the expert witness: advocate or scientist

4
BOOKS The Expert Witness: Advocate or Scientist Reviewed by Milton R. Wessel It is only minor hyperbole that the expert witness in an American court is a joke. Whether the expert is a psychiatrist, a medical practitioner, or a toxicologist, the identity of the party who calls him or her to the witness stand is all too often an exact predictor of the expert's value-laden conclusions, many outside the scope of claimed scientific expertise. The result is damage to the pro- fession of the expert and to the in- stitution of justice, as well as to the calling party, when cross-examina- tion demonstrates that the expert is, in fact, a client advocate and not the truly impartial, unbiased scientist he or she purports to be. Certainly, the legal profession deserves its share of the blame for the sorry state of affairs in resolving disputes. But with expert testimony as well as elsewhere, lawyers could not do their damage without the ac- tive cooperation of the other players, in this case clients and experts. Indeed, the nature of our judicial system is such that with expert testi- mony the greatest hope for repair must rest with others, not with the bar. That is because lawyers are ad- vocates. Within ill-defined limits, their charge from society is to do what their clients wish. If their clients were to deny them authority to tinker with the integrity of their scientist witnesses, they would not do so. And most significant insofar as expert testimony is concerned, if their scientist witnesses were to re- fuse to be tinkered with, and to insist upon telling the scientific truth, the whole scientific truth, and nothing but the scientific truth, as they are sworn to do, lawyers could not tinker with the experts, try as they might. Until clients or experts change their ways in this area, lawyers un- doubtedly will continue to do what they think their clients want. One objective of current efforts at im- proving the resolution of socio- scientific disputes is to get clients and Scientists on the witness stand lose credibility when their testimony is less than scientifically objective "The Scientist and Engineer in Court" by Michael D. Bradley, American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, 1983, 119 pages, $14 Milton R. Wessel, counsel to the Wash- ington law firm of Swidler, Berlin & Strelow, serves as general counsel to the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology and the Council for Chemical Research. He also teaches at Columbia University school of law and Georgetown University law center and has written several books and numerous articles dealing with legal matters, including the resolution of sci- entific disputes experts to take control of their own destinies. Michael D. Bradley's "The Scientist and Engineer in Court," published by the American Geo- physical Union, is addressed in this regard to experts, so that they may better understand their assign- ments. Experts need sound foundations in the adversary legal process, if they are to understand what their proper roles should be. For attempting to tackle this assignment, AGU and Bradley, a hydrologist and appar- ently a frequent expert witness, de- serve credit and thanks. We sorely need good, up-to-date texts that ex- plain to experts how the system works and permit them to decide what their proper assignments should be—especially texts prepared by institutions and individuals not directly involved in the adversary process and thus not committed to any existing course. Unfortunately, Bradley's book does not achieve its important pur- pose. It is simplistic, superficial, and inadequate to cover the issues (105 small pages of text, including several charts—one long outdated). But by far its most serious flaw is Bradley's uncritical and virtually unqualified adoption of the "advocate" approach to the role of the expert. He hardly admits to the existence of the con- trary view—that the expert should testify as a scientist and not be con- cerned with whether what he or she says will help win or lose for any party. For example, Bradley writes: "Ex- pertise is neutral but testimony is not." He later contends: "Many expert witnesses misunderstand the use of convincing argument. They believe that as a scientist their special duty is to offer testimony that is neutral, unbiased, and objective. But the ac- cepted rules for neutral and objective scientific communication are not the same rules that communicate a con- vincing argument in the courtroom. . . . Some scientists may object to the idea of persuasive communication, fearing that persuasion is manipula- tion by emotion and prejudice. A scientist, they would say, should re- strict testimony to only scientific matters and should state only facts. This is a mistaken view. It assumes that an expert can give acceptable and useful testimony by mouthing facts without considering strategy or the eventual trial outcome. All ef- fective and skillful communication aims toward a single goal; that is, increasing the likelihood that the audience will embrace the message, understand it, and act or decide dif- ferently because of it. Effective communication has an argument, only an argument persuades and convinces." Bradley's view of the expert's role is perhaps most dramatically re- vealed when he proposes answers to January 9, 1984 C&EN 45

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Page 1: The Expert Witness: Advocate or Scientist

BOOKS

The Expert Witness: Advocate or Scientist Reviewed by Milton R. Wessel

It is only minor hyperbole that the expert witness in an American court is a joke. Whether the expert is a psychiatrist, a medical practitioner, or a toxicologist, the identity of the party who calls him or her to the witness stand is all too often an exact predictor of the expert's value-laden conclusions, many outside the scope of claimed scientific expertise.

