the existence of microstates in a large world
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9. Hcgcrio Fgtra`ueag :
:. Erftcrfi 3
5. Lferastitcs fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags :3
0. Lferastitcs ig` Fgtcrgiagio Uceurfty 50
3. Eageousfag ig` Zceallcg`iags 0>
Iieblcgts 0:
9
Fg`cx
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Fg :>>3 tbc JJE jrai`eistc` i scrfcs wftb tbc toc; Baw ta stirt yaur awg eaugtry. Fg tbc `aeulcgtiry, tbc
Jrfsb wrftcr/ealc`fig @iggy Xiooiec trfc` ta stirt bfs awg eaugtry, ruoc` jy bflscom. Pbfs dfgh`al, eiooc`
Pbc Dfgh`al am Oavcoy eagsfstc` am i it is savcrcfhg tcrrftary, milfoy, mrfcg`s ig` migs is iljissi`ars
ig` jc`raals, eoascts ig` bioowiys is cljissfcs. @urfgh tbc scrfcs bc hcts bcop mral virfaus iei`clfes
ig` fg tbc cg` bc trivcos ta Gcw Vard ta ippoy mar SG lcljcrsbfp. Ft wfoo jc ga surprfsc, jut i eaugtry wbfebcxfsts fg agoy ig ipirtlcgt fg Cist Oag`ag, `f` gat quiofmy is fg`cpcg`cgt eaugtry, bcgec tbc SG `ceofgc`
bfs lcljcrsbfp ippofeiag. Gcvcrtbcocss tbfs scrfcs sbawc` i ofoc jft ijaut tbc mug`ilcgtio qucsags
tbit surraug` stitcbaa`, ofdc; baw jfh sbauo` tbc tcrrftary am i stitc jc, ar baw ligy pcapoc a yau gcc` ta
quiofmy is i stitc1 @a yau gcc` ta jc rceahgfzc` jy atbcr stitcs fg ar`cr ta ajtifg i savcrcfhg stitus1 Ig`, ag
jcbiom am tbc pbysfeio tcrrftary, `a yau gcc` agc, ar eig i stitc iosa jc saocoy vfrtuio19Fg tbc waro` am ta`iy
agc eauo` irhuc tbit agofgc saefccs ofdc Uceag` ofmc ar Xaro` am Xireri eig jc sccg is vfrtuio stitcs,
fgeou`fgh lcljcrs (efzcg), ig awg eurrcgey ig` (vfrtuio) prapcrty. Is ta`iy, Pbc Dfgh`al am Oavcoy soo
cxfsts ig` fs quiofc` is i lfera giag:
, gat ta jc eagmusc` wftb i lferastitc. Pbc fgtcrcsgh pirt, ig` tbcrcisag wby F lcgag ft bcrc, fs tbit fg tbc scrfcs ft turgs aut tbit ietuiooy ft fs vcry ugeocir wbit fs gcc`c`
ta quiofmy is i stitc. Ig` am eaursc, tbc qucsag am wbit fs gcc`c` ta quiofmy is ig fg`cpcg`cgt stitc, fs i
vcry scrfaus agc is tbc eisc am Dasava sbaws us. Pbc qucsag am stitcbaa` quiofeiag eig cvcg turg
fgta i (efvfo) wir. Aefiooy ioo yau bivc ta a ta jc rceahgfzc` is fg`cpcg`cgt fs ta lcct wftb tbc stig`ir
is ihrcc` upag `urfgh tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag.5Ieear`fgh ta tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag am 9655 tbc
maooawfgh erftcrfi sbauo` jc lct;
I pcrligcgt papuoiag
I `cgc` tcrrftary
I havcrglcgt
Eipiefty ta cgtcr fgta rcoiags wftb atbcr stitcs
Oagh jcmarc tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag taad poiec tbcsc maur pafgts wbcrc iorci`y i dfg` am ugwrfcg oiw.
Liyjc tbc last flpartigt pafgt am tbc maur ijavc lcgagc` wis tbc passfjfofty ta `cmcg` tbc tcrrftary.
Pbcrc wis i lc tbit cvcry trfjc fg Curapc rcprcscgtc` salc dfg` am giag, ugftc` fg eoigs.0Iosa dgawg
irc tbc buggh hraug`s am tbc scvcrio Givc Ilcrfeig trfjcs ig` am eaursc tbcrc irc i oat larc cxilpocs ta
lcgag. Icr tbc eaooipsc am tbc Zalig Clpfrc, Curapc wftgcssc` i sbirp fgercisc fg urjigfziag. Pbfgd
am tbc Hcrlig Docfgstiitcrcf3, tbc Ftiofig efty stitcs `urfgh tbc lc am Liebfivcoof ig` tbc rst rcpujofe fg
tbc waro`; Pbc Sgftc` @uteb ^ravfgecs.
9 Uaug`s rf`feuoaus1 Eurrcgtoy tbc pcapoc am Puviou irc tbrcitcgc` ta oaasc tbcfr tcrrftary `uc ta eoflitc ebighc, tbcy
eagsf`cr eaggufgh tbcfr giag agofgc. Pbfs wfoo jrfgh gcw ebioocghcs ta tbc quiofeiags am stitcbaa`.
: Ig cgty tbit rcscljocs i giag ar i stitc tbit mar tbc last pirt cxfsts agoy ag pipcr, ag tbc fgtcrgct, ar fg tbc lfg` am
fts ercitar. bp;//cg.wfdagiry.arh/wfdf/lferagiag ag 95.8.:>9>.
5 Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag ag tbc rfhbts ig` `ucs am stitcs, 9655 ea`fmyfgh tbc `ceoirivc tbcary am stitcbaa`.
0 Bughiry wis marlc` jy scvcg eoigs fg tbc ao` `iys.
3 Hcrligy cxfstc` am ga ocss tbig 590 sa eiooc` docfgstiitc ar slioo stitcs fg tbc sceag` biom am tbc 92tb ecgtury. Ucc [wiig
:>>9 mar murtbcr `ctifos.
:
9. Hcgcrio Fgtra`ueag
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Pbc guljcr ig` pawcr am tbcsc efty stitcs ig` slioo giags rciebc` fts pcid it tbc stirt am tbc 90tb ecgtury.
Pfgy ]cgfec bi` tbc silc havcrglcgtio ju`hct is tbc Dfgh`al am Upifg ig` agoy :>% ocss tbig tbc Dfgh`al
am Mrigec! Pbfs pcrfa` am wciotb wis ieealpigfc` wftb i rcoivc bfhb stig`ir` am `claeriey. Lferastitcs
wbcrc dgawg mar tbcfr slioo apcg typc am havcrglcgts. Hcgcrio surihc `f`gt cxfst, jut acg tbc tri`fgh
coftc wcrc vcry fgucgio. Pbfs cri cg`c` ijrupt fg 9060 wbcg tbc Ftiofig pcgfgsuoi wis fgvi`c` jy Ebirocs
]FFF am Mrigec. Xftb tbfs tbc Hrcit Ftiofig Xirs bi` stirtc` ig` tbc eurtifg mar tbc lferastitcs fg Uautbcrg
Curapc bi` mioocg. Gatcwartby fs tbit tbc Mrcgeb fgvisfag wis cgeaurihc` jy Ou`avfea Umarzi, @udc am Lfoig
(it tbit lc iosa i efty stitc) wba sauhbt ig iooy ihifgst tbc Zcpujofe am ]cgfec=. Lcigwbfoc tbc Hcrlig
Dfgh`al `fspcrsc` ig` tbc waro` wis eaoagfzc` jy Curapc. Pbfs ioo ieeuluoitc` ugo fg 96>> wbcg tbc
waro` eagsfstc` am kust i mcw pawcrs; tbc Sgftc` Utitcs am Ilcrfei, tbc Sgftc` Dfgh`al am Hrcit Jrftifg ig`
Frcoig`, tbc Dfgh`als am Garwiy ig` Uwc`cg, tbc Zussfig Clpfrc, tbc Hcrlig Clpfrc, Iustrfi-Bughirfi,
tbc Aalig Clpfrc, tbc Mrcgeb Zcpujofe ig` tbc Dfgh`al am Ftioy. Gatc tbit ligy fgvisfags am tbc marlcr
lferastitcs wcrc `rfvcg jy tbc hrcc` mar tbcfr wciotb. It tbc stirt am tbc :>tb ecgtury tbcrc wbcrc iolast
ga lferastitcs oc.
Xbit maooawc` wis i ecgtury pcrecfvc` jy ligy bfstarfigs is tbc joaa`fcst ecgtury cvcr84 twa waro` wirs
tarc tbc waro` ipirt ig` eiusc` tbc `citb ig` jfrtb am ligy giags. Atbcr eaugtrfcs wcrc ruoc` jy jrutio
`fetitars wba dfooc` ligy am tbcfr awg pcapoc.2Icr tbit i eao` wir maooawc`, wbfeb wisgt rciooy tbit eao`
jy praxy. Iraug` tbrcc tbfr` am tbc ecgtury tbcrc wis i wivc am `ceaoagfziag, ieealpigfc` wftb fg ligy
eiscs vfaocgt wirs. It tbc cg` am tbc :>st ecgtury wc wftgcssc` tbc rst twa bfhb tceb wirs cvcr mauhbt; tbc
Mfrst Huom Xir ig` tbc Dasava Xir.
Xbcrc tbcrc iolast ga lferastitcs oc it tbc stirt am tbc :>tb ecgtury, it tbc cg` am oist ecgtury tbcy wbcrc
jied ig` bcrc ta stiy! Ua, tbc :9st ecgtury fs ijaut tcg ycirs yaugh, wbit huirigtccs tbc lferastitcs tbit
tbcy wfoo survfvc tbfs ecgtury1 Icr ioo bfstary bis pravcg tbit tbc fgtcrgiagio ircgi eig jc wbflsfeio.
Fg tbfs rcscireb F wauo` ofdc ta cxpoarc tbc pbcgalcgi am tbc lferastitc. Fg ar`cr ta a tbfs fg ig ar`crc` ig`
maeusc` wiy F marluoitc` i wardfgh toc ig` i rcscireb qucsag. Pbc wardfgh toc fs;
Pbc cxfstcgec am lferastitcs fg i oirhc waro`
Pbc rcscireb qucsag fs;
Xbit `cgcs i stitc is i lferastitc1
Irc tbc eurrcgt `cgfags usc` ta `ctcrlfgc wbctbcr i stitc fs i lferastitc suefcgt ig` wardijoc, ar irc
tbcy fgsuefcgt ig` irjftriry1
= Lfoig wis, ofdc ]cgfec, i lferastitc.
8 Ucc Gfioo Mcrhusags Xir am tbc Xaro`, :>>=
2 Kascm Utiofg, ^ao ^at, Lia [c`agh c.h.
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Fg tbc rst ebiptcr F wigt ta put marwir` i sct am erftcrfi am wbfeb F jcofcvc ta jc uscmuo fg `cgfgh lfera-
stitcs. Liyjc tbc usc` erftcrfi (Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag ig` SG erftcrfi) irc taa oflftc`, maeusfgh ag agoy
salc ispcets am i stitc ofdc papuoiag, tcrrftary ar lfoftiry ar ceagalfe pawcr. Fg tbc sceag` ebiptcr F wfoo
maeus ag lferastitcs fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Pbcary ig` prixfs. Baw acs tbc tbcary pcrecfvc lferastitcs
ig` baw fs tbc prcscgec am lferastitcs dgawg fg tbc waro`1 Fg tbc tbfr` ebiptcr F wigt ta tidc i eoascr oaad
it sceurfty fssucs. Jy tbcfr giturc, lferastitcs irc larc vuogcrijoc tbig last atbcr stitcs, lidfgh tbcl ig
cisy prcy fg ig igirebfse waro`. F wfoo rcvfcw tbcfr lfoftiry strcghtb ig` raoc fg pawcr paofes. F wfoo iosa
`fseuss i eisc stu`y ta fooustritc lferastitc sceurfty. Fg tbfs eisc stu`y F wfoo fseuss tbc stritchfe viouc am Aec-
igfi fg tbc ^ZE/ Pifwig `fsputc. F wfoo eageou`c ly rcscireb wftb i eageousfag ig` salc rceallcg`iags.
Fg tbfs cssiy F wfoo usc tbc tcrls stitc, giag ig` eaugtry fgtcrebighcijoc. F dgaw tbit tbcrc irc `fm-
mcrcgecs fg tbc `cgfags am tbcsc war`s, jut mar ly rcscireb tbasc `fcrcgecs irc frrcocvigt. Xbcg F tiod
ijaut tcrrftary F cftbcr `cserfjc tbc tatio irci am i giag ar F tiod ijaut gag fg`cpcg`cgt ircis (ofdc avcr-
scis tcrrftarfcs ar `fsputc` tcrrftarfcs). Xbfeb agc wfoo ioou`c mral tbc eagtcxt.
Eageou`fgh tbfs hcgcrio fgtra`ueag F wauo` ofdc ta gatc tbit F `a rciofzc tbit ta i ecrtifg cxtcg` `cgfgh
lferastitcs fs i licr am fgtcrprctiag ig` mar tbit rcisag ritbcr irefio. Fg ercigh ig autofgc tbcrc
wfoo iowiys jc salc hrcy ircis. Bawcvcr, fm wc usc tbc erftcrfi F marwir` fg tbfs wrfgh wc wfoo bivc i larc
eabcsfvc hraup am stitcs tbit bivc larc fg eallag ig` irc larc ealpoctc tbig tbc eurrcgt hraup am lfera-
stitcs.
