the future of ageing in hong kong - iit institute of design · the future of ageing . in hong kong....
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The Future of Ageing in Hong Kong
A research project by School of Design, School of Nursing, Department of Applied Social Science of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and IIT Institute of Design.
The Future of Ageing in Hong Kong
August 12, 2016
Co-created by
IIT research Team
Patrick WhitneyKevin DenneyAnjali KelkarElaine ChowSara TashakoriniaSipra BihaniBryan SpenceMeng Yan
J.c. DIsI research Team
Gwen ChanAlice LawAria Yang
POLYU sD research Team
Sammy YauWendy Yip
A research project by School of Design, School of Nursing, Department of Applied Social Science of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and IIT Institute of Design.
Content
executive summary
section 1 what’s the problem?
06 Background08 Collaborating departments
section 2 what did we learn?
10 Research methodology13 Patterns of activity14 Home16 People22 Health24 Design criteria
section 3 what can be done?
27 System of solutions29 My Time132 My Home140 My Life135 My Health
section 4 next steps
3
objective
The objective of the research during Phase 1 was to gain deep insight into the needs, aspirations and patterns of daily life for the senior adults in Hong Kong and to reframe our understanding of the problems and opportunities associated with the future of ageing. From these insights we had developed criteria to help guide the design of future systems of solutions to the issues surrounding ageing. In order to create sustainable and impactful solutions, the research, analysis, and ideation were conducted by interdisciplinary research teams.
The overall purpose was to conduct a project that would investigate methods for helping DISI become a catalyst for cross disciplinary work at HKPU.
results
We cast a wide net to get a thorough, holistic view of ageing in Hong Kong through primary research. This included interviews with senior adults, caregivers, subject matter experts and community organization representatives. We also conducted several observations in public spaces and deeper camera studies with caregivers.
We generated hundreds of qualitative data points and generated over 150 individual insights based on what we heard and observed. From these insights we discovered larger patterns. First, part of the ageing process includes manageing transitions from one state to another, which negatively
impacts not only senior adults, but their caregivers, whom are often immediate family members. Maintaining social ties is also a high priority as senior adults want to maintain connections to families and communities. They also wish to create minimal burden on those closest to them. While senior adults try not to be a burden, they also wish to contribute in any way they can instead of only receiving services. This could be anything from volunteering to participating in community groups. Manageing health was another pattern from our research, which centered around the financial burdens placed on senior adults coupled with the strain on resources for community groups and health care facilities.
Through the patterns identified, we generated a list of criteria that will guide future concept development. We used some of these criteria to create example concepts, showing how solutions can work as a system to produce positive impact on senior adults, caregivers, communities, and Hong Kong as a whole.
looking forward
This work will inform a second phase to design and prototype products, environments, information and services that improve the lives of the senior adults by identifying the right combinations of people, departments and other partners. These two phases are part of a longer term vision in which PolyU becomes a leader in solutions for successful ageing in Hong Kong and beyond.
Executive summary
SECTION 1 WHAT’S THE PROBLEM?OBJECTIVE AND CONTENT
5
it’s time we do something about it
By 2050, Hong Kong is forecasted to rank fifth in the world for cities with the largest percentage of senior adults by the World Health Organization1. While the current life expectancy is 87.6 for women and 81.4 for men, in 2036 it will be 90.3 and 84.0 respectively2. The gap is widening between retirement and end of life creating a huge set of challenges..
Not only is the population of senior adults growing and living longer, trends already indicate that Hong Kong is not prepared for the health demands that come with a larger and older population. For example, in 2013, “despite making up 14% of the Hong Kong populations, senior adults accounted for around 50% of all hospital bed days in the Hospital Authority”3, creating a strain on healthcare resources. Private sector services for senior adults are also limited because they cannot financially compete with organizations that receive public funding. Aside from increased demands in health services, retirees are living in one of the most expensive housing markets in the world, one many often can not afford.
Despite being one of the richest countries in the world, on the whole residents are unhappy, an emotional state that is exacerbated among senior adults. According to Dennis Wong, “Hong Kong is losing a lot of competitiveness in terms of social conditions. We are trying our best to develop our economy at the expense of social life”4. Effects are even greater on senior adults as the Commision on Poverty shows statistics that the population of senior adults over 65 under the poverty line is increasing while overall number of individuals facing poverty has decreased5. Those over 65 show high levels of depression and a suicide rate that is almost double that of any age group in the country.
“Hong Kong is ranked 1st globally in life expectancy but is only ranked 75th in world happiness, behind many developing nations4.”
Going into the project, many current perceptions of senior adults were noted.
One of the biggest being senior adults are one large, homogeneous group with
similar needs. Another was that they are well respected by their families and
society. Early questions of what age group to focus on were rooted in a belief that
their condition declines gradually and therefore people of the same age group
face the same challenges. Often we noticed solutions for senior adults attend to only
their physical needs and make attempts to increase their lifespan.
so we need to act
The primary objective of this summer’s research was to gain a broad understanding of the activities of the senior adults of Hong Kong. It is this broad understanding that will ultimately allow PolyU departments to develop realistic designs that are grounded in how people live their lives and the goals they are trying to achieve.
The secondary objective, but in the long run perhaps the more important, was to explore a systematic way that different parts of the PolyU can work together and with outside organizations. Working across organizational boundaries is not easy in companies, but it is perhaps even more difficult in universities where projects have to fit the interests of both the institution and the individual professors. The main reason ID was invited to join this project is that ID is a leader in developing and teaching design methods that combine an approach that is rational and systemic while still using the creative and intuitive abilities embedded in the deep knowledge and experience of experts. We believe PolyU need to develop this ability if it is to do conduct projects like this.
PolyU needs to adopt design methods that combine a rational and systemic approach while still using the creative and intuitive abilities embedded in the deep knowledge and experience of experts.
Background
Sources:1 How serious is Hong Kong’s ageing problem? <http://www.polyu.edu.hk/cpa/Excel@PolyU/2011/11/viewpoint.html>2 Information Note Population profile of Hong Kong <http://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1415in07-population-profile-of-hong-kong-20150416-e.pdf>3 An Overview of the Re-Development and Expansion Plans of Public Hospitals <http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr12-13/english/panels/hs/papers/hs0715cb2-2162-1-e.pdf>4 Deep Blue <http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/1926391/deep-blue-hong-kong-tumbles-75th-world-happiness>5 Hong Kong Poverty Situation Report 2015 <http://www.povertyrelief.gov.hk/pdf/poverty_report_2014_e.pdf>
7
PolyU is uniquely equipped to solve a problem of this magnitude and complexity.
Design Institute for
Social Innovation The Department of
Applied Social Science
School of Nursing
School of Design
IIT Institute of Design
we are uniquely equipped to tackle this
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University has numerous departments on the cutting edge of untapped technology and knowledge, including the largest nursing program in Hong Kong, Applied Social Science, Design, Materials and Textiles, Engineering, Physical Therapy, and Hospitality. By bringing their unique point of view, knowledge, and methods, departments can collaborate to create systematic innovations to improving the lives of senior adults. Jockey Club Design Institute for Social Innovation (DISI) serves as a supportive platform to bring departments together and foster the growth in knowledge and sound solutions that will allow the university to become a leader in the successful ageing innovations and more broadly, social innovation.
SECTION 2 WHAT DID WE LEARN?RESEARCH FINDINGS
9
Who did we speak with and what did we see and hear?
senior adults
• Shadowed seven adults, most of them are members of the Institute for Active Ageing (IAA)
• Interviewed three senior adults associated with St. James Settlement• Interviewed two hidden senior adults in Yau Ma Tei• Conducted camera study documenting daily life of seven senior adults
caregivers
• Interviewed and conducted camera study with six people who are the primary caregivers for senior adults
• Interviewed two social workers from St. James Settlement• Conducted a camera study and interviewed two social workers from
Tsim Sha Tsui Kai Fong Welfare Association
In order to get a holistic perspective on Hong Kong, we talked to a wide variety of people involved in the everyday activities of the senior adults. We conducted site visits at community centers and nursing homes. We also spoke with many senior adults in their homes. A camera study was also conducted, which allowed caregivers to document the daily activities of the person they assist. Subject matter experts added an additional layer of context to the complexities of ageing in Hong Kong. This combination of methods and participants allowed us to gain a rich perspective on the senior adults and those who support them.
Our team spokes with senior adults in their homes in Yau Ma Tei.
subject matter expert interviews
• School of Nursing Faculty• The Department of Applied Social Science Faculty• School of Design Faculty• Institute of Active Ageing representatives• Hong Kong Housing Society General Manager• PolyU Council Members and Treasurer• Hong Kong Government Elderly Commission Member• Social Workers • Community Nurse• Physiotherapist• Biomedical Engineering Faculty• Diamond Cab representative
greater community
• Visited and spoke with staff at Hong Kong Housing Society (Cheerful Court)
• Visited The Tanner Hill housing development and spoke with two of its developers
• Visited and spoke with staff at Tsang Shiu Tim Home for the Elderly• Visited and spoke with staff at Yan Chai Hospital and nursing homes• Observed in Aberdeen• Observed in Shek Kip Mei• Observed in Wan Chai• Observed homeless people in Sham Shui Po
Research methodology
The team debriefs with subject matter experts in one of the four workshps. The research team visits Cheerful Court.
11
Putting it all together
Ther
e's a
nee
d to
keep
elde
rly co
nnec
ted
to th
eir co
mm
unitie
s to
aid th
eir
trans
ition
to a
new
life
stage
.
Elde
rly o
ften
feel
their
exis
tenc
e an
d ne
eds a
re ig
nore
d by
fam
ily,
com
mun
ity, a
nd so
ciety.
Sudd
en ch
ange
s are
diffi
cult t
o ad
just t
o an
d te
nd to
crea
te is
olatin
g
circu
msta
nces
.El
derly
ofte
n en
coun
ter c
halle
nges
whe
n ad
aptin
g to
new
env
ironm
ents.
The
gap
betw
een
the
old a
nd n
ew lif
e m
akes
tran
sition
har
d.
Tran
sition
s, su
ch a
s mov
ing o
r new
illne
ss, d
isrup
t long
-sta
nding
, soc
ial
relat
ionsh
ips a
nd o
ften
leads
to lo
nelin
ess.
Som
e ag
ing a
dults
in e
lderly
hom
es lo
ng to
be
visite
d by
fam
ily.
Happ
iness
tend
s to
be lin
ked
with
fam
iliar p
laces
, fam
ily a
nd a
ctivit
ies.
Elde
rly w
ant t
o ag
e in
their
com
mun
ities.
Hom
es m
odifie
d fo
r elde
rly h
elp th
em "A
ging
in pla
ce".
