the formation of vernacular house in south kalimantan...
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Session A-5: Urban Issues (2)/Young Researchers Award
The Formation of Vernacular House
in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia :
Environmental Impact of River Network Evolution
Laila Zohrah, M. Eng 1
Yuichi Fukukawa, Dr. Eng. 2
1 Graduate student, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, e-mail:
[email protected] 2 Professor, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, e-mail:
Keywords: Vernacular architecture, formation, Environmental impact, conservation.
Abstract
Kampung (urban village) of South Kalimantan province have ten types vernacular houses and one
traditional house, which are shaped by the topographic condition, river living style and local material.
The formation of these characteristics structure consists of construction a set of hierarchy enclosure and
their corresponding zone communities with the objective of systemizing the inner zone movement of
kampungs while the existence of vernacular house has been disappeared now. This paper presents to
estimate the formation of vernacular house for environmental impact of river network evolution. It
provides a quantitative basis to describe the pattern of vernacular substances in case of building
activation in South Kalimantan (Borneo Island) for conservation and preservation area.
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
Formation, evaluated as a result of accumulation of the environmental impact, play an important
role in vernacular architecture of Kalimantan. Impact categories are mainly based on their nature as a
diffusion of settlement pattern. The most important reason for the existence of a third Malay settlement
area, namely the island of Borneo is that traditionally the process of Malay settlement grew considering
to the land of the Dayak customary in which they exist. (Hikajat Bandjar.JJ.Ras.1977). But, the `Coastal
Malays`, living not only on the coasts but also far inland, have so far received little attention. In the
sultan period from 16th
century, the vernacular house became one of the popular styles in Barito Basin.
These records provide evidence for river level change and its influence on the Banjarese communities
and the environment succession. The present work studied the conservation of floating market and
vernacular house in three cities called “Rumah Bubungan Tinggi” in the South Kalimantan. These cities
are the most oldest example type of the “Rumah Banjar”. Obviously, the aquatic environments are
focused on the quantitative basis of formation pattern. Within this context, this research deals with a
specific aspect, the formation of field works of mosaics in relation to river network evolution based on a
seventy inhabitant correspondences.
Vernacular building in Indonesia are the reproduction of folk architecture that emerged as an image of
each ethnic group and environment through culture of rationalization process, and as a result of a
distinctive style of traditional housing called Rumah adat. Vernacular buildings are the product with a
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thousand senses based on climate, space and culture.
Kalimantan heritage resources are a threat as an approach of conservation planning in case of
building activation today. In Indonesia, several studies have been carried out in the field of vernacular
architecture of Indonesia. This study is generated in the context of the available data obtained from a
certain traditional historic site with the powerful vernacular houses in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Undeniably one of the most mysterious islands in the world the Kalimantan is visually adventuring not
only due to its enclosure river and swampy. Some of small town, kampungs and villages in Banjarmasin,
Martapura, Marabahan and Amuntai are the oldest cities which high prestige historic.
In this study, in order to determine a primitive profile of vernacular house, its formation mechanism and
the relationship between an environmental impact and river network are investigated.
1.2. Object of Study
1.3. Objectives
Our objectives in this study are to clarify the sense of traditional and vernacular buildings based on
using open building method which critical problem from the past and nowadays pointing of recently
condition. It shows different type of houses based on region and historic background. Finally, patterns
are decided.
This research provides formation of vernacular house approach in a case study of Martapura, Marabahan,
Banjarmasin and Amuntai city. Some environmental impact results of vernacular architecture scenarios
are presented in the paper. While four cities in the eleven type of traditional houses scenarios for
conservation assessment purposes considered of harmonization process that are creating the opportunity
to building stock activation icon more effective values for sustainable urban regeneration.(Fig.1)
This framework is then used to analyse the processes and outcomes of formation of vernacular house in
South Kalimantan in the 1800s and1945s, pointing of view of traditional houses until contemporary.
2. Methodology
This study employed Open Building Theory (OB theory) as a method of analysis by mapping the
contents of environmental impact into formation icon, to clarify the relation of between approaches. The
result was placed into a primary pattern according to categories of house to understand how
environmental impact related to the housing development. For this study, categories content two levels
are derived from a diagram of the principle of environmental levels, two distinguishing phases of a built
Fig.1 Area Observation
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Session A-5: Urban Issues (2)/Young Researchers Award
environmental level: tissue level and house allocation level. Tissue level deals with identifying and
describing a building assignment lot base on lot occupant in which the urban environment determines all
of the impact features and specifies all the requirements that a successful pattern solution must have.
House allocation level deals with dwelling occupant.
Based on the foregoing discussion, another methodology has been supported to combine process-level
models. First, Bossel`s framework, the six fundamental environmental properties are environmental stae,
resource scarcity, variety, variable, change and other actor systems. (Bossel, 1999). Those fundamental
include basic indicator correspond to human, support and natural system. Second, the methodology of
gradation that combine the exterior and interior evaluation. Third, AquaBAMM`s framework, built as a
hierarchical approach with four level data analysis.