The result is damage to the pro­fession of the expert and to the in­stitution of justice, as well as to the calling party, when cross-examina­tion demonstrates that the expert is, in fact, a client advocate and not the truly impartial, unbiased scientist he or she purports to be.

Certainly, the legal profession deserves its share of the blame for the sorry state of affairs in resolving disputes. But with expert testimony as well as elsewhere, lawyers could not do their damage without the ac­tive cooperation of the other players, in this case clients and experts.

Indeed, the nature of our judicial system is such that with expert testi­mony the greatest hope for repair must rest with others, not with the bar. That is because lawyers are ad­vocates. Within ill-defined limits, their charge from society is to do what their clients wish. If their clients were to deny them authority to tinker with the integrity of their scientist witnesses, they would not do so. And most significant insofar as expert testimony is concerned, if their scientist witnesses were to re­fuse to be tinkered with, and to insist upon telling the scientific truth, the whole scientific truth, and nothing but the scientific truth, as they are sworn to do, lawyers could not tinker with the experts, try as they might.

Until clients or experts change their ways in this area, lawyers un­doubtedly will continue to do what they think their clients want. One objective of current efforts at im­proving the resolution of socio-scientific disputes is to get clients and

Scientists on the witness stand lose

credibility when their testimony is less than scientifically objective

"The Scientist and Engineer in Court" by Michael D. Bradley, American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, 1983, 119 pages, $14

Milton R. Wessel, counsel to the Wash­ington law firm of Swidler, Berlin & Strelow, serves as general counsel to the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology and the Council for Chemical Research. He also teaches at Columbia University school of law and Georgetown University law center and has written several books and numerous articles dealing with legal matters, including the resolution of sci­entific disputes

experts to take control of their own destinies. Michael D. Bradley's "The Scientist and Engineer in Court," published by the American Geo­physical Union, is addressed in this regard to experts, so that they may better understand their assign­ments.

Experts need sound foundations in the adversary legal process, if they are to understand what their proper roles should be. For attempting to tackle this assignment, AGU and Bradley, a hydrologist and appar­ently a frequent expert witness, de­serve credit and thanks. We sorely need good, up-to-date texts that ex­plain to experts how the system works and permit them to decide what their proper assignments should be—especially texts prepared by institutions and individuals not directly involved in the adversary

process and thus not committed to any existing course.

Unfortunately, Bradley's book does not achieve its important pur­pose. It is simplistic, superficial, and inadequate to cover the issues (105 small pages of text, including several charts—one long outdated). But by far its most serious flaw is Bradley's uncritical and virtually unqualified adoption of the "advocate" approach to the role of the expert. He hardly admits to the existence of the con­trary view—that the expert should testify as a scientist and not be con­cerned with whether what he or she says will help win or lose for any party.

For example, Bradley writes: "Ex­pertise is neutral but testimony is not."

He later contends: "Many expert witnesses misunderstand the use of convincing argument. They believe that as a scientist their special duty is to offer testimony that is neutral, unbiased, and objective. But the ac­cepted rules for neutral and objective scientific communication are not the same rules that communicate a con­vincing argument in the courtroom. . . . Some scientists may object to the idea of persuasive communication, fearing that persuasion is manipula­tion by emotion and prejudice. A scientist, they would say, should re­strict testimony to only scientific matters and should state only facts. This is a mistaken view. It assumes that an expert can give acceptable and useful testimony by mouthing facts without considering strategy or the eventual trial outcome. All ef­fective and skillful communication aims toward a single goal; that is, increasing the likelihood that the audience will embrace the message, understand it, and act or decide dif­ferently because of it. Effective communication has an argument, only an argument persuades and convinces."

Bradley's view of the expert's role is perhaps most dramatically re­vealed when he proposes answers to

January 9, 1984 C&EN 45

Page 2: The Expert Witness: Advocate or Scientist

Books

specific questions. At one point he cautions: "If an expert witness is figuring a fee on an hourly basis, a cross-examiner may ask for an esti­mate of the total fee to be charged in this case, hoping that it will add up to an impressive sum."

