the following was presented at dmt’09 dmt’09 proceedings ... · moscow, idaho • differs from...
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DMT 2009
The following was presented at DMT’09
(May 10-13, 2009).
The contents are provisional and will be
superseded by a paper in the
DMT’09 Proceedings.
See also earlier Proceedings (1997-2008)
http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/info/dmt/
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www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo
Lidar based DEM slope-shapes
– seeing through the canopy
Thomas G. Whitfield, P.G.Pennsylvania Geological Survey
DMT 2009
Morgantown, WV
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www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo
PAMAP lidar program
• Statewide program
• Generates a very detailed DEM (digital
elevation model)
• Pixel resolution is 3.2 feet (~1 meter)
• 10,000-foot grid tile for whole state
• Flown in conjunction with high-resolution
full color aerial imagery (1-foot pixels)
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www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo
PAMAP lidar program
• Aerial imagery flown between 2004 – 2008
covers the entire state and is available for
download from PASDA
• Lidar for entire state has been acquired,
but parts have not been processed (no $$)
• Actively engaged in seeking funding to
finish processing
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www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo
Lidar review
• Lots of processing ($$$) and filtering
• Multiple derivative products
• Lots of uses
• We are interested in the “bare earth” or
“last returns” model
• Our lidar derived DEM is a 32-bit, floating
point GRID with 3.2-foot pixel resolution
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3.2 feet
1 foot
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www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo
The (In)famous hillshade
• The first thing everyone tries
• Wow factor – lots of Oooos and Ahhhs…
• BUT, take a good look….
• Details get lost in “bright sunlit” areas and
“dark shadow” areas
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Hillshade continued
• One solution, multiple hillshades with
varied sun azimuth and altitudes
• Can’t see everything at once
• Your “mind’s eye” inverts things
• Can’t remember which grid shows what or
where it you put it (us older people)
• Lots of disk space cost
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The slope-shape
• Ralph Haugerud of the USGS introducedthe slope-shape concept at DMT 2008 inMoscow, Idaho
• Differs from a hillshade – slope, aspect,sun azimuth, sun angle are used in analgorithm to compute grayscale“sun/shadow” values (0 – 256)
• Slope-shape is simply a slope gridgenerated from a DEM
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Slope-shape – “How to’s”
• Ain’t rocket science
• Easy to create
• Easy to display –most important part
• Easy to interpret
• One grid to track
• No right way, nowrong way, but thereis always the…..
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Create a slope grid
In ArcToolbox->
Spatial Analyst->
Surface->
Slope
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Alternative slope creation method
In ArcMap->
Spatial Analyst->
Surface Analysis->
Slope
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Not a pretty result – but that’s okay
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Resetting the display
• To get the most out of
this, we need to reset
the display
• Inverting the color
ramp helps, but not
enough contrast
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Resetting the display
• Want to get most contrast across the low
end of the display range (0° to ~30°)
• Want to set the flat and nearly flat areas to
white and near-vertical to black
• Switch from a stretched display to a
classified display
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Want to get
more divisions
across the bell
part of the
histogram
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A standard deviation
and 1/4 interval size
gives a nice spread
over the bell curve
Works well for
moderate to
moderately high
relief areas
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In areas of
relatively low relief,
Quantile puts more
division breaks on
the lower angles
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If necessary, push
the symbol button
and invert the color
ramp so white is flat
and low angles
progress in gray
Go back to layer
properties
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The caveat page…..
• We are looking strictly at slope angle
• We do not have “sun and shadow” effects
• We lose the sense of “up and down”
• Without visual clues – we cannot tell high
points from low points
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Using Aspect for Slope Direction
• Aspect identifies the
downslope direction of the
maximum rate of change in
value from each cell to its
neighbors.
• Aspect can be thought of as
the slope direction. The values
of the output raster will be the
compass direction of the
aspect.
• Setting azimuth divisions to
colors gives a visual indication
of direction.
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Creating an aspect grid
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Setting azimuth break points
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Color display settings
Break Range Red Green Blue
North (0 - 22.5) 255 0 0
Northeast (22.5 – 67.5) 255166 0
East (67.5 – 112.5) 255 255 0
Southeast (112.5 – 157.5) 0 255 0
South (157.5 – 202.5) 0 255 255
Southwest (202.5 – 247.5) 0 166 255
West (247.5 – 292.5) 0 0 255
Northwest (292.5 – 337.5) 0 550 255
North (337.5 – 359.9999) 255 0 0
Break Settings at 45°
Closing the North Point at 22.5° each
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Aspect
• Can be displayed over a slope-shape
• Use transparency
• Use the “swipe tool”
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Examples
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