the four horsemen of the apocalypse -...

The Four Horsemen of the ApocalypseEurope in the Age of Plague

PRELUDE TO DISASTER

Population/Econ Trends (late 13th-14th C) Poor Harvests leads to “Great Famine”

bad harvests (500 BCE) (13th-14th C) (1300)

1302-1348 = bad harvests Famine = Disease Weakened people = less productivity = weakened animals = higher prices International trade = epidemics

THE BLACK DEATH

Advances in Italian shipping

3 masted ship means year-round shipping

Furry passengers -- causes diseases to spread quickly in port

October 1347, plague reaches

Theory of Bubonic Plague bacillus flea

flea black rat black rat food/cargo, cities form (vector/transmitter) form (communicated)

Rome

VeniceMilan

BEARN

Constantinople

0 300 Miles150

December 31, 1347

Dec

embe

r 31, 1347

June 30, 1348

December 31, 1348

Dec

ember

31, 1

348

Decem

ber 31, 1349

December 31, 1349

Jun

e 30, 1350

December 31, 1350

Paris

Barcelona

Valencia

Almeria

Seville

Angers

LeridaSaragossaPisa

SienaPerpignan

Agrigento

Sebenico

Ragusa

Vienna

Erfurt

Magdeburg

Hamburg Frankfurta. OderOsnabrück Thorn

Durham

York

Lincoln

NorwichYarmouth

London

Calais

Amiens

Oxford

Bristol

Southampton Canterbury

Cambridge

Nottingham

LancasterPreston

Drogheda

DublinKilkenny

Chester

Leicester DanzigRostock

Wisby

Bergen

Wismar

Cologne

Bremen

Moscow

Lübeck

St. Gall

Zürich

Würzburg

Ghent

Liège

Colmar Strassburg

Frankfurt

Lucerne

Basel

Mühldorf

Messina

Catania

Béziers

Montpellier

Avignon

Marseilles

Syracuse

Ferrara

Bordeaux

Ancona

Perugia

Naples

Caffa

BolognaNarbonne

FlorenceHuesca

GenoaToulouse

June 3

0, 1349

Nuremberg

Extent of plague at specific date

Cities and regions struck by plague

Cities and regions partiallyspared by the plague

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THE BLACK DEATH

Agents of communication frightfully low Weak immune systems

Symptoms buba, blotches, & blood

Consequences Wealthy urban pop. vs. Poor & good Clergy Establishment of hospitals Efforts at Approx. Prolonged cooling period (lasts until 17th C)

THE BLACK DEATH

Impact on Europe Economic View

addresses wages

standard of living mobility amongst the poor (labor)

Socially/Psychologically

Jews =

Church, secular govt. lose the people’s confidence

LIFE AFTER THE DEATH

England -- Poll Taxes

English Peasants Revolt, 1381 Florence, 1378

democratic changes gained Great families easily crush in time

Reasons?

HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR (1337-1453)

Causes

Nobles crown-blocking the , want = descendants of women cannot be King (Ed III can’t be king) (Valois) = King of France (Capetian) = King of England

French civil war Nobles side w/ Ed

Economic control of Wool trade = economic cornerstone

Ed denied crown of France sermons early nationalism

promised freedom, pay, and BOOTY!

Paris

Brétigny

Bourges (SupportingEnglish Claim)

Poitiers 1356

Chinon

Bordeaux

Bayonne

Avignon

Aix

Dijon

DomremyTroyesRennes

Angers

ReimsCompiègne

Rouen

Arras

Calais

BrugesAntwerp

Cassel

London

B R I T T A N Y

P O I T O U

M A I N E

A Q U I T A I N E

G A S C O N Y

A R M A G N A C

G U I E N N E

A U V E R G N E

D U C H Y O FB U R G U N D Y

C O U N T YO F

B U R G U N D Y

A N J O U

C H A M P A G N E

H O L Y

R O M A N

E M P I R E

H O L Y

R O M A N

E M P I R E

E N G L A N D

N O R T HS E A

B A Y O FB I S C A Y

M E D I T E R R A N E A NS E A

C O U N T Y O F

F L A N D E R S

D U C H Y O FL O R R A I N E

C O U N T YO F H A I N A U T

D U C H YO F B R A B A N T

N A M U R

A L S A C E

P R O V E N C E

A R A G O N

N A V A R R E

Dordogne R.

Garonne R.

Marne R.

Meuse R.

Loire R

.

Seine R.

Duran

ce R

.

Rhine R

.

M

osel

le R.

Kingdom of France in 1339

English areas in 1339

English controlled areas in 1429

Burgundian areas in 1441

Battle site

Crécy 1346

Agincourt 1415

Sluys 1340

Orléans 1429

E N G L I S H C H A N N E L

N O R M A N D Y

0 100 Miles50

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Tools of warfare

Course of the War fought mostly in France, Low Countries Crecy (1346)


“Unchivalrous” Infantrymen

Lances, barbed hooks to Knights from horses Lightly armored for greater mobility

Professional, armor-clad

Serve for pay or feudal obligation Capture for Ransom


Fires 10-12/min Accurate at 300 yrd, deadly at 200 or less

Bred and trained for the job

Fires 1-2/min Accurate at 50-100 yrds

Often mercenaries


Tools of warfare

Course of the War

fought mostly in France, Low Countries Crecy (1346)

Poitiers (1356)

Edward the Black Prince captures French King

Henry V at Agincourt (1415) French Dauphin declared illegitimate (English King will succeed to the throne)

Orleans (Apr 1429) Charles Crowned King Captured by Burgundians

Condemned as a heretic (1431)


Costs of the War

population losses Govt. costs = HUGE

wool trade slumps (1350-1450) returning soldiers (England) France hindered growth of

destroyed... much more power to the King feeling of unity/identity, people who speak same language, common ancestry


SHIFTING BALANCES

Post-War England

Richard III (Yorkist) defeated by Henry Tudor at Bosworth Field, 1485

balance of power in Italian city-states

Fall of Constantinople, 1453

the four horsemen of the apocalypse -...

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