THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT

AND THE STATES

Da Capo Press Reprints in

AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL mSTORY

GENERAL EDITOR: LEONARD W. LEVY Claremont Graduate School

THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT

AND THE STATES A Study of the Operation of the Restraint Clauses

of Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States

by

Charles Wallace Collins

SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC 1974

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Collins, Charles Wallace, 1879-1964. The Fourteenth amendment and the states.

(Da Capo Press reprints in American constitutional and legal history)

Reprint of the ed. published by Little, Brown, Boston.

1. United States. Constitution. 14th amendment. 2. State rights. 1. Title. KF4558.14th.C64 1974 342'.73'04 74-5437

This Da Capo Press edition of The Fourteenth Amendment and the States is an unabridged republication of the first

edition published in Boston in 1912.

Published by Da Capo Press, Inc.

Springer Science+Business Media New York 1974 Originally published by Plenum Publishing Corporation New York in 1974

All Rights Reserved

ISBN 978-1-4757-1444-9 ISBN 978-1-4757-1442-5 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-1442-5

THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT AND THE STATES

THE

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT AND THE STATES

A STUDY OF THE OPERATION OF THE RESTRAINT

CLAUSES OF SECTION ONE OF THE

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE

UNITED STATES

BY

CHARLES WALLACE COLLINS, M.A. SOMETIME FELLOW IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

MEMBER OF THE ALABAMA BAR

BOSTON LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY

1912

Copyright, 1912,

By LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,

All rights reuTfied

~rlnltrs 8. J. P ."'KBILL ell Co., BOSTON, U.S.A.

TO

MY FATHER AND MY MOTHER

PREFACE

THE studies here presented are the outgrowth of a paper read before the Government Club of Harvard University in February, 1911. Some of them have within recent months appeared, in substantially their present form, in certain of the academic and legal journals.

In the preparation of the statistical material the author has made no use of the current digests of deci­sions, annotations to the Constitution, nor of the indices to the Supreme Court Reports, except by way of com­parison of results. He has gone directly to the body of the Reports and given each case a personal examination.

Much repetition will be found throughout the work. This may detract from its logical unity, but it is hoped that it may serve some purpose. The true nature of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States is little known. The processes of its operation are intricate and complex. This reiteration, therefore, of certain salient features may not be amiss in serving to render more familiar a subject that, al­though not new historically, has been scantily discussed.

The author's thanks are due to the editors of the following periodicals for the courtesy of extending to him the copyright privileges for the use of the material

vii

VUl PREFACE

in the chapters mentioned below: The American Law Review for Chapters V and VI; the Yale Law Journal for Chapter VII; the Columbia Law Review for Chapter VIII; and the South Atlantic Quarterly for Chapter X. The author desires also to express his appreciation of the privileges extended to him while in the Library of Congress.

CHARLES WALLACE COLLINS.

WASHINGTON, May, 1912.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRE)'ACE

TABLE OF CHARTS.

TABLE OF CASES CITED.

TABLE OF LAWS CITED.

CHAPTER I

P"'9B

vii

xiii

XV

xix

INTRODUCTION. 1

Political and social conditions at the close of the Civil War-Enactment of the War Amendments to the Con­stitution - Status of the South - Attitude of the Repub­lican Party - Purpose of adopting the Amendment­Opposition of the Democratic Party - Enforcements Acts by Congress - Constitutional ideal of the Radicals.

CHAPTER II

THE DILEMMA OF THE SUPREME COURT 21

Loss of control of Congress by the Radicals - Over­throw of the Radical ideal for the Amendment by the Supreme Court - Early conservative interpretation by the Supreme Court- Attempt to limit litigation there­under to the negro race - Ifailure to stem the tide of general litigation.

CHAPTER III

THE PRACTICAL SCOPE OF THE AMENDMENT 29

Spheres of State activity affected-The all-embracing scope of the Amendment - Present attitude of the Supreme Court- lllustrations of the operation of the Amendment-The encroachment of paternalism-Re­lation of the larger State problems to the Amendment.

ix

x TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER IV

THE SOUTH

The Amendment no longer a Southern problem - Con­fusion on this point explained - Geographical distribu­tion of litigation under the Amendment - The struggle in the West-The fight of the interests against State reforms.

CHAPTER V

LITIGATION INVOLVING THE NEGRO RACE

Relation of the negro race to the adoption of the Amendment-Relation of the negro race to the opera­tion of the Amendment - Digest of all cases involving the negro problem under the Amendment.

