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The Future of Geospatial Technology Maine Municipal Association – Maine GIS User Group Technology Conference Bangor, March 3, 2011 3/10/2011 Matthew Bampton

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The Future of Geospatial Technology

Maine Municipal Association – Maine GIS User Group Technology Conference

Bangor, March 3, 2011

3/10/2011 Matthew Bampton

Three Questions

• Where are we now ?

• Where we did we come from ?

• Where are we going ?

3/10/2011 Matthew Bampton

A Short History of GIS

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Stage of Development

The Formative Years Maturing Technology GIS Infrastructure

Time Frame 1960‐1980 1980‐Mid‐1990s Mid‐1990s‐Now

Technical Environment

• Mainframe Computers

• ProprietarySoftware

• Proprietary data structure

• Mostly Raster‐Based

• Mainframe and Minicomputers

• Georelational Data Structure• GUI• New Data Acquisition 

Technology

• Workstations and PCs• Network/Internet• Multimedia• Open System Design• Data Integration• Enterprise Computing• Object‐Relational Model  & 

Database• Geodatabase• Mobile Computing

Major Users • Governments• Universities• Military

• Governments• Universities• Military• Utilities• Business

• Governments• Universities• Military• Utilities• Business• The General Public

Major Application Areas

• Land & Resource Management

• Census• Surveying & 

Mapping

• Land & Resource Management

• Census• Surveying & Mapping• Facilities Management• Market Analysis

• Land & Resource Management• Census• Surveying and Mapping• Facilities Management• Market Analysis• Utilities• Location‐Based Services• Recreation• Customer Support

Freely adapted from C. P. Lo  & A. K. W. Yeung (2006) Concepts and Techniques in Geographic Information Systems

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Our Heroes Embark upon A Sacred & Magical Mission

They Face Terrible Obstacles, & Unending Struggle

But In The End They Triumph Against Impossible Odds & New Age Dawns

Or to put it another way . . . . .

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Early GIS 

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John Snow (1813 – 1858)• 1854 cholera outbreak in central London • John Snow (with help from Reverend Henry Whitehead) successfully identified the source of London’s cholera outbreak

• Developed the modern theory of communicable disease

• “Proto GIS” and simple spatial analysis were the key elements in the discovery

• Rev. Whitehead contributed the sociological data

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“Proto GIS”

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http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/1846map/1846map.htm

The Latest Technology!

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http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/1846map/1846map.htm3/10/2011 Matthew Bampton

Water Pumps

Cholera Houses

Infected Houses

This Pump

www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html 3/10/2011 Matthew Bampton

The First Law of GeographyWaldo Tobler

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“The first law of geography: everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.”

Waldo Tobler, 1970

3/10/2011 Matthew Bampton

3/10/2011 Matthew Bampton

"The expectation of course is that the movie representations of the simulated population distribution in the Detroit 

region will provide insights, mostly of an intuitive, rather than a formal nature, into the dynamics of urban growth".

Waldo Tobler, 1970

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Central Business District

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Waldo’s Take‐Home Message

• Using this approach you see stuff you would otherwise miss

• But you don’t see everything

• But then, who does?

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A Couple of Examples From Tobler’s Work

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US Migration Patterns

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W. Tobler, 1995, “Migration: Ravenstein, Thornthwaite, and Beyond”, Urban Geography, 16(4):327‐343.

Migration in the United States, by state, 1975‐1980. States with a plus symbol were gaining, those with a minus sign were losing, people through internal migration. Omitting the state boundaries emphasizes the spatial coherence, and quickly renders it obvious. The zero net migration contour can easily be visualized.  

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How the Money Moves

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• In the United States the currency indicates where it was issued• For one dollar bills this is the Federal Reserve District code, a letter at the 

beginning of the serial number.• You can check your wallet to estimate your interaction with the rest of the 

country.

San Francisco3/10/2011 Matthew Bampton

3/10/2011 Matthew Bampton

A. BostonB. New YorkC. PhiladelphiaD. ClevelandE. RichmondF. Atlanta

G. ChicagoH. St. LouisI. MinneapolisJ. Kansas CityK. DallasL. San Francisco

http://www.federalreserve.gov/otherfrb.htm3/10/2011 Matthew Bampton

A Survey of Banknotes from McDonald’s Tills Nationwide Reveals  

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Some Thoughts

• There is an Extraordinary Potential Still to Be Explored in the Applications of Geospatial Technologies

• Our Capacity to Use Geospatial Technologies to Address Real‐World Needs is Growing Exponentially

• Public Awareness of Geospatial Technology is Expanding Rapidly

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The Future

• Spatialization• Ubiquity• Citizen Sensors & Crowdsourcing

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Spatialization

• An increasing number of data are spatialized– Commercial transactions

– Communications

– Transportation

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Ubiquity

• Geospatial Technology Is Everywhere– CCTV 

– GPS Enabled Camera‐Phones

– Bar‐coded products and packages

– Navigation tools

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Citizen Sensors & Crowdsourcing

• Christmas Bird Count

• Crowdsourced Disease Mapping 

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Geospatial Technology & Social Change

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http://www.flickr.com/photos/essamsharaf/5409898811/in/pool‐1646273@N22/

3/10/2011 Matthew Bampton