THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY AT FIFTY

Also by Peter H. Merkl

AMERICAN DEMOCRACY IN WORLD PERSPECTIVE (with Herman Pritchett, William Ebenstein, Henry Turner and Dean Mann)

DEVELOPMENTS IN WEST GERMAN POLITICS (co-editor with Gordon Smith et al.)

THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC AT FORTY-FIVE (editor)

ENCOUNTERS WITH THE CONTEMPORARY RADICAL RIGHT (co-editor with L. Weinberg)

GERMANY: Yesterday and Tomorrow

GERMAN FOREIGN POLICIES, WEST AND EAST

GERMAN UNIFICATION IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT

THE MAKING OF A STORM TROOPER

NEW LOCAL CENTERS IN CENTRALIZED STATES (editor)

MODERN COMPARATIVE POLITICS

ORIGIN OF THE WEST GERMAN REPUBLIC

POLITICAL CONTINUITY AND CHANGE

POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND TERROR: Motifs and Motivations (editor)

POLITICAL VIOLENCE UNDER THE SWASTIKA: 581 Early Nazis

THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC CHANGE IN POSTWAR JAPAN AND WEST GERMANY (co-editor with H. Fukui et al.)

RELIGION AND POLITICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (co-editor with Ninian Smart)

THE REVIVAL OF RIGHTWING EXTREMISM IN THE NINETIES (co-editor with L. Weinberg)

WEST GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY: Dilemmas and Directions (editor)

WESTERN EUROPEAN PARTY SYSTEMS: Trends and Prospects (editor)

WHEN PARTIES FAIL: Emerging Alternative Organizations (co-editor with Kay Lawson)

WHO WERE THE FASCISTS: Social Roots of European Fascism (co-editor)

The Federal Republic of Germany at Fifty The End of a Century of Thrmoil

Edited by

Peter H. Merlo

Palgrave Macmillan

Selection, editorial matter, Introduction and Conclusion (Chapter 25) © Peter H. Merkl 1999 Chapters 1-24 © Macmillan Press Ltd. 1999

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 978-0-333-72561-0

All rights reserved

First published in the U.S.A. in 1999 by NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS Washington Square New York, N.Y. 10003

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Federal Republic of Germany at fifty: the end of a century of turmoil / edited by Peter H. Merkl. p. cm. Includes index.

I. Germany-Politics and government-I 990- 2. Germany-Politics and government-I 945- 3. Democracy-Germany. 4. Nationalism­Germany. 5. Germany-History-Unification, 1990. I. Merkl, Peter H. JN3971.A58F43 1999 320.943'OO9'045--dc21 99-11955

CIP

ISBN 978-0-333-77042-9 ISBN 978-1-349-27488-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27488-8

ISBN 978-0-8147-5624-9 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-8147-5625-6 (pbk.)

To my wife Elisa whose diligent efforts contributed immeasurably to the completion of this book, with love

Contents

Notes on the Contributors

Introduction: Fifty Years of the German Republic Peter H. Merkl

Comparative Glimpses German Identity Whither the FRG: Future Directions Aging Governmental Structures Political Processes and Policies Germany in Europe and in the World Back to the Question of Identity

PART I GERMAN IDENTITY AT THE CUSP OF A NEW CENTURY

Germany's Past Viewed after Fifty Years of Democracy Henry Ashby Turner, Jr

2 The Changing Politics of German National Identity Henry Krisch

3 Coming to Terms with the Nation: The Political and Literary Voices of Women Joyce Marie Mushaben

4 Integration and Identity in German Politics William M. Chandler

5 Visions of Democracy Robert Rohrschneider

PART II NEW DIRECTIONS AMONG THE GERMAN LEADERSHIP

6 Elections and Political Change: A German Sonderweg? Helmut Norpoth

7 Kohl's Legacy: The CDU/CSU in a New Era Clay Clemens

8 The SPD Leaders in Power and in Opposition Gerard Braunthal

VII

xi

4 6

II 15 18 22

27

33

43

58

72

87

100

112

4

4

4

viii Contents

9 A Divided Left: The SPD and the Refonned Communists in Eastern Gennany Marilyn Rueschemeyer

10 East Gennan Leadership after Unification: The Search for Voice Thomas A. Baylis

II The Green Party's Transfonnation: The 'New Politics' Party Grows up E. Gene Frankland