Rather than recommend that the expert answer frankly and forth-rightly, furnishing the hourly or other charge for testimony and esti­mating a total, Bradley suggests: "A good answer is: 'My total fee depends upon how long you keep me here/ "

Such an answer may show how bright and quick the expert witness is, but it also shows his or her inher­ent hostility and bias.

At another point, Bradley asks: "Should an expert testify to some­thing he or she knows is less than the absolute truth?"

One would hope the answer is a flat, outright "No!" But that is not Bradley's response. After outlining a "continuum" of alternative re­sponses, he chooses one which "calls for the expert witness to modify the style and form of the communication but to leave the content and message intact. Form is changed but not sub­stance."

Whatever this means, and it sounds like typical witness "horse shedding," it is not "No!"

The Bradley "advocacy" view of the expert witness's role may well be the majority view among lawyers as well as among experts. But in my judgment, Bradley's view is back­wards, virtually in Kafkaesque style. The balanced, objective scientists who scrupulously qualify their statements to guard against overin-terpretation are the best witnesses. Experts must be true to their pro­fessed scientific objectivity. When they fail, they impeach their credi­bility.

The legal and scientific methods are very different. Our legal system seeks "justice," usually equated with "fairness." Fairness, in turn, means that everyone must play by the rules of the game, announced in advance. The system does not seek truth, ex­cept in an ultimate, very long-term sense.

Science, in contrast, seeks truth now, even though it recognizes that it will never reach it. Can you imag­

ine a responsible scientist seeking to apply an exclusionary rule to prevent consideration of evidence contrary to his or her hypothesis? When scien­tists are shown to be more interested in winning than in truth, they lose credibility.

The qualified experts who know their stuff and testify within their areas of expertise as true scientists, with all the necessary qualifications and limitations, have little to fear from the cross-examiner. Indeed, the skilled trial lawyer will conduct the most effective cross-examination of all, saying, "No questions." The lawyer knows that good witnesses grow on cross-examination, just as bad ones wither.

But experte who testify in advocacy support of their clients reveal bias and antagonism by the kind of cute answer Bradley recommends. Bias, not science, becomes the source of the conclusion. Indeed, the careful trial lawyer preparing a case will ask to interview a hostile scientist, ex­pecting and perhaps even hoping for an antagonistic refusal. Evidence of that refusal on cross-examination may help to disclose hostility not otherwise apparent.

In his ostensibly objective, schol­arly volume, Bradley's failure to at least refer to the opposition view of the expert as a true scientist, so that putative experts can decide their role for themselves, is wrong. More im­portant, it does a disservice to those who hope that one day our dispute-resolution system will find ways to bring good science to bear on legal controversies and end the battle of experts which plagues so much of our litigation and impairs the credi­bility of science generally.

The Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CUT) is a public interest organization, set up to provide valid industry scientific advice to society regarding toxicological matters. CIIT's policy guideline 8, "Expert Testimony in Adversarial Proceed­ings," serves as a model of how ex­pert testimony should be provided to achieve public credibility. Moreover, and in sharp contrast to Bradley's legal advocacy approach, its nonad-versarial mandate regarding expert testimony reflects the kind of control by management and scientist over the legal function that is required to

prevent the continued failure of the system.

Guideline 8 states, in part: "CIIT's participation in adversarial pro­ceedings in which it is not a party, whether voluntarily or by compul­sion, will be nonadversarial. It will satisfy itself that all parties have ap­propriate and timely access to infor­mation furnished by it to any party, or to it by any party. Its responses to requests will not vary predicated upon the adversarial position of the requesting party. It will otherwise seek to avoid adversarialism in con­nection with its participation, which will be limited to expert testimony on scientific matters related to its respective fields of expertise and consistent with the objectives of the Institute as set forth in its charter."

I would bet on a CUT witness over a Bradley witness, any day. G

Basic Microcomputing and Biostatistics. Donald W. Rogers, xi + 274 pages. Humana Press, P.O. Box 2148, Clifton, N.J. 07015.1983. $39.50.

Bimetallic Catalysts. John H. Sinfelt. xi + 164 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $32.50.

CAD/CAM SYSTEMS: Planning and Im­plementation. Charles S. Knox, vii + 315 pages. Marcel Dekker Inc., 270 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $39.75.

