the fat-soluble vitamins

The Fat-Soluble The Fat-Soluble VitaminsVitamins

A, D, E, and KA, D, E, and K

The Fat-Soluble The Fat-Soluble VitaminsVitamins

Vitamin A And Vitamin A And Beta-CaroteneBeta-Carotene

• Retinoids and carotenoidsRetinoids and carotenoids– Vitamin A activityVitamin A activity


• Retinol-binding protein (RBP)Retinol-binding protein (RBP)


• Roles in the bodyRoles in the body – Vitamin A in visionVitamin A in vision

• Roles in the bodyRoles in the body– Vitamin A in protein synthesis Vitamin A in protein synthesis

and cell differentiationand cell differentiation


• Roles in the bodyRoles in the body– Vitamin A in reproduction and Vitamin A in reproduction and

growthgrowth– Beta-carotene as an antioxidantBeta-carotene as an antioxidant


• RecommendationsRecommendations– Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)


• Vitamin A in foodsVitamin A in foods– The colors of The colors of

vitamin A foodsvitamin A foods– Vitamin A-poor Vitamin A-poor

fast foodsfast foods– Vitamin A-rich Vitamin A-rich

liverliver

In SummaryIn Summary• Other namesOther names

– RetinolRetinol– RetinalRetinal– Retinoic acidRetinoic acid– Precursors are carotenoids such Precursors are carotenoids such

as beta-caroteneas beta-carotene• 2001 RDA2001 RDA

– Men: 900 Men: 900 g RAE/dayg RAE/day– Women: 700 Women: 700 g RAE/dayg RAE/day

In SummaryIn Summary• Upper level for adults:Upper level for adults:

3000 3000 g/dayg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– VisionVision– Maintenance of cornea, epithelial Maintenance of cornea, epithelial

cells, mucous membranes, skincells, mucous membranes, skin– Bone and tooth growthBone and tooth growth– ReproductionReproduction– ImmunityImmunity

In SummaryIn Summary• Significant sourcesSignificant sources

– Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, livermargarine, eggs, liver

– Beta-carotene: spinach and other Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)pumpkin)

In SummaryIn Summary• Deficiency disease: Deficiency disease:

hypovitaminosis Ahypovitaminosis A• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– Night blindness, corneal drying Night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots), softening on eye (Bitot’s spots), softening of the cornea (keratomalacia), of the cornea (keratomalacia), and corneal degeneration and and corneal degeneration and blindness (xerophthalmia)blindness (xerophthalmia)

In SummaryIn Summary• Deficiency symptoms Deficiency symptoms

(continued)(continued)– Impaired immunity (infections)Impaired immunity (infections)– Plugging of hair follicles with Plugging of hair follicles with

keratin, forming white lumps keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis)(hyperkeratosis)

Deficiency Symptom: Deficiency Symptom: KeratinizationKeratinization

In SummaryIn Summary• Toxicity disease: Toxicity disease:

hypervitaminosis Ahypervitaminosis A• Chronic toxicity symptomsChronic toxicity symptoms

– Increased activity of osteoclasts Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone densitycausing reduced bone density

– Liver abnormalitiesLiver abnormalities– Birth defectsBirth defects

In SummaryIn Summary• Acute toxicity symptomsAcute toxicity symptoms

– Blurred visionBlurred vision– Nausea, vomiting, vertigoNausea, vomiting, vertigo– Increase of pressure inside skull, Increase of pressure inside skull,

mimicking brain tumormimicking brain tumor– HeadachesHeadaches

Vitamin DVitamin D• Other namesOther names

– CalciferolCalciferol– 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D

(calcitriol)(calcitriol)– Animal version: vitamin DAnimal version: vitamin D33 or or

cholecalciferolcholecalciferol– Plant version: vitamin DPlant version: vitamin D22 or or

ergocalciferolergocalciferol– Precursor is the body’s own Precursor is the body’s own

cholesterolcholesterol

Vitamin DVitamin D• 1997 adequate intake (AI)1997 adequate intake (AI)

– 19-50 years: 5 19-50 years: 5 g/dayg/day– 51-70 years: 10 51-70 years: 10 g/dayg/day– more than 70 years: 15 more than 70 years: 15 g/dayg/day

