in the Oil and Gas Industry
Predictive maintenance Pipeline monitoring Automated field operation Real-data based managerial and financial decisions Asset tracking Environmental monitoring People monitoring Closed-loop control Health and safety
Outcomes: Reduces down time Improves safety
Oil and Gas Industry have implemented aspects for the IoE for many years, but scope and integration will improve with time.
Overview of Presentation
Why do we need IoE? IoE architectures Development environments Industrial IoE Remaining challenges ¤ Complexity ¤ Privacy/Security
¤ Spectrum
Security: Major Challenge in IoE
All devices and sensors will have cyber presence Traditional cybersecurity approaches not sufficient Multi-layer security is necessary
Gateways should be secured
IoE edges should be secured
Increasing Supply Chain & SCADA Security Threats
• SCADA Security – DHS: US u:lity's control systems hit by advanced cyber aAack – Eugene Kaspersky: Stuxnet has gone rogue. Russian nuclear power plant was reportedly “badly infected” by the rogue Stuxnet virus. – NY Times reports cousins of Stuxnet: Duqu, Flame and Gauss
• Counterfeit is a Security Concern – APEX & Designer Summit: Current value of counterfeit electronic components is es:mated at approximately $10b annually. Counterfei:ng costs the US economy between $200b -‐ $250b annually. Overall global counterfeit goods es:mated at $3.9T – U.S. Senate CommiAee on Armed Services iden:fied suspect components in the supply chains for the CH-‐46 Sea Knight helicopter, the C-‐17 military transport aircraa, the P-‐8A Poseidon sub hunter, and the F-‐16 fighter
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Why SCADA/ICS Need New Security Solutions for IoE
Attack surfaces are greatly increased. Too many variations of hardware and software Legacy equipment 20+ years (don’t fix it if it isn’t broken) Threats from manipulating input data Real-time protection needed Threats are behind the firewall Dormant threats are hard to find Signature techniques are dead
Example of Security Approach Developed and Spun Out from Virginia Tech
❑ Power Fingerprinting (PFP) detects anomaly with power analysis and signal processing
For more info. see http://www.pfpcyber.com
http://www.darkreading.com/perimeter/power-consumption-technology-could-help-enterprises-identify-counterfeit-devices/a/d-id/1318782?
Quantitative Metrics for Security
Compare with the Baseline
Acquire New Baseline?
Power Analysis Non-‐Contact
Probe
PFP Signal Processing
Anomaly? Alert
yes
no
0 2 4 6 8 10 12-20246
Acquire
Power or RF Signal
2 4 6 8 10 12 14x 10
8
Frequency
02468
1012
Communication Challenges
Integrated networks (probably a characteristic of 5G) Machine-to-Machine Communications in later 4G
Very long battery life Automated deployment and de-confliction Spectrum availability and uniformity across national boundries
Spectrum Scarcity: Another Challenge for IoE
Each IoE connection is expected to generate small amount of traffic But the number of connection is very high Additional spectrum is needed to carry IoE We are already under spectrum deficit including for LMR. Spectrum sharing with government may be the solution Example: The 3.5 GHz band, where military radars operate, is now open for shared use May be possible for private LTE networks
Source: FCC http://www.hightechforum.org/spectrum-deficit-disorder/
Wireless@VT is deeply involved in research studying the technical and regulatory issues related to spectrum sharing
Towards Software-Defined IoT Devices
Interoperability a challenge in IoT One solution is making IoT devices highly flexible to support multiple protocols
Software-Defined-Radio (SDR) is a good candidate to implement flexible IoT devices
SDRs present their own challenges:
Interoperability
Prototype of MIMO capable Software-defined IoT GW assembled at W@VT
SDR Challenge Our Solution Research Status Poor RF performance • Spectrum sensing
supported, intelligent RF control • Addresses potential RF issues through intelligent control
- Prototype is developed and tested
Poor handling of high-data rate waveforms
• Firmware/OS level waveform development
- Prototype is under development
Cognitively controlled RF Front-end’s prototype
Conclusions
Technology is about to transform the world through IoE Industrial IoE will help pave the way for consumer IoE Standards will be a HUGE issue IoE presents unique communication challenges:
Integration with various wireless network Low data-rate, large volume of links -- the “one-bit” challenge
Power Spectrum resources Security Automatic deployment and maintenance.