the freedom movement (1954-1965)

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THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT (1954-1965) Brown v. B.O.E Montgomery Bus Boycott Sit-Ins, SNCC and Freedom Rides

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The Freedom Movement (1954-1965). Brown v. B.O.E Montgomery Bus Boycott Sit-Ins, SNCC and Freedom Rides. Brown v. Board of Education. 1954 Supreme Court Ruling against segregated schools. What impacts did this decision have on American society? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT (1954-1965)

Brown v. B.O.EMontgomery Bus Boycott

Sit-Ins, SNCC and Freedom Rides

Page 2: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION 1954 Supreme Court Ruling against segregated

schools.

What impacts did this decision have on American society?o Jim Crow laws could be combated since ‘separate but equal’ (Plessy

v. Ferguson) was overturned by this court decision.o Equality became a guide to Constitutional decisions.o Marriage, work, transportation and housing could all be attacked

for their discriminatory policies.o Led to Brown II, which called for desegregation with “all deliberate

speed” after 1954—Many states complied with this decision, but resistance still occurred, even from Pres. Eisenhower who did not utilize his power in the Executive Branch to carry out the decision.

Page 3: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

WHITE RESISTANCE

The Southern Manifesto (Above)Jerry Fallwell (Top Right)Strom Thurmond (Bottom Left)

Page 4: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

EMMETT TILL Summer of 1957 Backlash of white resistance towards

black assertiveness 14yr old Emmett Till was tortured, shot

in the head, tied to a cotton gin and thrown into the Tallahatchie River in Mississippi.

Mother had open casket burial to prove a point, while the trial exposed the injustice of the south.

Page 5: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

REVOLUTIONARY GROUPSo Women’s Political Council (WPC) and the NAACP,

as well as black lawyers and professors began forming their argument against bus segregation far before Rosa Parks was arrested.

E.D. NixonHead of NAACP

Jo Ann RobinsonProf. @ Alabama St

Page 6: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT Dec. 1st, 1955- Parks refuses to give up

her seat to a white man. Dec. 5th, 1955- Community leaders push

for a boycott and from the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) with MLK Jr. as its leader.

Nov. 13th, 1956- Supreme Court rules against bus segregation in Montgomery.

Page 7: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

MLK & SCLC Martin Luther King Jr. creates the

Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) to act as a base for operations.Combined civil rights groups, community

organizations, and churches.Designed to train black activists in non-

violent protests.Focused on securing voting rights.

Page 8: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 Weak bill passed by Eisenhower, very

small victory for Civil Rights activists.

Proposes a commission to monitor violations on black civil rights and propose solutions to black disenfranchisement.

Not effective or enforced

Page 9: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS Gov. Orville Faubus of Arkansas openly defied integration

of schools by using national guard troops to bar 9 students from entering in 1957.

He opposed the Brown v. B.O.E ruling and when ordered to let them in, he took away the guard and let the mob keep them at bay.

Eisenhower stepped in by sending 1,100 paratroopers and putting the state national guard under federal authority. He stationed the troops at the Little Rock Public School for the year until Faubus closed public schools in 1958-59.

Page 10: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

YOUTH PROTESTS

Many students began non-violent sit-ins at places such as Woolworth’s in Greensboro, Nashville and Atlanta.

SNCC or Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee are born out of these sit-ins. Although non-violent, they were direct and confrontational.

Page 11: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

FREEDOM RIDES An attempt to test the Justice Dept. willingness

to protect black rights in terms of using bus facilities.

SNCC took on the task of riding from Birmingham to Montgomery.

Angry mobs awaited them at each stop, brutally beating them, fire bombing buses, and no local police protection.

Many were also arrested and spent time in Mississippi’s prisons.

Page 12: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

THE FIGHT FOR THE BALLOT JFK gained support from the black

community prior to the election of 1960 due to his, and his brother’s, support of MLK.

The Kennedy’s both fought to help the Civil Rights Movement:Executive Order 11063- combats

discrimination in federally supported housing.

Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity

RFK hires lawyers to help the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department.

Page 13: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

JAMES MEREDITH: A CASE STUDY James Meredith was refused entrance into

the University of Mississippi in 1961.

Filed a complaint of racial discrimination.

Gov. Barnett refused to honor the courts ruling against barring him from entrance.

JFK sends 300 federal marshals.

Students riot

Page 14: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

VOTER REGISTRATION LEADS TO VIOLENCE

As the NAACP, SCLC, SNCC and CORE all joined forces with RFK to push for blacks to register to vote, the white reaction was violent.

Two particular movements stood out during this campaign, one was a failure while the other was a triumph.

Page 15: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

FAILURE & TRIUMPH

Albany Movement Birmingham Confrontation

Albany, GA - summer 1961

Goal to voter registration moved towards desegregation

Laurie Pritchett (Police Chief) studies SNCC and King’s tactics.

Outsmarts them by not getting bad publicity or national attention with violence.

Birmingham, AL – spring 1963 SCLC joins Rev. Shuttlesworth

and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR)

Hoped to provoke Eugene T. “Bull” Connor.

SCLC had younger blacks take up the battle and Bull Connor set dogs and police on them.

An enraged citizenry and JFK were countered by KKK attacks and violence.

Page 16: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)
Page 17: The Freedom  Movement  (1954-1965)

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 Bans discrimination in public accommodations

Hotels, restaurants, parks, schools, etc.

Bans discrimination by employers and labor unions.

Allows government agencies to withhold federal money from programs permitting or practicing discrimination.

US Attorney General has power to initiate proceedings against segregated facilities.

Sets up Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.