CHAPTER VI

RESULTS TO THE NEGRO RACE

Analysis of litigation under the Amendment involving the negro race - Phases of the race problem presented - Limitations on the Federal Government in relation thereto - Police power of the States to deal with the negro- Legality of the color line - Exclusion of negroes from juries - Citizenship and the negro - The failure of the Amendment to change the social status of the negro.

CHAPTER VII

FEDERAL INTERVENTION

Synopsis of instances of Federal intervention under the Amendment- Summary statement of each case de­cided adversely to the States - Clauses of the Amend­ment involved-The path of intervention historically traced - Statement of the principle of intervention.

CHAPTER VIII

STARR DBOISIS

Stare decisis and the Common Law - Relation to the Amendment - Failure to define the Amendment - In-

PA.GE

36

63

81

110

TABLE OF CONTENTS

herent difficulty of defining the Amendment- Vague­ness of "due process of law" and "equal protection of the laws" - Actual operation of stare decisis analyzed­Illustrations of tacit reversals by the Supreme Court­Impossibility of defining the Amendment.

CHAPTER IX

THE CORPORATIONS AND THE TWILIGHT ZONE

Absence of corporation problems at time of adoption of the Amendment - Corporations declared to be per­sons under the Amendment- Vast increase of corporate litigation under the Amendment-The Amendment an instrument of the public service companies - The Twi­light Zone defined and discussed - Illustrations of the effect of the Twilight Zone - Perversion of the Amend­ment by organized capital.

CHAPTER X

THE FAILURE OF THE FOURTEENT.H AMENDMENT AS A CON­

STITUTIONAL IDEAL

Constitutional law and the social organism - Abnormal condition of the country when Amendment adopted­Abnormal method of adoption -No new ideals of justice expressed in the Amendment - Purely a party measure - Abnormal operation of the Amendment - Obstructs local self-government-Paternalistic in its effects on the people of the States - Relation of the States to the Fed­eral Government-The Amendment a burden to the Supreme Court - The rise of the Twilight Zone - The corporations the chief beneficiaries.

CHAPTER XI

. Xl

PAGE

126

139

PROPOSED REMEDIES 163 The appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under

the control of Congress - Proposed limitation of writs of error to State courts- Proposed prohibition to the Fed­eral district courts the power to enjoin the States - Pro-

xii TABLE OF CONTENTS

posal for unanimous opinions of the Supreme Court when declaring State laws void under the Amendment.

APPENDIX A .

The Text of the Judicial Code of 1912 relating to injunctions.

ApPENDIX B .

The Text of the War Amendments-Article XIII­Article XIV - Article XV.

PAGJC

177

180

ApPENDIX C . 183

S~tistical summary of opinions delivered under the Fourteenth Amendment, 186~191O.

APPENDIX D .

Remarks of Hon. Jonathan Bourne, Jr., on the power of the Supreme Court to declare acts unconstitutional.

ApPENDIX E .

Chronological table of cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States under the Fourteenth Amend­ment.

184

188

ApPENDIX F • 207

Summary chart of all Decisions by the United States Supreme Court under the Fourteenth Amendment.

INDEX • 209

TABLE OF CHARTS

CHART No. I .

Showing geographical distribution of litigation under the Amendment.

CHART No. II Chronological table showing the number and character

of Federal interventions under the Amendment, 1868-1911.

CHART No. III Territorial operation of Federal intervention under the

Amendment, 1868-1911.

CHART No. IV

Summary table showing certain phases of the opera­tion of the Amendment in relation to stare decisis.

CHART No. V. Table showing parties seeking relief from State activity

under the Amendment, 1868-1910.

CHART No. VI

Statistical summary of opinions delivered under the Amendment, 1868-1910; showing sphere of State activ­ity questioned, Federal question involved, parties seeking relief, and final disposition.

CHART No. VII Summary chart of all Decisions by the United States

Supreme Court under the Fourteenth Amendment.

xiii

P ..... GK

37

82

105

125

138

183

207

TABLE OF CASES CITED PAGlIS

Adams 'V. New York, 192 U. S. 585 32 Allgeyer 'V. Louisiana, 165 U. S. 578 98, 107 American Sugar Refining Co. 'V. New Orleans, 181 U. S. 277. 91 Andrews 'V. Swartz, 156 U. S. 272 . 54, 65 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. 'V. Matthews, 174 U. S.