Iirt-Kig vig `cr ]ofcs
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@cgfgh tbc tcrl lferastitc fs gat is cisy is ft sccls. Baw `a wc quigmy tbc tcrl lfera ig` baw
strfet, ar oaasc, `a wc usc tbc tcrl stitc1 Pa rceahgfzc i lferastitc wc irc fg tbc gcc` ta rcscireb jatb
war`s; lfera ig` stitc. Pbc cgfag am jcfgh i stitc fs hfvcg fg tbc prcvfausoy lcgagc` Lagtcvf`ca Eag-
vcgag. Pbc lfera pirt fs `cgc` jy tbc SG is i stitc wftb agc lfoofag fgbijftigts ar ocss. Pbfs `cgfag
sccls ta lc ta jc ritbcr irefio ig` tbcarceio wftb ofoc usc fg tbc rcio waro`. Mar cxilpoc, ieear`fgh ta
tbfs cgfag, Ufghiparc wftb fts =28 squirc dfoalctrcs ig` 0,=38,30: fgbijftigts fs gat i lferastitc. Yitir
wftb 99,32= squirc dfoalctrcs jut i papuoiag am agoy 255,:23 fs.6 Fg ly prcoflfgiry rci`fgh F gatc` tbit
ilagh iei`clfes, is wcoo is stitc ig` arhigfziag aefios, tbc cgfag am i lferastitc fs it jcst fgeageou-
sfvc. Jcoaw Fvc ofstc` salc am tbc erftcrfi usc` ta `cgc tbc lfera pirt fg tbc tcrl lferastitc;
Pbc SG `cgfag9>
9,3 Lfoofag fgbijftigts99
I tcrrftary am lixflul 9,>>> squirc dfoalctrcs (bijftijoc, last irebfpcoihas mar cxilpoc
eagtifg larc witcr tbig oig`liss)9:
Guljcr am fg`fvf`uios pcr squirc dfoalctrc (79>> pcr squirc dfoalctrc)95
Pbc paofeio pawcr am i stitc (wcid stitcs jcfgh lferastitcs)90
Ga pirilctcrs it ioo, is rcmcrcgec ta slioo stitcs93
Is yau eig scc ijavc, tbc pirilctcrs viry quftc `rilieiooy4 pcapoc usc guljcrs am fgbijftigts, surmiec,
pawcr ig` lfxc` marls am tbfs ta `ctcrlfgc lferastitcs. Dcy coclcgt fg ioo tbcsc `cgfags fs tbit fts
oaadc` upag mral i oirhc stitc pcrspcevc. Xbit fs tbc stiseio ieeaugtijfofty am tbc guljcr agc lfoofag
ar agc ig` i biom lfoofag1 Ar, fm fts gat i licr am litb, wbit atbcr cxpoigiag fs tbcrc mar tbc guljcrs1
F maug` ft bir` ta jcofcvc tbit i eaugtry wftb agc lfoofag efzcgs fs vcry `fcrcgt mral i eaugtry tbit bis
agc ig` i biom, ar cvcg twa lfoofag efzcgs. Pbc oig`liss erftcrfag fs ug`crstig`ijoc ta i ecrtifg cxtcg`,
bawcvcr, ft wauo` jc larc earrcet ta usc ft fg `cgfgh fsoig` lferastitcs. I tatiooy `fcrcgt wiy fg `cgfgh
lfera fs tbc lcisurclcgt am paofeio pawcr. Fm yau usc paofes is erftcrfi, yau eig cisfoy ijig`ag slioogcss
is i rcscireb erftcrfag is ealpirc` ta tbc straghcst stitcs ioo atbcrs irc wcid. Igatbcr eagscqucgec wauo`jc tbit lissfvc eaugtrfcs ofdc Eigi`i eig jc quiofc` is lferastitcs, usfgh tbc paofeio pawcr erftcrfag. Mar
surc tbfs `acsgt ercitc i rciofse partrift am tbc rciofty.
6 bp;//www.pbaus.eal/rigdfghs/hcahripby/oig`QirciQsqQdlQ:>9>Q>.btlo ig` bp;//www.pbaus.eal/rigdfghs/
papuoiag/papuoiagQ:>9>Q>.btlo ag 90.3.:>9>
9> www.ug.arh
99 Labillc` :>>:, p99: Uf`frapauoas :>>6, p0=
95 Fjf`., p02
90 Pbalis :>9>, p68
93 Ig`rfiligigkiri & Uebf 9662, p:
3
:. Erftcrfi
:.9 Fgtra`ueag
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Pbc sceag` pirt am tbc tcrl lferastitc fs tbc stitc pirt. Pcrrftarfcs ofdc tbc Eiylig Fsoig`s, Gctbcroig`s
Igoocs ig` Bagh Dagh irc acg rcmcrrc` ta is lferastitcs. Iotbauhb tbcy lfhbt jc lfera fg oig`liss ig`/
ar papuoiag, tbcy irc gat stitcs ieear`fgh ta tbc erftcrfi am tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag am 9655. Pbcy irc
gat fg`cpcg`cgt, ig` is tbcy `a gat bivc tbc eipiefty (wbfeb fs fg tbfs eisc tbc passfjfofty) ta lifgtifg rcoi-
ags wftb atbcr stitcs. Upadcg am tbc oist erftcrfi, rcoiags wftb atbcr stitcs4 ligy lferastitcs jircoy bivc,
ar agt bivc tbc eipiefty it ioo, ta lifgtifg rcoiags wftb atbcr stitcs tbigds ta tbcfr rclatcgcss, slioo ig`
ugtrifgc` papuoiag ar oied am gigefio rcsaurecs.9=Fm i lferastitc mifos fg lifgtifgfgh rcoiags wftb atbcr
stitcs ag ig fg`fvf`uio ocvco, fs ft soo i stitc1 Xftb baw ligy stitcs `acs i lferastitc bivc ta lifgtifg rcoi-
ags, ig` fg wbit marl1 ]fi cljissfcs ar fs SG lcljcrsbfp suefcgt1 Pbc stitc pirt fs i `feuot agc, ig`
quftc passfjoc cvcg bir`cr ta `cgc tbig tbc lfera pirt am lferastitc. Pa `cgc tbc rst pirt wc eig oaad
ta stises, ebirietcrfses ig` trcg`s. Pbc oicr agc bis jccg `ctcrlfgc` jy bfstary ig` tri`fag. Is wc
siw fg tbc hcgcrio fgtra`ueag, tbc eurrcgt `cgfag am stitc, is sct aut fg tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag, fs
ijaut ta miec scrfaus ebioocghcs.
Pbc oist qucsag ofgdc` ta `cgfgh lferastitcs fs wbit erftcrfi `acs lferastitcs jug`oc is i hraup, atbcr
tbcg papuoiag ig` tcrrftary sfzc1 Xbit bis Ouxcljaurh fg eallag wftb Pbc Lio`fvcs atbcr tbig bivfgh
i rcoivcoy slioo papuoiag ig` i slioo tcrrftary1 Fsgt tbc wbaoc f`ci am hraupfgh stitcs jisc` ag tbcfr
papuoiag ig`/ar oig`liss muoc1 Cvcg fm yau tidc twa scclfghoy cquio eaugtrfcs fg sfzc, papuoiag ig`
sart tbcrc lfhbt gat jc lueb fg eallag. Pidc mar cxilpoc tbc Eirfjjcig ig` Aecigfi. Jatb irc fsoig`
hraups, jatb hoajiooy bivc tbc silc papuoiag ig` oig`liss. Bawcvcr tbc Eirfjjcig irc lastoy cx Jrftifg
eaoagfcs oaeitc` asbarc tbc Ilcrfeis fg tbc Itoige Aecig wbfoc Aecigfi wis aeeupfc` jy virfaus pawcrs
(SUI, Mrigec, Iustriofi ig` Gcw [cioig`) ig` strctebcs mral asbarc Iustriofi ta tbc rclatc vistgcss am tbc^iefe Aecig. Cvcg fm wc `agt tidc euoturc fgta ieeaugt, tbc `fcrcgecs jctwccg, ig` tbc (ceagalfe) pas-
sfjfofcs mar, jatb ircis irc vcry `fcrcgt.98Pbfs rcscireb ifls ta g` tbc ofgd tbit hraup lferastitcs, atbcr
tbcg ag tbc ocvco am papuoiag ar tcrrftary sfzc. Xc wfoo scc tbit gcxt ta sfzc, lferastitcs bivc atbcr tbfghs
fg eallag.
Ua tidcg ioo tbfs fgta ieeaugt, baw `acs agc ieeuritcoy `cgc tbc tcrl lferastitc fg i wiy tbit tbfs `c-
gfag eig jc ippofc` ta rciofty ritbcr tbig kust pipcr1 Fg tbfs ebiptcr F wfoo rcvfcw wbit `cgcs i stitc is
i lferastitc. F wfoo rcvfcw tbc maur erftcrfi am stitcbaa` is `cgc` fg tbc Lagtcvf`ca eagvcgag. F wfoo iosai`` ig cxtri pirilctcr, jisc` ag trcg`s fg tbc ivifoijoc oftcriturc; Ceagaly. Fg ebiptcr tbrcc F wfoo rcvfcw
lferastitc lfoftiry. Pbc rst maur irc;
Pbc stitc is i pcrsag am fgtcrgiagio oiw sbauo` passcss tbc maooawfgh quiofeiags;
i) i pcrligcgt papuoiag4
j) i `cgc` tcrrftary4
e) i pcrligcgt havcrglcgt4 ig`
`) eipiefty ta cgtcr fgta rcoiags wftb tbc atbcr stitcs. (Irt 9., Lagtcvf`ca 9655)
9= Labillc` :>>:, p=-90
98 Eaggco 9669, p:=>/ ]ig Masscg :>>2, p3
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Pbc rst twa erftcrfi irc uscijoc mar stise rcscireb, gilcoy baw jfh fs tbc pcrligcgt papuoiag ig` baw
vist fs tbc `cgc` tcrrftary. Fg tbfs rcscireb wc wfoo scc i trcg` fgeou`fgh i la`us. Fg ig fgerclcgtio seioc,
cvcrytbfgh oc mral tbc la`us fs slioocr ig` cvcrytbfgh rfhbt mral tbc la`us fs oirhcr tbig tbc la`us. Pbc
tbfr` erftcrfag fs dfg` am trfedy. Xbit havcrglcgt fs lcigt bcrc1 Fts flpartigt ta cgc tbfs, is ioo tcrrftarfcs,
`cpcg`c` ig` avcrscis tcrrftary bivc i havcrglcgt, wbctbcr ar gat fg`cpcg`cgt. Fg ly rcscireb F wfoo erc-
itc stises mar jatb hraups, f.c. fgtcrgiagiooy rceahgfzc` fg`cpcg`cgt giags (ioo SG lcljcrs pous tbc
]ieig Efty ig` Dasava) ig` ioo tcrrftarfcs fgeou`fgh stitcs ig` avcrsccs tcrrftarfcs. Pbc laviag mar iosa
tidfgh avcrsccs tcrrftarfcs fgta ieeaugt fs tbit tbcy salclcs poiy ig flpartigt raoc fg virfaus fgtcrgiagio
iifrs. Agc eig tbfgd am tix bivcgs (Eiylig Fsoig`s, Fsoc am Lig), ceagalfe flpartigec (Bagh Dagh), ig`
lfoftiry fssucs (Pifwig, Miodoig` Fsoig`s). Pbc oist erftcrfag fs tbc eipiefty ta cgtcr fgta rcoiags wftb atbcr
stitcs. F wfoo igioysc tbfs erftcrfag larc fg `cptb fg tbc gcxt ebiptcr, is ft fs i ritbcr spcefe ebioocghc mar
salc lferastitcs.
Gcxt ta tbc pirilctcrs `cserfjc` fg tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag ig` tbc dgawg SG erftcrfag F wfoo put
marwir` twa atbcr pirilctcrs tbit eig jc usc` mar stise rcscireb4 H@^ ig` H@^ pcrecgtihc spcg` ag
lfoftiry. Bawcvcr gat ta `fsooitc i la`us jut ta rceahgfzc trcg`s. Pbcsc eigt jc erftcrfi is cosc tbc flihc
wauo` jc fgearrcet, salc oirhc stitcs (Gfhcrfi, [fljijwc) bivc i ritbcr slioo H@^. Pbc silc ippofcs mar tbc
pcrecgtihcs am tbc H@^ spcg` ag lfoftiry. Pbc SUI spcg`s i oawcr pcrecgtihc am tbcfr H@^ ag lfoftiry tbig
Vclcg, bawcvcr tbc SUI H@^ fs ulptccg lcs jfhhcr tbig Vclcgs H@^ sa tbc lfoftiry strcghtb am tbc SUI
fs lueb hrcitcr. Fg igioysfgh jatb erftcrfi F ifl ta rcvcio i trcg`, ebirietcrfse mar lferastitcs is `cgc` jy
erftcrfi agc, twa ig` maur.
It tbc cg` am tbfs ebiptcr wc wfoo bivc i sct am erftcrfi tbit `cgc i hraup am stitcs tbit bivc larc fg eal-
lag tbig kust tbcfr papuoiag sfzc. Ft wfoo tbcg jc passfjoc ta usc tbfs hraup ta prc`fet jcbivfar am tbfs hraup
(jisc` ag stises) ig` ta igioysc tbc flpartigec am hraup lcljcrs fg `fvcrsc sftuiags jisc` ag sflfoir
eiscs atbcr lferastitcs bi` ta `cio wftb fg tbc pist. F `a rciofzc tbit tbc `cgfag wfoo bivc i oflftc` usc. Ft
soo stig`s tbit mar cxilpoc Ouxcljaurh bis vcry ofoc fg eallag wftb Pbc Lio`fvcs cxecpt fts papuoiag
sfzc. Gcvcrtbcocss wfoo tbc ealpoctc pfeturc jc larc eocir.
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Pbc rst erftcrfag F wigt ta usc ta `cgc lferastitcs fs tbc sfzc am fts papuoiag.
Pijoc 992 96
]iouc I J E @ C M H B F K D O
Patio 90 92 90 :0 9: 00 55 53 :: 9: 6 :
SG > 8 8 9= 99 0> 5: 50 :: 9: 6 :
Gag SG 90 99 8 2 9 0 9 9 > > > >
I ? 9>,>>> H 3,>>>,>>9 - 9>,>>>,>>>
J 9>,>>9 - 3>,>>> B 9>,>>>,>>9 - :3,>>>,>>>
E 3>,>>9 - 9>>,>>> F :3,>>>,>>9 - 3>,>>>,>>>
@ 9>>,>>9 - 3>>,>>> K 3>,>>>,>>9 - 9>>,>>>,>>>
C 3>>,>>9 - 9,>>>,>>> D 9>>,>>>,>>9 - 3>>,>>>,>>>
M 9,>>>,>>9 - 3,>>>,>>> O 7 3>>,>>>,>>9
92 www.pbaus.eal ig` bps;//www.efi.hav/ofjriry/pujofeiags/tbc-waro`-mietjaad/ ag 9>.=.:>9>
96 Fg tbc eitchary Gag SG ioo tcrrftarfcs, fsputc` tcrrftarfcs ig` gag SG lcljcrs irc fgeou`c`. Gat fgeou`c` irc tbc Iree
Zchfag ig` Fsoig`s wftbaut i pcrligcgt papuoiag.