In order to evaluate environmental impact of river network evolution on formation of vernacular house,
the rural households and eco tropical sustainability, riverside household were surveyed using a pre-
designed questionnaire in 2006-2007. To uncover possible misinterpretations of questions or
ambiguities in the questions response categories, the questionnaire was in June 2006 on a sample of 4
households in Banjarmasin,7 households in Martapura, 2 households in Marabahan. In May 2007, 70
households from 1 village were sampled in Amuntai.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Tissue Level Response
Formulation of vernacular house and aquatic environment
South Kalimantan province is one of four Indonesian provinces in Indonesia (West Kalimantan, East
Kalimantan and middle Kalimantan) that constitute with 11 regencies and 5 ethnics which lies through
the Barito river tributaries ( Kuin, Martapura, Sigaling, Pangeran). An evolution composite to the
reconstruction of river network has showed during 1530 until 1899s from Banjarmasin city. The river
tributary were transported into 2007s in the desa of Sapala which very primitive people and pattern of
riverside settlement. The mosaic presented from central pattern changed to linear influenced by road
construction today (Fig.2).
Fig.2 River Network Evolution in South Kalimantan from 1530s to 2007
1530 1843 1899
1882
2007
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The South Kalimantan province can be considered based on The Encyclopedia of Vernacular
Architecture of the World (EVAW) edited by Paul Oliver in term of social and economic assessment
while the aquatic environment indicated as habitat symbolism. The evaluation of environmental impact
of the vernacular house in 4 cities indicated:
Table 1. The Distinguishing between Three City City Note
Martapura
(MTP)
A zone around 0-200 m from central of BJM and at the foot of the Meratus
range, very famous as diamond kampung,(survey July 06) some people not
only settled on raft in the river but also rest on high poles on the marshy bank
river and on the land,(Hikajat Bandjar by J.J.Ras) 49 km2, 12
kampungs,(Statistic 02-03, Depart. Of Public Office, City Development
Section) Islamic dominant characteristic life style.
Banjarmasin
(BJM)
A city with a thousand river, also the same with MTP city, where the first of
Bandjar kingdom settled all constructed on bamboo and iron wood, (survey
July 06)BJM near the confluence of the MTP and Barito River, lie in an
extensive swampy area which is regularly inundated at high tide and thus not
very suitable for cultivation, the low lying area to the west of this belt that is,
all the land west of Barito is inhabited by Ngadju Dajak tribes(Hikajat
Bandjar by J.J.Ras), a coastal district and the biggest port in Kalimantan
(Borneo) on the 13th century(survey July 06), 72 km2, the smallest town with
high density population in Kalimantan 5 % growing average almost landuse
dominated for settlement 3.343 Ha(Statistic 02-03), 11 kampungs in the north
BJM (Depart.of Public Office, City Development Section)
Marabahan
(MBH)
The originally narrow settlement area gradually expanded westward and
southward, following the course of the Nagara River and that of the Barito
below present day MRB, the port and trading centre of the Nagara Daha realm
was located at MRB on the conluence of the Nagara River with the Barito
some 40 km upstream of BJM(Hikajat Bandjar by J.J.Ras), 20 Ha, 1.6%
growing average/year(Statistic 02-03), there are Bandjar tribe, bakumpai,
java, bali and sunda.
Amuntai
(AMT)
The low river-banks passed the desa of Danau Pangang, especially desa of
Sapala, where found many water-buffoloes and vast stretches of rice fields. A
large and beautiful kampung that it containt 1,480 houses,( Hkajat Bandjar by
J.J.Ras) built on both side of the river, are all constructed of bamboo and iron-
wood.
A. Socio Economic Assessment
Table 2 presents some parameters that have real influence the overall assessment value of the seven
orientors `impact grades, the ratings for the identified social and cultural parameters from 0.01 to 3.82.
The highest indicator value content of the indication at the time of sampling was in the rate 3.84 for
support and natural. Most of the indicators are above the low level. This indicates that the consideration
of environment impact must take a strong focus attention for improving inhabitant quality in Sapala
Village part area. The values for orientors such as coexistence and psychological need rate from 1 to 3,
content a mean value of danger and good.
The present river in the Sapala Village carry formation from sources more than 20 km, on the contrary,
in the raining season, this village become a large lake, such long transport distances are know to lead to
effective resetting of natural resource evolution.
B. Aquatic Cultural Heritage Value
In the framework of conservation intervention, the aquatic cultural heritage value can be translated by
terms such as induced from traditional to contemporary dwellings. In the aquatic environment, a
detailed aquatic cultural assessment involving a comprehensive field survey has determined of how
individual elements influenced the overall AquaBAMM conservation value. The result of the overall
South Kalimantan river catchment focus only on the levels of the criterion rating and AquaScore that
close to half of the catchment area was rated a medium value (22%) with 71.4% being high, 22.2%low
and 100% each for very high and very low (table). All spatial units had better than 30% dependability in
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Session A-5: Urban Issues (2)/Young Researchers Award
their scores and most had reliabilites of more than 40% with an overall mean dependability of 50%.