96 122,123 Austin 'V. Tennessee, 179 U. S. 343 32

Bacon 'V. Walker, 204 U. S. 311 Barbier 'V. Connolly, 113 U. S. 31 Beatty 'V. Benton, 135 U. S. 244 Berea College 'V. Kentucky, 211 U. S. 45

33 24

53,64 60,65,70

86 Birrell 'V. New York & Harlem R. R. Co., 198 U. S. 390 Brownfield 'V. South Carolina, 189 U. S. 426 57,65

95,135 51, 65, 73, 92

Buck 'V. Beach, 206 U. S. 392 . Bush 'V. Kentucky, 107 U. S. 110

Carter 'V. Texas, 177 U. S. 442 56,65,74,92 Cemetery Co. 'V. San Francisco, 216 U. S. 358 33 Cent. of Ga. Ry. Co. 'V. Wright, Compr., 207 U. S. 127. 93,108 Chapin 'V. Fye, 179 U. S. 127 . 33 Chicago, Mil. & St. P. Ry. 'V. Minnesota, 134 U. S. 418. 102, 107 Chicago, Mil. & St. P. Ry. 'V. Tompkins, 176 U. S. 167. . 104 Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S. 3 52, 64, 119 Cleveland Elec. Ry. Co. 'V. Cleveland, 204 U. S. 116 90 Connolly 'V. Union Sewer Pipe Co., 184 U. S. 540 . 87,107 Cotting'V. Kansas City Stockyards Co., 183 U. S. 79 98, 107 Covington Turnpike Co. 'V. Sanford, 164 U. S. 578 . . 103 Cummings v. Board of Education, 175 U. S. 528 56,65,69

Davidson 'V. New Orleans, 96 U. S. 103 Davis 'V. Burke, 179 U. S. 399 . Davis v. Massachusetts, 167 U. S. 43

xv

26,112 32 32

XVI TABLE OF CASES CITED

Del. L. & W. R. R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 198 U. S. 341 • Dewey v. Des Moines, 173 U. S. 193 Dobbins v. Los Angeles, 195 U. S. 223 •

Fallbrook Irrigation Dist. v. Bradley, 164 U. S. 157 Felts v. Murphy, 201 -0:. S. 123 Franklin v. South Carolina, 218 U. S. 161

Gas Co. v. Peoria, 200 U. S. 49 Gibson v. Mississippi, 162 U. S. 565 Giles v. Harris, 189 U. S. 475 . Giles v. Teasley, 193 U. S. 146

PA.GBS

93 89,107

88

25 33 62

88 54,65 58,64 58,64

Gulf, Colo., & Santa Fe Ry. v. Ellis, 165 U. S. 150 Gulf, Colo., & Santa Fe Ry. v. Ellis, 87 Texas 19 .

99,120,132 • 121

Halter v. Nebraska, 206 U. S. 34 • Harding, Ex parte, 219 U. S. 365 • Heath Mfg. Co. v. Worst, 207 U. S. 338 Hodges v. U. S., 203 U. S. 81 . Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 366 Houston & Texas Cent. Ry. Co. v. Texas, 170 U. S. 243 Howard, Ex parte, 105 U. S. 578 .

Interstate Ry. Co. v. Massachusetts, 207 U. S. 79 .

Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U. S. 11

Lake Shore & Mich. South. Ry. v. Smith, 173 U. S. 684 L'Hote v. New Orleans, 177 U. S. 587 .

33,169 • 117

33" 69,64,167

112 99

117

33

32

104 32 33 Lieberman II. Van de Carr, 199 U. S. 552

Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45. Lockwood, In re, 154 U. S. 116 Londoner v. Denver, 210 U. S. 373

86,108,135 32

Louisville Ferry Co. v. Kentucky, 188 U. S. 385 L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Cent. Stock-Yards Co., 212 U. S. 132 L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Gaston, 216 U. S. 418 .