12 The PDS: An Unexpected Intruder from the East Gerald R. Kleinfeld

PART III AGING GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURES

13 Parteiverdrossenheit? Whither the Gennan Party-State in the 1990s Gregg O. Kvistad

14 Fifty Years of Gennan Federalism: An Overview and Some Current Developments Arthur B. Gunlicks

15 The Politics of Gennan Cities: A Tale of Visions, Money, and Democracy Jutta A. Helm

PART IV POLITICAL PROCESSES AND POLICIES

16 Gennan Economic Policy after Fifty Years Kenneth Dyson

17 The Lasting Legacy of the Bundesbank: Fifty Years of Deutschmark Politics Peter H. Loedel

18 Gennan Trade Unionism: Achievements, Problematics, Future Imperatives M. Donald Hancock

19 The Gennan Media at the End of the Twentieth Century Karl H. Kahrs

PART V GERMANY IN EUROPE AND IN THE WORLD

20 The Gennan Quest for Geo-Economic Security since 1945 James Sperling

123

135

147

160

173

186

203

219

231

243

262

275

Contents ix

21 Franco--German Military Relations 287 Werner J. Feld

22 Will EMU Come as Intended and on Time? 299 Michael G. Huelshoff

23 Public Opinion and European Integration 313 Christopher J. Anderson

24 Barometer of A New Germany: Relations with Central-East Europe 326 Ann L. Phillips

PARTlY CONCLUSION

25 German Identity through the Dark Mirror of the War 341 Peter H. Merkl

Index 361

Notes on the Contributors

Christopher J. Anderson is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the State University of New York at Binghamton and currently a visiting fellow at Cornell University's Institute for European Studies. He co-edited The Domestic Politics of Gennan Unification (with Karl Kaltenthaler and Wolfgang Luthardt, 1993) and Stability and Change in Gennan Elections (with Carsten Zelle, 1998). His research has appeared in, among others, the American Political Science Review, the British Journal of Political Science, Comparative Political Studies and Electoral Studies. He is currently engaged in research projects focusing on politi­cal behaviour in democracies.

Thomas A. Baylis is Professor of Political Science at the University of Texas at San Antonio and a past President of the GDR Studies Association. His publica­tions include The Technical Intelligentsia and the East German Elite (1974), Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership In Advanced Societies (1989) and The West and Eastern Europe (1994). His current research is on elite and institu­tional change in eastern Germany and East Central Europe.

Gerard Braunthal is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst. His extensive publications on Germnay include Parties and Politics in Modern Germany (1996), The Gennan Social Democrats Since 1969: A Party in Power and Opposition (2nd edn., 1994), and Political Loyalty and Public Service in West Gennany (1990).

William M. Chandler is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, and, until 1997, taught at McMaster University, Canada. His research has concentrated on the study of political parties, federalism and public policy. Publications include Public Policy and Provincial Politics, Federalism and the Role of the State and Challenges to Federalism: Policy­Making in Canada and West Germany, plus journal articles and book chapters on party government, Christian democracy, party system change and immigration policy. He is a member of the editorial advisory board of Gennan Politics and has served on the Board of Directors of the Canadian Political Science Association.

Clay Clemens is Professor of Government at the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg. His publications include a 1998 special edition of Gennan Politics, co-edited with William Paterson, which also appeared as a book entitled The Kohl Chancellorship (1998).

XI

xii Notes on the Contributors

Kenneth H. F. Dyson is Professor of European Studies at the University of Bradford and Co-Director of its European Briefing Unit. His most recent books include Elusive Union: The Process of Economic and Monetary Union in Europe (1994), Culture First: Promoting Standards in the Age of New Media (1996, with W. Homolka), and Negotiating the Maastricht Treaty: The Politics of EMU (1998, with K. Featherstone). He has recently published numerous articles on EMU, including 'EMU and Economic Governance in German', German Politics (December 1996) and 'Kohl as Strategist: The Case of EMU', German Politics (April 1998). He acted as consultant for the BBC2 series 'EMU - A History' (1998).