Nurs
ing b
eliev
es a
critic
al ap
proa
ch to
hea
lthca
re fo
r elde
rly is
to su
ppor
t
‘Agin
g in
Plac
e’
Prov
iding
gre
ater
per
sona
l free
dom
in ca
re fa
cilitie
s ten
ds to
pos
itively
impa
ct inc
reas
ed w
ell-b
eing
Nurs
ing h
omes
seem
to b
e th
e lea
st fa
vorit
e fin
al re
siden
ce a
mon
g th
e
elder
ly.Th
ere
are
typica
lly m
ultipl
e pe
ople
involv
ed ta
king
care
of e
lderly
An im
med
iate
fam
ily m
embe
r is a
cost-
effe
ctive
form
of c
areg
iving
, but
tend
s to
com
e at
a m
enta
l and
em
otion
al co
st to
that
care
giver
.
Agein
g ad
ults h
ave
expe
ctatio
ns a
bout
trad
itiona
l fam
ily ro
les.
The
burd
en o
f car
egivi
ng o
ften
falls
on
elder
ly wo
men
.
Uniqu
e ne
eds o
f elde
rly w
ho a
re ca
regiv
ers (
spou
ses,
sand
wich
) are
not
frequ
ently
bein
g ad
dres
sed.
Care
giver
s hav
e to
man
age
the
psyc
holog
ical s
tate
of n
ot o
nly th
e pe
rson
they
take
care
of b
ut a
lso th
emse
lves.
Men
tal h
ealth
shou
ld be
cons
idere
d fo
r bot
h th
e se
nior a
nd th
e ca
regiv
ers
Sand
wich
' car
egive
rs h
ave
to a
dapt
their
orig
inal d
aily r
outin
e to
take
care
of th
eir e
lderly
par
ents.
Sand
wich
care
giver
s ten
d to
spen
d m
ore
time
with
their
elde
rly p
aren
ts
when
star
ting
to ta
ke ca
re o
f the
m.
Losin
g a
partn
er ca
n be
a ve
ry e
mot
ional
mom
ent le
ading
to u
nexp
ecte
d
depe
nden
ce o
n ch
ildre
n.
Som
e eld
erly
do n
ot sh
are
nega
tive
aspe
cts o
f the
ir life
with
peo
ple cl
ose
to th
em.
Som
e eld
erly
are
frustr
ated
by f
eelin
g de
pend
ent a
nd co
nsta
ntly
havin
g a
care
giver
aro
und.
Chan
ges i
n m
obilit
y lev
els a
re d
isrup
tive
and
sudd
en, r
athe
r tha
n gr
adua
l
Som
e eld
erly
feel
their
life
is dif
fere
nt a
fter h
ealth
det
erior
ates
bec
ause
poor
hea
lth lim
its th
em fr
om d
oing
certa
in th
ings.
Unex
pecte
d ea
rly re
tirem
ent f
orce
s life
style
chan
ges t
hat p
eople
hav
e
typica
lly n
ot p
repa
red
for.
Peop
le do
n't p
lan fo
r elde
rly ca
re u
ntil a
med
ical p
roble
m h
appe
ns.
Emot
ional
care
is a
s im
porta
nt in
add
ition
to p
hysic
al ca
re fo
r im
mob
ile
agein
g ad
ults.
Whil
e co
mm
unity
cent
ers p
rovid
e a
num
ber o
f goo
d pr
ogra
ms,
elder
ly
ofte
n fin
d ph
ysica
l acc
ess t
o th
ese
cent
ers a
chall
enge
Som
e eld
erly
have
exp
ress
ed th
ey w
ould
rath
er n
ot g
o ou
t in p
ublic
to
prev
ent f
requ
ent f
alls t
han
go o
ut u
sing
supp
ort p
rodu
cts
Fear
of f
alling
limits
‘frail
’ elde
rly's
desir
e to
go
out a
nd in
tera
ct wi
th o
ther
s.
Not le
aving
the
hom
e lea
ds to
unh
ealth
y eat
ing h
abits
am
ong
elder
ly.
Ther
e is
a de
sire
to u
se e
very
day o
bjects
, suc
h as
Trip
od st
ool +
Can
e,
rath
er th
an sp
ecial
ly de
signe
d 'el
derly
obje
cts'.
Elde
rly fe
el us
ing su
ppor
t pro
ducts
des
troys
the
imag
e th
ey h
ave
of
them
selve
s as b
eing
stron
g an
d ca
pable
.
Unles
s full
y dep
ende
nt, e
lderly
still
enjoy
and
try t
o co
mple
te h
ouse
work
.
Elde
rly te
nd to
value
the
quali
ty of
life
mor
e th
an th
e lon
gevit
y of li
fe.
Man
y elde
rly, e
spec
ially
wom
en 6
5+, b
eliev
e th
eir u
nsat
isfac
tory
living
cond
ition
is a
resu
lt of lo
w ed
ucat
ion
Lack
of f
orm
al ed
ucat
ion a
mon
gst 6
5+ e
lderly
wom
en a
ttribu
tes t
o a
decr
easin
g kn
owled
ge b
ase
over
time
Socia
l wor
kers
also
feel
the
need
to b
e re
cogn
ized
and
appr
eciat
ed fo
r
their
wor
k.Im
men
se p
aper
work
keep
s soc
ial w
orke
rs fr
om d
oing
the
core
asp
ects
of
their
job.
Socia
l wor
kers
ofte
n dis
cove
r hidd
en e
lderly
in p
arks
and
oth
er p
ublic
spac
es.
Agein
g ad
ults o
ften
think
elde
rly h
omes
restr
ict th
eir p
rivac
y.
"You
ng-O
ld" a
dults
are
mor
e lik
ely to
exp
ress
spec
ific n
eeds
Man
y pro
ducts
such
as d
iaper
s for
the
elder
ly as
are
cons
idere
d
dem
orali
zing.
Smar
tpho
nes a
re b
eing
used
but
for f
airly
basic
nee
ds
Daily
rout
ines m
entio
ned
are
ofte
n ce
nter
ed a
roun
d m
ornin
g br
eakfa
st
Early
det
ectio
n of
dem
entia
can
slow
the
grow
th o
f the
dise
ase
and
impr
ove
well-b
eing.
Ther
e is
a co
mm
on st
ereo
type
that
youn
g-old
are
hea
lthier
than
old-
old.
Elde
rly a
re o
ften
reluc
tant
to h
ave
agein
g dis
cuss
ions w
ith th
eir ch
ildre
n.
Ther
e se
ems t
o be
a la
rger
num
ber o
f elde
rly w
omen
who
out
live
their
husb
ands
and
find
they
hav
e litt
le su
ppor
t left
to m
anag
e th
eir liv
es
Elde
rly is
olatio
n is
exac
erba
ted
when
their
fam
ily m
embe
rs ig
nore
them
Som
e eld
erly
with
bro
ken
fam
ily n
etwo
rk g
et m
ore
isolat
ed.
Somee
lderlyusesmartphonestomakep
lansw
ithfrien
dsan
dfamily.
Wom
en g
ener
ally p
artic
ipate
mor
e ac
tively
in so
cial in
tera
ction
s.
Inte
rgen
erat
ional
relat
ionsh
ips o
utsid
e of
fam
ilies c
an b
e dif
ficult
to id
entify
with
out t
he h
elp o
f spe
cific
socia
l ser
vices
.
Valua
ble in
terg
ener
ation
al re
lation
ships
can
also
be cr
eate
d wi
th n
on-
fam
ily m
embe
rs in
the
com
mun
ity.
Both
gra
ndpa
rent
s and
gra
ndch
ildre
n be
nefit
from
time
spen
t tog
ethe
r in
a
care
giving
relat
ionsh
ip.
Helpi
ng ra
ise g
rand
child
ren
bring
s prid
e an
d a
sens
e of
value
for a
geing
adult
s.Be
ing lo
ved
and
acce
pted
with
in th
e co
mm
unity
seem
s to
be m
ore
impo
rtant
than
bein
g m
obile
.
Elde
rly w
ith p
erso
nal w
ealth
and
socia
l sup
port
seem
to b
e m
uch
happ
ier
Elde
rly w
ho tr
ansit
ion to
an
elder
ly ho
me
ofte
n be
com
e m
ore
disco
nnec
ted
from
their
fam
ily a
nd co
mm
unity
.
Old
hous
ing e
state
s ten
d to
cont
inue
hous
ing th
eir o
rigina
l tena
nts,
crea
ting
large
num
bers
of e
lderly
who
live
in inf
orm
al ‘ol
d ag
e ho
mes
’
Agein
g ad
ults t
end
to w
ant t
o liv
e in
their
hom
es a
s lon
g as
pos
sible.
Elde
rly o
ften
pref
er h
ousin
g th
at lo
oks a
s sim
ilar t
o re
gular
hou
sing
as
poss
ible.
Agein
g ad
ults o
ften
think
elde
rly h
omes
restr
ict th
eir m
obilit
y.
Man
y elde
ry w
ait 2
-5 ye
ars t
o be
plac
ed in
a p
ublic
elde
rly h
ome.
Ther
e's a
per
cept
ion th
at lo
w-co
st he
althc
are
cent
ers d
on't t
reat
the
elder
ly
with
care
.Th
e co
st an
d qu
ality
diffe
rent
ial b
etwe
en g
ood
care
cent
ers a
nd lo
w-co
st
cent
ers i
s eno
rmou
s.
Priva
tely
deve
loped
elde
rly h
omes
tend
to b
e ex
pens
ive b
ecau
se th
ere
is
no zo
ning
class
ificat
ion fo
r elde
rly h
omes
.
HK's
priva
te se
ctor e
lderly
hom
e se
rvice
s are
limite
d be
caus
e th
ey ca
nnot
com
pete
with
subs
idize
d eld
erly
hom
e se
rvice
s.
Priva
te e
lderly
serv
ices s
eek s
usta
inable
reve
nue
mod
els b
eyon
d
dona
tions
.Ra
ising
fund
ing fo
r elde
rly se
rvice
s ten
d to
be
mor
e dif
ficult
than
for k
ids
and
yout
h.El
derly
hav
e dif
ficult
y acc
essin
g af
ford
able
hom
e m
ainte
nanc
e se
rvice
s.
Man
y elde
ry n
eed
subs
idies
for m
odific
ation
s and
repa
irs in
priv
ate
hom
es
beca
use
they
cann
ot a
fford
it.
Man
y elde
rly d
o no
t wan
t ser
vices
that
are
per
ceive
d as
welf
are.
The
issue
of h
idden
elde
rly is
incr
easin
g
Hom
eless
elde
rly a
re o
ften
reluc
tant
to a
ccep
t help
.
Hidd
en e
lderly
are
skep
tical
of re
ceivi
ng a
ssist
ance
from
socia
l wor
kers
Tang
ible
help
(e.g
. bag
s of r
ice, a
pplia
nces
they
can
use)
is e
asier
for
agein
g ad
ults t
o ac
cept
than
inta
ngibl
e he
lp.
The
trust
build
ing p
roce
ss b
etwe
en e
lderly
and
socia
l ser
vices
is tim
e-
cons
uming
and
diffi
cult.
Man
y elde
rly se
em re
sista
nt to
supp
ort f
rom
the
gove
rnm
ent.