92 94

101 97

97,109 Ludwig v. West. Union Tel. Co., 216 U. S. 146

Madisonville Traction Co. v. Mining Co., 196 U. S. 239 Marbles v. Creecy, 215 U. S. 63 Martin v. Texas, 200 U. S. 316

85 61,64 59,65

TABLE OF CASES CITED

Memphis fl. Cumberland Tel. Co., 218 U. S. 624 Minn. & St. L. R. R. Co. fl. Beckwith . Minor fl. Happersett, 21 Wall. 162 • M. K. & T. Ry. Co. fl. May, 194 U. S. 267 Mo. Pac. Ry. fl. Humes, 116 U. S. li20 . Mo. Pac. Ry. 11. Nebraska, 217 U. S. 196 Moore, In re, 209 U. S. 490 . Moyer '11. Peabody, 212 U. S. 84 Muhlker'l1. N. Y. & Harlem R. R. Co., 197 U. S. li44 Munn '11. lllinois, 94 U. S. 123 Murray '11. Louisiana, 163 U. S. 101

xvii

PAGES

90 128 33 32

25,27 100, 107, 109

118 114 86

169 65, 66

Neal 11. Delaware, 103 U. S. 370 61, 66, 73, 92 New Orle.ans '11. New York Life Ins. Co., 216 U. S. 617 . 96 Norwood fl. Baker, 172 U. S. 269 . 89,107

Oklahoma 11. Kansas Natural Gas Co., 221 U. S. 229 87 Old Wayne Life Ins. Assn. fl. McDonough, 204 U. S. 8. 98

Pace 11. Alabama, 106 U. S. 683 . li1, 64, 69 Pembina Mining Co. 11. Pennsylvania, 126 U. S. 181 . 128 Petit '11. Minnesota, 177 U. S. 16li . 32 Plessy 11. Ferguson, 163 U. S. li37 . 45, lili, 6li, 70, 71,72 Postal Tel. Cable Co. fl. New Hope, 192 U. S. lili 91 Prentis fl. Atlantic Coast Line, 211 U. S. 237 • 171 Prout 11. Starr, 188 U. S. 637 . . 103 Pullman Co. v. Kansas, 216 U. S. 166 96, 109, 118

Raymond Treas. 'U. Chicago Traction Co., 207 U. S. 20 Reagan '11. Farmer's Loan & Tr. Co., 1M U. S. 362 Reagan '11. Mercantile Trnst Co., 1M U. S. 413 Reduction Co. 'U. Sanitary Works, 199 U. S.306 Reetz 11. Michigan, 188 U. S. 606 .

.30,93,108 101,107

101 33 32 72 Roberts '11. City of Boston, 6 Cush. 198

Rogers '11. Alabama, 192 U. S. 226 Roller '11. Holly, 176 U. S. 398

68,66, 74, 92 8li

St. L. & Iron Mt. Ry. 'U. Taylor, 210 U. S. 292 163 Santa Clara County 'U. Sou. Pac. R. R. Co., 118 U. S. 394 128 Scott '11. McNeal, 1M U. S. 34 84 Sec. Mut. Life Ins. Co. fl. Prewitt, 202 U. S. 246 • 118

xviii TABLE OF CASES CITED

PAGES

Selliger 11. Kentucky, 213 U. S. 200 94 Sentell v. New Orleans & C. R. R. Co., 166 U. S. 698 31 Silver 1I. L. & N. R. R. Co., 213 U. S. 175 103 SHz 11. Hesterberg, 211 U. S. 31 33 Simon v. Craft, 182 U. S. 427 • 32 Slaughter House Cases, 16 Wall. 36. 21, 23, 45, 46, 47, 53, 113, 119 Smith, Charley v. Mississippi, 162 U. S. 592 . 54, 65 Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S. 466 103, 107, 134 Sou. Pac. R. R. Co. 'V. California, 118 U. S. 109 96 Sou. Ry. Co. v. Greene, 216 U. S. 400 . 97, 108 Sperry & Hutchinson Co. v. Rhodes, 220 U. S. 502 32 Strander'V. West Virginia, 100 U. S. 306 . 45,49,65,73,92, 107

Tarrance v. Florida, 188 U. S. 519 . T. H. & Ind. R. R. Co. 'V. Indiana, 194 U. S. 579 Thomas 'V. Texas, 212 U. S. 278 Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U. S. 92

Union Transit Co. v. Kentucky, 199 U. S. 194 U. S. v. Cruikshank, 92 U. S. 542

Virginia, Ex parte, 100 U. S. 344 Virginia 11. Rives, 100 U. S. 313

Williams v. Parker, 188 U. S. 491 . Williams v. Mississippi, 170 U. S. 213 Williams v. Arkansas, 217 U. S. 79 West. Union Tel. Co. v. Kansas, 216 U. S. 1 • Welch'l1. Swasey, 214 U. S. 91 Winn, In re, 213 U. S. 458 Wisner, Ex parte, 203 U. S. 449

Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U. S. 356 Young, Ex parte, 209 U. S. 125

57,65 . 100 61,65

114

94 22, 48, 53, 64

45, 50, 65, 74, 92 49, 53, 65, 117

32 55,65

33 96, 109, 118

32 118 ll8

89,107 • 102

TABLE OF LAWS CITED

State laws declared unconstitutional in whole or in part by the Supreme Court of the United States, under the operation of the Fourteenth Amendment, appear in small capitals.

