the expansion of islam lesson two - hristiyan.org · • the umayyad patronized art and learning....

Encountering the World of Islam: The Expansion of Islam

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EWI Title Slide

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Lesson 2

The Expansion of Islam Lesson Two

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Islam is Spreading Rapidly-Growing in Many Nations

Islam is Spreading Rapidly

Muslim Growth Rate 75 to 1495 (Fast)

40 to 74 (Medium)

1 to 39 (Slow)

-100 to 0 (Negligible or Negative)

Islam is Spreading Rapidly - Growing in Many Nations

ISLM_GRWProduced by Global Mapping International, 1999. (719) 531-3599Derived from 1990-2000 religion growth figures, Patrick Johnstone, Operation World, 1993.

Note: Percent growth over 10 year period, 1990-2000. Countries less than .1 percent Muslim have been included in teh Negligible category.

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Rapid Growth of Islam• Why and How?

• Expose our myths & prejudices

• Understand their perspective

• See what lessons we might learn



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Muslims and Arabs• 1.3 billion people are Muslims. 21 % of

the world’s 6 billion people are Muslim. One fifth of humanity.

• 250 million people speak Arabic. 19% of Muslims. Millions of Arabs are Christians and Jews. Arabic is the world’s fifth most widely spoken language.

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Muslims and the Middle East

• While many Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa, most Muslims do not!

• Indonesia – 170 million

• Pakistan – 150 million

• India – 130 million

• Bangladesh – 110 million

• China – 80 million

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Major Unreached Muslim PeoplesMajor Unreached Muslim Peoples

Turkmen

KanuriFulani

BambaraWolofZerma

Somali

Sudanese Arab

Shuwa Arab

Yemeni Arab

Beja

Bosnian

Central ShilhaSouthern Shilha Cyernaican Arab

Kabyle Tunisian Arab

Albanian

Northern Kurd

Egyptian Arab Bedouin Arab

Jordanian ArabLuri

AzerbaijaniMazanderani

Tatar (Kazan Tatar)

Bashkir

Aceh

Banjar

Melayu

Lampungese

Minangkabau

Malay (Melaju)

Bugis

Baluch

BrahuiUrdu (Islami)

Hazara

Kirghiz Uighur

Hui (Chinese Muslim)

Hausa

TurkUzbek

Bengali

Sunda

Algerian ArabMoroccan Arab

Deccani

Saudi Arab

Kazak

Madura

Sindhi

Persian

PunjabiPashtun

Afghan TajikTajik

Muslim Ethnic Affinity Arab Berber

Chinese

Cushitic Eurasian

Indo-Iranian Malay

Sub-Saharan

Turkic

Major Unreached Muslim Peoples

Source: Muslim peoples from Joshua Project 2000 database, 1999.Muslim language locations from World Language Mapping System, 1998.

ISLM_PEOProduced by Global Mapping International, 3/00. (719) 531-3599 88

Muslims and the U.S.• 6 million Muslims live in the U.S.

• The U.S. has more Muslims than Jews.

• While many Muslims are immigrants, over 1/3 are converts to Islam

• While many non-immigrant Muslims are African American, a large percentage are Caucasian



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Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire

Whoever worshipped Muhammad know that Muhammad is dead but whoever worshipped Allah know that Allah is alive and shall never die!

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Prayer leader and faithful companion of Muhammad and uncle by marriage and respected leader.

Prevents the Arab tribes from breaking away (apostasy campaigns) and wins the first defeat of the Byzantines. Expands Islam into Syria, Yemen and Iraq.

2nd Caliph – UMAR – 634 - 644

Powerful and harsh member of the Quraysh and a new convert.

Captures Jerusalem (638), Damascus (636), Alexandria. Gains control of Egypt (641) and Persia.

Make Arabia an exclusively Muslim zone by expelling Jews and Christians. But they were paid compensation.

1st Caliph—AbuBakr—632-634

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Consolidation of control and governance. Corruption of the Quraysh.

Establishes official text of the Qur’an.

4th Caliph – ALI – 656 – 661He is the son in law of Muhammad by Fatima. His followers felt that

the succession should by in the family of the prophet. He is anearlier and faithful follower and tries to curtail the corruption of the Quraysh. He had not given his allegiance to the other Caliphs.

His death leads to the split of the Sunni (Umayyad Caliphs) and the Shi‘a (the party of Ali and the Imams).