Elde
rly a
re o
ften
resis
tant
to su
ppor
t fro
m fa
mily
bec
ause
they
wan
t to
main
tain
their
inde
pend
ence
and
nor
mal
life.
Elde
rly a
re o
ften
resis
tant
to su
ppor
t fro
m fa
mily
bec
ause
they
per
ceive
they
will
be a
bur
den.
Elde
rly se
nse
of p
ride
prev
ents
them
from
ask
ing fo
r help
Agein
g ad
ults s
trive
to a
void
beco
ming
a b
urde
n to
their
fam
ilies a
nd
socie
tyAg
eing
adult
s ten
d to
fill th
eir d
ays w
ith a
ctivit
ies th
ey e
njoy.
Mot
ivate
d eld
erly
in an
y lev
el of
abil
ity te
nd to
find
ways
to p
artic
ipate
in
activ
ities.
Elde
rly o
ften
expr
ess a
ctive
invo
lvem
ent a
nd e
ngag
emen
t to
keep
them
selve
s fit
Com
mun
ity ce
nter
s try
to ke
ep in
mind
that
acti
vities
can
be p
racti
ced
by a
rang
e of
fitne
ss le
vels.
Elde
rly b
reak
ster
eotyp
es w
ith th
e ac
tivitie
s the
y par
ticipa
te in
.
Volun
teer
ing te
nds t
o be
an
acce
ssibl
e wa
y for
age
ing a
dults
to co
ntrib
ute.
Lear
ning
for l
earn
ing's
sake
can
be a
form
of s
tress
relie
f for
elde
rly w
ho
take
cour
ses.
Pass
ions a
re a
s dive
rse
amon
g eld
erly
as th
ey a
re a
t all a
ges.
Man
y elde
rly a
re a
ctive
ly en
gage
d in
learn
ing to
ach
ieve
pers
onal
fulfil
lmen
t.M
any a
geing
adu
lts h
ave
an u
nlim
ited
initia
tive
to le
arn.
Agein
g ad
ults s
ee va
lue in
edu
catio
nal p
ursu
its o
nce
basic
nee
ds a
re m
et
Wom
en a
re m
ore
likely
to jo
in or
ganiz
ed g
roup
acti
vities
than
men
Retir
emen
t give
s elde
rly m
ore
time
to e
xerc
ise to
impr
ove
their
hea
lth
Exer
cising
is o
ften
part
of th
eir m
ornin
g ro
utine
Tang
ible
rewa
rds a
re u
sed
to m
otiva
te e
lderly
to b
e m
ore
activ
e in
socia
l
activ
ities a
nd p
hysic
al ex
ercis
es.
Mah
Jong
take
s a b
ig pa
rt of
elde
rlies'
socia
l life
Inte
rest-
base
d ac
tivitie
s pro
vide
a co
mm
on g
roun
d fo
r int
erge
nera
tiona
l
relat
ionsh
ips.
Ther
e is
a co
mm
on st
ereo
type
that
ther
e ar
e ce
rtain
thing
s elde
rly sh
ould
and
shou
ld no
t do.
As a
mba
ssad
ors,
elder
ly ar
e se
en a
s valu
able
for k
nowl
edge
lear
ned
from
their
own
life
expe
rienc
es
Phys
ically
acti
ve e
lderly
pre
fer t
o wo
rk a
nd n
ot si
t idle
at h
ome.
Elde
rly se
em to
exp
ress
des
ire to
cont
ribut
e to
the
outsi
de w
orld
Agein
g ad
ults h
ave
a ne
ed to
cont
ribut
e, n
ot ju
st re
ceive
serv
ices
Agein
g ad
ults c
ontin
ue w
orkin
g in
som
e ca
pacit
y to
stay a
ctive
Agein
g ad
ults v
alue
flexib
le sc
hedu
les if
they
can
still w
ork.
The
‘youn
g-old
’ tend
to w
ant t
o co
ntinu
e to
find
oppo
rtunit
ies to
wor
k
Som
e eld
erly
with
no
retir
emen
t plan
hop
e to
wor
k for
as l
ong
as p
ossib
le.
Ther
e is
not e
noug
h se
rvice
s to
supp
ort r
e-em
ploym
ent o
f ret
irees
Agein
g ad
ults o
ften
acce
pt th
eir si
tuat
ion, b
ut st
ill str
ive to
mak
e th
e m
ost
of it
with
in th
eir m
eans
.
Som
e eld
erly
are
upse
t whe
n th
e ho
pe a
nd e
xpec
tatio
n th
at re
tirem
ent is
a
time
to e
njoy l
ife is
not
met
.
Phys
ical m
obilit
y ofte
n lim
its e
lderly
to d
o ce
rtain
thing
s the
y asp
ire to
.
Man
y elde
rly b
enef
it fro
m m
ore
acce
ss to
com
mun
ity re
sour
ces a
s the
y
age.
The
CSSA
bud
get o
ften
just c
over
s bas
ic ne
eds.
Gettin
g int
o a
priva
te h
ospit
al is
faste
r, bu
t is m
uch
mor
e ex
pens
ive th
an
publi
c hos
pitals
.
Gettin
g int
o a
publi
c hos
pital
is ine
xpen
sive
but w
ait tim
es a
re m
uch
longe
r
than
priv
ate
hosp
itals.
Med
ical e
xpen
ses a
re se
en a
s a p
riorit
y ite
m in
the
budg
et o
f som
e eld
erly.
Man
y elde
rly ca
nnot
affo
rd co
gnitiv
e ex
ercis
e se
rvice
s tha
t help
dela
y
dem
entia
.Th
e yo
ung-
old te
nd to
spen
d m
ore
dispo
sable
inco
me
on th
emse
lves
com
pare
d to
old-
old.
Uneq
ual in
com
e dis
tribu
tion
in Ho
ng K
ong
crea
tes u
nhap
pines
s, th
at is
felt
mor
e str
ongly
am
ong
elder
ly.
Som
e eld
erly
have
no
savin
gs b
ecau
se th
eir jo
b on
ly co
vere
d ba
sic
expe
nses
whil
e th
ey w
ere
work
ing.
Man
y elde
ry a
re co
ncer
ned
abou
t the
ir fin
ance
s bec
ause
the
amou
nt o
f
mon
ey th
ey h
ave
is fix
ed b
ut h
ow lo
ng it
need
s to
last is
unc
erta
in.
Elde
rly te
nd to
quic
kly sp
end
savin
gs b
ecau
se o
f une
xpec
ted
med
ical
costs
.M
ost o
f an
elder
ly's s
aving
s are
spen
t on
med
ical e
xpen
ses i
n th
e las
t few
year
s of t
heir
life.
Som
e eld
erly
face
the
dilem
ma
of sp
endin
g m
oney
to im
prov
e th
eir h
ealth
,
but li
ving
longe
r mea
ns m
ore
expe
nses
that
they
may
not
be
able
to a
fford
.
With
out f
inanc
ing su
ppor
t, eld
erly'
s dep
ende
ncy l
evels
tend
to in
crea
se
dram
atica
lly a
fter a
n ac
ciden
t.
Chall
enge
of c
aring
for t
he e
lderly
seem
s to
spre
ad a
cros
s the
syste
m--
socia
l ser
vices
, hos
pitals
, etc.
The
city i
s not
pre
pare
d to
care
for a
gro
wing
pop
ulatio
n of
dem
entia
affe
cted.
Ther
e's a
n ins
uffic
ient n
umbe
r of n
urse
s to
care
for p
atien
ts.
Elde
rly ca
re re
quire
s a la
rge
perc
enta
ge o
f hos
pital
reso
urce
s.
Elde
rly a
re o
ften
disch
arge
d pr
ior to
their
cond
ition
being
stab
le as
hos
pital
bed
spac
e is
limite
d.
Com
mun
ity n
ursin
g se
rvice
s are
ofte
n ab
used
as p
atien
ts do
n't n
eces
sarily
need
a n
urse
eac
h sit
uatio
n
The
supp
ly of
socia
l wor
kers
is in
suffic
ient c
ompa
red
to d
eman
d, g
iven
the
rise
of th
e eld
erly
popu
lation
who
nee
d se
rvice
s.
The
gove
rnm
ent in
gen
eral
seem
s not
very
well
pre
pare
d fo
r the
incre
asing
num
bers
of a
ging
popu
lation
Publi
c inf
rastr
uctu
re in
the
city t
ends
to b
e inc
onsis
tent
ly de
signe
d fo
r the
diable
d an
d eld
erly
Ther
e's a
lack
of d
ivers
ity o
f ser
vices
for d
iffere
nt ty
pe o
f car
egivi
ng n
eeds
.
Spec
ialize
d do
mes
tic w
orke
rs o
r for
eign
care
giver
s can
help
elde
rly a
void
being
insti
tutio
naliz
ed.
Dom
estic
help
ers a
re o
ften
hired
to ta
ke ca
re o
f elde
rly b
ut ty
picall
y
have
n't re
ceive
d qu
alifie
d tra
ining
to m
anag
e it.
Spec
ialize
d ca
regiv
ers a
re in
shor
t sup
ply b
ecau
se th
ey fa
ce th
e sa
me
lengt
hy vi
sa p
roce
ss a
s for
eign
dom
estic
wor
kers
.
Lang
uage
is a
majo
r bar
rier f
or sp
ecial
ized
care
giver
s com
ing fr
om
abro
ad.