ALABAMA.

Sec. 4189, Code of 1880 SECS. 2391-2400, CODE OF 1907, VOL. 1 .

ARKANSAS.

LAWS OF 1907, P. 744

CALIFORNIA.

PAGES

51,64 97

96

Los Angeles ordinance, Aug. 26, 1891 88 Los ANGELES ORDINANCE, Nov. 25, 1901 88 SAN FRANCIBCO ORDINANCE, MAY 26 AND JUNE 28, 1880 89

COLORADO.

DENVER CHARTER OF 1893, ART. 7, SECS. 3, 29-31 91

DELAWARE.

CONSTITUTION OF 1831, SEC. 1, ART. 4. REVISED STATUTES OF 1853, SEC. 109 .

GEORGIA.

POLITICAL CODE, SECS. 804-805, 812-814, 847, 855, 874,

51 51

879 92

ILLINOIS.

Constitution 1870, Art. 9, Sec. 1 LAWS OF 1893, P. 182 PEORIA ORDINANCE, SEPT. 4, 1900.

INDIANA.

93 87 87

LAWS OF JAN. 27, FEB. 24, AND MARCH 4, 1897 . 99 xix

xx TABLE OF LAWS CITED

KENTUCKY. PAQB8

CON8TITUTION, SEOS. 213-214 . 101 II REVISED STATUTES OF 1852, P. 75 52 Revised Statutes, Sees. 835-839 85 REVISED STATUTES, SEO. 4020 AND SEO. 4077 B!l' BBIl. 94 LA W8 OF 1890, REDUOING TOLLS 102 Law of March 10, 1900 103 Laws of 1904, Chap. 85 60

KANSAS. Laws of 1885, Chap. 155, p. 258 LA W8, MARCH 3, 1891 GENERAL STATUTES, 1901, P. 280

LOUISIANA. Laws of 1890, No. 111, p. 152 • LAWS OF 1894, No. 66 • LAW8 OF 1898, No. 170.

122 97 96

55,65 98

New Orleans ordinance 1898 under Laws of 1898, No. 171 95 90

MICmGAN. LA W8 OF 1891, No. 90, SEC. 9

MINNESOTA. General Laws, 1887, Chap. 10 . RATE LAWS OF 1905, 1906, 1907

NEBRASKA. LAWS OF 1905, CHAP. 105, SE08. 1, 6 Rate Law of April 12, 1893

NEW YORK. LAWS OF 1892, CHAP. 339 LAWS OF 1897, CHAP. 415, ART. 8, SEC. 110

omo. CLEVELAND ORDINANOE, JAN. 11, 1904 •

OKLAHOMA.

Laws of 1907, Chap. 6'1

• 104

101 102

100 103

85 86

90

68

TABLE OF LAWS CITED

PENNSYLVANIA. LAWS, JUNE 20, 1883 LAWS OF 1891, P. 229

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Laws of 1897, Chap. 110

TENNESSEE. MEMPHIS ORDINANCE, SEPT. 24, 1907

TEXAS.

XXi

PAGB8

98 93

• 103

90

Constitution of 1869, Sec. 6, Art. 10 99 Laws, April 3, 1891 . 101 SAYLES SUPPLEMENT TO CIVIL STATUTES, P. 768, ART.

4266 a . 121

UNITED STATES.

Acts and Resolutions, 41st Congress, 1st Session, p. 294 . 16 Acts and Resolutions, 41st Congress, 2d Session, p. 95 16, 49 Acts and Resolutions, 41st Congress, 3d Session, p. 45. 16 Civil Rights Act of 1875, Secs. 1 and 2 18, 52, 53 Judicial Code, Sec. 237 164, 165 Judicial Code, Secs. 262-266 . . 165 Revised Statutes, Sec. 709 164, 165 Revised Statutes, Secs. 716, 718, 719, 720 165 Revised Statutes, Sec. 1977 49 Revised Statutes, Secs. 1977-1999, 5508, and 5516 60 Statutes at Large, Vol. XVIII, p. 335 18

WEST VIRGINIA. LAws OF 1872--73, CHAP, XLVII, SEC. 1 49