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Fg Mfhurc 9 wc eig scc tbit last giags fg tbc waro` bivc i papuoiag jctwccg tbc agc ig` vc lfoofag
fgbijftigts. Ajvfausoy tbcrc irc larc eaugtrfcs tbit bivc larc tbig vc lfoofag fgbijftigts, jut ta ercitc i
jioigec` ig` kust avcrvfcw wc bivc ta scpiritc tbcl fg `fcrcgt eitcharfcs. Pbfs lcigs tbit tbcy irc gat
ealpirijoc. Fg ly rst iclpt ta ercitc papuoiag hraups F hraupc` eitcharfcs B ig` F tahctbcr, marlfgh i
hraup tbit strctebc` mral 9> ta 3> lfoofag fgbijftigts. Bawcvcr, ft turgc` aut tbit tbfs hraup wis taa oirhc
ta `crfvc igy trcg` mral ft. Mar cxilpoc Jcohful (9>,090,55=) ig` Upifg (0>,3:3,>>:) wauo` jc fg tbc silc
hraup. ^apuoiag wfsc, jatb `agt bivc lueb, ar cvcg gatbfgh, fg eallag. I rclirdijoc `fseavcry fs tbit
tbcrc irc ga eaugtrfcs wftb i papuoiag jctwccg 3>> lfoofag ig` agc jfoofag.
Pbc SG `cgcs i lferastitc is igy stitc bivfgh agc lfoofag fgbijftigts ar ocss. Cvcrytbfgh cosc fs garlio,
euolfgigh fg i mcw rcio rceahgfzc` oirhc stitcs. F `agt ihrcc wftb tbfs jceiusc tbfs erftcrfag fs mral tbc
piri`fhl am jcfgh i oirhc stitc. Pbc stirgh pafgt am tbc SG erftcrfag irc fg miet stitcs ofdc tbc SUI, Ebfgi
ig` Zussfi.:>Jut ealpirc` ta tbasc stitcs iolast cvcry atbcr stitc fs slioo. Pbit lidcs tbc hraupfgh ug-
eocir ig` lcigfghocss. Mar tbfs rcisag F prcmcr ta lidc ig atbcr `fvfsfag, jceiusc baw eig wc ealpirc c.h.
Jcohful (9>,0 lfoofag) ig` Jatswigi (9,3 lfoofag)1 Ig` murtbcrlarc wc sbauo` lidc i scpiriag jctwccg
slioo stitcs ig` lferastitcs.
Jceiusc i papuoiag am agc ta vc lfoofag fs tbc last aeeurrfgh eitchary, tbfs wfoo jc tbc la`us. Mral tbfs
stirgh pafgt agc eig eageou`c tbit eaugtrfcs wftb ocss tbig agc lfoofag fgbijftigts irc slioocr tbig tbc
la`us ig` eaugtrfcs wftb larc tbig vc lfoofag fgbijftigts irc oirhcr tbig tbc la`us. Ua baw a wc cgc
lfera fg tbfs eisc1 Last eaugtrfcs wftb ocss tbig agc lfoofag fgbijftigts bivc i papuoiag jctwccg 9>>,>>>
ig` agc lfoofag fgbijftigts (eitcharfcs @ ig` C). Pbcrc irc :8 SG Lcljcrs wftb i papuoiag jctwccg9>>,>>> ig` agc lfoofag ig` 6 gag SG Lcljcrs, i tatio am 5=. Mral tbfs miet wc eig eageou`c tbit lfera,
jcfgh slioocr tbig tbc typfeio slioo, eagtifgs tbc eitcharfcs I,J ig` E.
Pbcrc irc 90 SG Lcljcrs wftb ocss tbig 9>>,>>> fgbijftigts ig` 55 gag SG lcljcrs, i tatio am 08. Uccg
wbit F eageou`c` cirofcr, tbfs irhulcgtiag sccls eagtri`fegh, is ocss tbig 9>>,>>> fs la`us bcrc. Baw-
cvcr agc lust tidc fgta ieeaugt tbit wcrc gat tiodfgh ijaut twa fcrcgt eitcharfcs jut vc. Is wc eig scc,
tbc jfhhcst hraup bcrc fs I, eaugtrfcs bivfgh ocss tbig 9>,>>> fgbijftigts. Bawcvcr gag am tbasc eaugtrfcs
irc SG lcljcrs ig` agoy agc am tbcl fs fgtcrgiagiooy rceahgfzc` is fg`cpcg`cgt4 tbc ]ieig Efty (2:=fgbijftigts). Ioo atbcrs irc, ieear`fgh ta tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag, fg miet ga stitcs, is tbcy irc gat fg`c-
pcg`cgt jut bivfgh i stitus ipirtc fg tbc SG wbfeb oijcos tbcl rcoitc` tcrrftarfcs. Jcsf`cs tbfs, tbcrc irc
salc fsputc` ircis ofdc mar cxilpoc Hizi ig` @bcdiofi. Fm wc tidc tbfs fgta ieeaugt, su``cgoy tbc eitcharfcs
I, J ig` E eagtifg agoy 93 eaugtrfcs (fgeou`fgh tbc ]ieig Efty). Xc eig tbus eageou`c tbit, papuoiag wfsc,
i lferastitc fs i stitc wftb 9>>,>>> fgbijftigts ar ocss. I stitc bivfgh i papuoiag jctwccg tbc 9>>,>>>
ig` agc lfoofag fgbijftigts eig jc sccg is i slioo stitc. Last stitcs mioo fg tbc eitchary am agc ta vc lfoofag
fgbijftigts. Fg Pijoc : wc bivc ig avcrvfcw am ioo stitcs ig` tcrrftarfcs tbit irc i lferastitc ieear`fgh ta
tbcfr papuoiag.
:> Jicbr 9683, Ulioo Utitcs- I Paao mar Igioyscs1 fg Xaro` ^aofes :8(5) p. 03= ig` murtbcr stitcs tbit ft fs lcigfghocss ta
`fvf`c eaugtrfcs fg eitcharfcs jceiusc tbcrc irc agoy i mcw stitcs wftb rcio fgucgec ag tbc waro` stihc.
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Pijoc :, lferastitcs jy papuoiag sfzc.
SG Lcljcrs Gag SG Lcljcrs
Ig`arri Idrarf ]ieig Efty
Ighui ig` Jirju`i Ilcrfeig Uilai Fsoc am Lig
@alfgfei Ighufooi Kcrscy
Hrcgi`i Jcrlu`i Lagtscrrit
Ofcebtcgstcfg Jrfsb Fg`fig Aecig Pcr-
rftary
Gfuc
Ouxcljaurh Jrfsb ]frhfg Fsoig`s Garmaod Fsoig`
Lirsbioo Fsoig`s Eiylig Fsoig`s Gartbcrg Lirfigi Fs-
oig`s
Lagiea Ebrfstlis Fsoig` ^fteifrg Fsoig`s
Giuru Eaeas (Dccofgh) Fsoig`s Uifgt Jirtbcocly
^ioiu Eaad Fsoig`s Uifgt Bcocgi, Isecgsfag,
ig` Prfstig `i Eugbi
Uifgt Dfs ig` Gcvfs @bcdiofi Uifgt Lirg
Uig Lirfga Miodoig` Fsoig`s (Fsois
Liovfgis)
Uifgt ^fcrrc ig` Lfquc-
oag
Ucyebcoocs Mirac Fsoig`s Uviojir`
Puviou Hfjriotir Padcoiu
Hrccgoig` Purds ig` Eifeas Fsoig`s
Hucrgscy Xioofs ig` Mutugi
Pbc sceag` erftcrfag F wigt ta usc ta `cgc lferastitcs fs tbc agc am tcrrftary sfzc. Pbfs erftcrfag fs fg ly
apfgfag ritbcr ug`cr ipprcefitc`, jut gcvcrtbcocss mral i vftio flpartigec. Mar cxilpoc, Lagiea bis mir
ocss fgbijftigts tbig Ufghiparc. Jut fm wc oaad it tbcfr sfzc am tcrrftary tbcy lfhbt bivc lueb fg eallag ag
ig i`lfgfstrivc ocvco (ajvfausoy Ufghiparc ag i oirhcr seioc). Murtbcrlarc jatb eig jc quiofc` is efty
stitcs lccgh tbc silc ebioocghcs ig` i`vigtihcs typfeio mar tbcsc dfg` am stitcs. Fg tbc maooawfgh hurc,
tbc usc` `iti fs fg squirc dfoalctrcs ig` eagtifgs tbc oig`liss agoy. Pbfs ta ercitc i rcofijoc avcrvfcw. Fm
yau wauo` usc tbc Cxeousfvc Ceagalfe [agc (oitcr ag CC[:9) fg ercigh `itiscts, tbc avcrvfcw wauo` jc miosc
is ligy slioo fsoig` irc lferastitcs ig` acg bivc oirhc CC[s. Mar cxilpoc, Dfrfjis bijftijoc irci fs 299
squirc dfoalctrc, wbfoc fts CC[ fs ig istagfsbfgh 5.33 lfoofag squirc dfoalctrcs!::
:9 Pbc CC[ fs lastoy rchir`c` ta is cxeousfvc giagio sci rfhbts
:: bp;//www.lmit.havt.gz/Eaugtrfcs/^iefe/Dfrfji.pbp ag 90.=.:>9>
9>
:.5 Pcrrftary sfzc ig` hcahripby:.5.9 Pcrrftary sfzc
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Mfhurc :
Pijoc 5:5
]iouc I J E @ C M H B F K
Patio 32 2 = 52 :5 33 :5 :: 3 9
SG :0 3 0 50 :: 30 :: :9 3 9
Gag SG 50 5 : 0 9 9 9 9 > >
I ? 9,>>> M 9>>,>>9 - 3>>,>>>
J 9,>>9 - 3,>>> H 3>>,>>9 - 9,>>>,>>>
E 3,>>9 - 9>,>>> B 9,>>>,>>9 - 3,>>>,>>>
@ 9>,>>9 - 3>,>>> F 3,>>>,>>9 - 9>,>>>,>>>
C 3>,>>9 - 9>>,>>> K 7 9>,>>>,>>>
Is wc eig scc bcrc, fg Mfhurc :, tbcrc irc twa hraups searfgh sfhgfeigtoy bfhbcr tbig tbc atbcrs4 tcrrftarfcs
wftb ocss tbcg 9,>>> squirc dfoalctrc ig` tbc hraup am tcrrftarfcs jctwccg 9>>,>>> ig` 3>>,>>> squirc dfoa-
lctrc. Fm wc wauo` tidc tbc Patio hripb is rcmcrcgec, tbc hraup am 9,>>> squirc dfoalctrc ig` ocss wauo`
:5 Fg tbc eitchary Gag SG ioo tcrrftarfcs, fsputc` tcrrftarfcs ig` gag SG lcljcrs irc fgeou`c`. Gat fgeou`c` fs tbc Iree
Zchfag ig` tbc Fsoig`s wftbaut i pcrligcgt papuoiag.
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jc girrawoy tbc la`us (32 vcrsus 33). Bawcvcr tbfs wauo` ercitc i miosc flihc am tbc rciofty jceiusc fg tbfs
hraup irc i oat am tcrrftarfcs gat rchir`c` is fg`cpcg`cgt. Mral tbfs hraup ietuiooy gat ocss tbig 55 tcrrfta-
rfcs irc gat fg`cpcg`cgt eaugtrfcs jut, mar cxilpoc sa eiooc` avcrscis tcrrftarfcs:0ctectcri. Pbc ]ieig
Efty fs tbc agoy stitc jcfgh fg`cpcg`cgt wftbaut jcfgh lcljcr am tbc SG:3. Ua fm wc tidc tbc SG hripb is i
stirgh pafgt, i``fgh ]ieig Efty ta hraup I, wc hct i mir larc kust eagecpag am rciofty is hraup M fs tbc
la`us. Ua cvcry stitc ar tcrrftary oirhcr tbcg 3>>,>>> squirc dfoalctrc eig jc sccg is oirhc, ioo stitcs ig`
tcrrftarfcs slioocr tbig 9>>,>>> squirc dfoalctrc eig jc sccg is slioo. Ioo eaugtrfcs tbit bivc 9>,>>> squirc
dfoalctrc bijftijoc tcrrftary ar ocss, eig jc sccg is lferastitcs. Fg eageou`fgh tbfs, F rckcet tbc erftcrfag sct
jy salc iutbars ofdc Uf`frapauoas (:>>6), wba irhucs tbit 9,>>> squirc dfoalctrc ar ocss fs tbc erftcrfag mar
lferastitcs. Ft fs cvf`cgt ta scc wby bc irhucs tbit, jceiusc am tbc hrcit guljcr am tcrrftarfcs fg tbfs eitcha-
ry. Jut ihifg, last am tbcl irc gat rceahgfzc` is fg`cpcg`cgt jy tbc SG. Icr earrcegh tbc guljcrs wftb
tbc gat fg`cpcg`cgt tcrrftarfcs, :3 rceahgfzc` stitcs mioo fg hraup I. Jut tidfgh I is tbc pafgt am `cpirturc,
tbfs wauo` mar cxilpoc cxeou`c Ouxcljaurh ig` Uilai am jcfgh i lferastitc. Pidfgh tbc SG hripb is rcmcr-
cgec wc eig scc tbit hraup @ (9>,>>>-3>,>>> Dl:) fs tbc la`us mar slioo eaugtrfcs. Fg eageousfag, tcrrftary
sfzc wfsc, stitcs wftb i 9>,>>> squirc dfoalctrc ar ocss irc lferastitcs. Fg Pijoc 0 ig avcrvfcw am ioo stitcs
ig` tcrrftarfcs tbit irc i lferastitc ieear`fgh ta tbcfr tcrrftary sfzc.
Pijoc 0, lferastitcs jy tcrrftary sfzc.