Chemical Information—a Practical Guide to Utilization. Yecheskel Wolman. xiv + 191 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $24.95.

Chemical Process Design on a Programmable Calculator. W. Wayne Blackwell. vii + 417 pages. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1221 Ave. of the Americas, New York, Ν·Υ· 10020. 1983. $32.95.

Chemistry and Crime. Samuel M. Gerber, editor. 135 pages. American Chemical Society, 1155—16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C 20036. 1983. $19.95.

The Chemistry and Technology of Coal. James G. Speight, xii + 528 pages. Marcel Dekker Inc., 270 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $69.75.

Coal Overburden: Geological Characteriza­tion and Premine Planning. Roy D. Merritt. vii + 343 pages. Noyes Data Corp., Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. 1983. $39.

Continued on page 52

46 January 9, 1984 C&EN

Page 3: The Expert Witness: Advocate or Scientist

Books

Continued from page 46 Computational Analysis of Polymer Pro­cessing. J. R. A. Pearson, S. M. Richardson, editors, xiv + 343 pages. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017. 1983. $66.75.

Condensers: Theory and Practice. 509 pages. Pergamon Press, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, N.Y. 10523.1983. $70.

Corrosion Inhibitors. M. J. Collie, editor, xii + 378 pages. Noyes Data Corp., Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. 1983. $48.

Cost-Effective Maintenance Management. Frank Herbaty. xii + 260 pages. Noyes Publi­cations, Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656.1983. $28.

Cryocoolers. Pt. 1, Fundamentals. Graham Walker, xxvi + 365 pages. Plenum Press, 233 Spring St., New York, N.Y. 10013. 1983. $49.50.

Cyclophanes. Vol. 1. Philip M. Keehn, Stuart M. Rosenfeld, editors, xi + 357 pages. Aca­demic Press, 111 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003.1983. $65.

Cyclophanes. Vol. 2. Philip M. Keehn, Stuart M. Rosenfeld, editors, xi + 366 pages. Aca­demic Press, 111 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10003.1983. $60.

Degradation and Stabilization of Polyolef ins. Norman S. Allen, editor, χ + 384 pages. Else­vier Science Publishing Co., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017. 1983. $70.50.

Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. 3rd Ed. Seymour S. Block, xviii + 1053 pages. Lea & Febiger, 600 Washington Sq., Philadel­phia, Pa. 19106-4198. 1983. $87.50.

Dismantling the Universe: the Nature of Scientific Discovery. Richard Morris. 224 pages. Simon & Schuster, 1230 Ave. of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. 1983. $14.95.

Effective Chemical Marketing, Advertising, and Promotion. J. Rogert Hart, xi + 121 pages. Noyes Publications, Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. 1983. $24.

The Effects of Hostile Environments on Coatings and Plastics. ACS Symposium Series 229. David P. Garner, G. Allan Stahl, editors. χ + 339 pages. American Chemical Society, 1155—16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. 1983. $47.95.

Efficiency and Costing: Second Law Analysis of Processes. ACS Symposium Series 235.

Richard A. Gaggioli, editor, χ + 462 pages. American Chemical Society, 1155—16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.1983. $55.95.

Electroanalytical Chemistry. Basil H. Vassos, Galen W. Ewing. xii + 255 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $45.

Energy and Resource Recovery from Waste. Stephen C. Schwarz, Calvin R. Brunner. xiv + 272 pages. Noyes Data Corp., Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. 1983. $32.

Energy Efficient Industrial Technology In Europe and Japan. A. G. Fassbender, M. J. McGee, Y. Yanase. xi + 416 pages. Noyes Data Corp., Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. 1983. $45.

Engineering Optimization — Methods and Applications. G. V. Reklaitis, A. Ravindran, K. M. Ragsdell. xvii + 684 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016.1983. $39.95.

Equilibria, Nonequilibria, and Natural Wa­ters. Vols. 1 & 2. Ricardo M. Pytkowicz. xv + 351 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $49.95 each.

Eurochem '83: Chemical Engineering Today. 616 pages. Pergamon Press, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, N.Y. 10523. 1983. $86.50.

Excited States of Biopolymers. Robert F. Steiner, editor, xii + 258 pages. Plenum Press, 233 Spring St., New York, N.Y. 10013. 1983. $39.50.