Dom
estic
help
ers t
ypica
lly a
ssist
only
with
bas
ic ca
re
Dom
estic
help
ers a
re th
e se
cond
mos
t pre
ferre
d ca
re-g
iving
opt
ion
Dom
estic
help
is co
nside
red
the
mos
t affo
rdab
le eld
erly
care
opt
ion w
ith
fam
ilies o
n str
ingen
t bud
gets
Lack
of a
fford
able
regis
tere
d nu
rses
mak
es it
chall
engin
g fo
r fam
ilies t
o
take
care
of t
heir
elder
ly
The
high
cost
of o
ld ag
e ho
mes
acts
as a
det
erre
nt to
man
y elde
rly a
nd
their
fam
ilies
There's a need to keep elderly connected to their communities to aid their transition to a new life stage. 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 3 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 2 3 3 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 1 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 0 2 2 2 0 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly often feel their existence and needs are ignored by family, community, and society. 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 3 0 3 0 3 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sudden changes are difficult to adjust to and tend to create isolating circumstances. 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 3 2 0 3 2 3 2 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly often encounter challenges when adapting to new environments. 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 3 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The gap between the old and new life makes transition hard. 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 3 1 0 3 3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 3 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Transitions, such as moving or new illness, disrupt long-standing, social relationships and often leads to loneliness. 3 1 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 0 1 3 1 2 0 2 2 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Some aging adults in elderly homes long to be visited by family. 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 0 2 0 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Happiness tends to be linked with familiar places, family and activities. 1 0 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Elderly want to age in their communities. 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 3 3 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Homes modified for elderly help them "Aging in place". 3 0 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 3 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 3 3 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 2
Nursing believes a critical approach to healthcare for elderly is to support ‘Aging in Place’ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 1 0 2 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Providing greater personal freedom in care facilities tends to positively impact increased well-being 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Nursing homes seem to be the least favorite final residence among the elderly. 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 2
There are typically multiple people involved taking care of elderly 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2
An immediate family member is a cost-effective form of caregiving, but tends to come at a mental and emotional cost to that caregiver. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 3 3 2 0 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 2
Ageing adults have expectations about traditional family roles. 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 0 2 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
The burden of caregiving often falls on elderly women. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 2 2 0
Unique needs of elderly who are caregivers (spouses, sandwich) are not frequently being addressed. 0 3 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Caregivers have to manage the psychological state of not only the person they take care of but also themselves. 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Mental health should be considered for both the senior and the caregivers 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Sandwich' caregivers have to adapt their original daily routine to take care of their elderly parents. 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
Sandwich caregivers tend to spend more time with their elderly parents when starting to take care of them. 0 2 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Losing a partner can be a very emotional moment leading to unexpected dependence on children. 3 0 3 0 3 3 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Some elderly do not share negative aspects of their life with people close to them. 0 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 1 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 1 2 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Some elderly are frustrated by feeling dependent and constantly having a caregiver around. 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 3 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1
Changes in mobility levels are disruptive and sudden, rather than gradual 2 0 3 2 3 2 0 1 1 2 3 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Some elderly feel their life is different after health deteriorates because poor health limits them from doing certain things. 3 1 2 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 2 2 2 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Unexpected early retirement forces lifestyle changes that people have typically not prepared for. 3 1 3 1 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 2 0 0 1 2 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
People don't plan for elderly care until a medical problem happens. 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Emotional care is as important in addition to physical care for immobile ageing adults. 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 3 0 0 3 1 0 3 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
While community centers provide a number of good programs, elderly often find physical access to these centers a challenge 2 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Some elderly have expressed they would rather not go out in public to prevent frequent falls than go out using support products 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 3 3 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fear of falling limits ‘frail’ elderly's desire to go out and interact with others. 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Not leaving the home leads to unhealthy eating habits among elderly. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
There is a desire to use everyday objects, such as Tripod stool + Cane, rather than specially designed 'elderly objects'. 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly feel using support products destroys the image they have of themselves as being strong and capable. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Unless fully dependent, elderly still enjoy and try to complete housework. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly tend to value the quality of life more than the longevity of life. 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Many elderly, especially women 65+, believe their unsatisfactory living condition is a result of low education 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lack of formal education amongst 65+ elderly women attributes to a decreasing knowledge base over time 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Social workers also feel the need to be recognized and appreciated for their work. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Immense paperwork keeps social workers from doing the core aspects of their job. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Social workers often discover hidden elderly in parks and other public spaces. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ageing adults often think elderly homes restrict their privacy. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"Young-Old" adults are more likely to express specific needs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Many products such as diapers for the elderly as are considered demoralizing. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Smartphones are being used but for fairly basic needs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Daily routines mentioned are often centered around morning breakfast 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Early detection of dementia can slow the growth of the disease and improve well-being. 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
There is a common stereotype that young-old are healthier than old-old. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly are often reluctant to have ageing discussions with their children. 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
There seems to be a larger number of elderly women who outlive their husbands and find they have little support left to manage their lives 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly isolation is exacerbated when their family members ignore them 2 3 0 0 2 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Some elderly with broken family network get more isolated. 2 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Someelderlyusesmartphonestomakeplanswithfriendsandfamily. 1 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Women generally participate more actively in social interactions. 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Intergenerational relationships outside of families can be difficult to identify without the help of specific social services. 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Valuable intergenerational relationships can also be created with non-family members in the community. 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Both grandparents and grandchildren benefit from time spent together in a caregiving relationship. 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 2 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Helping raise grandchildren brings pride and a sense of value for ageing adults. 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Being loved and accepted within the community seems to be more important than being mobile. 3 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly with personal wealth and social support seem to be much happier 2 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 2 0 1 1 0 3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Elderly who transition to an elderly home often become more disconnected from their family and community. 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Old housing estates tend to continue housing their original tenants, creating large numbers of elderly who live in informal ‘old age homes’ 3 0 0 3 0 2 2 2 3 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Ageing adults tend to want to live in their homes as long as possible. 3 0 1 1 1 1 0 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Elderly often prefer housing that looks as similar to regular housing as possible. 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2
Ageing adults often think elderly homes restrict their mobility. 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Many eldery wait 2-5 years to be placed in a public elderly home. 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2
There's a perception that low-cost healthcare centers don't treat the elderly with care. 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2
The cost and quality differential between good care centers and low-cost centers is enormous. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3
Privately developed elderly homes tend to be expensive because there is no zoning classification for elderly homes. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 2 3 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
HK's private sector elderly home services are limited because they cannot compete with subsidized elderly home services. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3
Private elderly services seek sustainable revenue models beyond donations. 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2
Raising funding for elderly services tend to be more difficult than for kids and youth. 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Elderly have difficulty accessing affordable home maintenance services. 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Many eldery need subsidies for modifications and repairs in private homes because they cannot afford it. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 3 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Many elderly do not want services that are perceived as welfare. 2 0 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 1 0 3 0 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The issue of hidden elderly is increasing 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Homeless elderly are often reluctant to accept help. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hidden elderly are skeptical of receiving assistance from social workers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tangible help (e.g. bags of rice, appliances they can use) is easier for ageing adults to accept than intangible help. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The trust building process between elderly and social services is time-consuming and difficult. 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Many elderly seem resistant to support from the government. 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Elderly are often resistant to support from family because they want to maintain their independence and normal life. 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly are often resistant to support from family because they perceive they will be a burden. 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly sense of pride prevents them from asking for help 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ageing adults strive to avoid becoming a burden to their families and society 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ageing adults tend to fill their days with activities they enjoy. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 0 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Motivated elderly in any level of ability tend to find ways to participate in activities. 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 3 0 1 3 2 2 2 1 0 2 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly often express active involvement and engagement to keep themselves fit 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 2 2 0 0 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 0 2 0 0 3 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 3 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Community centers try to keep in mind that activities can be practiced by a range of fitness levels. 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 3 2 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 3 2 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly break stereotypes with the activities they participate in. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 2 3 3 3 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volunteering tends to be an accessible way for ageing adults to contribute. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 0 0 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Learning for learning's sake can be a form of stress relief for elderly who take courses. 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 3 2 3 3 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Passions are as diverse among elderly as they are at all ages. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 0 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Many elderly are actively engaged in learning to achieve personal fulfillment. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Many ageing adults have an unlimited initiative to learn. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ageing adults see value in educational pursuits once basic needs are met 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Women are more likely to join organized group activities than men 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 0 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 3 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Retirement gives elderly more time to exercise to improve their health 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Exercising is often part of their morning routine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tangible rewards are used to motivate elderly to be more active in social activities and physical exercises. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mah Jong takes a big part of elderlies' social life 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Interest-based activities provide a common ground for intergenerational relationships. 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 2 1 2 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
There is a common stereotype that there are certain things elderly should and should not do. 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 2 3 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
As ambassadors, elderly are seen as valuable for knowledge learned from their own life experiences 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Physically active elderly prefer to work and not sit idle at home. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elderly seem to express desire to contribute to the outside world 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 2 2 1 1 0 3 0 0 2 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ageing adults have a need to contribute, not just receive services 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ageing adults continue working in some capacity to stay active 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 2 3 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ageing adults value flexible schedules if they can still work. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The ‘young-old’ tend to want to continue to find opportunities to work 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Some elderly with no retirement plan hope to work for as long as possible. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 2 1 3 2 3 3 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
There is not enough services to support re-employment of retirees 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 2 2 0 1 3 2 3 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ageing adults often accept their situation, but still strive to make the most of it within their means. 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 2 1 2 3 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Some elderly are upset when the hope and expectation that retirement is a time to enjoy life is not met. 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 2 1 2 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Physical mobility often limits elderly to do certain things they aspire to. 1 1 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 3 3 0 0 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 2 2 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Many elderly benefit from more access to community resources as they age. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 0 3 3 1 0 2 0 2 2 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The CSSA budget often just covers basic needs. 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 2 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2
Getting into a private hospital is faster, but is much more expensive than public hospitals. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2
Getting into a public hospital is inexpensive but wait times are much longer than private hospitals. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 3 3 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 3 2 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Medical expenses are seen as a priority item in the budget of some elderly. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3
Many elderly cannot afford cognitive exercise services that help delay dementia. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 3 3 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 2 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
The young-old tend to spend more disposable income on themselves compared to old-old. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 3 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Unequal income distribution in Hong Kong creates unhappiness, that is felt more strongly among elderly. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 3 1 1 2 0 0 3 3 3 1 1 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Some elderly have no savings because their job only covered basic expenses while they were working. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Many eldery are concerned about their finances because the amount of money they have is fixed but how long it needs to last is uncertain. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 3
Elderly tend to quickly spend savings because of unexpected medical costs. 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 2 3 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 2
Most of an elderly's savings are spent on medical expenses in the last few years of their life. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Some elderly face the dilemma of spending money to improve their health, but living longer means more expenses that they may not be able to afford. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Without financing support, elderly's dependency levels tend to increase dramatically after an accident. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 3 3 0 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Challenge of caring for the elderly seems to spread across the system--social services, hospitals, etc. 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 3 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 1 2
The city is not prepared to care for a growing population of dementia affected. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 3
There's an insufficient number of nurses to care for patients. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Elderly care requires a large percentage of hospital resources. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 2 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 2 2
Elderly are often discharged prior to their condition being stable as hospital bed space is limited. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2
Community nursing services are often abused as patients don't necessarily need a nurse each situation 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 3 1 3 1 0 2 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
The supply of social workers is insufficient compared to demand, given the rise of the elderly population who need services. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 3 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 2 1
The government in general seems not very well prepared for the increasing numbers of aging population 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 1 1 2 3 1 0 1 2 1 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 3 0 3 3 3 2 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 2
Public infrastructure in the city tends to be inconsistently designed for the diabled and elderly 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
There's a lack of diversity of services for different type of caregiving needs. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 1 3 3 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 3
Specialized domestic workers or foreign caregivers can help elderly avoid being institutionalized. 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 1 2 2 0 3 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2
Domestic helpers are often hired to take care of elderly but typically haven't received qualified training to manage it. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 1 2
Specialized caregivers are in short supply because they face the same lengthy visa process as foreign domestic workers. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 1 0 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 3 0
Language is a major barrier for specialized caregivers coming from abroad. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 0 0 0
Domestic helpers typically assist only with basic care 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 0
Domestic helpers are the second most preferred care-giving option 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 3 2 2
Domestic help is considered the most affordable elderly care option with families on stringent budgets 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 2 3 3 2 3
Lack of affordable registered nurses makes it challenging for families to take care of their elderly 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 2 2 1 3 0 2 2 2 3 2
The high cost of old age homes acts as a deterrent to many elderly and their families 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 3 2 0 1 2 3 2 0 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 0 1 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 2 3 2 3
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seni
or a
nd th
e ca
regi
vers
Sand
wic
h' c
areg
iver
s ha
ve to
ada
pt th
eir o
rigin
al d
aily
rout
ine
to ta
ke c
are
of th
eir e
lder
ly
pare
nts.
