the flowering of traditional china 10. china after the han (220-581) division and civil war nomads...
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The Flowering of Traditional The Flowering of Traditional ChinaChina
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China after the Han (220-581)China after the Han (220-581)
Division and civil war Nomads from the Gobi Desert Effects of the Collapse of the Han on the Chinese
Psyche: Decline of Confucian principles Preference for philosophical Daoism Growth of Buddhism
China during the Tang & Song DynastiesChina during the Tang & Song Dynasties
China Reunified: The Sui, the China Reunified: The Sui, the Tang, and the SongTang, and the Song
The Sui (581-618) Yang Jian (Yang Chien)
• Turned to Daoism and Buddhism• Builder as well as a conqueror
Sui Yangdi (Sui Yang Ti)• 1400 mile long Grand Canal
• Connects Yellow and Yangtze Rivers• Used to move commodities to the north• Used to move troops quickly
• Was assassinated in 618
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Grand canal at WuxiGrand canal at Wuxi
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China under the TangChina under the Tang
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Chang’an under the Sui and the Chang’an under the Sui and the TangTang
The Tang (618-907)The Tang (618-907)
Li Yuan established a new dynasty after the murder of the last Sui
Tang Taizong (T’ang T’ai-tsung) Expansion Cultural growth – poetry and sculpture Spread of Buddhism
Internal problems during the Tang dynasty Border problems and the end of the Tang
The Song (960-1279)The Song (960-1279) Song Taizu (Sung T’ai-tsu) Problems with nomads Prosperity and cultural growth Collapse Mongols, 1279
Terraced rice paddies in southern Terraced rice paddies in southern ChinaChina
Economic RevolutionEconomic Revolution Population doubled during
Song era Agricultural prosperity
New variety of rice New cash crops – e.g.
tea, sugar Dikes, reservoirs, &
dams Water pumps
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Statues of traitors to Song dynasty in Statues of traitors to Song dynasty in HangzhouHangzhou
Political StructuresPolitical Structures Equal Opportunity in China: The Civil Service Examination
Grand Council had representatives from all three authorities: Civil, military, and censorate Civil Service Exam Song examination system – based only on Confucianism
• Three levels• Qualifying exams – accept teaching level position• Second exam• Final exam • Problems with the civil service system• Achievements of the civil service system
Local Government District governed by a magistrate Village governed by council of elders
Economy and SocietyEconomy and Society
Still largely agricultural Tang reduced power of the nobility for short
period Equal field system Then tried to control through taxes Innovations in agriculture
Urban economy saw significant increase in trade and manufacturing
Commercial growthCommercial growth Internal trade, facilitated by canals & paper paper
$$ Overseas maritime trade facilitated by
magnetic compassmagnetic compass & junksjunks
Growth in industryGrowth in industry Esp. silk fabric, porcelain & paper Water powered mills & bellows Iron & steel
Ocean Trade and the Silk RoadOcean Trade and the Silk Road
Guilds began to appear Credit or “Flying money” Long distance trade overland and by sea Silk Road – hazardous
Development of sea trade Innovations in ship building Products of trade
Society in Traditional ChinaSociety in Traditional China Growth and development of cities Rise of the Gentry Peasants and village life
Village architecture Family unit Male superiority Children expected to obey parents; position of daughters
Women New form of dowry – bride’s parents pay the groom’s family a dowry Introduction of bound feet Women’s rights Wu Zhao, (625?-706?), Empress Wu
Ideal woman’s Ideal woman’s foot = 3” long!foot = 3” long!
FOOT FOOT BINDINGBINDING
Lotus ShoesLotus Shoes
HOWCH?HOWCH? The grandmother and mother would wrap her daughter's or granddaughter's feet
around 5-7 years old. As the process went on over years, the girl would be in terrible pain. The reason for the heels becoming so hard is because the girl would walk on her heels during the process because her toes would be in such pain.
After years of this process, the bones would heal in the position of the binding, and the girl would no longer feel pain. There were contests by parents to obtain the daughters with the smallest feet. The smaller the feet were, the more beautiful she was; thus the more likely she would be chosen as a bride of a nobleman. When the liberation occurred, the women were told to unwrap their feet lest they be killed. Some of the women's feet grew 1/2 - 1 inch after the unwrapping.
FOOT BINDING Q & A!FOOT BINDING Q & A! When did foot binding begin?
Tang Dynasty (618-907) among upper class Why?
It’s beautiful. Right?• Another q: Would men find the deformed feet
attractive/erotic? Was it always the same?
No—It got much more debilitating (and widespread) during the later Qing Dynasty. (When was the Qing Dynasty?)
• Last one – 1636-1911 The ideal foot: approx. 7.5 cm!
Mongolian Empire
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Asia Under the MongolsAsia Under the Mongols
Mongolian dineroMongolian dinero“Khan Khash”“Khan Khash”
Explosion in Central Asia: The Explosion in Central Asia: The Mongol EmpireMongol Empire Mongols succeeded the Song as rulers in 1279 Genghis Khan (Temuchin), elected Universal Ruler
New tactics for his warriors; compound bow Introduction of “Fire lance” by their enemies Mongols turn west toward Europe/Middle East Set up a capital at Karakorum Territory divided at his death into separate khnates
Peace in Asia Growth of trade Legal code for Mongols Religious toleration
The Golden HordeThe Golden Horde Destroyed Kiev Moscow collected
tribute for the Khans & dominated other cities
Peasants reduced to serfdom because of crushing burden of tribute
Khagan Ogedei dies . . . succession
struggle ensues Western Europe is spared
Impact on Islam?Impact on Islam? Baghdad (the Abbasid capital)
is destroyed Muslim military strength
weakens Focal points of Islamic
civilization devastated as cities in Asia and Mediterranean are destroyed
Muslims remained active in world markets/ Arab role reduced
Ottoman Turks dominant
Khubilai built a Chinese capital, took Chinese names, created a Chinese dynasty (Yuan), and set up a Chinese adminstration
Yuan Social OrderYuan Social Order
Merchants & artisans gained status
Mongol women had
property rights & did not bind
their feet
1. Mongols 2. Central Asian Allies &
Muslims3. Scholar gentry less
powerful as exams discontinued
Mongols & Chinese Separate1. Nomadic women in harem2. Military separate3. Chinese scholars forbiddento learn Mongol script4.No intermarriage
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Models of traditional Chinese Models of traditional Chinese single-mast sailing vesselssingle-mast sailing vessels
The Ming DynastyThe Ming Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang (Chu Yuan-chang) overthrew the Yuan regime and founded the Ming dynasty (1369 – 1644)
Achievements of the Ming The Voyages of Zhengha
Reasons for voyages Results
An Inward Turn New focus on domestic issues and an end of voyages of
exploration
In Search of the WayIn Search of the Way Rise and Decline of Buddhism and Daoism
Common people and the ruling class attracted to Buddhism and Daoism New sects in Buddhism
• Chan (Zen in Japan)• Mind training and strict• Pure Land• White Lotus
Problems faced by Buddhism and Daoism• Official persecution• Envy over wealthy monasteries• Temples and monasteries destroyed
Denial of Confucian teachings Neo-Confucianism: The Investigation of Things
Revival following decline of Buddhism and Daoism Neo-Confucianism was to unite Buddhism and Daoism with Confucianism Neo-Confucianism and lack of advancement in some fields
The Apogee of Chinese CultureThe Apogee of Chinese Culture Literature
Paper and moveable type Ink rubbings and woodblock Poetry Popular culture The Chinese Novel
Art Buddhism and Daoist painting and sculpture Ceramics Painting