Expanded Plastics and Related Products. Yale L. Meltzer. χ + 262 pages. Noyes Data Corp., Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., N.J. 07656. 1983. $36.

Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook. Henry C. Vogel, editor, xv + 440 pages. Noyes Publications, Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656.1983. $64.

Fixed-Film Biological Processes for Waste­water Treatment. Yeun C. Wu, Ed D. Smith, editors, xvi + 493 pages. Noyes Data Corp., Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. 1983. $48.

Foundations of Boundary Layer Theory for Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer. Joseph A. Schetz. xxi + 309 pages. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632. 1983. $37.95.

Fracture Behaviour of Polymers. A. J. Kin-loch, R. J. Young, xxv + 496 pages. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.1983. $92.50.

Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics. Vol. 5. R. C. Bradt et al. xiv + 692 pages. Plenum Press, 233 Spring St., New York, N.Y. 10013. 1983. $89.50.

Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics. Vol. 6. R. C. Bradt et al. xiv + 674 pages. Plenum Press, 233 Spring St., New York, N.Y. 10013. 1983. $89.50.

Fundamentals of Fluidized-bed Chemical Processes. J. G. Yates, xiii + 222 pages. But-terworth Publishers. 10 Tower Office Park, Woburn, Mass. 01801.1983. $49.95.

Geochemistry and Chemistry of Oil Shales. ACS Symposium Series 230. Francis P. Miknis, John F. McKay, editors, χ + 565 pages. Amer­ican Chemical Society, 1155—16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. 1983. $59.95.

Glassy Metals: Magnetic, Chemical, and Structural Properties. Ryusuke Hasegawa, editor. 280 pages. CRC Press, 2000 Corporate Blvd. N.W., Boca Raton, Fla. 33431. 1983. $87.

Guide to the Chemical Industry. William S. Emerson, xvi + 330 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10013. 1983. $35.

Guidebook: Toxic Substances Control Act. Vol. 2. George Dominguez, editor. 225 pages. CRC Press, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Fla. 33431. 1983. $82.50.

Health & Hazards in a Changing Oil Scene. χ + 201 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $34.95.

High Gradient Magnetic Separation. Richard Gerber, Robert R. Birss. ix + 209 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $41.95.

High Pressure Measurement Techniques. G. N. Peggs, editor, χ + 404 pages. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017. 1983. $81.50.

Ion Implantation for Materials Processing. F. A. Smidt, editor, χ + 244 pages. Noyes Data Corp., Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. 1983. $32.

Ionization Potentials. L. H. Ahrens. xi + 104 pages. Pergamon Press, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, N.Y. 10523. 1983. $29.50.

Kinematics. Joseph Stiles Beggs. xvi + 223 pages. Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1010 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. 1983. $24.50.

Continued on page 65

52 January 9, 1Θ84 C&EN

Page 4: The Expert Witness: Advocate or Scientist

Books INDEX TO ADVERTISERS

IN THIS ISSUE

Continued from page 52 Manufacturing Processes for New Pharma­ceuticals. Marshall Sittig. xx + 612 pages. Noyes Publications, Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. 1983. $84.

Mass Transport in Solids. F. Bénière, C. R. A. Catlow, editors, xii + 602 pages. Plenum Press, 233 Spring St., New York, N.Y. 10013. 1983. $85.

Materials at Low Temperatures. Richard P. Reed, Alan F. Clark, editors, xvii + 590 pages. American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073. 1983. $87.20 members; $109 non-members.

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. 3rd Ed. Sybil P. Parker, ed­itor, xv + 1781 pages. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1221 Ave. of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. 1983. $70.

Merck Index. 10th ed. Martha Windholz et al. xv + 1463 pages. Marck & Co., Publication Dept. R32-62, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, N.J. 07065. 1983. $68.

Multichannel Image Detectors. Vol. 2. ACS Symposium Series 236. Yair Talmi, editor, χ + 332 pages. American Chemical Society, 1155—16th St., N.w., Washington, D.C. 20036. 1983. $49.95.

Neurobiology of the Trace Elements. Vol. 1. Ivor E. Dreosti, Richard M. Smith, editors, xix + 354 pages. Humana Press, P.O. Box 2148, Clifton, N.J. 07015. 1983. $49.50.