SG Lcljcrs Gag SG Lcljcrs
Ig`arri Lagiea Ilcrfeig Uilai Kcrscy
Ighui ig` Jirju`i Giuru Ighufooi Lieiu
Jibilis, Pbc ^ioiu Iruji LiyacJirji`as Uifgt Dfs ig` Gcvfs Jcrlu`i Lagtscrrit
Jrugcf Uifgt Ouefi Jrfsb Fg`fig Aecig Pcr-
rftary
Gctbcroig`s Igoocs
Eipc ]cr`c Uifgt ]fgecgt ig` tbc
Hrcgi`fgcs
Jrfsb ]frhfg Fsoig`s Gfuc
Ealaras Uilai Eiylig Fsoig`s Garmaod Fsoig`
Eyprus Uig Lirfga Ebrfstlis Fsoig` Gartbcrg Lirfigi Fs-
oig`s
@alfgfei Uia Palc ig` rfgefpc Eaeas (Dccofgh) Fsoig`s ^fteifrg Fsoig`s
Hiljfi, Pbc Ucyebcoocs Eaad Fsoig`s ^ucrta Zfea
Hrcgi`i Ufghiparc Mirac Fsoig`s Uifgt Jirtbcocly
Dfrfji Paghi Mrceb aoygcsfi Uifgt Bcocgi, Isecgsfag,
ig` Prfstig `i Eugbi
Ofcebtcgstcfg Prfgf`i` ig` Pajiha Hizi Utrfp Uifgt Lirg
Ouxcljaurh Puviou Hfjriotir Uifgt fcrrc ig` Lfquc-
oag
Lio`fvcs Hucrgscy Padcoiu
Lioti ]ieig Efty Purds ig` Eifeas Fsoig`s
Lirsbioo Fsoig`s Bagh Dagh ]frhfg Fsoig`s
:0 C.h. tbc @uteb Igoocs ig` Iruji ar tbc Miodoig` Fsoig`s.
:3 Pbc Baoy Ucc fs tbc iutbarfty am tbc ]ieig jut ga stitc, Pbc ]ieig bis i stitc wftb ga iutbarfty.
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SG Lcljcrs Gag SG Lcljcrs
Liurfus Fsoc am Lig Xioofs ig` Mutugi
Lferagcsfi, Mc`crio
Utitcs am
Kig Liycg Xcst Jigd
Igatbcr flpartigt mietar fs tbc hcahripby am Lferastitcs. Xftb tbc hcahripby F gat agoy lcig ta tiod ijaut
wf`tb, ocghtb ig` sfzc am tbc stitc jut, liyjc cvcg larc flpartigt, ijaut tbc sftuiag. Jatb tcrrftary sfzc
ig` oaeiag irc eoascoy rcoitc` ta (tbc sfzc am) papuoiag, ceagalfe hrawtb ig` stritchfe viouc. Pbc sftc am
i giag fs baw fts hcahripbfeio pasfag fs. Pbc sftuiag am i giag fs baw tbc sftc fs euovitc`. Pbc sftc
`ctcrlfgcs ta i ecrtifg cxtcg` tbc euoviag am i giag ar tcrrftary. Uf`frapauoas `fsghufsbcs vc typcs
am sftcs, gilcoy;
Pcrrftarfcs wftb ga cxft ta tbc sci (c.h. Ig`arri)
Pcrrftarfcs wftb cxft ta sci (c.h. Jrugcf)
^cgfgsuoir tcrrftarfcs (c.h. Yitir)
Fsoig`s (c.h. Giuru)
Fsoig` ealpocxcs (c.h. Lio`fvcs)
Fg cgfgh sftuiags Uf`frapauoas cgcs tbrcc eitcharfcs;
Efty (Lagiea)
Ihhoalcriag (Ufghiparc)
Zchfag (Bagh Dagh)
Fm wc oaad agoy it tbc tcrrftary sfzc is erftcrfi fg `ctcrlfgfgh lferastitcs wc eig eageou`c tbit last lfera-
stitcs irc cftbcr fsoig`s ar fsoig` ealpocxcs ig` irc sftuitc` is i rchfag. Ajvfausoy sftc ig` sftuiag eigt
jc erftcrfi, jut wc eig usc ft fg suj`fvf`fgh lferastitc ta ercitc i jccr eabcsfag am tbc hraup lferastitcs fm
wc eig eoissfmy lferastitcs ieear`fgh ta tbcfr sftc ig` sftuiag. Pbus ft wfoo jc passfjoc ta usc agc lferastitc
is ig cxilpoc fg ar`cr ta, mar cxilpoc, prc`fet tbc muturc mar igatbcr lferastitc. Zchir`fgh tbcsc spcefe
ebirietcrfses, F tcg` ta eageou`c tbit tbcsc irc bfstarfeio `ctcrlfgc`. Am eaursc ft fs larc oahfeio ta stiy
fg`cpcg`cgt mar i slioo fsoig` fg tbc lf`st am tbc piefe (c.h. Giuru) tbig mar slioo eaugtrfcs surraug`c` jy
straghcr stitcs (c.h. tbc Hcrlig Docfgstiitcrcf ). Vau lfhbt jc ijoc ta eageou`c tbit mar jcfgh i lferastitc
ft fs gcecssiry ta jc i ofoc jft fsaoitc` fg ar`cr ta stiy fg`cpcg`cgt. Am eaursc tbcrc irc salc cxecpags ofdc
c.h. Lagiea ar ]ieig Efty, jut tbcy stiyc` fg`cpcg`cgt jy tbc hriec am tbcfr gcfhbjaurs.
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Xcvc sccg fg tbc pist sceags baw jfh tbc papuoiag am i typfeio lferastitc fs ig` baw vist tbc tcrrftary
am i typfeio lferastitc fs. Ua wbit acs tbc havcrglcgt am i typfeio lferastitc oaad ofdc1 Xc iorci`y gatc` fg
tbc fgtra`ueag am tbfs pipcr tbit tbcrcs i `feuoty wbcg ft ealcs ta tbc fgtcrprctiag am tbc tcrl stitc.
Ligy am tbc pcrecfvc` lferastitcs fg ta`iys oftcriturc irc ig ijug`igt lfx am fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs, avcrscis
tcrrftarfcs, rcoitc` tcrrftarfcs ig` fsputc` tcrrftarfcs. Fg ar`cr ta dccp tbfghs eocir F wfoo hfvc ig avcrvfcw pcrlferastitc virfigt ag jcbiom am fts havcrglcgtio marl.
Pbcrc irc 50 fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs it tbc lalcgt. Fg Pijoc 3 ig avcrvfcw am tbc fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs,
tbcfr havcrglcgt marl, ig` rigdfghs eagecrgfgh paofeio ig` efvfo mrcc`al.
Pijoc 3:=:8:2:6
Utitc Havcrglcgt Utyoc Upcefc` ^Z EZ MZ
Ig`arri* ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey LE 9 9 9
Ighui ig` Jirju`i* ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey L : : :
Jibilis, Pbc* ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 9 9
Jirji`as* ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 9 9
Jrugcf Fsoilfe Ijsaoutc Lagireby - = 3 3.3
Eipc ]cr`c* Zcpujofe L 9 9 9
Ealaras* Mc`crio Zcpujofe LE 5 0 5.3
Eyprus* ^rcsf`cgio Zcpujofe E 9 9 9@alfgfei* ^irofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L 9 9 9
Hiljfi, Pbc Zcpujofe - 3 0 0.3
Hrcgi`i* ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 : 9.3
Dfrfji* Zcpujofe LE 9 9 9
Ofcebtcgstcfg* ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey LE 9 9 9
Ouxcljaurh* ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey LE 9 9 9
Lio`fvcs ^rcsf`cgio Zcpujofe - 0 0 0
Lioti* ^irofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L 9 9 9
Lirsbioo Fsoig`s* @claerie rcsf`cgioZcpujofe
L 9 9 9
Liurfus* ^irofilcgtiry Zcpujofe LE 9 : :
Lferagcsfi, Mc`crio Utitcs am* @claerie Mc`critc` rcsf-
`cgio Zcpujofe
E 9 9 9
Lagiea* Eagstuagio Lagireby LE : 9 9.3
Giuru* ^irofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L 9 9 9
^ioiu (Jcoiu)* @claerie rcsf`cgio
Zcpujofe
E 9 9 9
:= Utitcs irc ieear`fgh ta tbc ^apuoiag ig` Pcrrftary Ufzc erftcrfi. Ucc ebiptcr :.: ig` :.5
:8 Havcrglcgt Utyoc ieear`fgh ta www.efi.hav/ofjriry/pujofeiags/tbc-waro`-mietjaad/ ag 93.=.:>9>
:2 Havcrglcgt Utyoc Upcefc` ieear`fgh ta Igedir :>>2, p8:. Fg Ftiofe awg ajscrviag.
:6 ^Z, EZ ig` MZ ieear`fgh ta www.mrcc`albausc.arh ag 93.=.:>9>
90
:.0 Havcrlcgt Utyoc
:.0.9 Fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs
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Utitc Havcrglcgt Utyoc Upcefc` ^Z EZ MZ
Uifgt Dfs ig` Gcvfs* ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 9 9
Uifgt Ouefi* ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 9 9
Uifgt ]fgecgt ig` tbc Hrcgi`fgcs* ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey L : 9 9.3
Uilai* ^irofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L : : :
Uig Lirfga* ^irofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L 9 9 9
Uia Palc ig` rfgefpc* @claerie Uclf rcsf`cg-io Zcpujofe
LE : : :
Ucyebcoocs* Zcpujofe E 5 5 5
Ufghiparc ^irofilcgtiry Zcpujofe - 3 0 0.3
Paghi Eagstuagio Lagireby - 3 5 0
Prfgf`i` ig` Pajiha* ^irofilcgtiry Zcpujofe L : : :
Puviou* ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey L 9 9 9
]ieig Efty Ceeocsfiseio Uiecr`atio
Lagireby
GI GI GI GI
Cxpoigiag am ijjrcvfiags fg Pijoc 3;
Ijjrcvfiag Cxpoigiag
* Cocevc @claeriey
L Likarfty Zuoc
E Eagscgsus Zuoc
^Z ^aofeio Zfhbts
EZ Efvfo Zfhbts
MZ Mrcc`al Zitc
]iouc cxpoigiag Pijoc 3;
Pbc vioucs mar ^Z, EZ ig` MZ irc jisc` ag ig fgerclcgtio seioc. I viouc am 9 rcprcscggh tbc last mrcc ig`
i viouc am 8 jcfgh tbc ocist mrcc righ.
Pijoc 3 sbaws us tbit jy mir last lferastitcs irc wcoo cxceutc` `claerie stitcs. Pbcy searc, wftb maur
cxecpags ioo bfhbcr tbig i 5 fg tbc mrcc`al ritc eitchary ig` irc tbus ofstc` is mrcc eaugtrfcs ieear`fgh ta
Mrcc`al Bausc5>. Fg last eiscs, sfx cxecpags bcrc, paofeio ig` efvfo rfhbts irc wcoo fgstutc` ig` huirig-
tcc`. Xc eig eageou`c mral tbfs tbit i typfeio lferastitc fs ig cocevc claeriey fg wbfeb paofeio ig` efvfo
rfhbts irc am bfhb stig`ir`.
Xbcg wc tidc i eoascr oaad it tbc havcrglcgtio marl am tbc cocevc claerie lferastitcs wc eig scc twa
trcg`s4
Last `claeriefcs irc ^irofilcgtiry @claeriefcs (99) ig`,
Last `claeriefcs irc likarfty ruoc`. (9=)
Baw ealc last lferastitcs irc pirofilcgtiry `claeriefcs, ig` baw ealc last am tbcl irc likarfty
5> Mrcc`al Bausc fs ig fgtcrgiagio gag-havcrglcgtio arhigfziag jisc` fg Xisbfghtag, @.E. tbit eag`uets rcscireb ig`
i`vaeiey ag fts eagecpags am claeriey, paofeio mrcc`al ig` bulig rfhbts.
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ruoc`1 Ucvcrio stu`fcs fg`feitc tbit lferastitcs irc larc cihcr ta lifgtifg claeriey tbig oirhc eaugtrfcs.
A, Eoihuc, Hocisag, Dgied, @filag` ig` Psiofd59ioo eageou`c fg virfaus stu`fcs avcr larc tbig :> ycirs
lc tbit sfzc fs pasfvcoy rcoitc` ta `claeriey. Igedir tbcrcmarc eageou`cs tbit slioo eaugtrfcs irc larc
pragc tbig oirhcr eaugtrfcs ta bao` `claeriey fg bfhb cstccl.(Igedir :>>2). Iocsfgi ig` Upaoiarc hfvc ig
ceagalfe rcisag wby slioo eaugtrfcs bivc mcwcr `fetitarsbfps tbig oirhc eaugtrfcs. I `fetitar, ar ta usc i
Bajjcsfig tcrl, i Ocvfitbig5:sccds lixflul rcgt mar bfs ar bcr awg jcgct fgstci` am giagio jcgct. I
oirhcr eaugtry hfvcs larc fgtcrcst tbig i slioo eaugtry, tbcrcmarc jy tbcfr giturc slioocr eaugtrfcs irc ocss
irievc ta jcealc i `fetitarsbfp is tbcy wfoo jc larc `feuot, fm gat flpassfjoc, ta jc scom sustifgfgh, oct
ioagc ercitc prat mar tbc Ocvfitbig.55Pbc cxpoigiag hfvcg jy Iocsfgi ig` Upaoirc fs, iotbauhb poiusfjoc,
gat tatiooy mcisfjoc is ft `acs gat tidc tbc pcrsagiofty am i Ocvfitbig fgta ieeaugt. Icr ioo, igy eaugtry, jfh
ar slioo, eig arfhfgitc i patcgio `fetitar. Ua, jcst yau eig siy fs tbit i tatioftirfig systcl jisc` fg i slioo
eaugtry bis vcry ofoc ebigec am survfvio.