• Upper level for adults:Upper level for adults:50 50 g/dayg/day

Vitamin DVitamin D• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– Mineralization of bones (raises Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)retention by kidneys)

Vitamin DVitamin D• Significant sourcesSignificant sources

– Synthesized in the body with the Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlighthelp of sunlight

– Fortified milk, margarine, butter, Fortified milk, margarine, butter, cereals, and chocolate mixescereals, and chocolate mixes

– Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oilsand their oils

Vitamin DVitamin D

• Deficiency Deficiency diseasesdiseases– RicketsRickets– OsteomalaciaOsteomalacia

Vitamin DVitamin D• Deficiency symptoms: rickets Deficiency symptoms: rickets

in childrenin children– Inadequate calcification, Inadequate calcification,

resulting in misshapen bones resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs)(bowing of legs)

– Enlargement of ends of long Enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists)bones (knees, wrists)

– Deformities of ribs (bowed, with Deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs)beads or knobs)


in children (continued)in children (continued)– Delayed closing of fontanel, Delayed closing of fontanel,

resulting in rapid enlargement of resulting in rapid enlargement of headhead


in children (continued)in children (continued)– Lax muscles resulting in Lax muscles resulting in

protrusion of abdomenprotrusion of abdomen– Muscle spasmsMuscle spasms

• Deficiency symptoms: Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adultsosteomalacia in adults– Loss of calcium, resulting in soft, Loss of calcium, resulting in soft,

flexible, brittle, and deformed flexible, brittle, and deformed bonesbones

Vitamin DVitamin D• Deficiency symptoms: Deficiency symptoms:

osteomalacia in adults (cont.)osteomalacia in adults (cont.)– Progressive weaknessProgressive weakness– Pain in pelvis, lower back, and Pain in pelvis, lower back, and

legslegs• Toxicity disease: Toxicity disease:

hypervitaminosis Dhypervitaminosis D

Vitamin DVitamin D• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms

– Elevated blood calciumElevated blood calcium– Calcification of soft tissues Calcification of soft tissues

(blood vessels, kidneys, heart, (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints)lungs, tissues around joints)

– Frequent urinationFrequent urination

Vitamin EVitamin E• Other name: alpha-tocopherolOther name: alpha-tocopherol• 2000 RDA2000 RDA

– Adults: 15 mg/dayAdults: 15 mg/day• Upper level for adults:Upper level for adults:

1000 mg/day1000 mg/day• Chief function in the bodyChief function in the body

– Antioxidant (stabilization of cell Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A)vitamin A)

Vitamin EVitamin E

Vitamin EVitamin E• Significant sourcesSignificant sources

– Polyunsaturated Polyunsaturated plant oils plant oils (margarine, salad (margarine, salad dressings, dressings, shortenings)shortenings)

– Leafy green Leafy green vegetables, wheat vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, germ, whole grains, liver, egg yolks, liver, egg yolks, nuts, seedsnuts, seeds

Vitamin EVitamin E• Easily destroyed by heat and Easily destroyed by heat and

oxygenoxygen• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– Red blood cell breakageRed blood cell breakage– Nerve damageNerve damage

• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Augments the effects of Augments the effects of

anticlotting medicationanticlotting medication

Vitamin KVitamin K• Other namesOther names

– PhylloquinonePhylloquinone– MenaquinoneMenaquinone– MenadioneMenadione– NaphthoquinoneNaphthoquinone

• 2001 AI2001 AI– Men: 120 Men: 120 g/dayg/day– Women: 90 Women: 90 g/dayg/day

Vitamin KVitamin K• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– Synthesis of blood-clotting Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins that proteins and bone proteins that regulate blood calciumregulate blood calcium

Vitamin KVitamin K• Significant Significant

sourcessources– Bacterial Bacterial

synthesis in the synthesis in the digestive tractdigestive tract

– LiverLiver– Leafy green Leafy green

vegetables, vegetables, cabbage-type cabbage-type vegetablesvegetables

– MilkMilk

Vitamin KVitamin K

• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms– HemorrhagingHemorrhaging

• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– None knownNone known

The Fat-Soluble The Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Vitamins -

In SummaryIn Summary• Interactions with each otherInteractions with each other

• Interactions with mineralsInteractions with minerals

Antioxidant Nutrients Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease PreventionIn Disease Prevention• Free radicals and diseaseFree radicals and disease

– Oxidative stressOxidative stress

• Defending against free radicalsDefending against free radicals– Oxidants and antioxidantsOxidants and antioxidants

Antioxidant Nutrients Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease PreventionIn Disease Prevention

Antioxidant Nutrients Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease PreventionIn Disease Prevention• Defending against cancerDefending against cancer

• Defending against cardiovascular Defending against cardiovascular diseasedisease

Antioxidant Nutrients Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease PreventionIn Disease Prevention• Foods, supplements, or both?Foods, supplements, or both?