Sand
wic
h ca
regi
vers
tend
to s
pend
mor
e tim
e w
ith th
eir e
lder
ly p
aren
ts w
hen
star
ting
to
take
car
e of
them
.Lo
sing
a p
artn
er c
an b
e a
very
em
otio
nal m
omen
t lea
ding
to u
nexp
ecte
d de
pend
ence
on
child
ren.
Som
e el
derly
do
not s
hare
neg
ativ
e as
pect
s of
thei
r life
with
peo
ple
clos
e to
them
.
Som
e el
derly
are
frus
trate
d by
feel
ing
depe
nden
t and
con
stan
tly h
avin
g a
care
give
r aro
und.
Cha
nges
in m
obilit
y le
vels
are
dis
rupt
ive
and
sudd
en, r
athe
r tha
n gr
adua
l
Som
e el
derly
feel
thei
r life
is d
iffer
ent a
fter h
ealth
det
erio
rate
s be
caus
e po
or h
ealth
lim
its
them
from
doi
ng c
erta
in th
ings
.U
nexp
ecte
d ea
rly re
tirem
ent f
orce
s lif
esty
le c
hang
es th
at p
eopl
e ha
ve ty
pica
lly n
ot
prep
ared
for.
Peop
le d
on't
plan
for e
lder
ly c
are
until
a m
edic
al p
robl
em h
appe
ns.
Emot
iona
l car
e is
as
impo
rtant
in a
dditi
on to
phy
sica
l car
e fo
r im
mob
ile a
gein
g ad
ults
.
Whi
le c
omm
unity
cen
ters
pro
vide
a n
umbe
r of g
ood
prog
ram
s, e
lder
ly o
ften
find
phys
ical
ac
cess
to th
ese
cent
ers
a ch
alle
nge
Som
e el
derly
hav
e ex
pres
sed
they
wou
ld ra
ther
not
go
out i
n pu
blic
to p
reve
nt fr
eque
nt
falls
than
go
out u
sing
sup
port
prod
ucts
Fear
of f
allin
g lim
its ‘f
rail’
elde
rly's
des
ire to
go
out a
nd in
tera
ct w
ith o
ther
s.
Not
leav
ing
the
hom
e le
ads
to u
nhea
lthy
eatin
g ha
bits
am
ong
elde
rly.
Ther
e is
a d
esire
to u
se e
very
day
obje
cts,
suc
h as
Trip
od s
tool
+ C
ane,
rath
er th
an
spec
ially
des
igne
d 'e
lder
ly o
bjec
ts'.
Elde
rly fe
el u
sing
sup
port
prod
ucts
des
troys
the
imag
e th
ey h
ave
of th
emse
lves
as
bein
g st
rong
and
cap
able
.U
nles
s fu
lly d
epen
dent
, eld
erly
stil
l enj
oy a
nd tr
y to
com
plet
e ho
usew
ork.
Elde
rly te
nd to
val
ue th
e qu
ality
of l
ife m
ore
than
the
long
evity
of l
ife.
Man
y el
derly
, esp
ecia
lly w
omen
65+
, bel
ieve
thei
r uns
atis
fact
ory
livin
g co
nditi
on is
a re
sult
of lo
w e
duca
tion
Lack
of f
orm
al e
duca
tion
amon
gst 6
5+ e
lder
ly w
omen
attr
ibut
es to
a d
ecre
asin
g kn
owle
dge
base
ove
r tim
eSo
cial
wor
kers
als
o fe
el th
e ne
ed to
be
reco
gniz
ed a
nd a
ppre
ciat
ed fo
r the
ir w
ork.
Imm
ense
pap
erw
ork
keep
s so
cial
wor
kers
from
doi
ng th
e co
re a
spec
ts o
f the
ir jo
b.
Soci
al w
orke
rs o
ften
disc
over
hid
den
elde
rly in
par
ks a
nd o
ther
pub
lic s
pace
s.
Agei
ng a
dults
ofte
n th
ink
elde
rly h
omes
rest
rict t
heir
priv
acy.
"You
ng-O
ld" a
dults
are
mor
e lik
ely
to e
xpre
ss s
peci
fic n
eeds
Man
y pr
oduc
ts s
uch
as d
iape
rs fo
r the
eld
erly
as
are
cons
ider
ed d
emor
aliz
ing.
Smar
tpho
nes
are
bein
g us
ed b
ut fo
r fai
rly b
asic
nee
ds
Dai
ly ro
utin
es m
entio
ned
are
ofte
n ce
nter
ed a
roun
d m
orni
ng b
reak
fast
Early
det
ectio
n of
dem
entia
can
slo
w th
e gr
owth
of t
he d
isea
se a
nd im
prov
e w
ell-b
eing
.
Ther
e is
a c
omm
on s
tere
otyp
e th
at y
oung
-old
are
hea
lthie
r tha
n ol
d-ol
d.
Elde
rly a
re o
ften
relu
ctan
t to
have
age
ing
disc
ussi
ons
with
thei
r chi
ldre
n.
Ther
e se
ems
to b
e a
larg
er n
umbe
r of e
lder
ly w
omen
who
out
live
thei
r hus
band
s an
d fin
d th
ey h
ave
little
sup
port
left
to m
anag
e th
eir l
ives
Elde
rly is
olat
ion
is e
xace
rbat
ed w
hen
thei
r fam
ily m
embe
rs ig
nore
them
Som
e el
derly
with
bro
ken
fam
ily n
etw
ork
get m
ore
isol
ated
.
Someelde
rlyusesm
artp
hone
stomakeplansw
ithfriend
sand
family.
Wom
en g
ener
ally
par
ticip
ate
mor
e ac
tivel
y in
soc
ial i
nter
actio
ns.
Inte
rgen
erat
iona
l rel
atio
nshi
ps o
utsi
de o
f fam
ilies
can
be d
iffic
ult t
o id
entif
y w
ithou
t the
hel
p of
spe
cific
soc
ial s
ervi
ces.
Valu
able
inte
rgen
erat
iona
l rel
atio
nshi
ps c
an a
lso
be c
reat
ed w
ith n
on-fa
mily
mem
bers
in
the
com
mun
ity.
Both
gra
ndpa
rent
s an
d gr
andc
hild
ren
bene
fit fr
om ti
me
spen
t tog
ethe
r in
a ca
regi
ving
re
latio
nshi
p.H
elpi
ng ra
ise
gran
dchi
ldre
n br
ings
prid
e an
d a
sens
e of
val
ue fo
r age
ing
adul
ts.
Bein
g lo
ved
and
acce
pted
with
in th
e co
mm
unity
see
ms
to b
e m
ore
impo
rtant
than
bei
ng
mob
ile.
Elde
rly w
ith p
erso
nal w
ealth
and
soc
ial s
uppo
rt se
em to
be
muc
h ha
ppie
r
Elde
rly w
ho tr
ansi
tion
to a
n el
derly
hom
e of
ten
beco
me
mor
e di
scon
nect
ed fr
om th
eir f
amily
an
d co
mm
unity
.O
ld h
ousi
ng e
stat
es te
nd to
con
tinue
hou
sing
thei
r orig
inal
tena
nts,
cre
atin
g la
rge
num
bers
of
eld
erly
who
live
in in
form
al ‘o
ld a
ge h
omes
’Ag
eing
adu
lts te
nd to
wan
t to
live
in th
eir h
omes
as
long
as
poss
ible
.
Elde
rly o
ften
pref
er h
ousi
ng th
at lo
oks
as s
imila
r to
regu
lar h
ousi
ng a
s po
ssib
le.
Agei
ng a
dults
ofte
n th
ink
elde
rly h
omes
rest
rict t
heir
mob
ility.
Man
y el
dery
wai
t 2-5
yea
rs to
be
plac
ed in
a p
ublic
eld
erly
hom
e.
Ther
e's
a pe
rcep
tion
that
low
-cos
t hea
lthca
re c
ente
rs d
on't
treat
the
elde
rly w
ith c
are.
The
cost
and
qua
lity
diffe
rent
ial b
etw
een
good
car
e ce
nter
s an
d lo
w-c
ost c
ente
rs is
en
orm
ous.
Priv
atel
y de
velo
ped
elde
rly h
omes
tend
to b
e ex
pens
ive
beca
use
ther
e is
no
zoni
ng
clas
sific
atio
n fo
r eld
erly
hom
es.
HK'
s pr
ivat
e se
ctor
eld
erly
hom
e se
rvic
es a
re li
mite
d be
caus
e th
ey c
anno
t com
pete
with
su
bsid
ized
eld
erly
hom
e se
rvic
es.
Priv
ate
elde
rly s
ervi
ces
seek
sus
tain
able
reve
nue
mod
els
beyo
nd d
onat
ions
.
Rai
sing
fund
ing
for e
lder
ly s
ervi
ces
tend
to b
e m
ore
diffi
cult
than
for k
ids
and
yout
h.
Elde
rly h
ave
diffi
culty
acc
essi
ng a
fford
able
hom
e m
aint
enan
ce s
ervi
ces.
Man
y el
dery
nee
d su
bsid
ies
for m
odifi
catio
ns a
nd re
pairs
in p
rivat
e ho
mes
bec
ause
they
ca
nnot
affo
rd it
.M
any
elde
rly d
o no
t wan
t ser
vice
s th
at a
re p
erce
ived
as
wel
fare
.
The
issu
e of
hid
den
elde
rly is
incr
easi
ng
Hom
eles
s el
derly
are
ofte
n re
luct
ant t
o ac
cept
hel
p.
Hid
den
elde
rly a
re s
kept
ical
of r
ecei
ving
ass
ista
nce
from
soc
ial w
orke
rs
Tang
ible
hel
p (e
.g. b
ags
of ri
ce, a
pplia
nces
they
can
use
) is
easi
er fo
r age
ing
adul
ts to
ac
cept
than
inta
ngib
le h
elp.
The
trust
bui
ldin
g pr
oces
s be
twee
n el
derly
and
soc
ial s
ervi
ces
is ti
me-
cons
umin
g an
d di
fficu
lt.M
any
elde
rly s
eem
resi
stan
t to
supp
ort f
rom
the
gove
rnm
ent.
Elde
rly a
re o
ften
resi
stan
t to
supp
ort f
rom
fam
ily b
ecau
se th
ey w
ant t
o m
aint
ain
thei
r in
depe
nden
ce a
nd n
orm
al li
fe.