3rd Caliph—Uthman—644-656

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Muhammad

Abu Bakr

Umar

Uthman

Ali (Fatima)

Muawiya Al Hasan

Al-Husayn

more Imams

Shi‘a Islam – 15%“Party of Ali”

Umayyad 662-750Damascus

Abbasid 751-1258Baghdad

Sunni Islam – 80%

Rashidun-The Rightly Guided Caliphs (632-661)



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Southwest Asia and North Africa MapSouthwest Asia and North Africa Map

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Early Expansion• Subjugation Arab tribes to Islamic rule rather than

Muhammad’s personality.

• Establishment of the rule of law, courts, salaried troops and taxes.

• Money problems - Legal tax

• Christians and Jews as protected subjects.• Taxes (Zakat vs. Jizyah – “protection”) • Dhimmi• Relief from Byzantine and Persian Oppression• State of Christianity

• Our Ideas of War and Battles – “death by the sword”

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The Umayyad Period (660-750)• Under Muawiyah I, Muslims advance across North Africa with

unity and zeal.• Capture the island of Rhodes and entered island of Sicily.• In the Northeast Muslims crossed the Oxus.• In the West they laid siege of Constantinople.• 711-713 brought victories in Spain crossed over to France in

the west the Sind in the east and Transoxiana in the north.• Under the Umayyads the Muslims dominions constituted the

largest empire in the world – Spain to Afghanistan.

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The Umayyad Period (660-750)• The Umayyads continued to organize the state

administration in Damascus.

• They constructed cities, administration posts, and buildings.

• They enjoyed economic prosperity for its citizens, promoted learning, research, translation, and established numerous centers of learning.

• Marks the beginning of an intellectual flowering.



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Arabic AscendencyArabic Ascendency

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The Umayyads in Spain (756-1031)• While the east become

Abbasid, the Umayyadsmaintain control in Spain.

• Modern agriculture, irrigation works increased cultivated land.

• Roads, bridges, trade, and industry flourished. Especially textile and leather works.

• The Umayyad patronized art and learning.

• Cordova came to be known as the “Jewel of the World”.

• Jewish historians called that period the Golden Age.

• All Arabian countries sent ambassadors and their students to Cordova and Muslim universities in Spain.

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The Abbasid Dynasty (Persian)• The early period (750-945)

• The capital moved to Baghdad

• Abbasid came to power by successful bloody revolt against the Umayyads

• Many Shi‘a revolts were suppressed and many members of the family of the prophet were killed

• Cycles of stiff tension between Arabs and Persians

• Internals revolts effected the conquest at the frontiers

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Europe Islamic Debt• During the middle and dark ages of Europe, the Muslims

were the leaders of the intellectual world.

• They were the pioneers in various fields of knowledge and learning.

• When Europe embarked on its quest for knowledge, it utilized the Islamic sources.

• Muslims made two -fold contribution to knowledge:• Preserved all learning of the ancient world into Arabic.• Islam produced great scientists and scholars in areas such

as astronomy, medicine, mathematics, physics, philosophy, geography, music, and history.



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• Science : Jabir, Jahizand Baytar.

• Mathematics : Khawarizmi, Omar Khayyam, AbulWafa, and Nasir-Ud Tusi , Al-Jaber.

• Astronomy : Farabi, Ibn Sina, Ghazali and IbnRushd, Ibn Arabi.

• Philosophy : Tabari , Ibn Maskawayah, Ibn Athir.

• History : Ibn Khaldun.

• Geography : Masudi, Idrisi , and Ibn Hauqal.• Music : Farabi, Zalzal, Ziryab, and Ibrahim Mousli.

Islamic universities spread throughout the Islamic empire, they flourished with scholars from Europe, particularly from Spain.

Europe Islamic Debt

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Islamic Art

Pictures of Arabic

Things

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“Muslim Spain wrote one of the brightest chapters in the intellectual history of medieval Europe. Between the middle of the 8th and the beginning of the 13 th centuries the Arabic speaking peoples were the main bearers of the torch of culture and civilization throughout the world. They were the median through which ancient science and philosophy were recovered, supplemented, and transmitted in such a way as to make possible the renaissance of western Europe.”

Phillip K. Hitti, History of the Arabs

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“It was under the influence of Moorish revival of culture and not in the 15 th century that the real renaissance took place. Spain and not Italy was the cradle of the rebirth of Europe. After sinking lower and lower in Barbarism, it had reached the darkestdepth of ignorance and degradation while the cities of Sarcenicworld, Baghdad, Cairo, Cordova, Toledo, Damascus, etc. were growing centers of civilization and intellectual activity. It wa s there that the new life arose which was to go into a new phase of human evolution. From the time when the influence of their culture made itself felt began the stirring of new life.”