– ProoxidantsProoxidants

Water And The Water And The Major MineralsMajor Minerals

Water And The Water And The Body FluidsBody Fluids

• Functions of water:Functions of water:– TransportTransport– Structural support for moleculesStructural support for molecules– Participates in metabolic reactionsParticipates in metabolic reactions– SolventSolvent– LubricantLubricant– Body temperature regulationBody temperature regulation– Maintains blood volumeMaintains blood volume


• Water balance and recommended Water balance and recommended intakesintakes– Intracellular fluidIntracellular fluid– Extracellular fluidExtracellular fluid

•Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid

One Cell One Cell And Its And Its

Associated Associated FluidsFluids


• Water balance and recommended Water balance and recommended intakesintakes– Water intakeWater intake

•DehydrationDehydration•Water intoxicationWater intoxication


• Water balance and recommended Water balance and recommended intakesintakes– Water sourcesWater sources– Water lossesWater losses– Water recommendationsWater recommendations

• Water balance and recommended Water balance and recommended intakesintakes– Health effects of waterHealth effects of water

•Hard water vs. soft waterHard water vs. soft water•Bottled waterBottled water

How The Body Regulates Blood Volume

Fluid And Fluid And Electrolyte BalanceElectrolyte Balance

• Dissociation of salt in waterDissociation of salt in water– IonsIons

•CationsCations•AnionsAnions

– Electrolyte solutionElectrolyte solution

Water Dissolves SaltsAnd Follows Electrolytes


• Electrolytes attract waterElectrolytes attract water

• Water follows electrolytesWater follows electrolytes– SolutesSolutes– OsmosisOsmosis– Osmotic pressureOsmotic pressure

• Vegetables “sweat” when sprinkled with salt

• Raisins plump up when immersed in water


• Proteins regulate flow of fluids and Proteins regulate flow of fluids and ionsions

• Regulation of fluid and electrolyte Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balancebalance

Fluid And Fluid And Electrolyte ImbalanceElectrolyte Imbalance• Sodium and chloride most easily Sodium and chloride most easily

lostlost

• Different solutes lost by different Different solutes lost by different routesroutes

Fluid And Fluid And Electrolyte ImbalanceElectrolyte Imbalance

• Replacing lost Replacing lost fluids and fluids and electrolyteselectrolytes– Oral Oral

rehydration rehydration therapy (ORT)therapy (ORT)

Acid-Base BalanceAcid-Base Balance• pHpH

Acid-Base BalanceAcid-Base Balance• Regulation by the buffersRegulation by the buffers

– BicarbonateBicarbonate– Carbonic acidCarbonic acid

• Regulation by the lungsRegulation by the lungs

• Regulation by the kidneysRegulation by the kidneys

The Minerals - The Minerals - An OverviewAn Overview


• Inorganic elementsInorganic elements

• The body’s handling of mineralsThe body’s handling of minerals


• Variable bioavailabilityVariable bioavailability– BindersBinders

•PhytatesPhytates•Oxalates Oxalates


• Nutrient interactionsNutrient interactions

• Varied rolesVaried roles

SodiumSodium• Roles in the bodyRoles in the body

– Principal extracellular cationPrincipal extracellular cation

SodiumSodium• HypertensionHypertension

– Salt sensitivitySalt sensitivity

• OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

• FoodsFoods

SodiumSodium

Sodium: In SummarySodium: In Summary• 1989 estimated minimum 1989 estimated minimum

requirement for adults:requirement for adults:500 mg/day500 mg/day

• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body– Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte

balancebalance– Assists in nerve impulse transmission Assists in nerve impulse transmission

and muscle contractionand muscle contraction

Sodium: In SummarySodium: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetiteappetite

• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Edema, acute hypertensionEdema, acute hypertension

