the federal bureaucracy. the combination of people, procedures, and agencies through which the...
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The Federal Bureaucracy
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The combination of people, procedures, and agencies through which the federal government operates makes up the FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY. A bureaucracy is a complex system of organization. Article II, section 2 of the Constitution says that the President may need to consult with the principle officer in each of the executive departments. Other than this vague reference, the Constitution is silent.
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The bureaucracy is administered by the executive branch,
and is regulated by the legislative
branch.
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Executive Offi ce of the Presidency
S c ience & Technology
Drug Control Policy
OMB
Policy Development
NEC
US Trade Rep.
NS C
Offi ce of Administration
Environment Equality
President Vice President White House Offi ce
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Development of an Executive Staff:
•Employment of first paid presidential clerk, 1857
•Employment of three secretaries & five assistants, 1939
•Reorganization Act (1939) this established the Executive Office of the President & expanded advisors of the president into the White House Staff.
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The White House Staff Duties:
Provides advice to the President, creates policy options, channels and
organizes information, write speeches and policy papers, organizes the schedule of the
President, controls access to the president, monitors & maintains
contact with the executive bureaucracy.
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Key Individuals in the White House Staff . . .
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Chief of Staff: organizes staff; controls access to the President
Press Secretary: Handles & schedules press briefings & conferences; prepares press releases
First Lady: Ceremonial hostess since Dolly Madison: Hillary Rodham Clinton & Eleanor Roosevelt have not served as hostesses, but have taken an active role in assisting their husbands.Vice-President: Presiding officer of Senate; after 1950, unofficial duties increased.
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Executive Office of the President:
•Office of Management & Budget (OMB), 1970: prepares the budget of the president to be sent to Congress.
•Management of the deficit.
•Monitoring of funds allocated by Congress
•Overseer of Federal bureaucracy
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National Security Council:
Members are the president, Vice-President, Secretaries of Defense
& State; In attendance are Director of the CIA and the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Duties: Advice to President on national security issues
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Office of Policy Development:
Chairman & Staff; Assists the President in policy development, providing of information non domestic matters.
Council of Economic Advisors:
Three economists who provide info on the state of the economy for the US; assist the President with messages about economy to Congress.
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Other Offices . . .
*Council on Environmental Quality
*Office of Science & Technology
*Office of US Trade Representative
*Office of the Vice-President
*Intelligence Oversight Board
*Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
*Office of National Drug Control
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The rest of the bureaucracy:
The Cabinet
Independent Executive Agencies
Independent Regulatory Agencies
Regulatory Agencies
Public Corporations
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Cabinet: Advice to the President in particular area of expertise. Cabinet Offices:
1. State 15. Dept. of Homeland Security
2. Treasury
3. War (now Defense)
4. Interior
5. Justice
6. Agriculture
7. Commerce
8. Labor
9. Health, Education & welfare
10. Housing & Urban Development
11. Transportation
12. Energy
13. Education
14. Veterans Affairs
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Independent Executive Agencies:
Executive organizations without Cabinet level affiliation. Examples: NASA, EPA, & CIA
Top administrator, appointed by the President without senate approval; Congress restricts through budget and oversight.
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Independent Regulatory Agencies:
Congressionally formed bipartisan agencies; independent of the President & Congress.
Examples: FCC, FTC, ICC
Holds hearing to determine violations.
Made of of a bipartisan board, with lengthy, staggered terms; appointed by the President, approved by Senate
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Regulatory Agencies:
Examples: FDA, OHSHA, IRS, Federal Reserve System
Regulates economic activity;
Appointed by President without Senate approval; Congress restricts through budget & oversight.
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Public Corporations:
Created by legislative charters.
Example: FDIC, TVE, US Postal Service
Board of Directors to create policy; General manger to implement policy; appointed by President with Senate approval; budget appropriated by Congress; government ownership of stock.
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Influences on the Bureaucracy:
Congress: creates new departments, agencies, commissions, controls budgets, maintains of civil service system.
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President: Overall coordination of the bureaucracy; appoints leadership, most times with Senate approval; submits annual budget to the Congress; power to reform and reorganize bureaucracy.
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Problems with a bureaucracy:
Poor coordination between & among departments, agencies, commissions.
Rigid, maybe unclear guidelines and regulations.
Huge bureaucracy in 20th Century.
A whole bunch of red tape.