Robert Briffault, The Making of Humanity



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Western Culture owes a deep debt to Islamic society

• We still use many Arabic terms like alchemy, alkali, alcohol, antimony, algebra, algorithm, and azimuth.

• Our number system (with the zero) is an Arabic numeral system.

• Christopher Columbus sails to the “New World” with Muslim maps and instruments.

• Roger Bacon (1214-1294) is regarded as the father of European renaissance and the origin of the experimental methods in science. His source material was Islamic.

• Tulips don’t come from Holland…They come from Turkey!

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The Spread of Islam

The Spread of Islam

Expansion by:

Conquests: 630 - 750 AD

Trade Routes: 750 - 1500 AD

Migrations: 1500 - Present

The Spread of Islam

ISLM_SPRSource: World Vision International, 1995.Produced by Global Mapping International, 3/00. (719) 531-3599

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Other Muslim Empires• Abbasids (945-1258) • Fatimids in Egypt (967-1150)

• Al Azhar

• Seljuks (1037-1194)• Crusades

• Mongols (1125-1260)• Genghis Khan

• Mamluks (1250-1517)• Timur (1369-1404)• Timbuktu (13th)

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• Muhammad the Anti -Christ• Crusaders were a bloody lot but they learned a great deal from the Muslims, who held the Crusaders in high esteem.• Crusaders often killed not just Muslims but Jews, Arab and Orthodox Christians and even sack Constantinople.

• In an age of suffering, feudalism and war and compared with the greater dislocation of the Mongols and Timur, the Muslims at the time saw the Crusades as minor.• Captured Crusaders were often ransomed rather than killed.• The Eastern Church never recovers from the Crusades.• “Better the Sultan’s turban than the Cardinal’s hat.”

The Crusades (1071-1375)



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The Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire Map 1

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The Ottoman Empire 2

Ottoman Empire Map 2

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Ottomans (1250-1922)• Constantinople falls in 1453

• Siege of Vienna in 1529

• Janissaries

• Competent Leadership as late as 1683

• New World Gold

• The Corruption of the Harem

• French in Algeria (1830), Brits in Egypt (1882)

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Distribution of Muslims


Percent Muslim Sparcely Populated

90 -100

50 - 89

10 - 49

< 10


Studies on Modern Asia and Africa, 1984.Source: Based on "A Map of the Muslims in the World", a map from the Center for Advanced

ISLM_DSTProduced by Global Mapping International, 3/00. (719) 531-3599



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South Asia• Ghaznawids (962-1156)• Sultans of Dehli (1204-1414)

• Mogul States of India (1525-1748)

• Destroy Temples but Not Hinduism

• East India Company (1631-)

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Spread of Islam South into Africa (1000) and East into Central Asia (1000), China

(755) and Indonesia (1300’s)• Gradual growth along coasts, trade and

caravan routes i.e. the “Silk Road”• Nominally win their employees and then

educated the children• By Sufi Mystics and Tradesmen• Syncretism• Involvement in the Slave trade• Monopolies in certain commodities. i.e. Spices

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Concentration of African Muslims and Christians


Saint Helena

GhanaLiberia

Côte D'IvoireSierra Leone

Guinea

TogoBenin

Morocco

GambiaSenegal

Guinea-Bissau

Cape Verde

Mauritania

NigerMali

Burkina Faso

Algeria

Seychelles

Tanzania

Botswana

South Africa

Namibia

Lesotho

Democratic Republic of Congo

Angola

Zimbabwe

Zambia

Mauritius

Swaziland

Mozambique Madagascar Réunion

Malawi

Mayotte

Comoros

Sudan

Sao Tome and PrincipeEquatorial Guinea

CongoGabon

Cameroon

Nigeria

Central African Republic

Chad

Ethiopia

Uganda

Burundi

Rwanda

Kenya

Somalia

Eritrea

Djibouti

Tunisia

Libya Egypt

Areas of Religious Influence

Majority Muslim

Muslim (Sparsely Populated)

Area of Religious Conflict

Minority Christian

Majority Christian


ISLM_AFRSource: Adapted from Patrick Johnstone, 1984.Produced by Global Mapping International, 3/00. (719) 531-3599 3636

Recent History• World War I – Abolished Caliphate

• Modern Imperialism

• Israel

• Oil – The Haves and Have Nots

• Failed Nationalism & Poverty

• Growth in migration in Europe and the U.S.

• Growing Orthodoxy



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They were GREAT!Today: They are disillusioned.

They are desperate.

The clash of civilizations.

The continued attraction of Islam.

the expansion of islam lesson two - hristiyan.org · • the umayyad patronized art and learning....

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