• Significant sourceSignificant source– Table salt, soy sauceTable salt, soy sauce– Moderate amounts in meats, milks, Moderate amounts in meats, milks,

breads, and vegetablesbreads, and vegetables– Large amounts in processed foodsLarge amounts in processed foods

ChlorideChloride• Chlorine (ClChlorine (Cl22) vs. chloride ion (Cl) vs. chloride ion (Cl--))

• Roles in bodyRoles in body– Principal extracellular anionPrincipal extracellular anion

Chloride: In SummaryChloride: In Summary• 1989 estimated minimum 1989 estimated minimum



balancebalance– Part of hydrochloric acid found in the Part of hydrochloric acid found in the

stomach, necessary for proper stomach, necessary for proper digestiondigestion

Chloride: In SummaryChloride: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– Do not occur under normal Do not occur under normal circumstancescircumstances

• Toxicity symptomToxicity symptom– VomitingVomiting

• Significant sourcesSignificant sources– Table salt, soy sauceTable salt, soy sauce– Moderate amounts in meats, milks, Moderate amounts in meats, milks,

eggseggs– Large amounts in processed foodsLarge amounts in processed foods

PotassiumPotassium• Principal intracellular cationPrincipal intracellular cation

Potassium: In SummaryPotassium: In Summary• 1989 estimated minimum 1989 estimated minimum



balancebalance– Facilitates many reactionsFacilitates many reactions– Supports cell integritySupports cell integrity– Assists in nerve impulse transmission Assists in nerve impulse transmission

and muscle contractionsand muscle contractions

Potassium: In SummaryPotassium: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– Muscular weaknessMuscular weakness– ParalysisParalysis– ConfusionConfusion

• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Muscular weaknessMuscular weakness– VomitingVomiting– If given into a vein, can stop the heartIf given into a vein, can stop the heart

Potassium: In SummaryPotassium: In Summary• Significant Significant

sourcessources– All whole foodsAll whole foods– Meats, milks, Meats, milks,

fruits, vegetables, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumesgrains, legumes

Calcium Calcium BalanceBalance

CalciumCalcium• Calcium rigor vs. calcium tetanyCalcium rigor vs. calcium tetany

CalciumCalcium

Calcium: In SummaryCalcium: In Summary• 1997 adequate intake (AI)1997 adequate intake (AI)

– Adults 19-50 years: 100 mg/dayAdults 19-50 years: 100 mg/day– Adults 51 and older:Adults 51 and older:

1200 mg/day1200 mg/day• Upper level for adults:Upper level for adults:

2500 mg/day2500 mg/day

Calcium: In SummaryCalcium: In Summary• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– Mineralization of bones and teethMineralization of bones and teeth– Involved in muscle contraction Involved in muscle contraction

and relaxation, nerve and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clottingfunctioning, blood clotting

– Blood pressure, immune Blood pressure, immune defensesdefenses

Calcium: In SummaryCalcium: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– Stunted growth in childrenStunted growth in children– Bone loss (osteoporosis) in Bone loss (osteoporosis) in

adultsadults

Calcium: In SummaryCalcium: In Summary• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms

– ConstipationConstipation– Increased risk of urinary stone Increased risk of urinary stone

formation and kidney formation and kidney dysfunctiondysfunction

– Interference with absorption of Interference with absorption of other mineralsother minerals

Calcium: In SummaryCalcium: In Summary• Significant Significant

sourcessources– Milk and milk Milk and milk

productsproducts– Small fish (with Small fish (with

bones)bones)– Tofu (bean Tofu (bean

curd), greens curd), greens (broccoli, (broccoli, chard), legumeschard), legumes

PhosphorusPhosphorus• 1997 RDA for adults:1997 RDA for adults:

700 mg/day700 mg/day• Upper level for adults (19-70 Upper level for adults (19-70

years): 4000 mg/dayyears): 4000 mg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– Mineralization of bones and teethMineralization of bones and teeth– Part of every cellPart of every cell– Important in genetic material, Important in genetic material,

part of phospholipidspart of phospholipids

PhosphorusPhosphorus• Chief functions in the body Chief functions in the body

(continued)(continued)– Used in energy transfer and in Used in energy transfer and in

buffer systems that maintain buffer systems that maintain acid-base balanceacid-base balance

• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms– Muscular weakness, bone painMuscular weakness, bone pain