I rcisag wby tbc papuoiag am lferastitcs irc larc eabcsfvc fs iosa maug` fg ceagalfes. Liyjc tbc lfera-
stitcs irc larc eabcsfvc is tbcy irc ocss luomarl fg tbcfr papuoiag strueturc. Mar cxilpoc, fg Lagiea
iolast cvcry efzcg fs rfeb ig` paofeiooy rfhbt arfcgtitc`. Ig` (gat jy ebigec) fts iolast flpassfjoc ta
jcealc i efzcg am Lagiea fm yau irc gat vcry rfeb. Ag tbc atbcr big` wc scc tbc appasftc bippcgfgh fg
paar lferastitcs; gaja`y wigts ta jcealc i efzcg is tbcrcs gatbfgh ta hct. Pbfs fs iosa suppartc` jy sti-
ses, spcefiooy tbc ^iefe lferastitcs bivc ta `cio wftb ig fgercisfgh pirt am tbc papuoiag ofvfgh ijrai`.
Bivfgh cxpoifgc` wby slioocr eaugtrfcs irc larc ofdcoy ta jc i `claeriey wc eig tidc i oaad it tbc marl am
`claeriey.
Agc eig irhuc tbit fg slioo eallugfcs fts larc ofdcoy tbit tbcrc fs larc eagscgsus ag fssucs ig` tbcrcmarc
i likarfty ruoc. Bawcvcr, ag tbc eagtriry agc eauo` irhuc tbit fg slioo eallugfcs `fusc pafgts am vfcw
irc larc ofdcoy ta paoirfzc. Igedir eageou`cs fg bfs ireoc Lferastitc @claeriey; Likarfty ar Eagscgsus;
@fusfag ar ^rajocl-Uaovfgh tbit likarfty `claeriefcs fg last eiscs bivc i Jrfsb Eaoagfio pist. Pbcrc-
marc tbcy sflpoy sueecc` tbc Jrfsb likarftirfig la`co, jisc` ag tbc Xcstlfgstcr la`co.50Pbfs fg`feitcs
tbit likarfty `claeriey fs gat sa lueb tbc rcsuot am tbc sfzc am lferastitcs is wcoo is tbcfr pist. Fg`cc`,
wbcg wc tidc i oaad it tbc `claerie lferastitcs (Eyprus, Lferagcsfi, ^ioiu, Ucyebcoocs) tbit irc gat li-
karfty ruoc`, wc eig scc tbit gag am tbcl wbcrc i Jrfsb Eaoagy fg tbc pist.
Last am tbc lferastitcs tbit bivc i lfx am likarfty ig` eagscgsus irc tbc tri`fagio Curapcig lferastitcs4
Ig`arri, Ofcebtcgstcfg, Ouxcljaurh ig` Lagiea. Pbc ealjfgiag fs cxpoifgc` is last am tbcl soo bivc i
tri`fagio `ygisty tbit bis paofeio pawcrs, ealjfgc` wftb i havcrglcgt marlc` jy i luo pirty systcl.
Fg ly pafgt am vfcw, tbfs fs ioo cxpoifgc` jy bfstary.
59 Igedir :>>2 p=8 ig` murtbcr
5: Bajjcs 9=33, Ocvfitbig
55 Iocsfgi & Upaoiarc :>>3, Ebiptcr 3
50 Igedir :>>2, p8=
9=
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Pbc last `feuot Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag erftcrfi ta muoo irc tbc erftcrfi am savcrcfhg havcrglcgt ig` tbc
ijfofty ta lifgtifg rcoiags wftb mcooaw stitcs. Zclirdijoc fs tbit, fm wc agoy usc papuoiag ig` tcrrftary
sfzc is erftcrfi ig` ocivc aut tbc atbcr erftcrfi last avcrscis, rcoitc` ig` `fsputc` tcrrftarfcs eig jc sccg
is lferastitcs. Sp ta ig istagfsbfgh 05 lferastitcs irc gat fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs. Fg eitcharfzfgh tbasc stitcs
wc eig `crfvc twa hraups4 Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh tcrrftarfcs tbit irc tatiooy havcrgc` jy tbcfr i`lfgfstcrfgheaugtry, tbc atbcr hraup fs fg`feitc` jy tbc Mrcc`al Bausc is Zcoitc` Pcrrftarfcs. Pbasc tcrrftarfcs irc gat
fg`cpcg`cgt jut tbcy `a bivc salc ocvco am scom havcrgigec. F lust gatc bcrc tbit Mrcc`al Bausc agoy
gatcs Bagh Dagh ig` ^ucrta Zfea is rcoitc` tcrrftarfcs. Bawcvcr, tbc SG bis rclavc` tbcl, ig` atbcr tcr-
rftarfcs mral tbc ofst am Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh tcrrftarfcs. Jut tbc rclavio bis atbcr rcisags tbcg fg`cpcg`cgec
is tbcy irc gat rciooy fg`cpcg`cgt (c.h. Bagh Dagh, ^ucrta Zfea cte.). Pbcrcmarc wc eig eageou`c tbit tbasc
tcrrftarfcs tbit `f` gat hifg fg`cpcg`cgec, ar lcrhc` wftb atbcr `cpcg`cgt ar fg`cpcg`cgt tcrrftarfcs eig
jc ofstc` is rcoitc` tcrrftarfcs (mar cxilpoc, Lieiu bis tbc silc stitus is Bagh Dagh wftbfg tbc ^ZE).
Pijoc = sbaws ioo tbc lferastitcs wba ircgt fg`cpcg`cgt, jut wba irc gcftbcr Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh Pcrrfta-
rfcs (oitcr ag GUH Pcrrftarfcs). Fg flftiag am tbc Mrcc`al Bausc F wfoo eioo tbasc lferastitcs Zcoitc` Pcrrfta-
rfcs. Fg Pijoc 8 F hfvc ig avcrvfcw am ioo tbasc lferastitcs tbit irc Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh. Pbfs lcigs tbit tbcy
bivc ga marl am scom havcrgigec, wftb cxecpag am salc oaeio paofes, acg fg trfjio marl. Pijoc 2 ofsts tbc
lferastitcs tbit irc lirdc` is `fsputc` tcrrftarfcs.
Pijoc =53, Zcoitc` Pcrrftarfcs
Pcrrftary Utitus
Iruji Eagstucgt eaugtry am Pbc Gctbcroig`s
Eaad Fsoig`s Uavcrcfhg Utitc fg mrcc issaefiag wftb Gcw [cioig`
Mrcgeb Cstijofsblcgts fg Aecigfi* Avcrscis Eaoocevfty am Mrigec
Hrccgoig` Balc Zuoc fg eallugfty wftb @cglird
Bagh Dagh Upcefio I`lfgfstrivc Zchfag am tbc ZE
Lieiu Upcefio I`lfgfstrivc Zchfag am tbc ^ZE
Gctbcroig`s Igoocs Eagstucgt eaugtry am Pbc Gctbcroig`s
Gfuc Uavcrcfhg Utitc fg mrcc issaefiag wftb Gcw [cioig`
^ucrta Zfea Sgfgearparitc` arhigfzc` eallagwciotb am tbc SUI
Uifgt fcrrc ig` Lfqucoag Avcrscis Eaoocevfty am Mrigec
Eaeas (Dccofgh) Fsoig`s Mc`crio Eagstuagio Lagireby
Gartbcrg Lirfigi Fsoig`s Eallagwciotb fg paofeio ugfag wftb tbc SUI
Mirac Fsoig`s ^irofilcgtiry @claeriey wftbfg tbc Dfgh`al am @cglird
Hucrgscy Erawg @cpcg`cgey am tbc Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Fsoc am Lig Erawg @cpcg`cgey am tbc Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Kcrscy Erawg @cpcg`cgey am tbc Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Garmaod Fsoig`s Ucom-havcrgfgh tcrrftary wftb Iustriofi
Uifgt Jirtbcocly Avcrscis Eaoocevfty am Mrigec
53 bp;//www.ug.arh/@cpts/`pf/`ceaoagfziag/trust:.btl ag 98.=.:>9>
98
:.0.: Avcrscis, rcoitc` ig` `fsputc` tcrrftarfcs
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Pcrrftary Utitus
Uifgt Lirg Avcrscis Eaoocevfty am Mrigec
* Mrcgeb ^aoygcsfi ig` Xioofs ig` Mutugi
Pijoc 85=, Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh Pcrrftarfcs
Pcrrftary I`lfgfstriag
Ilcrfeig Uilai Sgftc` Utitcs am Ilcrfei
Ighufooi Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Jcrlu`i Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Jrfsb ]frhfg Fsoig`s Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Eiylig Fsoig`s Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Miodoig` Fsoig`s Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Hfjriotir Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Huil Sgftc` Utitcs am IlcrfeiLagtscrrit Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Gcw Eioc`agfi Mrigec
^fteifrg Fsoig`s Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Uifgt Bcocgi, Isecgsfag, ig` Prfstig i Eugbi Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Padcoiu Gcw [cioig`
Purds ig` Eifeas Fsoig`s Sgftc` Dfgh`al
]frhfg Fsoig`s Sgftc` Utitcs am Ilcrfei
Jrfsb Fg`fig Aecig Pcrrftary Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Ebrfstlis Fsoig` Iustriofi
Idratarf Sgftc` Dfgh`al
@bcdiofi Sgftc` Dfgh`al
Liyac Mrigec
Uviojir` Garwiy
Pijoc 258, @fsputc` Pcrrftarfcs
Pcrrftary Utitus
Hizi Utrfp Aeeupfc` ar fsputc` tcrrftaryXcstjigd Aeeupfc` ar fsputc` tcrrftary
I girraw likarfty am gag fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs irc fgtcrgiagiooy sccg is Gag-Ucom-Havcrgfgh-Pcrrfta-
rfcs (:9), 96 gag fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs irc Zcoitc` Pcrrftarfcs is tbcy cgkay i hrcit marl am fg`cpcg`-
cgec. Pwa lferastitcs irc `fsputc` tcrrftary, tbc Hizi Utrfp ig` tbc Xcst Jigd. @cpcg`fgh ag wba yau isd
tbcy irc cftbcr aeeupfc` jy Fsrico ar `fsputc` oig`. Pbc iutbar mccos tbit ft fs gat gcecssiry ta ha fgta `ctifo
rchir`fgh tbfs licr is ft `acs gat i`` ta tbfs cssiy. Gatc wartby fs tbauhb, tbit salc am tbc GUH Pcrrftarfcs
irc iosa `fsputc`, tbc Miodoig` Fsoig`s, ar Fsois Liovfgis, jcfgh milaus. Am eaursc fts gat gcecssiry mar i`fsputc ta jc aefiooy rchfstcrc` is i `fsputc.
5= bp;//www.ug.arh/@cpts/`pf/`ceaoagfziag/trust5.btl ag 98.=.:>9>
58 bps;//www.efi.hav/ofjriry/pujofeiags/tbc-waro`-mietjaad/co`s/:>8>.btlo ag 98.=.:>9>
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Fg eageousfag, rchir`fgh lferastitc havcrgigec, wc eig siy tbit i likarfty am lferastitcs irc muooy, ar ta i
oirhc cxtcg`, fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs. Last am tbasc stitcs irc cocetario likarfty claeriefcs wftb i Jrfsb Eaoa-
gfio pist. Pbc lferastitcs tbit irc gat muooy fg`cpcg`cgt irc fg last eiscs GUH Pcrrftarfcs, i`lfgfstritc` jy
tbcfr balc eaugtry. I rclirdijoc autealc am tbc tijocs fs tbit last GUH Pcrrftarfcs irc ug`cr Jrfsb Zuoc,
ug`crofgfgh tbc hrcit flpcrfio pist am Jrftifg ig` fts marlcr waro` pawcr.
Pbcrc fs i oat ta `a ijaut lferastitc ceagaly. Baw `a sueb slioo sfzc` eaugtrfcs, wftb vfrtuiooy ga giturio
rcsaurecs, acg sftuitc` fg cscrtc` pirts am tbc waro`s survfvc1 Jcsf`cs tbfs tbcrc fs acg (jut mar surc gat
iowiys) i slioo givc papuoiag wftb ig irrcihc fg dgawoc`hc. F wfoo rst tidc i oaad it tbc H@^ pcr eipfti
^^^ am lferastitcs. Maooawfgh F wfoo `cserfjc tbc ceagalfeio ealpasfag am lferastitcs fg wbfeb F wfoo iosa
i``rcss tbc pbcgalcgi am tbc fooustrfaus tix bivcgs.
Pbc rst tbfgh wc fllc`fitcoy gatc mral Pijoc 6 fs tbit mral tbc tap 9> rfebcst eaugtrfcs fg tbc waro`, ig
istagfsbfgh sfx eaugtrfcs eig jc eoissfc` is lferastitcs. Ajscrvfgh tbfs, wc eig iorci`y eageou`c tbit ippir-
cgtoy jcfgh slioo fg tcrrftary ig` papuoiag fs gat gcecssirfoy, ugofdc agc lfhbt cxpcet, i fsi`vigtihc wbcg
iflfgh it tbc jfhhcst wciotb mar tbc papuoiag.52Gcftbcr fs tbc oied am giturio rcsaurecs.
Pijoc 656
Zigd Eaugtry H@^ - pcr eipfti (^^^) (SU@)
9 Ofcebtcgstcfg 992,>>>
: Yitir 23,=>>
5 Ouxcljaurh 86,=>>
0 Jcrlu`i =6,6>>
3 Kcrscy 38,>>>
= Garwiy 30,6>>
8 Jrugcf 30,0>>
2 Duwift 30,5>>
6 Ufghiparc 02,3>>
9> Sgftc` Utitcs am Ilcrfei 0=,5>>
Xbcg wc tidc i oaad it Pijoc 9> ig` 99 wc eig ajscrvc tbit tbcrc irc larc gag fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs
tbit bivc i H@^ am 7$9>,>>> pcr eipfti tbcg fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs. Bawcvcr tbc bfhbcst H@^ pcr Eipfti fg
tbc Gag SG Lcljcrs hraup (Jcrlu`i, $=6,6>>) fs agoy i ofoc bfhbcr tbig biom am tbc H@^ am tbc bfhbcst
H@^ pcr eipfti fg tbc SG Lcljcrs hraup (Ofcebtcgstcfg $992,>>>). Xbit wc eig murtbcr gaec, fs tbc vist
`fcrcgecs fg jctwccg lferastitc H@^s, ilagh SG Lcljcrs is wcoo is Gag SG Lcljcrs, fg tatio righfgh
mral $992,>>> (Ofcebtcgstcfg) ta i paar $9>>> (Padcoiu), i hip am ig istagfsbfgh 992 lcs! Ua, iotbauhb
slioogcss fs gat gcecssirfoy i bfeeup fg lidfgh i giag wciotby, fts gat ig i`vigtihc cftbcr. 0>Pbcrc lust
52 Irlstragh, Dcrvcgaico, Of & Zci` 9662, p=33
56 bp;//www.fg`cxlug`f.eal/h/r.ispx1t&v
0> Lfogcr & Xcstiwiy 9665, fg Irlstragh, Dcrvcgaico & Of 9662, p=0:
96
:.3 Ceagaly
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jc igatbcr cxpoigiag mar ft.