The means AquaScore dependability rated between 44%(low) and 90%(very high). The spatial variation
of the AquaScore values within the river in South Kalimantan is presented in Table 3.
Table.2 Indicator of Social Sustainable Assessment in South Kalimantan
Orientors Subsystem Indicator Performance
Assessment
Result
exitence human Health food 0.13
support - 0.00
natural - 0.00
effectiveness human Distribution of personal income 0.14
support Residential water consumption 0.00
natural Solid waste system 0.00
freedom of human Housing affordability ratio
action support Voter participation 0.00
natural Rivers 3.82
security human Crime-SARA 0.00
support Emergency room use for non ER purposes 0.00
natural Soil pollution 0.01
adaptability human Youth involvement in community service 0.02
support Better community space 3.84
natural Wetland 3.84
coexistence human Ethnic diversity of teachers 0.26
support Water quality 0.01
natural fish population 2.47
psychological human Neighbourliness 3.80
needs support Pedestrian-titian friendly street and bridges 0.15
natural
Open space in kampung (urban villages) and
village 1.00
overall 19.49
Table.3 Aqua Conservation Value
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3.2. House Allocation Level
A. Formulation of kampung-desa and aquatic environment
The basic idea of this level that we can distinguish different levels of intervention such as: cities,
housing, and inside house fit-out elements like partitioning, kitchen, bathroom equipment, and finally
furniture. Each level has its own pace of change. The higher level is most stable and changes very
slowly, the lower level can change much faster. The distinction of levels makes it possible for a
neighborhood to exist for a long time while renewing itself piece by piece in response to the need of the
people living there.
This capacity for partial change in response to daily life by means of partial interventions was always
present in historic vernacular urban environment from precedents to OB as well.
We found some topological character of pattern for RBT groups. The implication of the basic model of
the RBT, movement and distortion base on time line analyses result eight primary pattern. Primary
pattern described as a comparative tool and decision level for many providers to explore each
component of the building. One of those patterns are community configuration patterns, the exploration
might combine to both urban structure and urban space as implication for starting the possibility of
intervention. This means that the principles can bond functionalities to environment, such as community
space and parking area (public space), without their configuration being customized. There are 13 sub
patterns include formal and community configuration. (See Fig.3)
B. Overall formation and environment impact
The traditional Kalimantan house styles on the BJM are consistently related to the mozaic of river
network and their old development pattern. Modern house styles on the BJM are related to the pattern of
road colonies and their new development patterns. Finally, the result that modern house and house on
land were use to contemporary life which found new colonies in road facing houses more than in water
facing houses to some extent.
Bilateral and rotational symmetry is indicated the most dominate in those formations. Three-folds
rotational symmetry without any reflection symmetry (called: triskelion) composed three heavy chains
on top level. The similar symmetry has a significance affinity with that of `golden section`. It means
that divine proportion, golden ratio and PHI investigated to vernacular houses. (See Fig. 4)
Fig.3 Community Configuration Patterns
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Session A-5: Urban Issues (2)/Young Researchers Award
Table.4 The Formation from Traditional to Contemporary House:
Integration System Expression Based on River Network Evolution
RBT: Rumah Bubungan Tinggi
Kampung : (urban village)
SJ : Sungai Jingah PWI : Panglima Wangkang
TS: Teluk Selong KB : Keramat Baru
KG: Kampung Gedang
KR: Keraton Desa : (village)
KUII: Kuin Utara II SP : Sapala
KUI: Kuit Utara I
KI: Karang Intan
ML: Melayu
SM: Surgi Mufhti
1883-1885
1883-1885
1862
1901
1943
Fig.4 River Network Evolution
During The Beginning of 19th
until 20th
century
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4. Conclusion
Thirteen vernacular houses varying in size and plan built in wooden style. Others built in rafting and
land based construction. The fact that although the form of vernacular houses (RBT) in BJM distinct
from MTP and MBH, the most basic principle among the settlements are similar. RBT in MTP and BJM
are the generation and variation from MBH. Consistently, RBT in the period 1880-1865 was a
repeatedly relates façade and roof element and a few parts in the same way. The configuration
incorporates a rule of selection and a rule of distribution found in the TS and SJ.
However, the desa of Sapala in Amuntai City are one of the case samples for primitive architecture that
have to be improved. These data suggest that the old rivers and modern rivers have to increase the
special zone for built environment to be better.
A combination of basic indicator and aqua score evaluation data has provided a useful tool in the
formation and reconstruction of river network evolution. The principle of OB theory not only for
traditional style but also vernacular and contemporary style, in which compatibility can be included, can
provide a framework of option for building activation today. In fact, the validity of those principles may
vary with the context in which one will have to decide.
5. Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Monbukagakusho Scholarship.
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Fig.5 The Degree of Symmetric