the formation of the biblical canon - mr. haggard's...
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The Formation of the Biblical Canon
1. Scrolls & codices.
2. The Septuagint.
3. The NT canon: stages of
development
4. The NT canon: selection
criteria.
P52. The earliest known fr. of the NT.
John 18: 31-33 (recto of a codex
page). Date: 120 (?).
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Scroll
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Codex Sinaiticus
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Codex Sinaiticus
Underlying text: the earliest known Christian Palestinian Aramaic, 6th c. AD. Overlying text: Georgian, dated 979. Mt. Sinai, Egypt.
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Scriptio continua. Prologue to the Gospel of John
ca. 200. P66
INTHEBEGINNINGWAS
THEWORDANDTHE
WORDWASWITHGDAND
THEWORDWASGD
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Ambiguities of punctuation
• AWOMANWITHOUTHERMANISNOTHING
• A WOMAN, WITHOUT HER MAN, IS NOTHING
• A WOMAN: WITHOUT HER, MAN IS NOTHING
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Abbreviations of sacred names
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Septuagint
Greek translation of the OT
Begun in Alexandria under
Ptolemy Philadelphus in the
third c. BC.
the legend
Significance: adopted as the
OT scripture of the Church
Greek translation of Leviticus. Egypt, 2nd c. CE. The oldest MS of LXX.
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Old Latin Translation of the OT. This translation predates
the Vulgate. Shown: Ezek. 20. North Italy, 5th c. AD. T
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The Vulgate
Codex Amianitus. Northumbria, 8th c.
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NT canon: stages of development
• Witnessing Jesus’ ministry
• Preaching and teaching about Jesus
• Composition of the written materials
• Proliferation of pseudepigrapha
• Selection of writings
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Gospel traditions
Collected, memorized and
(perhaps) recorded:
– Sayings of Jesus
– Miracle stories
– Passion narrative
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Four Source Hypothesis
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Gospel of Thomas
Beginning Ending with title
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Production of Pseudoepigrapha • Gospels attributed to individual
apostles or groups:
– Peter, James, Philip, Thomas,Judas, Mary, pseudo-Matthew, Matthias, Bartholomew, the Twelve Apostles, Ebionites, Hebrews, Nazaraeans, Egyptians,
• Gospels under general titles:
– Perfection, Truth, the Four Heavenly Regions
• Gospels attributed to heretics:
– Cerinthus, Basilides, Marcion, Apelles, Bardesanes, Mani
• Other apocryphal literature:
– Apocryphon of: John, James; Apocalypse of John, Peter; Correspondence between Paul and Seneca; Shepherd of Hermas Non-canonical gospel fragment
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Timeline • 3rd c. B.C.E. Septuagint. Translation work begun under Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-
246 BCE) in Alexandria.
• end of 1st c. C.E. (?) Council of Javneh: Jewish canon closed with 39 books.
• NT canon:
• 50ies: Pauline Epistles. Paul died ca. 60.
• 60ies-early 70ies: Gospel of Mark.
• 80ies: Gospels of Matthew and Luke.
• 90ies: Gospel of John and the rest of the canon.
• 140ies Marcion produces his own canon.
• 170ies Tatian publishes Diatessaron.
• 180ies Irenaeus attests the use of the four gospels.
• 200 ( or 4th c?): Muratorian canon. Some Gnostic Gospels and apocrypha rejected.
• 367: The first full list of the 27 NT writings mentioned in the letter of Athanasius of Alexandria
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Marcion’s version of Christianity
• Antinomianism: sharp contrast between the Law
and the Gospel
• Docetism
• Marcion’s biblical canon
• Church’s response to Marcion
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Irenaeus' contribution
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Irenaeus on the use
of the four gospels
Irenaeus, Haer. 3.11.7: ‘So firm is the ground upon which these Gospels rest that the very heretics themselves bear witness to them, and starting from them, each endeavors to establish his own peculiar doctrine. For the Ebionites… use Matthew’s Gospel…; Marcion mutilates that accordning to Luke….; those who separate Jesus from Christ [Docetists]… prefer the Gospel of Mark…; those who follow Valentinus make copious use of that according to John…”
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NT canon: informal selection criteria
1. Use in public worship & teaching.
2. Orthodoxy = agreement with the apostolic tradition and rule of faith.
3. Apostolicity = attributed to apostles or ‘apostolic men’.
4. Antiquity =belong to the ‘apostolic age’.