Pijoc 9>09
SG Lcljcrs H@^ pcr eipfti (^^^) fg SU@
Ig`arri 52,2>>
Ighui ig` Jirju`i 92,9>>Jibilis, Pbc :6,=>>
Jirji`as 92,3>>
Jrugcf 30,0>>
Eipc ]cr`c 5,0>>
Ealaras 9,9>>
Eyprus :9,:>>
@alfgfei 6,=>>
Hiljfi, Pbc 9,:>>
Hrcgi`i 9:,5>>
Dfrfji 3,5>>
Ofcebtcgstcfg 992,>>>
Ouxcljaurh 86,=>>
Lio`fvcs 0,0>>
Lioti :5,5>>
Lirsbioo Fsoig`s :,6>>
Liurfus 99,9>>
Lferagcsfi, Mc`crio Utitcs am :,5>>
Lagiea 5>,>>>
Giuru 3,>>>
^ioiu (Jcoiu) 8,=>>
Uifgt Dfs ig` Gcvfs 92,=>>
Uifgt Ouefi 9>,6>>
Uifgt ]fgecgt ig` tbc Hrcgi`fgcs 6,0>>
Uilai 0,8>>
Uig Lirfga 09,6>>
Uia Palc ig` rfgefpc 9,5>>Ucyebcoocs 92,6>>
Ufghiparc 02,3>>
Paghi 0,8>>
Prfgf`i` ig` Pajiha :9,3>>
Puviou 9,=>>
09 bp;//www.fg`cxlug`f.eal/h/r.ispx1e0rigd.btlo ag :9.=.:>9>
:>
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Pijoc 990:
Gag SG Lcljcrs H@^ pcr eipfti (^^^) fg SU@
Idrarf GI
Ilcrfeig Uilai 3,2>>
Ighufooi 2,2>>
Iruji :9,2>>Jcrlu`i =6,6>>
Jrfsb Fg`fig Aecig Pcrrftary GI
Jrfsb ]frhfg Fsoig`s 52,3>>
Eiylig Fsoig`s 05,2>>
Ebrfstlis Fsoig` GI
Eaeas (Dccofgh) Fsoig`s GI
Eaad Fsoig`s 6,9>>
@bcdiofi GI
Miodoig` Fsoig`s 53,0>>Mirac Fsoig`s 59,>>>
Mrceb ^aoygcsfi 98,3>>
Hizi Utrfp 9,9>>
Hfjriotir :8,6>>
Hrccgoig` :>,>>>
Hucrgscy 00,=>>
Bagh Dagh 0>,3>>
Fsoc am Lig 53,>>>
Kcrscy 38,>>>
Lieiu :2,0>>
Liyac 0,6>>
Lagtscrrit 5,0>>
Gctbcroig`s Igoocs 9=,>>>
Gfuc 3,2>>
Garmaod Fsoig` GI
Gartbcrg Lirfigi Fsoig`s 9:,3>>
^fteifrg Fsoig`s GI
^ucrta Zfea 92,8>>
Uifgt Jirtbcocly GI
Uifgt Bcocgi, Isecgsfag, ig` Prfstig `i Eugbi :,3>>
Uifgt Lirg GI
Uifgt fcrrc ig` Lfqucoag 8,>>>
Uviojir` GI
Padcoiu 9,>>>
Purds ig` Eifeas Fsoig`s 99,3>>
]ieig Efty GI]frhfg Fsoig`s 90,3>>
0: bp;//www.fg`cxlug`f.eal/h/r.ispx1e0rigd.btlo ag :9.=.:>9>
:9
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Gag SG Lcljcrs H@^ pcr eipfti (^^^) fg SU@
Xioofs ig` Mutugi 5,2>>
Xcst Jigd :,6>>
Ft fs bcrc fg igioysfgh lferastitc ceagalfes wc scc tbc sceag` ebisl fg `cgfgh lferastitcs (tbc rst
ebisl jcfgh sftuiag ig` sftc, scc :.5). Zauhboy agc eig `fvf`c lferastitcs, jisc` ag H@^, fg maur hraups
mioofgh ioagh hcahripbfe ofgcs; Ilcrfeig (Eirfjjcig), Curapcig, Imrfeig ig` ^iefe/ Isfig lferastitcs. Ft fs
ga eafgef`cgec tbit tbcsc hraups maooaw i hcahripbfeio picrg. Fg bfs ireoc Fsoig` Lferastitcs; Pbc Lf-
rihc am @cvcoaplcgt (Pbc Eagtclpariry ^iefe, vaoulc 5, guljcr : 9669), Kabg Eaggco fgvcshitcs wby
`cvcoaplcgt fg lferastitcs fg tbc ^iefe (ig` Imrfei) ug`crpcrmarl fg ealpirfsag wftb Curapcig, ig` ta
i hrcitcr cxtcg` (jceiusc am sflfoir hcahripbfe eag`fags) Ilcrfeig lferastitcs. Bc `cserfjcs tbc virfaus
ceagalfe ievfcs i lferastitc eig `cpoay fg ar`cr ta hifg ceagalfe hrawtb. Xbcg lferastitcs jceilc
fg`cpcg`cgt, fg tbc lc am `ceaoagfziag, icr tbc Uceag` Xaro` Xir, bcop ig` ceagalfe if` wis iflc`
it eoissfeio ceagalfe prfgefpocs4 Fm yau wfsb mar fg`ustrfiofziag, prcpirc ta `cvcoap ihrfeuoturc.(Ofptag
9688, p:0)05. Pbfs prfgefpoc bi` jccg ippofeijoc mar Curapc `urfgh tbc 92tb ig` 96tb ecgtury ig` oitcr ag
mar tbc gcwoy fg`cpcg`cgt stitcs fg Imrfei. Bawcvcr tbfs prfgefpoc `f` gat ward aut quftc is wcoo mar tbc gcw
fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs, wba wcrc wftb iolast ga cxecpag fsoig`s ar cvcg warsc (spadcg mral i cvcoap-
lcgtio pcrspcevc)4 fsoig` hraups. Pbc rcisag wby pralagh ihrfeuoturc ig` fg`ustrfiofziag mifoc` ta sue-
ecc` fg fsoig` lferastitcs irc gulcraus. Pa gilc i mcw, rclatcgcss, fsaoiag, slioo surmiec, oied am giturio
rcsaurecs, ig` ig ugsdfooc` oijaur marec. Is tbc oci`crs am tbc gcw jarg giags ig` tbc if` hfvcrs (acg fg
marl am i marlcr eaoagfio pawcr) fseavcrc` tbc hrcit prajocls fg cvcoapfgh ihrfeuoturc ig` fg`ustrfcs, tbc
maeus sbfc` ta spcefiofzc` pra`ueag (mar cxilpoc pbaspbitc (Giuru) ar waaocg hirlcgts (Liurfus ig`Paghi) bawcvcr tbfs oci` ta wbit fs eiooc` Pbc @uteb @fscisc4 tbc ceagalfeio lagaeuoturc rcsuotc` fg ig
ugstijoc ceagaly `cpcg`fgh bcivfoy ag waro` `clig`. Fg eisc tbc hoajio `clig` mar tbfs sfghoc pra`uet ar
scrvfec eaooipscs, tbc ceagaly fs iolast fllc`fitcoy fg hrcit prajocls. Fg atbcr eiscs am fg`ustrfiofziag,
riw litcrfios gcc`c` ta jc flpartc`. Fg cxpoarfgh lfgfgh, tbc rcsaurecs `rfvfgh tbc ceagaly irc oflftc`.
Gcxt ta ihrfeuoturc, lfgfgh ig` fg`ustry wc bivc sbcry is ig apag mar lferastitc fsoig`s ta `cvcoap tbcfr
ceagaly. I prajocl wftb sbcry fs tbit last lferastitc fsoig`s bivc ig iutirdfe tri`fag fg wbfeb sbcry
wis saocoy i lcig ta pravf`c maa` mar tbc pcapoc, gat mar cxpart ar ta jc praecssc` fg atbcr pra`uets. Pbcrc-
marc, ligy lferastitc fsoig`s bivc ig ug`cr`cvcoapc` sbcry `cspftc tbcfr oirhc Cxeousfvc Ceagalfe [agc.00
Igatbcr prajocl wftb jcfgh `cpcg`cgt ag sbcry fs tbit tbcrc irc agoy twa wiys ta scoo tbfs pra`uet; cftbcr
mrcsb (wftb prajocls is `fstigec cte.) ar praecssc` (wftb prajocls is tbc gcc` mar mietarfcs, sdfooc` wardcrs
cte.) Pbc last sueecssmuo jrigebcs fg `cvcoapfgh ceagaly ig` ercigh i sustifgijoc ig` rcofijoc ceagaly
irc fg tbc scrvfefgh scetar. ^ravc` irc pireuoiroy taurfsl ig` gigefio scrvfecs. Fg ar`cr ta `cvcoap tbasc
ceagalfe ievfcs i stijoc ig` wcoo arhigfzc` havcrglcgt fs csscgio.
^rfar ta tbcfr fg`cpcg`cgec fg last Eirfjjcig lferastitcs tbc taurfsl fg`ustry wis iorci`y wcoo cstijofsbc`.
Bawcvcr, fg tbc iefe, taurfsl wis sccg is i jifo aut apag fg eisc atbcr lcigs ta sct up i stijoc ceagaly
wauo` mifo. Ft wis mcirc` tbit taurfsl wauo` bivc gchivc euoturio flpofeiags tbrcitcgfgh tbc tri`fagio
05 Eaggco 9669, p:35
00 Mifrjifrg 9623, p2:
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wiy am ofmc.(Oci 962>)03. Pbc last sueecssmuo jusfgcss ievfty clpoayc` fg lferastitcs fs acrfgh gigefio
scrvfecs, mugeagfgh is ig Asbarc Mfgigefio Ecgtrc (oitcr ag AME) ar tix bivcg. Pbfs dfg` am gigefio scrvfec
fs saocoy sccg fg Lferastitcs ag tbfs vcry seioc. ]ig Masscg gaecs fg Ulioo ceagalfcs ig` Hoajio ceagal-
fes tbit tix bivcgs irc cgbigefgh savcrcfhgty fg slioo stitcs wbfoc ft cra`cs ft fg lctrapaoftig stitcs (]ig
Masscg :>>2, p0). Pbfs eig bippcg jceiusc am tbc fgcri0=, ar cxtigsl08am tbc fgtcrgiagio systcl.
Agec i slioo stitc ar tcrrftary hifgc` iutagaly ig` fg`cpcg`cgt pawcrs, fts ucroy flpassfjoc ta rceioo
tbcsc ar tidc tbcl iwiy.02Pbc flpiet am tix bivcgs waro` wf`c fs eagsf`crijoc oirhc4 Disbgcr pujofsbc`
fg Lireb :>>8 fg tbc Yuirtcroy Juoocg am Pbc Jigd mar Fgtcrgiagio Ucoclcgts i rcpart eagecrgfgh tbc
cxtcrgio eurrcgey isscts am jigds fg rcpargh asbarc gigefio ecgtrcs. Fg Ucptcljcr :>>=, am ioo rcpartc`
cxtcrgio eurrcgey isscts, AMEs ieeaugtc` mar ijaut :=% ($=,6 trfoofag). Xcrc tiodfgh bcrc ijaut 9: stitcs,
wbctbcr fg`cpcg`cgt ar gat, mral wbal 9> irc lferastitcs. Pbc rcisag wby tbcsc AMEs irc cspcefiooy sa
sueecssmuo fg lferastitcs fs tbigds ta tbc lfera fg lferastitc. Pbigds ta tbcfr slioo papuoiag ft fs passfjoc
ta piss oiws tbit mivaur rfeb luogiagios quftc cisy. Ag tap am tbit tbc fgucgec am oajjy hraups, eagsfst-
fgh am oirhc ealpigfcs ig` wciotby fg`fvf`uios fg i lferastitc irc vcry pawcrmuo. Gat sco`al irc paofeio
oci`crs iosa tbc ECA ar jair` lcljcr am AMEs. @cspftc fgtcrgiagio erfquc ag tix bivcgs, tbc ACE@ ig-
tix bivcg eilpifhg, wis am ofoc sueecss ig` fg salc eiscs tbc jcsfchc` lferastitcs sueecc`c` fg rcvcrsfgh
lcisurclcgts tidcg ta stap luogiagios am wbit oirhc stitcs scc is tix cvisfag.06Ajvfausoy tbc tix bivcg
jusfgcss bis i gchivc fgucgec ag tbc `claerie systcl wftbfg lferastitcs jceiusc am fgtcrtwfgfgh fg-
tcrcsts. Bawcvcr, tbc pcapoc `a gat cisfoy ealpoifg ijaut tbfs is ft jrfghs wciotb ig` sueecss ta tbcfr stitc.
Mar cxilpoc, mar Hucrgscy ft fs dgawg tbit ijaut agc-tbfr` am ioo hri`uitcs cg` up wardfgh mar tbc oci`fgh
AMEs ag tbc fsoig`.3>Ihifg, i eruefio mietar fg scgh up ig ccevc AME sccls ta jc, gcxt ta am eaursc i
ecrtifg ocvco am eallag `cvcoaplcgt, hcahripbfe oaeiag. Aecigfi dgaws vcry ofoc sueecssmuo AMEs ig`pirtoy tbfs fs eiusc` jy fts rclatc oaeiag. Pbfs lfhbt ebighc fg tbc (gcir) muturc, is `afgh jusfgcss ig`
trigsmcrrfgh lagcy agofgc jcealcs larc eustal ig` tbc fgtcrgct spcc`s irc fgercisfgh ripf`oy, `fstigec fg
dfoalctrcs jcealcs ocss prajoclie.