PhosphorusPhosphorus

• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Calcification of nonskeletal Calcification of nonskeletal

tissues, particularly the kidneystissues, particularly the kidneys• Significant sourcesSignificant sources

– All animal tissues (meat, fish, All animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk)poultry, eggs, milk)

MagnesiumMagnesium• 1997 RDA1997 RDA

– Men (19-30 years): 400 mg/dayMen (19-30 years): 400 mg/day– Women (19-30 years): 310 mg/dayWomen (19-30 years): 310 mg/day

• Upper level for adults: 350 mg Upper level for adults: 350 mg nonfood magnesium/daynonfood magnesium/day

• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body– Bone mineralization, building of Bone mineralization, building of

protein, enzyme action, normal protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune systemand functioning of immune system

MagnesiumMagnesium• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– WeaknessWeakness– ConfusionConfusion– If extreme, convulsions, bizarre If extreme, convulsions, bizarre

muscle movements (especially of eye muscle movements (especially of eye and face muscles), hallucinations, and and face muscles), hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowingdifficulty in swallowing

– In children, growth failureIn children, growth failure

MagnesiumMagnesium• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms

– From nonfood sources onlyFrom nonfood sources only– Diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydrationDiarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration

• Significant sourcesSignificant sources– Nuts, legumesNuts, legumes– Whole grainsWhole grains– Dark green vegetablesDark green vegetables– SeafoodSeafood– Chocolate, cocoaChocolate, cocoa

SulfurSulfur• RolesRoles

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis And CalciumAnd Calcium

• Bone development and Bone development and disintegrationdisintegration– Cortical boneCortical bone– Trabecular boneTrabecular bone

Healthy vs. Osteoporotic Trabecular Bones


• Bone development and Bone development and disintegrationdisintegration– Bone densityBone density


• Age and bone calciumAge and bone calcium

• Maximizing bone massMaximizing bone mass

Osteoporosis And CalciumOsteoporosis And Calcium


• Minimizing bone lossMinimizing bone loss

• Gender and hormonesGender and hormones

• Genetics and ethnicityGenetics and ethnicity


• Physical Physical activity and activity and body weightbody weight

• Smoking and Smoking and alcoholalcohol


• Dietary calcium is the key to Dietary calcium is the key to preventionprevention

• Other nutrients play a supporting Other nutrients play a supporting rolerole


• A perspective on supplementsA perspective on supplements– AntacidsAntacids– Bone mealBone meal– Oyster shellOyster shell– Dolomite (limestone)Dolomite (limestone)

The Trace MineralsThe Trace Minerals

The Trace MineralsThe Trace Minerals• Food sourcesFood sources

• DeficienciesDeficiencies

• ToxicitiesToxicities

• InteractionsInteractions

IronIron• Ferrous (FeFerrous (Fe++++) )

– ReducedReduced

• Ferric (FeFerric (Fe++++++))– OxidizedOxidized

Iron AbsorptionIron Absorption

Iron: Heme vs. NonhemeIron: Heme vs. Nonheme

IronIron• Factors enhance nonheme iron Factors enhance nonheme iron

absorptionabsorption– MFP factorMFP factor– Vitamin CVitamin C– Citric acid from Citric acid from

foodsfoods

IronIron• Factors enhance nonheme iron Factors enhance nonheme iron

absorptionabsorption– Lactic acid from foodsLactic acid from foods– HCl from stomachHCl from stomach– SugarsSugars

IronIron• Factors inhibit nonheme iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron

absorptionabsorption– PhytatesPhytates– FibersFibers– OxalatesOxalates

IronIron• Factors inhibit nonheme iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron

absorptionabsorption– CalciumCalcium– PhosphorusPhosphorus– EDTAEDTA– Tannic acidTannic acid

Iron RecyclingIron Recycling

IronIron• High risk for iron deficiencyHigh risk for iron deficiency

– Women in their reproductive Women in their reproductive yearsyears

– pregnant womenpregnant women– Infants and young childrenInfants and young children– TeenagersTeenagers

IronIron• Stages of iron deficiencyStages of iron deficiency

– Iron stores diminishIron stores diminish– Transport iron decreasesTransport iron decreases– Hemoglobin production declinesHemoglobin production declines