Elde
rly a
re o
ften
resi
stan
t to
supp
ort f
rom
fam
ily b
ecau
se th
ey p
erce
ive
they
will
be a
bu
rden
.El
derly
sen
se o
f prid
e pr
even
ts th
em fr
om a
skin
g fo
r hel
p
Agei
ng a
dults
stri
ve to
avo
id b
ecom
ing
a bu
rden
to th
eir f
amilie
s an
d so
ciet
y
Agei
ng a
dults
tend
to fi
ll th
eir d
ays
with
act
iviti
es th
ey e
njoy
.
Mot
ivat
ed e
lder
ly in
any
leve
l of a
bilit
y te
nd to
find
way
s to
par
ticip
ate
in a
ctiv
ities
.
Elde
rly o
ften
expr
ess
activ
e in
volv
emen
t and
eng
agem
ent t
o ke
ep th
emse
lves
fit
Com
mun
ity c
ente
rs tr
y to
kee
p in
min
d th
at a
ctiv
ities
can
be
prac
ticed
by
a ra
nge
of fi
tnes
s le
vels
.El
derly
bre
ak s
tere
otyp
es w
ith th
e ac
tiviti
es th
ey p
artic
ipat
e in
.
Volu
ntee
ring
tend
s to
be
an a
cces
sibl
e w
ay fo
r age
ing
adul
ts to
con
tribu
te.
Lear
ning
for l
earn
ing'
s sa
ke c
an b
e a
form
of s
tress
relie
f for
eld
erly
who
take
cou
rses
.
Pass
ions
are
as
dive
rse
amon
g el
derly
as
they
are
at a
ll ag
es.
Man
y el
derly
are
act
ivel
y en
gage
d in
lear
ning
to a
chie
ve p
erso
nal f
ulfil
lmen
t.
Man
y ag
eing
adu
lts h
ave
an u
nlim
ited
initi
ativ
e to
lear
n.
Agei
ng a
dults
see
val
ue in
edu
catio
nal p
ursu
its o
nce
basi
c ne
eds
are
met
Wom
en a
re m
ore
likel
y to
join
org
aniz
ed g
roup
act
iviti
es th
an m
en
Ret
irem
ent g
ives
eld
erly
mor
e tim
e to
exe
rcis
e to
impr
ove
thei
r hea
lth
Exer
cisi
ng is
ofte
n pa
rt of
thei
r mor
ning
rout
ine
Tang
ible
rew
ards
are
use
d to
mot
ivat
e el
derly
to b
e m
ore
activ
e in
soc
ial a
ctiv
ities
and
ph
ysic
al e
xerc
ises
.M
ah J
ong
take
s a
big
part
of e
lder
lies'
soc
ial l
ife
Inte
rest
-bas
ed a
ctiv
ities
pro
vide
a c
omm
on g
roun
d fo
r int
erge
nera
tiona
l rel
atio
nshi
ps.
Ther
e is
a c
omm
on s
tere
otyp
e th
at th
ere
are
certa
in th
ings
eld
erly
sho
uld
and
shou
ld n
ot
do.
As a
mba
ssad
ors,
eld
erly
are
see
n as
val
uabl
e fo
r kno
wle
dge
lear
ned
from
thei
r ow
n lif
e ex
perie
nces
Phys
ical
ly a
ctiv
e el
derly
pre
fer t
o w
ork
and
not s
it id
le a
t hom
e.
Elde
rly s
eem
to e
xpre
ss d
esire
to c
ontri
bute
to th
e ou
tsid
e w
orld
Agei
ng a
dults
hav
e a
need
to c
ontri
bute
, not
just
rece
ive
serv
ices
Agei
ng a
dults
con
tinue
wor
king
in s
ome
capa
city
to s
tay
activ
e
Agei
ng a
dults
val
ue fl
exib
le s
ched
ules
if th
ey c
an s
till w
ork.
The
‘you
ng-o
ld’ t
end
to w
ant t
o co
ntin
ue to
find
opp
ortu
nitie
s to
wor
k
Som
e el
derly
with
no
retir
emen
t pla
n ho
pe to
wor
k fo
r as
long
as
poss
ible
.
Ther
e is
not
eno
ugh
serv
ices
to s
uppo
rt re
-em
ploy
men
t of r
etire
es
Agei
ng a
dults
ofte
n ac
cept
thei
r situ
atio
n, b
ut s
till s
trive
to m
ake
the
mos
t of i
t with
in th
eir
mea
ns.
Som
e el
derly
are
ups
et w
hen
the
hope
and
exp
ecta
tion
that
retir
emen
t is
a tim
e to
enj
oy
life
is n
ot m
et.
Phys
ical
mob
ility
ofte
n lim
its e
lder
ly to
do
certa
in th
ings
they
asp
ire to
.
Man
y el
derly
ben
efit
from
mor
e ac
cess
to c
omm
unity
reso
urce
s as
they
age
.
The
CSS
A bu
dget
ofte
n ju
st c
over
s ba
sic
need
s.
Get
ting
into
a p
rivat
e ho
spita
l is
fast
er, b
ut is
muc
h m
ore
expe
nsiv
e th
an p
ublic
hos
pita
ls.
Get
ting
into
a p
ublic
hos
pita
l is
inex
pens
ive
but w
ait t
imes
are
muc
h lo
nger
than
priv
ate
hosp
itals
.M
edic
al e
xpen
ses
are
seen
as
a pr
iorit
y ite
m in
the
budg
et o
f som
e el
derly
.
Man
y el
derly
can
not a
fford
cog
nitiv
e ex
erci
se s
ervi
ces
that
hel
p de
lay
dem
entia
.
The
youn
g-ol
d te
nd to
spe
nd m
ore
disp
osab
le in
com
e on
them
selv
es c
ompa
red
to o
ld-o
ld.
Une
qual
inco
me
dist
ribut
ion
in H
ong
Kong
cre
ates
unh
appi
ness
, tha
t is
felt
mor
e st
rong
ly
amon
g el
derly
.So
me
elde
rly h
ave
no s
avin
gs b
ecau
se th
eir j
ob o
nly
cove
red
basi
c ex
pens
es w
hile
they
w
ere
wor
king
.M
any
elde
ry a
re c
once
rned
abo
ut th
eir f
inan
ces
beca
use
the
amou
nt o
f mon
ey th
ey h
ave
is
fixed
but
how
long
it n
eeds
to la
st is
unc
erta
in.
Elde
rly te
nd to
qui
ckly
spe
nd s
avin
gs b
ecau
se o
f une
xpec
ted
med
ical
cos
ts.
Mos
t of a
n el
derly
's s
avin
gs a
re s
pent
on
med
ical
exp
ense
s in
the
last
few
yea
rs o
f the
ir lif
e.So
me
elde
rly fa
ce th
e di
lem
ma
of s
pend
ing
mon
ey to
impr
ove
thei
r hea
lth, b
ut li
ving
long
er
mea
ns m
ore
expe
nses
that
they
may
not
be
able
to a
fford
.W
ithou
t fin
anci
ng s
uppo
rt, e
lder
ly's
dep
ende
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ajor
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or s
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cally
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nly
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seco
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udge
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Health
Home
People
We compiled our observation and interview notes in a consolidated database for easy searching and sorting. From the large number of observations, both in the database and debriefing notes, we generated a list of 150 unique insights.
Using the Insight Matrix tool, we compared each insight to every other insight using a 0-3 scale with defined parameters. The two example insights were scored as a 3.
Insight Example 1
Hidden senior adults are skeptical of receiving assistance from social workers.
Insight Example 2
Many senior adults do not want services that are perceived as welfare.
0 1 2 3Not at all similar
Very similar
After scoring each comparison, the program resorted the insights to group them into clusters indicating larger patterns of related activities. (The diagonal line indicates when each insight is compared to itself.) We identified five clusters grouped into three larger themes.
Patterns of Activity
Maintaining Social Ties
• Without family and intergenerational relationships, social ties between the senior adults and their communities are weak.
People
No pattern on its own can summarize such a complex topic like health and ageing in Hong Kong. Through primary research conducted with senior adults, caregivers, organizations and content experts across multiple districts, we discovered five large patterns of activity. These may seem like common sense at first glance, but the way the patterns relate to each other and reframe our thinking is about where we see the value. The five large patterns are organized into three broad themes: home, people and health.
Ageing in Place While Manageing Transitions
• Senior adults prefer ageing in place because transitions are disruptive and isolating.
• Caregivers help ease the transition of ageing adults but their own emotional needs are not met.
• Fear of falling creates mental and physical barriers to participation in social and community activities.
Manageing Health: Finances and Community Systems
• Dealing with medical expenses is stressful and strains the senior adults adult’s budget.
• Senior adults care requires interconnected support resources that are often burdened by increasing demand and caregiving skill gaps.
• Senior adults are forced to choose between extreme options that are immediate and expensive or affordable with long wait times.
Home
Health
Avoiding Becoming a Burden
• Senior adults strive to avoid being seen as a burden to their family and community.
Contributing to Community and Self-Fulfillment
• Senior adults desire to pursue self-fulfillment regardless of age and ability level.
• Senior adults desire to participate in activities to assert their independence and show that they can add value to their communities.
13
“Yes, she likes [mahjong] a lot. But she cannot play too often. Maybe just few rounds...After four to five rounds, she needs to leave and do something else like watching TV.”
—Daughter of nursing home resident
People Maintaining social ties
When interviewing senior adults participants and their caregivers, many of the stories we heard were about the desire to stay close with family or friends. Though this pattern is closely related to socializing, it’s also a way of wanting to age in place. Transitioning to a new living environment or situation impacts social ties. People have moved from the familiar to the unfamiliar. Someone can go from living with an adult child and grandchildren to a nursing home where they know nobody. Maintaining relationships is critical to happiness, especially as someone is struggling with the very health problems that separated them from their families in the first place.
Without family and intergenerational relationships, social ties between the senior adults and their communities are weak.
In the photo of the mahjong players, a senior woman is playing with her family. She lives in a nursing home 45 minutes away from her daughter’s home, but is allowed to visit and stay with her daughter every Saturday. This is one of many examples of senior adults maintaining relationships with their families and communities. Without frequent contact, loneliness is a significant problem for those who are isolated with limited visitors or access to community activities. We heard from some senior adults that they would rather be loved and accepted than mobile. Regardless of their mobility levels, being loved is their number one priority.
We met an 84-year old man who still plays basketball daily.
He enjoys meeting other players in the park, regardless of age.
They jokingly call him ‘young one’.
People 1515
“Not for their economic status, some of them have their own status. They want to earn a living. They want to earn a living by themselves.”—Social Worker
People Avoiding becoming a burden
From many conversations we heard that some senior adults feel that they can’t contribute to their family or community, so they’re reluctant to accept help. There’s a sense of pride in remaining independent, which can lead to exasperating health conditions and further isolation. Additionally, there’s a stigma attached to reliance on government allowance or anything else considered welfare. Community organization representatives have also indicated that it takes time to build trust with those who are reluctant to seek help. This can lead to a phenomenon of “hidden senior adults”, who rarely leave their homes.
This participant, even after discharging from the hospital, tries to
help with housework as much as he can even though he lives with
his son’s family and a part-time domestic helper. He tries to fold the
laundry and take dirty dishes to the sink with his shaky hands.