Pbc `fcrcgecs jctwccg ceagalfe pcrmarligecs ilagh lferastitcs irc buhc, mral supcr rfeb (Ofcebtcg-
stcfg) ta ucroy paar (Ealaras). Fg eageousfag wc eig scc tbit tbc lferastitc ceagaly fs gat vcry `fvcrsc.
Last clpoayc` ceagalfe ievfcs irc spcefio pra`ueag fg lfgfgh ar fg`ustry, sbfgh, taurfsl ig` gig-
efio scrvfecs. Bawcvcr, `cspftc tbcfr oflftc` ceagalfe passfjfofcs, i ritbcr oirhc guljcr am lferastitcs`cvcoapc` tbclscovcs ta jc tbc rfebcst eaugtrfcs fg tbc waro`, ar fg eisc am tbc ^rfgefpiofty am Ofcebtcgstcfg,
tbc rfebcst am tbc waro`. Ualc prajocls eiusc` jy lferastitc ceagalfe ievfcs fs tbit oirhc stitcs miec
tix cvisfag jy jfh ealpigfcs wftb bcop am AMEs jisc` fg slioo eaugtrfcs. Pbigds ta tbc eurrcgt fgtcrgiagio
systcl ft fs gat passfjoc ta tidc ieag, ar suefcgt ieag. Is Irlstragh, Dcrvcgaico, Of & Zci` eageou`c,
tbc i`vigtihc am jcfgh slioo fs flpassfjoc ta quigmy is ft wauo` cri`feitc tbc i`vigtihc ftscom.39
03 Eaggco 9669, p:30
0= Jio`ieebfga :>>3, p0>
08 Jirtligg :>>:, p589-58:02 ]ig Masscg :>>2, p9:
06 Ubirlig :>>=
3> ]ig Masscg :>>2, p9:
39 Irlstragh, Dcrvcgaico, Of & Zci` 9662, p=09
:5
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Fg tbfs ebiptcr F bivc appasc` tbc SG erftcrfag usc` ta `cgc lferastitcs ig` igioysc` tbc Lagtcvf`ca
Eagvcgag ta `ctcrlfgc tbc fg`cpcg`cgec am i stitc. Jy stise cvf`cgec Fvc sbawg tbit i papuoiag am
9,>>>,>>> pcapoc fs gcftbcr ieeuritc gar earrcet ta `ctcrlfgc wbctbcr i stitc fs i lferastitc. Mfrst am ioo, i
stitc fs gat agoy `cgc` jy fts pcapoc, tbc rfebcst stitcs am tbc waro` bivc i surprfsfghoy slioo papuoiag.
Ig` tbc last pawcrmuo stitc fs gat tbc stitc wftb tbc last pcapoc, tbc silc ippofcs mar tbc stitc wftb tbcoirhcst tcrrftary. Mral tbcsc miets ft jcealcs eocir tbit papuoiag ioagc eig gcvcr jc tbc saoc erftcrfag fg
`ctcrlfgfgh wbctbcr i stitc fs i lferastitc. Pbcrcmarc larc erftcrfi gcc` ta jc i``c`. Uceag`oy, lfera fl-
pofcs cxecpag. Fm ft wis gat cxecpagio ft wauo` gat bivc jccg eiooc` lfera, jut garlio ar eallag. Ssfgh
papuoiag, stises sbaw us tbit stitcs wftb i papuoiag am 9>>,>>> ar ocss eig jc sccg is i lferastitc.
Gcxt ta papuoiag wc bivc tcrrftary sfzc, is tbfs bcivfoy fgucgecs tbc i`lfgfstrivc ebirietcr am i eaugtry
is wcoo is fts ceagalfe pcrspcevc ig` sceurfty. Utises sbaw us tbit wc eig eageou`c tbit stitcs wftb i
bijftijoc (is oig`liss) tcrrftary sfzc am 9>,>>> squirc dfoalctrc ar ocss eig jc sccg is lferastitcs. Pbasc
twa erftcrfi irc tbc jisfe erftcrfi agc eig usc fg cgfgh i lferastitc. Xc tbcg igioysc` havcrglcgtio marlig` ceagalfes. Mar tbc rst agc wc eig eageou`c tbit lferastitcs last ofdcoy irc ta jc ig cocevc, likarfty
ruoc`, claeriey wftb i Xcstcrg eaoagfio pist. Pbfs mivaurs tbc stitclcgt tbit stitcs wftb i slioo papuoiag
wfoo tcg` ta jc larc `claerie is tbcy bivc i larc eagvcrhcgt apfgfag ag tbc `fvcrsc fssucs tbit irc fl-
partigt wftbfg tbcfr giag. Zchir`fgh ceagaly wc eig eageou`c tbit lferastitcs hcgcriooy bivc oflftc` ap-
ags wbcg ft ealcs ta `cvcoapfgh tbcfr ceagaly. Paurfsl ig` tbc gigefio scrvfec scetar pravc` ta jc tbc
last sueecssmuo ig` rcofijoc wiy fg ercigh wciotb. Bawcvcr, slioogcss fg papuoiag ig`/ar tcrrftary sfzc
fs gat gcecssirfoy i `riwjied fg rciebfgh hrcit ceagalfe wciotb. Pbc tap 9> rfebcst eaugtrfcs fg tbc waro`,
lcisurc` jy H@^ pcr eipfti, eagtifgs sfx lferastitcs. Pbc scrvfec scetar bis oci` ta ig fooustrfaus pbcgal-
cgag appasfgh oirhc stitcs; tix bivcgs. Pbc systcl am Fgtcrgiagio oiw tbit sbauo` jc ijoc ta hbt tbasc tix
bivcgs fs iosa tbc systcl tbit prcvcgts tix bivcgs mral jcfgh sbut `awg, is lferastitcs irc savcrcfhg. Iosa
mral aur rcscireb wc eig eageou`c tbit tbc last alfgigt ajstieocs mar i wciotby giag irc ta jc maug` fg
cftbcr i ysmugeagio havcrglcgt, i rclatc oaeiag ar i oied am dgawoc`hc. Pbcsc irc tbc rcisag wby salc
lferastitcs mifo fg rciebfgh tbc ivcrihc H@^ pcr eipfti.
:0
:.= Eageousfag
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Fg tbc pist ebiptcr wcvc sct up ig autofgc fg baw ta `cgc lferastitcs. Fg tbfs ebiptcr wc wigt ta oaad it
baw tbfs wards aut fg tbc rcio waro`. Icr ioo, lferastitcs irc `wirms fg i waro` muoo am hfigts. Fm wc oaad it ft
mral i Zciofst pcrspcevc, lferastitcs irc tbc agcs ta jc citcg is tbcy irc slioo ig` tbcrcmarc acg vcry
wcid. Bawcvcr tbcy soo cxfst, ig` surprfsfghoy, tbcy bivc i ritbcr oirhc fgucgec wftbfg virfaus fgtcrgiag-
io arhigfziags. Ua, eig wc eageou`c tbit lferastitcs irc ig alcg am tbc `iwg am tbc Zciofst cri ig` prco-u`c i (larc) Ofjcriofst cri1 Fg tbc rst pirihripb F wfoo rccet lferastitcs ihifgst tbc (Gca)Zciofst ig` (Gca)
Ofjcriofst pcrspcevc fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Pbcary, usfgh eargcrstagc oftcriturc. Fg tbc sceag` pirihripb
F wfoo tidc i oaad it tbc marcfhg iifrs am lferastitcs. Baw `a tbcy sbipc tbcfr paofey ig` lifgtifg rcoiags
wftb atbcr stitcs, ig` wbit ijaut fgtcrgiagio arhigfziags1 Fg `afgh sa F wfoo rcvfcw tbc oist erftcrfag am
tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag.
Pbc Zciofst pcrspcevc ag Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags bis jccg tbc last `alfgigt tbcary sfgec tbc Uceag`
Xaro` Xir. Cvcg tbauhb tbfs tbcary `f`gt prc`fet, ar marcscc, tbc cg` am tbc Eao` Xir, ligy eaugtrfcs
eagguc ta marl tbcfr marcfhg paofey jisc` ag Zciofsl, ar agc am fts marls. Dcy ebirietcrfse am tbfs tbcary
fs tbit tbc savcrcfhg stitc fs tbc bfhbcst iutbarfty fg tbc waro`, sbipfgh ig igirebfse waro` ar`cr fg wbfeb
ga stitc fs jaug` jy ruocs ar oiws atbcr tbcg tbc ruoc ig` oiws ft scts ft scom. Pbc jcst wiy ta sullirfzc tbc
rciofst pcrspcevc ag fgtcrgiagio rcoiags fs wftb tbc war`s am Lfgas; Zfhbt, is tbc waro` hacs, fs agoy fg
qucsag jctwccg cquios fg pawcr, wbfoc tbc stragh `a wbit tbcy eig ig` tbc wcid sucr wbit tbcy lust.3:
Fg tbfs quatc ft fllc`fitcoy jcealcs eocir tbit fgtcrgiagio rcoiags fs gatbfgh larc jut i hoajio stitc am
igireby fg wbfeb survfvio am tbc cst fs tbc agoy rchuoiag. Pidfgh tbfs fgta ieeaugt ft fs agoy giturio tbit
Zciofst iei`clfes bivc spcg` last am tbcfr lc ag stu`yfgh pawcrmuo stitcs, is tbcy irc tbc dcy poiycrs fg ig
igirebfse waro` saefcty. Pbcrc fs ofoc oftcriturc ivifoijoc spcefe ag tbc raoc am slioo stitcs ar slioo stitcs
is pbcgalcgi sccg mral i Zciofst pcrspcevc. Iggcc Jidcr Max wis tbc rst ta wrftc ag slioo stitcs fg
Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags. Ubc wratc ig ireoc toc`; Pbc ^awcr am Ulioo Utitcs; @fpoaliey fg Xaro` Xir FF. Fg
bcr ireoc sbc cxilfgcs tbc `fpoalie carts am slioo Curapcig stitcs sueb is Uwc`cg ig` Uwftzcroig`
fg tbcfr carts ta rclifg gcutrio. Zclirdijoc fs tbit tbc sfzc am i stitc fs gat is lueb `cgc` bcrc jy papu-oiag ar tcrrftary ar ceagalfe pawcr, jut paofeio pawcr. Fg atbcr war`s, i slioo stitc fs i paofeiooy wcid
stitc. Pbfs stirgh pafgt fs ebirietcrfse mar Zciofst oftcriturc ag slioo stitcs ig` lferastitcs. Gat tbc sfzc
am igy tauebijoc miet eaugts, jut tbc paofeio strcghtb fs tbc lcisurclcgt taao. Gat surprfsfghoy iolast ioo
Zciofst oftcriturc ag slioo stitcs ig` lferastitcs fs wrfcg mral i oirhc stitc pcrspcevc, usfgh oirhc stitc
erftcrfi ta lcisurc paofes. Pbfs fs ajvfausoy jfisc` ig` partriys fg ga wiy i kust pfeturc am lferastitcs fg
fgtcrgiagio rcoiags. I Haa` cxilpoc fs maug` fg tbc jug`oc` pipcr Ulioo Utitcs fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoi-
ags. Fvcr J. Gculigg ig` Ufchofg`c Hstbo `cserfjc lferastitcs fg tbc fgtra`ueag am tbfs jug`oc` pipcr
is tbasc stitcs wbasc eoifl ta lifgtifg ccevc savcrcfhgty ag i tcrrftary fs fg salc `chrcc qucsagc`jy atbcr stitcs, ig` Ttbcy\ eiggat lifgtifg wbit oirhcr stitcs it igy agc hfvcg lc `cgc is tbc lfgflul
rcqufrc` prcscgec fg tbc fgtcrgiagio saefcty am stitcs (...) mar i pcrecfvc` oied am rcsaurecs.(Fghcjrftscg,
3: Pbuey`f`cs, Bfstary am tbc ^coapaggcsfig Xir.
:3
5. Lferastitcs fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags
5.9 Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Pbcary ig` lferastitcs
5.9.9 Zciofsl ig` Gcarciofsl
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Gculigg, Hstbo & Jcycr (c`ftars) :>>=, p=). Is ig cxilpoc tbcy tidc tbc rckceag am Ofcebtcgstcfgs lcl-
jcrsbfp rcqucst am tbc Ocihuc am Giags fg 96:>. Ieear`fgh ta tbc Ocihuc am Giags (oitcr ag OaG), Ofceb-
tcgstcfg wis rckcetc` jceiusc ft bi` ebascg ta `cputc ta atbcrs salc am tbc irfjutcs am savcrcfhgtygar
`f` Ofcebtcgstcfg bi` ig irly.35Pbfs wiy am tbfgdfgh ijaut lferastitcs ig` tbc cxilpoc am Ofcebtcgstcfgs
`cgfc` lcljcrsbfp am tbc OaG pcrmcetoy fooustritcs tbc `alfgigt Zciofst pcrspcevc ag Fgtcrgiagio Zcoi-
ags (oitcr ag FZ).
Mfrst am ioo wbcg wc tidc i oaad it tbc cgfag am lferastitcs wc gatc tbit tbcrc lust jc salc dfg` am tcrrf-
tary fsputc, ig` tbcrc lust jc i oied am lfgflul prcscgec wftbfg tbc fgtcrgiagio saefcty is ofgc` aut jy
oirhc stitcs, eiusc` jy i oied am rcsaurecs. Upcefiooy gatc bcrc tbit ieear`fgh ta tbfs cgfag, ft irc tbc oirhc
stitc tbit pravf`c tbc huf`cofgcs. Murtbcr4 tbc tcrrftary `fsputc fs eociroy gat i eag`fag jut ritbcr i ebirie-
tcrfse. Ft fs fg`cc` truc tbit lferastitcs a gat gcecssirfoy bivc larc ar ocss `fsputcs tbcg gag lferastitcs.