Neurobiology of the Trace Elements. Vol. 2. Ivor E. Dreosti, Richard M. Smith, editors, xix + 300 pages. Humana Press, P.O. 2148, Clifton, N.J. 07015. 1983. $49.50.

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic and Polymeric Materials. ACS Symposium Series 233. David J. Williams, editor, xi + 251 pages. American Chemical Society, 1155-16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. 1983. $39.95.

Organometallic Compounds — Synthesis, Structures, and Theory. Bernard L. Shapiro, editor, xxvii + 481 pages. Texas A&M Uni­versity Press, Drawer C, College Station, Tex. 77843. 1983. $35.

Patent Pending. Richard L. Gausewitz. viii + 240 pages. Devin-Adair Publishers, 143 Sound Beach Ave., Old Greenwich, Conn. 06870. 1983. $14.95.

Pesticide Chemistry: Human Welfare and the Environment. Vols. 1-4. J. Miyamoto, P. C. Kearney, ix + 383; ix + 372; xi + 569; xi 4- 429 pages, respectively. Pergamon Press, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, N.Y. 10523. 1983. $390. (4 vols./set)

Physical Chemistry. 2nd Ed. Ira N. Levine. xix -I- 890 pages. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1221 Ave. of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020.1983. $32.95.

Physical Pharmacy. 3rd Ed. Alfred Martin, James Swarbrick, Arthur Cammarata. vii + 664 pages. Lea & Febiger, 600 Washington Sq., Philadelphia, Pa. 19106-4198. 1983. $42.50.

Pipeline Safety Code. 4th Ed. Institute of Pe­troleum, London, xiii + 73 pages. John Wiley & Sons, 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $39.95.

Planned Maintenance for Productivity and Energy Conservation. John W. Criswell. vi + 151 pages. Fairmont Press, P.O. Box 14227, Atlanta, Ga. 30324. 1983. $36.

Powtech '83: Particle Technology. 448 pages. Pergamon Press, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, N.Y. 10523. 1983. $75.

Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Technology. W. F. Podolski et al. xiv + 429 pages. Noyes Data Corp., Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. 1983. $45:

Principles of Aquatic Chemistry. Francois M. M. Morel, ix + 446 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $49.95.

Principles of Polymerization Engineering. Joseph A. Biesenberger, Donald H. Sebastian, xxiv + 744 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $54.50.

Progress in Pesticide Biochemistry and Toxicology. Vol. 3, D. H. Hutson, T. R. Roberts, editors, χ + 449 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $112.95.

Progress in Reaction Kinetics. Vol. 11. K. R. Jennings, R. B. Cundall, editors, ν + 274 pages. Pergamon Press, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, N.Y. 10523. 1983. $108.

Pulp and Paper —Chemistry and Chemical Technology. 3rd Ed. Vol. 4. James P. Casey, editor, xxx + 596 pages. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1983. $75.

Rings, Cluster, and Polymers of the Main Group Elements. ACS Symposium Series 232. Alan H. Cowley, editor, χ + 182 pages. Amer­ican Chemical Society, 1155—16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. 1983. $32.95.

Robotics Applications for Industry. L. L. Toepperwein et al. x + 326 pages. Noyes Data Corp., Mill Rd. at Grand Ave., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. 1983. $45.

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Boston, MA . . . Walter H. (Skip) Mongon. CENTCOM, Ltd. Telephone 203-226-7131

Atlanta, GA . . . Walter H. (Skip) Mongon. CENTCOM, Ltd. Telephone 203-226-7131

Denver, CO . . . Paul M. Butts, CENTCOM, Ltd. Telephone 415-692-1218

United Kingdom Reading, England . . Technomedia. Ltd. . . .Wood

Cottage, Shurtock Row. Reading RG10 OQE Berkshire, England Telephone 0734-343302

Lancashire, England . . . Technomedia. Ltd. . . . c/o Meconomics Ltd., 31 Old Street, Ashton Under Lyne. Lancashire, England Telephone 061-308-3025

Continental Europe . . . International Communications Inc.. Rue Mallar 1, 4800 Verviers. Belgium. Telephone: 087-22-53-85 Telex No. 49263

Tokyo, Japan . . . Shuji Tanaka, International Media Representatives Ltd., 2-29, Toranomon 1-Chrome. Minatoku, Tokyo 105 Japan. Telephone: 502-0656

January 9, 1984 C&EN 65