One man was found at a 7-eleven trying to read a label on food packageing. A social worker introduced herself and that man eventually accepted assistance. Hidden senior adults are more likely to accept assistance if it includes tangible goods like food or appliances. Social workers wish they could do more to locate and assist these individuals, but it’s difficult with the limited resources they have as the number of their current cases increase.
People
Senior adults strive to avoid being seen as a burden to their family and community.
Manageing disruptive transitions is stressful for the senior adults not only because their living situation changes, but also because their mental model of who they are has fundamentally changed. Their roles shift from being caregivers to care-receivers, creating dramatic emotional stress. The sense of sacrifice and independence is especially strong among those of the older generation. Some of those in the older generation are considered hidden senior adults. There is no official qualification for what makes someone hidden, but hidden senior adults are those who have very little contact with the outside world. They’re more likely to have limited contact with immediate family. They’re also reluctant to receive help from social services. We heard several stories from social workers about the only way they discover hidden senior adults are chance encounters in public.
1717
“Every day is different. When some course or some exercise is finished, I will start another one. So I am active every day, maybe volunteering, maybe dancing, maybe high-
tea and having lunch with friends.”—Actively Ageing Grandmother
People
Contribution stood out as a meaningful aspiration for many of the senior adults we spoke with, regardless of ability. First, many of them were seeking fulfillment through some interest or activity. These interests could be individual or group activities. In addition to self-contribution, they strived for community contribution. Having limited ability was linked with the perception that they weren’t adding enough value to their communities. Therefore, they found ways to participate in any way they could, which included volunteering or other small tasks. This is related to building a sense of belonging and connection to the familiar people and places they value most.
In Aberdeen, many senior adults help maintain the idols in the park.
Some of them swim nearby and take a break in a small constructed
shelter. They have supplies for when people come to add or maintain
the idols that have been placed.
Senior adults desire to participate in activities to assert their independence and show that they can add value to their communities.
As self-fulfillment cultivates a stronger sense of being, contributing to a community cultivates a sense of belonging. As long as they are mobile, many retired senior adults prefer to be productive in some way, whether it’s by working part-time or volunteering. They would rather do something instead of living a sedentary life at home. Senior adults can be seen collecting recyclable materials on the street. Yes, many of them do it to earn some money. However, some also do it because they want to keep working. So instead of just receiving services, senior adults want to also be a provider of services in any way they can.
Contributing to community and self-fulfillment
People
Senior adults desire to pursue self-fulfillment regardless of age and ability level.
Whether someone is living in a cramped apartment without running water or a luxurious senior center, they still want to live a purposeful life by participating in activities they enjoy. Though a common perception of senior adult’s activities consists of Cantonese opera and mahjong, we found that passions among senior adults are as diverse as they are at any age. From gadget-making to sewing to photography, there’s at least one activity that participants desire to pursue. At one senior adults center, there’s a group who plays basketball. Some are more mobile and can run up to the basket, while others are in wheelchairs. The social workers at the center made sure that everyone was able to at least catch and pass the ball.
1919
They prefer to live in the street than live in public housing even when they are older because this is where they grew up. This is where their network is. —Social Worker
Ageing in place while manageing transitions
When thinking about ageing, it’s logical that the transition from one state to the next is gradual. E.g. Someone starts using a cane to walk, then they’ll require assistance from someone, then they’ll need a wheelchair, etc. However, transitions are often more drastic and disruptive. A person who’s living independently might have an accident and require immediate 24-hour care in a nursing home. This disrupts not only that person, but requires lifestyle changes to their closest family members. Ageing in their own homes and communities is the best case scenario, but maintaining links to their former state makes transitions easier to handle.
Senior adults prefer ageing in place as transitions are disruptive and isolating.
If someone has spent their whole adult life in an apartment and has to move to an unfamiliar nursing home away from their neighborhood, this can be quite a traumatic event. Many people we spoke with preferred to maintain some connection with their homes and neighborhoods. They also strive to maintain some connection to their past through memorable activities like cooking, photography or sewing.
Caregivers help ease the transition of ageing adults but their own emotional needs are not met.
Disruptive transitions also have a significant impact on a spouse, child or other immediate caregiver. A wife might no longer be able to have her husband living with her. Or perhaps a son will now be providing housing for his mother. This disrupts their normal routines and creates additional stress.
Fear of falling creates mental and physical barriers to participation in social and community activities.
They are concerned about their ability to be mobile in their communities, but the signals of getting older and dependent are stronger deterrents to participating in activities. Many senior adults are aware of the negative stigma associated with products designed specifically for them. For example, some would rather use an umbrella to aid their walking instead of a cane.
This participant has stress associated with her late husband’s
family and manageing finances, but her sewing machines bring her
happiness. She had been working as a seamstress for over 30 years
and keeps making her own clothing. She was wearing one of her
outfits that she made herself when we talked to her.
Home
Home 2121
“You can say I am a 24-hour nurse. He cannot even take a bath by himself, so I need to do everything including cleaning and personal care.”—Caregiver
Health
While it may be no surprise that medical expenses are seen as a priority item in the budget of some senior adults, we were surprised to hear some senior adults face the dilemma of spending money to improve their health, but living longer means more expenses that they may not be able to afford. Many senior adults are unaware of government social allowances that are available to them while other simply do not want to accept financial or other types of assistance that they perceive as welfare. There’s an insufficient supply of nurses, social workers, and specialized caregivers to meet demand on health services created by the growing population of senior adults.
Dealing with medical expenses is stressful and strains the senior adult’s budget.
When entering retirement, budgets become fixed while, often, medical expenses balloon. Experts shared that half of a senior adult’s retirement is spent in the last 2-3 years of life. Many participants told us how they took extreme measures to stretch their budget. Some of these senior adults did not have savings and their Comprehensive Social Security Assistance only covers basic needs. This forces senior adults to choose between hospitals that are immediate and expensive or affordable with long wait times.
Senior adults care requires interconnected support resources that are often burdened by increasing demand and caregiving skill gaps.
Caring for senior adults seems to spread across various family members, caregivers, social services and hospitals. The supply of social workers is insufficient while many of the minor situations handled by nursing services
At the Yan Chai occupational therapy center, specialists work with
patients who have dementia by bringing them into a memory room.
It’s like a time capsule from decades ago. Talking about objects and
photos in the room helps with memory.
could be handled by less qualified caregivers. Domestic helpers are a preferred care-giving option because they are affordable but typically they only assist with basic care since they haven’t received additional training. Specialized caregivers from abroad are in short supply because they face the same lengthy visa process as foreign domestic workers.
Manageing health: Finances and community systems
Health 2323
In order to create designs that work together rather than ad hoc projects, it was important to establish a set of criteria that guide all innovations.
Design critreia serve as guideposts to add some meaningful constraints and also inspire relevant offerings. The criteria on the next page were generated from the patterns identified by all of the interviews and observations conducted.
To illustrate the application of critria, Tanner Hill and Sham Shui Po are two extreme examples of what it’s like to live in an senior adults housing development. Regardless of housing situation, financial resources, ability and age, the criteria should be able to provide anyone with offerings that address specific needs.
Tanner Hill
A non-subsidised lifelong rental housing project for the senior adults. This center provides many services including a rehabilitation centres, theatre, day care, coworking area and gymnasium. “Prices range from HK$1.8 million to HK$20 million depending on size, location and the age of applicants.”1
Sham Shui Po
There is a self constructed housing under the bridge outside the Jade Market, one of the poorest districts in Hong Kong. The community is a blend of youth, kids and senior adults. According to the social worker many of the people living in this area are recovering drug addicts.
Sources:1 Hong Kong’s first life-long rentals for the senior adults project opens, but not all welcome it. <http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/economy/article/1888181/applications-open-hong-kong- elderly-project-not-all-welcome>
Design criteria
• manage the emotional and logistical challenges that caregivers face.
• help caregivers gain a sense of achievement and acknowledgement.
• make receiving and seeking out social assistance more acceptable.
• provide flexibility for senior adults to decide their level of participation in activities they enjoy.
• enable the senior adults to flexibly contribute based on their abilities and interests.
People
universal criteria
Innovations must…
• incorporate universal design to meet people’s needs regardless of age, ability, gender, financial state, etc.
• break the negative stereotype society holds of ageing.
Criteria generated from patterns
• respond to people’s changing needs over time.• maintain familiar aspects of a person’s life.
• consider how multiple service providers can work together to support ageing adults.
• reduce strain on institutional and public resources and services.
Home
Health
pattern specific criteria
Innovations must…
25
SECTION 3 WHAT CAN BE DONE?SYSTEM OF CONCEPTS
We propose a system of solutions addressing issues faced not only by seniors, but the general population.
This increases the interaction across generations and help control costs by expanding the user group. These solutions are an example of what a system could look like based on our research and design criteria. These are not final concepts, rather a vision of what’s possible with collaboration across departments and organizations.
System of solutions
MY TIMEA timebank for
exchanging services
Contributing to Community and Self-Fulfillment
Senior adults desire to participate in activities to assert their inde-pendence and show that they can add value to their communities.
MY HEALTHA digital health
management system
Managing Health: Finances and Community Systems
Dealing with medical expenses is stressful and strains the senior adult’s budget. Senior adults care requires interconnected support resources that are often burdened by increasing demand and caregiving skill gaps. Senior adults are forced to choose between extreme options that are immediate and expensive or affordable with long wait times.
MY HOMEAn intergenerational
co-living space
Ageing in Place While Managing Transitions
Senior adults prefer ageing in place because transitions are disruptive and isolating. Caregivers help ease the transition of ageing adults but their own emotional needs are not met.
Maintaining Social Ties
Without family and intergenera-tional relationships, social ties between the senior adults and their communities are weak.
MY LIFEA community space for personal growth
Avoiding Becoming a Burden
Senior adults strive to avoid being seen as a burden to their family and community.
Contributing to Community and Self-fulfillment
Senior adults desire to pursue self-fulfillment regardless of age and ability level.
27
MY TIMEkey criteria
• Consider how multiple service providers can work together to reduce complexity faced by users
• Help caregivers gain a sense of achievement and acknowledgement
• Make receiving and seeking out social assistance more acceptable
• Enable the senior adults to flexibly contribute based on their abilities and interests
is a timebank for exchanging services that quantifies value with hours.
My time is to not only to motivate community members to provide services by receiving points but also make the members comfortable about receiving services from other members of community.
activities
Credit exchange
My Time allows members to contribute their skills to earn credits and spend the credits to get another service.
Ambassador
Ambassador is a potential new career position, especially for new retirees, who facilitates how the system works.
Ambassadors can be any ageing adult who can contribute and ease the burden of caregivers, nurses and other stakeholders. They can step in senior adult’s shoes and better understand their needs and concerns.
While ambassadors get credits from other members (e.g. their students) once they finish their service, members are endorsed to have acquired that certain skill. With accumulation of badges, they are eligible to provide services related to that skill.