• Both size and color are normal in these blood cells

• Blood cells in iron-deficiency anemia are small and pale because they contain less hemoglobin

IronIron

• Contamination Contamination ironiron

• Iron Iron supplementssupplements

Iron: In SummaryIron: In Summary

• 2001 RDA2001 RDA– Men: 8 mg/dayMen: 8 mg/day– Women (19-50 years): 18 mg/dayWomen (19-50 years): 18 mg/day– Women (51+ years): 8 mg/dayWomen (51+ years): 8 mg/day

• Upper level for adults: 45 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 45 mg/day

Iron: In SummaryIron: In Summary• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– Part of the protein hemoglobin, which Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the bloodcarries oxygen in the blood

– Part of the protein myoglobin in Part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contractionavailable for muscle contraction

– Necessary for the utilization of energy Necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells’ metabolic as part of the cells’ metabolic machinerymachinery

Iron: In SummaryIron: In Summary• Significant sourcesSignificant sources

– Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggseggs

– Legumes, dried fruitsLegumes, dried fruits

Iron: In SummaryIron: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– Anemia: weakness, fatigue, Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headachesheadaches

– Impaired work performance and Impaired work performance and cognitive functioncognitive function

– Impaired immunityImpaired immunity– Pale skin, nailbeds, mucous Pale skin, nailbeds, mucous

membranes, and palm creasesmembranes, and palm creases– Concave nailsConcave nails– Inability to regulate body temperatureInability to regulate body temperature– PicaPica

Iron: In SummaryIron: In Summary

• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– GI distressGI distress– Iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint Iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint

pain, skin pigmentation, organ pain, skin pigmentation, organ damagedamage

ZincZinc• RolesRoles

– MetalloenzymesMetalloenzymes

• AbsorptionAbsorption– MetallothioneinMetallothionein

ZincZinc• Enteropancreatic circulationEnteropancreatic circulation

ZincZinc• Zinc supplementationZinc supplementation

Zinc: In SummaryZinc: In Summary

• 2001 RDA2001 RDA– Men: 11 mg/dayMen: 11 mg/day– Women: 8 mg/dayWomen: 8 mg/day

• Upper level for adults: 40 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 40 mg/day

Zinc: In SummaryZinc: In SummaryChief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– Part of many enzymesPart of many enzymes– Associated with the hormone insulinAssociated with the hormone insulin– Involved in making genetic material Involved in making genetic material

and proteins, immune reactions, and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetusdevelopment of the fetus

ZincZinc• Significant Significant

sourcessources– Protein-Protein-

containing containing foodsfoods

– Red meats, Red meats, shellfishshellfish

– Whole grainsWhole grains

ZincZinc• Deficiency Deficiency

symptomssymptoms– Growth Growth

retardation, retardation, delayed sexual delayed sexual maturation, maturation, impaired immune impaired immune function, hair loss, function, hair loss, eye and skin eye and skin lesions, loss of lesions, loss of appetiteappetite

Zinc: In SummaryZinc: In Summary

• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, Loss of appetite, impaired immunity,

low HDL, copper and iron deficiencieslow HDL, copper and iron deficiencies

IodineIodine• Iodine vs. iodideIodine vs. iodide

• DeficiencyDeficiency– GoitrogensGoitrogens

Iodine: In SummaryIodine: In Summary• 2001 RDA for adults: 150 2001 RDA for adults: 150 g/dayg/day• Upper level: 1100 Upper level: 1100 g/dayg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– A component of two thyroid A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic growth, development, and metabolic raterate

Iodine: In SummaryIodine: In Summary• Significant sourcesSignificant sources

– Iodized salt, seafood, bread, Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plantsthose plants

• Deficiency diseaseDeficiency disease– Simple goiterSimple goiter– CretinismCretinism

Iodine: In SummaryIodine: In Summary• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– Underactive thyroid gland, goiterUnderactive thyroid gland, goiter– Mental and physical retardation in Mental and physical retardation in

infants (cretinism)infants (cretinism)• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms

– Underactive thyroid gland, elevated Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiterTSH, goiter

SeleniumSelenium• 2000 RDA for adults: 55 2000 RDA for adults: 55 g/dayg/day• Upper level for adults: 400 Upper level for adults: 400 g/dayg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– Defends against oxidationDefends against oxidation– Regulates thyroid hormoneRegulates thyroid hormone