Werner J. Feld is a UNO Distinguished Professor Emeritus Political Science, and past Director for Comparative Public Policy at the University of New Orleans. He is the author of American Foreign Policy: Aspirations and Reality (1984), Congress and the National Defense (with John K. Wildgen, 1985), Arms Control and the Atlantic Community and Future of European Security and Defense Policy (1993). He is currently Adjunct Professor of Political Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs.

E. Gene Frankland is Professor of Political Science at Ball State University. He co-authored with Don Schoonmaker Between Protest and Power: The Green Party in Germany and ontributed chapters to The Green Challenge, Green Politics Three, and Germans Divided. Currently he is co-editing with John Barry an International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics.

Arthur B. Gunlicks is Professor of Political Science at the University of Richmond, Virginia, and the past President of the Conference Group on German Politics (CGGP), and the author of numerous articles and book chapters on German government and politics, especially federalism, local government and campaign finance. He is the editor of Comparative Party and Campaign Finance in North America and Western Europe (1993) and edited a special issue of Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 19:4 (1989), on German federalism. He is also wrote Local Government in the German Federal System (1986).

M. Donald Hancock is Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for European Studies at Vanderbilt University. He is co-editor with Helga Welsh of German Unification: Process and Prospects (1994) and author of West Germany: The Politics of Democratic Corporatism (1989). Hancock is past President of the Conference Group on German Politics and former co-chair of the Council for European Studies. His research interests also include corporatism, pri­vatization, postindustrial societies, the European Union and Scandinavian politics.

Notes on the Contributors Xlii

Jutta A. Helm is Professor of Political Science at Western Illinois University and past President of the Conference Group on German Politics. She has written on protest, participation and workplace democracy in West Germany. She has focused on urban politics, comparing the declining coal industries in Britain and Germany and the impact of economic restructuring and globalization on cities in the United States and Germany. She is the editor of a special issue of German Politics and Society on 'German Cities between Globalization and Unification', forthcoming. Past publications include a German Politics and Society 1994 article titled 'No Laughing Matter: Joking about Turks', as well as 'Structural Change in the Ruhr VaHey: What Price Social Peace?' in Peter H. Merkl (ed.) The Federal Republic at Forty (1989), and 'Citizen Lobbies in West Germany' in Merkl (ed.), Western European Party Systems (1980).

Michael G. Huelshoff is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of New Orleans. He is co-editor, along with Andrei S. Markovits and Simon Reich, of From Bundesrepublik to Deutschland (1993). His work has appeared in International Studies Quarterly, Comparative Political Studies, Political Research Quarterly, American Review of Politics and other journals.

Karl H. Kahrs is Professor of Political Science at the California State University, Fullerton. He has written on German politics, political economy and US-German relations, for example a monograph Der Umbruch in Osteuropa in der Politik und O.ffentlichen Meinung der USA (1990), and chapters such as 'God help us if we lose' in Children and War (edited by D. Childs and J. Wharton, 1989). His current research is on the effect of meeting the Maastricht targets on budgetary policies in member states of the European Union.

Gerald R. Kleinfeld is Professor of History at Arizona State University and Executive Director of the German Studies Association. He is also editor of the German Studies Review. Along with David Conradt, Christian Soe and George Romoser, he is co-editor of Germany's New Politics (1995), an analysis of the Bundestag elections of 1994, and also co-editor of a forthcoming analysis of the Bundestag elections of 1998. He has published numerous articles on German pol­itics and history, and on German-American relations.