Ambassadors can use the credits to exchange for services from other members, e.g. basic health checking, domestic help like changing light bulbs, etc.
You earned a sewing badge!
Ambassador
Nursing support
The nursery within a nursing home allows senior adults to engage with young children and both groups can be cared for by nursing and social work student interns. By having these services within the residential building, senior adults can better maintain their mental and physical health, therefore reducing the need for public facilities.
key criteria
• Respond to people’s changing needs over time• Maintain familiar aspects of a person’s life• Reduce strain on institutional and public resources
and services
is an inter-generational co-living space.
It supports ageing in place where senior adults can contribute to others in their community.
MY HOME
activities
Co-living
My Home is a co-living space that allows senior adults to live in a mixed community with people of all ages, allowing natural daily interactions. Instead of the current situation where elders often live isolated from the rest of society in buildings full of their peers my home fosters inter-generational relationships.
Common area
Working together in the communal kitchen not only encourages social interaction but also eases the workload of residents. The shared responsibility builds a sense of community among all residents while involving senior adults and creating incentives for younger families.
System of solutions 29
key criteria
• Break the negative stereotype society holds of ageing• Respond to people’s changing needs over time• Provide flexibility for senior adults to decide their level
of participation in activities they enjoy
provides a community space that allows people to pursue personal growth.
They can pursue personal growth regardless of their age, gender and income level - a place for them to make a second life. It encourages senior adults to discover their values, and bring their values to the community and society. Provide a variety of offerings that could meet senior adult’s different needs and conditions.
MY LIFE
activities
Skill training
Members get endorsed once they complete a certain type of class. They could earn badges as an endorsement of their skills through taking classes taught by the Ambassadors.
Classes may include Basic care, art and craft making, introductory to Hong Kong culture and history, etc., allowing them to take their interest to a further stage. It also provide the opportunity for senior adults to pursue re-employment equipped with basic skills. Ambassadors could be people who are specialized in specific skills.
Ambassador
Counselling
Senior adults could receive counselling services that helps them get a better idea of their current needs and inspirations. They could get their interests and skillset accessed in My Life, then pursue continuous learning by taking a wide offering of classes at My Life.
You earned a sewing badge!
key criteria
• Consider how multiple service providers can work together to support ageing adults
• Manage the emotional and logistical challenges that caregivers face
• Reduce strain on institutional and public resources and services
is a health management system that provides support for patients and caregivers.
My Health reduces the workload of caregivers and nurses by creating a digital space for them to communicate and track the health of senior adults patients.
MY HEALTH
activitiesBasic care training
My Health is filling the gap between the nurses and hospital staff with senior adults by training ambassadors with basic caregiving skills to help the senior adults in their living environments. Ambassadors get basic care training in My Life and endorsements for their skills through badges earned.
The basic care provided by ambassadors includes physical examinations, blood pressure check, cholesterol and blood sugar tests.
You earned a care 101!
Ambassador
Ambassador
Ambassadors providing care for senior adults
Ambassadors are connected to patients in their neighbourhoods through the digital space (application) and health trackers. They will be notified when the senior adults encounters health problems. For future help, ambassadors are able to go into the home of senior adults to provide basic care, check up, update the doctor and help with transferring the senior adults to the hospital if necessary. Ambassadors are critical to be at the senior adult’s home to ease the burden on caregivers, senior adults and hospital staff.
System of solutions 31
Community
Organizations
Institutions
AmbassadorCommunityServices
Hospital
SeniorAdults
NGOs
Government
PrivateBusinesses
$
$
Coupons
$
Services, Classes, Food
Operations, Funding
$Service
$
$, Funding
$
Social welfare department
Service
Before
Currently there is a gap in the community between the youth and older generation. Senior adults aren’t receiving the support they need. At the same time they aren’t comfortable with only receiving without contributing back to their community.
As shown on the value web, there are services provided by NGOs and community centers to support the senior adults, who might be emotionally and logistically challenged, through the work of social workers.
A cash allowance is given to Hong Kong residents who are at least 65 years old via the government. Through this cash allotment, the senior adults can barely afford daily expenses. In many cases the senior adults do not know how to apply the funds and/or refuse to receive the funds without any meaningful contribution returned to society.
value web
Community
Organizations
Institutions
Ambassador
SeniorAdults
Caregiver
PrivateBusinesses
$, Time $, Time
$, Time
Service
MY TIME
Space,Products,Goods &Services
New sourceof income,$, Time
Services $, Time
MY HOME MY LIFE
MY HEALTH
$, Time
Housing $ Time
Training,Services
$, Time
Health Managment Services
After
The core idea behind My Time is that people are able to receive points for the time they spend helping other community members. They can spend those points for their rent in My Home, classes to improve their career at My Life and get health services through My Health.
My Time enables senior adult to participate in a value sharing system as ambassadors, to share skills and services with others by contributing hours to earn credits in return.
Community members can also participate and give credit(s) to their family or friends, thus strengthening family and social ties.
33
Community
Organizations
Institutions
Young Private
FamiliesCommunity
Services
SubsidisedSenior Adults
NGOs
Private SeniorAdults
Government
Social Welfare Department
$
$, Funding
$
$
$
Services,Classes, Goods
Nursing,Care and Infirmary Homes
$Service
value web
Before
Different groups of people are being served separately by different organizations before.
After
Currently there is a gap in the community My Home creates value by bringing integrated services into a residential building and fostering a community of residents.
Services, such as the nursery in the nursing home, provides nursing and social work students with a way to gain experience working with senior adults, which will be critical aspect of their careers. By involving students, My Home can reduce the cost of nursery and nursing home services for residents. This also creates an incentive for young families. More services in the building also helps senior adults age-in-place and reduces the strain on public resources. By opening up to the public, these services create an additional revenue stream.
Community
Organizations
Institutions
AmbassadorCommercialServices
Nursing care services
Nursing/Social Work
students
SeniorAdults
Caregiver
MY HOMEMY LIFE
Memberships
Training
Public
Services
$$$New sourceof income
$, TimeLiving space,Care system,$, Time
Social ties E.g. security, babysitting,
community cooking
$, Time
Service
$, $ Time
Intern-ships
Service
Service
In addition to subsidized housing, hiring low-income senior adults for jobs within the building decreases their financial burden and gives them an opportunity to contribute to their community. Possible jobs include receptionist, maintenance, and folding laundry. Senior adults can gain or improve skills for these jobs at My Life, which could be located within the building and open to the public. Hiring within the building allows My Home to offer more services that support residents of all ages.
My Home helps create a sense of community through shared activities and responsibilities. Residents take turns preparing dinners in small teams so that any individual is only responsible for cooking 3-4 times a month. This keeps senior adults engaged with residents of other ages and helps support busy, working families. The time spent together strengthens the community which can have a huge psychological benefit to senior adults. Also, residents with financial means subsidize the cost of rent for lower-income senior adults through the rent they pay.
35
SeniorAdults
Support
$
$
$
Classes
Community
Organizations
Institutions
SocialWorkers
CommunityServices
NGOs
Government
PolyUSocial Welfare Department
$, Funding
$
$
Participation, $
Services, Classes, Food
Before
The senior adults are seen as service receivers, not providers. The newly retired often express a strong desire to learn new things, to share their experiences and expertise, or continue working, but face challenges to find proper information channels and accessible services.
value web
MY TIME
Community
Organizations
Institutions
AmbassadorCommunityServices
SeniorAdults
PolyU
PrivateBusinesses
MY LIFE
Public
Training, Classes
$$$New sourceof income
MY HOME
MY HEALTH
Classes
$, Time
Hours that members worked
$, Time
$, Time
Health Managment Services
Space,Products,Goods &Services
New sourceof income,$, Time
$, TimeA place for the members to rejuvinate their interest
$, Time
Space, Classes
Mentorship, Advice,Teaching Opportunities
Training, Classes
$, Time
RESIDENTS
After
My life provides an accessible service platform for aging adults to explore new ventures in life post-retirement through contributions of their expertise to the community. It helps ageing adults achieve self-fulfillment and equips them with skills that allow them to be re-employed and re-skilled post-retirement.
My Life is collaborating with both the existing neighbouring community centers and organizations, while adding new community places such as My Home.
My Life integrates with the rest of the system, which includes My Time, My Health, and My Home. Aging adults have the option to spend their time credits on a variety of classes via My Time.
Ambassadors receive basic care training in My Life to support the aging adults who need support in the My Health system.
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Community
Organizations
Institutions
Domestic Helper
SeniorAdults
NGOs
Caregiver
Government
Social Welfare Department
Hospital Staff
$, Funding
$
Service
$Service
$
$
Service
Love
$
value web
Before
The current value web shows the dependency of the senior adults on the government for financial support and their dependency on caregivers, which could be either a domestic helper or their children with daily activities.
On the other hand hospital staff, doctors and nurses are overloaded with the number of patients, which forces rushed care and quicker discharges of their patients. This creates the disconnection with senior adult patients afterwards.
$, Fund
Providing technoogy for community
Community
Organizations
Institutions
Ambassador
Telecomcompany
Hospital Staff
Senior Adults Patients
NGOs
Caregiver
MY LIFE
Training
$, Time
MY TIME
Hours that members worked
$, Time
Phone, HealthTracker
$
MY HEALTH
Data Service, App
$, Time $, Time
Health guide
SupportAfter
My Health simplifies the lives of people in an ageing adult’s ecosystem. Doctors, patients and caregivers will be connected through a digital management system to enable efficient communication and efficient services.
My Health eases the life of ageing adults by bringing ambassadors with basic caregiving skills into their home environment.
Ambassadors are integral to help patients manage health through My Health, easing strain on caregivers and hospital staff with preventive care.
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Ambassador
Telecomcompany
SocialWorkers
CommunityServices
Hospital
Nursing/Social Work
students
SeniorAdults
NGOs
Caregiver
Government
PolyUSocial Welfare Department
PrivateBusinesses
stakeholders system
my time
my home
my life
my health
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SECTION 4 NEXT STEPSCHOICES
PolyU has already used the preliminary results of this work as the base for
a workshop conducted by the Royal College of Art.
polyu has several options for next steps:
1 Wait until summer of 2017 to continue with ID and RCA in developing more detailed work.
2 Use this work and the ideas from the RCA session to create interest in the project.
3 Fund work at RCA and ID during the upcoming academic year to maintain momentum and prepare for more advanced work next summer.
4 Have ID conduct a two-day workshop with the specific goal of involving faculty from across HKPU in this initiative. The workshop should lead to several interdisciplinary projects, even including organizations outside of HKPU.
5 For the long term success, HKPU needs to become an expert in the design methods that underlie the systems approach represented by some of the contributions of ID in this project. We believe you should start this process before, not after, you hire a new DISI director.
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Co-created by
IIT research Team
Patrick WhitneyKevin DenneyAnjali KelkarElaine ChowSara TashakoriniaSipra BihaniBryan SpenceMeng Yan
J.c. DIsI research Team
Gwen ChanAlice LawAria Yang
POLYU sD research Team
Sammy YauWendy Yip