The First People

Chapter 1, Section 1The First PeopleAnthropologistsScientific field that studies pre historyExamination of fossilsExaminations of culturesCultureA societies knowledge, art, beliefs, customs, and values

ArcheologistsStudy human material remains to learn about the pastArtifactsObjects that people made or used in the past such as coins, pottery, and toolsRarely every is the Ark of the Covenant discovered!!!

Mary Leakey1959 discovers skull fragments dating back 1.75 million years agoNamed nutcracker manAustralopithecineEarliest hominid (early humanlike beings that walked upright) discovery

LucyDonald Johanson1974 discovers a partial Australopithecine skeletonLucy dates as far back as 3 million years ago

Homo Habilis1959 Louis Leakey discovers fossils dating back 2.4 million yearsNamed Homo Habilis (Handy Man)Smaller teeth and handsBelieved to use crude tools stone tools

Homo Erectus (stop laughing Dallas)Homo Erectus (upright man)Appeared about 2 to 1.5 million yearsMuch larger brainMore elaborate toolsAxesAbility to control fire

Homo SapiensHomo Sapiens (wise man) Appeared about 200,000 years agoMore like modern manDeveloped sophisticated tools, shelters, development of language, drawings

Quiz Time!!!What Four Types of Hominids have scientists discovered based on fossil evidence?Answer!!!

The Ice AgeOccurred about 1.6 million years agoLong periods of freezing weatherHelped to expose the Bearing land Bridge between North America and Asia

AfricaIm Out!!!Scientists differ on when hominids began migrating AfricaTHE BATTLEIn this corner Homo Erectus bailed and Homo Sapiens developedIn the other corner Homo Sapiens began to migrate about 100,000 years agoThe WinnerDNA!!!Simply does not support theory number one

Possible Migration Routes

The Stone AgePrehistoric periodPaleolithic EraAlso known as the Old Stone AgeLasted from about 2.5 million years to 10,000 years ago

Life in the Stone AgePeople lived as nomadsMoving place to place following animalsTook shelter in rock overhangs or cavesHunter-GatherersHunting and gathering food?Men HuntedWomen gathered berries and cared for the kidsInvention and use ofyeah you guessed itSTONE TOOLSSpears, axes, etc.

Stone Age ReligionBelieved to practice AnimismBelief that all things in nature have spiritsMuch like Native-American beliefs

Lets Check It Outhttp://www.lascaux.culture.fr/#/en/00.xml

Chapter 1, Section 2The Beginning of AgricultureNew Stone AgeMore sophisticated tools gives way transforms Paleolithic Era to Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)Polish and grinding stones into toolsBut a more important change occurredFarmingThousands of years humans relied on hunting and gathering10,000 years ago a shift occursNeolithic RevolutionFrom Hunting and Gathering to FarmingWheats and Grains

DomesticationDomesticationThe growing or breeding of plants and animals to make them useful to humansProviding more surplus of foodEspecially storage for winter months

Foods and AnimalsWheat + Water + Fire=?GoatsProvide meat, tools, clothing, and milkFoods and animals differed depending on global locationExample: Mexico & Central AmericaMore beans, llamas, and corn

Farming SocietiesPastoralistsLarge areas of domesticationSettlements6000 BCE villages and towns begin to developWhy?More prosperusMore surplusBetter defense

New TechnologiesNew tools helped to make farming easier and produce more foodPlowGrindstoneUse of metals3000 BCE the use of Bronze is seen Thus starting the BRONZE AGE

Catal HuyukLargest Neolithic villageLocated in present day Turkey5,000-6,000 peopleGrew wheat and barleyRaised goats, sheep, and cattle

Otzi the Iceman

Chapter 1, Section 3Foundations of CivilizationFrom Villages to CitiesAdvancement in farmingIrrigationAbility to farm more land and in drier placesDivision of LaborEach worker specializes in a particular job or taskEconomiesFrom Traditional Economies (economic decisions based on traditions, rituals, customs) to more trade fueled economiesFirst CivilizationsDeveloped citiesBecome political, economic, and cultural centersEarly cities include Ur, Uruk, Memphis (all along major rivers)Organized GovernmentCreated laws and systems of justiceOfficials oversaw food and building production, collected taxes, organized defenseFormal Religions begin to formSocial classes begin to formRecord Keeping and WritingSome DownsidesEnvironmentalReliance on rivers also creates dangers especially with flooding and stormsDry season could be damagingSpread of people and ideasGood: Trade and cultureBad: WarfareExpansionNeed for more resources leads to ever increasing expansion and warfareCompare and ContrastVillagesCitiesFood surplusesFew craftsPriestsTraditional economyMost people are farmersFew families or clansProvided food for citiesFood surplusesChanging economiesImproved farmingMore tradeReligious, economic, and cultural centersPowerful leadersLarge buildingsDefensive wallsLarge, diverse populations