• Significant sourcesSignificant sources– Seafood, meatSeafood, meat– Whole grains, vegetables (depending Whole grains, vegetables (depending

on soil content)on soil content)

SeleniumSelenium• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– Predisposition to heart disease Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)

• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Loss and brittleness of hair and nailsLoss and brittleness of hair and nails– Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and

nervous system disordersnervous system disorders– Garlic breath odorGarlic breath odor

CopperCopper• 2001 RDA for adults: 900 2001 RDA for adults: 900 g/dayg/day• Upper level for adults:Upper level for adults:

10,000 10,000 g/day (10 mg/day)g/day (10 mg/day)• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– Necessary for absorption and use of Necessary for absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobiniron in the formation of hemoglobin

– Part of several enzymesPart of several enzymes

CopperCopper• Significant sourcesSignificant sources

– SeafoodSeafood– Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumesNuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes

• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms– Anemia, bone abnormalitiesAnemia, bone abnormalities

• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Liver damageLiver damage

ManganeseManganese• 2001 AI2001 AI

– Men: 2.3 mg/dayMen: 2.3 mg/day– Women: 1.8 mg/dayWomen: 1.8 mg/day

• Upper level for adults: 11 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 11 mg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– Cofactor for several enzymesCofactor for several enzymes

ManganeseManganese• Significant sourcesSignificant sources

– Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, teatea

• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms– RareRare

• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms– Nervous system disordersNervous system disorders

FluorideFluoride• 1997 AI1997 AI

– Men: 3.8 mg/dayMen: 3.8 mg/day– Women: 3.1 mg/dayWomen: 3.1 mg/day

• Upper level for adults: 10 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 10 mg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– Involved in the formation of bones Involved in the formation of bones and teethand teeth

– Helps to make teeth resistant to Helps to make teeth resistant to decaydecay

U.S. U.S. Population Population With With Fluoridated Fluoridated WaterWater

FluorideFluoride• Significant sourcesSignificant sources

– Drinking water (if fluoride containing Drinking water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated)or fluoridated)

– Tea, seafoodTea, seafood• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– Susceptibility to tooth decaySusceptibility to tooth decay• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms

– Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of teeth)teeth)

ChromiumChromium• 2001 AI2001 AI

– Men: 35 Men: 35 g/dayg/day– Women: 25 Women: 25 g/dayg/day

• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body– Enhances insulin actionEnhances insulin action

• Significant sourcesSignificant sources– Meats (especially liver)Meats (especially liver)– Whole grains, brewer’s yeastWhole grains, brewer’s yeast

ChromiumChromium• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– Diabetes-like conditionDiabetes-like condition• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms

– None reportedNone reported

MolybdenumMolybdenum• 2001 AI for adults: 45 2001 AI for adults: 45 g/dayg/day• Upper level for adults: 2 mg/dayUpper level for adults: 2 mg/day• Chief functions in the bodyChief functions in the body

– Cofactor for several enzymesCofactor for several enzymes• Significant sourcesSignificant sources

– Legumes, cerealsLegumes, cereals– Organ meatsOrgan meats

MolybdenumMolybdenum• Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms

– UnknownUnknown• Toxicity symptomsToxicity symptoms

– None reportedNone reported– Reproductive effects in animalsReproductive effects in animals

Other Trace MineralsOther Trace Minerals• NickelNickel

• SiliconSilicon

• VanadiumVanadium

Other Trace Other Trace MineralsMinerals

• CobaltCobalt

• BoronBoron

• ArsenicArsenic

Contaminant MineralsContaminant Minerals• Heavy metalsHeavy metals

– LeadLead

Phytochemicals And Phytochemicals And Functional FoodsFunctional Foods


• Defending against cancerDefending against cancer• Defending against heart diseaseDefending against heart disease

• Functional Functional foods...foods...– from naturefrom nature

– from from manufacturersmanufacturers


Functional foodsFunctional foods– Inconclusive researchInconclusive research– Food labelsFood labels– SafetySafety– Overall healthfulness of productsOverall healthfulness of products

the fat-soluble vitamins

Documents

body vitamin

betacarotene2001 rdamen

vitamin d3

vitamin d2

bodymineralization of

misshapen bones

foodsthe colors of vitamin

fortified margarine