Henry Krisch is Professor of Political Science at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, and has also taught at Columbia University and Humboldt University (1992). He was President of the EGSG (formerly GDR Studies Association) 1989-95. Recent publications include 'Searching for Voters: PDS Mobilization Strategies, 1994-97', German Monitor (1998), 'German Unification and East German Political Culture', German Monitor (1996), and 'The PDS: Left and East', in Russell Dalton (ed.), Germans Divided? (1996). He is the author of The German Democratic Republic: The Search for Identity (1985).

xiv Notes on the Contributors

Gregg Kvistad is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Denver. His publications on German politics have appeared in German Politics and Society, German Politics, West European Politics and a variety of edited col­lections. He is author of the forthcoming The Rise and Demise of German Statism: Loyalty and Political Membership. His current research focuses on the political discourse of money in Germany as the deutschmark is replaced by the euro.

Peter H. Loedel is Assistant Professor of Political Science at West Chester University. He has co-edited a book with Mary M. McKenzie, European Security Cooperation: States. Interests and Institutions (1998), and is the author of Deutsche Mark Politics: Germany in the European Monetary System, forthcoming.

Peter H. Merkl is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. A past president he is still active on the Research Committee on Comparative Sociology of the International Sociological Association and with the Society for Comparative Research. Recent books are German Unification in the European Context (1993, with Gert-loachim Glaessner), The Revival of Rightwing Extremism in the Nineties and Encounters with the Contemporary Radical Right (1997 and 1993, both coedited with Leonard Weinberg). He is currently engaged in comparative research on political generations, comparative right-wing extremist movements, and on local govern­ment reform in Bavaria.

Joyce Marie Mushaben is Associate Professor of Comparative Politics, Women's Studies, and a Research Fellow of the Center for International Studies at the University of Missouri-St Louis. Her publications include studies of the peace and ecology movements, youth protest, rightwing violence, abortion poli­tics and women's movements in both Germanies, gender issues in the European Union, and welfare reform. She is the author of From Post- War to Post- Wall Generations: Changing Attitudes towards the National Question and NATO in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949-1995 (1998); and What Remains? The Dialectical Identity of Eastern Germans, Before and After Unity (forthcoming).

Helmut Norpoth is Professor of Political Science at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. His work deals with electoral politics and public opinion. He is a co-author of Politics and Government in Europe Today (1995), co­editor of Economics and Politics (1991), and author of Confidence Regained (1992). He served as president of the Conference Group on German Politics ( 1988-90) and as its vice-president ( 1986-88).

Ann L. Phillips is Assistant Professor of Political Science at American University. She teaches comparative politics with a regional focus on Europe. She

Notes on the Contributors xv

has just completed a book on German relations with Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary after the Cold War.

Robert Rohrschneider is Associate Professor of Political Science at Indiana University in Bloomington. His teaching and research interests focus on electoral behaviour, public opinion, political culture and German politics. He has published articles on such topics as European public opinion toward social movements or the views of eastern and western Germans about democratic procedures. His Learning Democracy: Democratic and Economic Values in Unified Germany was published in 1999.

Marilyn Rueschemeyer is Professor of Sociology at the Rhode Island School of Design and also holds an appointment at Brown University. She led the East German Study Group at Harvard's Center for European Studies and is presently a Fellow at the Davis Center for Russian Studies, Harvard University. Her earlier books include Professional Work and Marriage: An East-West Comparison and The Quality of Life in the German Democratic Republic: Changes and Developments in a State Socialist Society (edited with C. Lemke). An expanded and revised edition of her book Women in the Politics of Post-Communist Eastern Europe was published in 1998. Participation and Democracy East and West (edited with D. Rueschemeyer and B. Wittrock) appeared the same year.

James Sperling is Professor of Political Science at the University of Akron. He is coauthor (with Emil Kirchner) of Recasting the European Order: Security Architectures and Economic Cooperation (1997); coeditor of Zones of Amity, Zones of Enmity: The Prospects for Economic and Military Security in Asia (1998), The Future of European Security (1995) and The Federal Republic of Germany and NATO: Forty Years After (with Emil Kirchner 1993).

Henry Ashby Thrner Jr is the Charles Stille Professor of History at Yale University. He is the author of numerous articles and his most recent books include Germany from Partition to Reunification (1992 - revised and expanded edition of The Two Germanies); Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933 (1996) which was translated into German, French, and Italian; and German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler (1985). He also edited Reappraisals of Fascism (1975) and Nazism and the Third Reich (1972).