Xbit wc eig scc mral tbc ivifoijoc iti fs tbit last am tbc `fsputcs irc ijaut fsoig` lferastitcs ig` cftbcr
fgvaovc sbfgh rfhbts ar ig fsoig` ar irebfpcoiha.30Pbc sceag` irhulcgt fs `cgftcoy i erftcrfi is ft tauebcs
tbc vcry jcfgh am i lferastitc qucsagfgh tbc savcrcfhgty am i lferastitc, tidcg tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag
fgta ieeaugt. Bawcvcr ft fs vcry vihuc wbit tbit lfgflul prcscgec fg FZ fs ig` wba tbc oirhcr stitcs irc. Fg
miet tbfs fs salcwbit strighc. Fm wc scc lferastitcs is paofeio wcid stitcs, irc tbcy tbcg tbasc stitcs tbit
oied i lfgflul prcscgec fg FZ sct aut jy oirhcr stitcs1 Irc oirhc stitcs tbcg stitcs tbit irc avcr-rcprcscgtc`
fg FZ, ig` lf``oc stitcs tbc stitcs tbit bivc tbc f`cio prcscgec fg FZ1 Jcsf`cs, fs ft fg igy wiy passfjoc ta
lcisurc prcscgec fg FZ fg i quigtivc wiy fg ar`cr ta `ctcrlfgc wbctbcr i stitc fs suefcgt prcscgt fg
FZ (tbc tcrl lfgflul suhhcsts tbit ft fs), is `fcrcgt stitcs bivc `fcrcgt gcc`s rchir`fgh Fgtcrgiagio
Zcoiags. Octs siy mar tbc sidc am irhulcgt, tbit lcljcrsbfp am tbc SG fs tbc lfgflul rcqufrc` prcscgecfg FZ, tbcg ft wauo` jc passfjoc tbit tbc SG fs ijoc ta prcvcgt stitcs mral hrawfgh mral lfera ta slioo. Pbfs
fs fooustritc` wftb tbc silc eisc lcgagc` ijavc. Jy `cgyfgh Ofcebtcgstcfgs lcljcrsbfp am tbc Ocihuc
am Giags, Ofcebtcgstcfg stiys lfera, ig` tbcrcmarc wcid. Pbfs fs i efreuoir rcisagfgh, is tbc lferastitc
eiggat tatiooy `ctcrlfgc fts awg carts ta hifg i jccr prcscgec fg FZ. Larc flpartigt fg tbfs eisc irc tbc
rcisags wby Ofcebtcgstcfg wis cgfc`. Pbc lifg rcisag sccls ta jc tbit Ofcebtcgstcfg fs gat sccg is tatiooy
savcrcfhg jceiusc ft `f`gt bivc ig awg irly ig` autsaurecs scvcrio savcrcfhg ievfcs. Pbfs jrfghs us ta
tbc Zciofst pcrspcevc ag tbc stitc. Xcjcrs eageousfag jcst sullirfzcs tbc eoissfeio rciofst pcrecpag
am tbc pbcgalcgi stitc is bc `cserfjcs i stitc is i sueecssmuo lagapaofst am tbc ochflitc usc am marecwftbfg i hfvcg tcrrftary.(Xcjcr 9632).33Pbfs `cgfag cxpoifgs wby Ofcebtcgstcfg wis `cgfc` jy tbc OaG.
Ft iosa jcealcs eocir tbit stitcs irc pcrecfvc` is savcrcfhg pawcrs bivfgh i lagapaoy ag tbc usc am marec.
Fg jcfgh sa, tbcy tahctbcr marl ig igirebfse waro` ar`cr fg wbfeb tbcy `agt bivc ta igswcr ta igy bfhbcr
iutbarfty (F agt rchir` tbc pcapoc (`claeriey) ar i ha` (rcofhfag) is bfhbcr pawcrs bcrc). Fghcjrftscg, Gcu-
ligg, Hstbo & Jcycr `cserfjc slioo (lfera) stitcs mral i oirhc stitc pcrspcevc, coijarigh ag tbc 96tb
ecgtury vfcw tbit slioo stitcs irc ioo tbasc stitcs wba irc gat hrcit pawcrs.3=Fm wc coijaritc ag tbc Zciofst
pcrspcevc ag stitcs, baw ealc tbit igga :>9> tbcrc irc soo lferastitcs1 Icr ioo, lferastitcs wfoo tbigds
35 Hstbo :>>9, p9>=
30 bps;//www.efi.hav/ofjriry/pujofeiags/tbc-waro`-mietjaad/co`s/:>8>.btlo ag :5.2.:>9>
33 Xcjcr fg Iocsfgi & Upaoirc :>>3, p98=
3= Fghcjrftscg, Gculigg, Hstbo & Jcycr :>>=, p3
:=
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ta tbcfr oied am rcsaurecs ig` paofeio pawcr gat jc vcry sueecssmuo fg scom prcscrviag (tbc prfgefpoc am Ucom
Bcop, Xiotz), oct ioagc ta cg`civaur waro` bchclagy (Lcirsbcflcr)38. Ft sccls tbit rciofsl `acsgt rciooy
bivc ig igswcr ta tbfs, cxecpt mar `cserfjfgh slioo (lfera) stitcs is wcid stitcs, wbfeb fs prcy lueb cvcry
stitc cxecpt mar tbc mcw ag tbc tap.
Fg guljcr 5 am Xaro` ^aofes vaoulc :8 (Iprfo 9683, Ulioo Utitcs; Paao mar Igioyscs1) ^ctcr Z. Jicbr wratc
ig ireoc fg wbfeb bc rcvfcwc` tbc jaad ^rajc mar ^ciec; Ulioo-Utitc Basofcs jy C`wir` C. Izir (9685)
ig` Xcid Utitcs fg i Xaro` am ^awcrs; Pbc @ygilfes am Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiagsbfps. Jy Lirsbioo Z. Ufghcr
(968:). Fg bfs ireoc bc `fsihrccs wftb jatb rcvfcwc` iutbars ig` bc giooy rciebcs tbc eageousfag tbit
hraupfgh eaugtrfcs jisc` ag sfzc fs muoc. Pa lidc ft cvcg larc ealpocx, Jicbr acs scc slioo stitcs is pas-
sfjoc fsturjfgh marecs wftbfg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags fm tbcy sueecc` fg ajtifgfgh Gueocir Xcipags. Ua, wbfoc
bc rckcets tbc f`ci am eoissfmyfgh stitcs ta sfzc, bc `acs scc slioo stitcs is patcgio `fsrupvc marecs wftbfg
FZ. Pbc rcisag wby Jicbr rckcets Ulioo Utitcs is igioyeio taaos oiy wftbfg bfs vfcw ag FZ. Fg bfs eageousfag bc
wrftcs; Fm ioo eirs wcrc joied, is Bcgry Mar` wigtc`, tbcrc wauo` jc ofoc purpasc fg stu`yfgh tbc eaoars am
iutalajfocs. Fm ioo stitcs, wftb tbc passfjoc cxecpag am twa, irc slioo, agc lfhbt is wcoo ijig`ag slioogcss
is i maeus am stu`y.(Jicbr 9683). Ihifg wc scc tbit slioo stitcs, lferastitcs fgeou`c`, irc oaadc` upag mral
i oirhc stitc pcrspcevc, rcsuogh fg slioo stitcs jcfgh cquio ta wcid stitcs.
Fg i Zciofst waro` lferastitcs irc aalc` ta jc eagqucrc` jy tbcfr mcooaw jfhhcr stitcs. Pbc lferastitcs scom
bivc taa ofoc pawcr ig` irc gat eipijoc am `cmcg`fgh tbclscovcs. Pbc waro` iooaws tbc oirhcr pawcrs ta
eagqucr tbc slioocr pawcrs is igireby fs tbc garl ig` i mrilcward am fgtcrgiagio oiw ig` trcics `acs
gat cxfst, ar bis ga pawcr. Is lferastitcs soo cxfst ig` irc ritbcr wcoo pratcetc` jy fgtcrgiagio oiw ig`trcics wc lust eageou`c tbit tbc rciofse vfcw fs it ocist gat tbc trutb. Cvcg sa, F wauo` ofdc ta pafgt aut
tbit lferastitcs irc fg ofgc wftb Bajjcs vfcw ag tbc prfgefpoc am ofjcrty, gilcoy tbc ijscgec am rcstrifgt32. Is
@ih Igedir iorci`y irhuc`, lferastitcs irc tbigds ta tbcfr slioo papuoiag jaug` ta jc larc `claerie
tbcg atbcr stitcs. Pbc hurcs fg ebiptcr :.0 pravcs tbfs rfhbt. Bcrc wc scc tbit lferastitcs `clagstritc i
rciofst prfgefpoc.
Pbc last flpartigt eaugtcr tbcary ta Zciofsl ig` Gcarciofsl fs tbc tbcary am Ofjcriofsl ig` Gcaofjcriofsl.Fg tbfs tbcary tbcrcs ig flpartigt sbf eahgfzijoc wbcg ft ealcs ta ippraiebfgh slioo stitcs fg rcscireb
ig` stu`y. Mar tbc rst lc, slioo stitcs irc oaadc` upag mral tbcfr awg pcrspcevc, gat mral i oirhc stitc
pcrspcevc. Zajcrt A. Dcabigc, tahctbcr wftb Kascpb Gyc maug`crs am tbc Gcaofjcrio tbcary, ocivcs ft ta tbc
bci` am stitcs tbclscovcs wbctbcr tbcy rcedag tbclscovcs ta jc i slioo stitc ar gat. Fg bfs ireoc Ofoofpu-
igs @focllis, Ulioo Utitcs fg Fgtcrgiagio ^aofes bc `cgcs i slioo stitc is i stitc wbasc oci`crs
eagsf`cr tbit ft eig gcvcr, iegh ioagc ar fg i slioo hraup, lidc i sfhgfeigt flpiet ag tbc systcl.(Fghcj-
rftscg, Gculigg, Hstbo & Jcycr :>>=, p=>)36Dcy mietar fg tbfs cgfag fs lidfgh ig flpiet ag tbc systcl.
Yucsag fs4 wbit systcl. Mral tbc ireoc ft jcealcs eocir tbit Dcabigc ioou`c ta tbc paofeio systcl. Pbfs
38 Lcirsbcflcr :>>9, p:9
32 Xiotz 9630, p23
36 Fghcjrftscg, Gculigg, Hstbo & Jcycr :>>=, p=>
:8
5.9.: Ofjcriofsl ig` Gcaofjcriofsl
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fs iosa sceag` jy i sflpoc cxilpoc mral rciofty. Pidc mar cxilpoc ]ieig Efty4 i truc lferastitc fg ioo miects.
Ft bis i slioo tcrrftary, i slioo papuoiag ig` fts rceahgfzc` is ig fg`cpcg`cgt stitc. Fg`cc`, ]ieig Efty
bis ofoc wcfhbt wbcg ft ealcs ta Fgtcrgiagio ^aofes, last eaugtrfcs eauo`gt eirc ocss fm tbc ]ieig Efty
tbrcitcgs ta `ceoirc wir ag tbcl. Bawcvcr, fm wc oaad it ig ceagalfeio ocvco ]ieig Efty lidcs i buhc
flpiet ag tbc Fgtcrgiagio Uystcl. ]ig Masscg `cserfjcs baw Pbc ]ieig Jigd (Fgstuta pcr oc Apcrc `f
Zcofhfagc ar FAZ) bis jccg ofgdc` ta lissfvc mriu`s, tix cvisfag, paofeio jrfjcry, foochio irls `ciofgh is wcoo
is lagcy oiug`crfgh mar tbc Lii ig` i pawcrmuo gca-Misefst scerct saefcty. (]ig Masscg :>>2 p9: ig` mur-
tbcr). Pbcy iosa eagtrfjutc` ta salc am tbc jfhhcst jigd eaooipscs sfgec tbc Uceag` Xaro` Xir. ]ieig Efty
bis ga `frcet pawcr ta fgucgec tbc (paofeio) systcl ag tbcfr awg, bawcvcr ceagalfeiooy spadcg tbcy eig
jc am hrcit flpartigec wftbfg fgtcrgiagio rcoiags ig` cvcg fgtcrgiagio paofes (`urfgh tbc XX FF tbc
FAZ suppartc` tbc Gizf Eraiig rchflc). @cspftc ioo tbc carts ta marec ]ieig Efty ta tidc rcspagsfjfofty mar
tbc ieags am tbc FAZ, tbc FAZ soo eaggucs tbcfr eofcgtoc is tbcy irc pratcetc` jy tbc savcrcfhg stitus am
]ieig Efty.
Ofjcriofsl sccls ta `a larc rfhbt ta tbc sftuiag am lferastitcs tbcg Zciofsl ig` fts virfigts. Xbcrcis jy
Zciofsl tbc stitc fs tbc lifg ebirietcr, Ofjcriofsl iosa eagsf`crs atbcr mietars tbit poiy fg flpartigt raoc fg
FZ. Pbfs hfvcs us tbc appartugfty ta cxpoifg wby lferastitcs eig ofvc wftbaut tbc mcir am jcfgh avcr rug jy igy
Ocvfitbig tbit put fts cyc ag ft. Ft iosa cxpoifgs wby tix bivcgs eig cxfst ig` wby ]ieig Efty fs ugtauebc`
`cspftc fgtcrgiagio prcssurc. Ofjcriofsl sccls ta bivc i`aptc` tbc gcw ar`cr am tbfghs wftbfg fgtcrgi-
agio rcoiags. Iotbauhb, fg tbc uolitc, i savcrcfhg stitc fs fts awg bfhbcst iutbarfty ig` rcstrifg (scc tbc
Uceag` Huom Xir), fg `ifoy ofmc tbc rcoiags ig` ieags am stitcs irc wcoo arebcstritc` ig` havcrgc` jy tbc
mrilcward am fgtcrgiagio oiw ig` ar`cr. Ft fs fg tbfs mrilcward tbit lferastitcs eig cxfst (scc ebiptcr 0)ig` praspcr. Pbcrcmarc, ofjcriofsl bis i larc oahfeio cxpoigiag wbcg ft ealcs ta lferastitcs ig` fs ijoc ta
fgearparitc lferastitcs jccr fg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Pbcary.
Pbfs qucsag fs ritbcr bir` ta igswcr. Lferastitcs ta`iy bivc pravcg tbit fts gat ioo ijaut pawcr paofes
ig` tbit tbc fgtcrgiagio eallugfty irc gat tbit igirebfse is Xiotz ar Larhcgtbiu tbauhbt. Oirhc ig`
slioo stitcs `a ajcy tbc ruocs, sct aut fg i mrilcward am fgtcrgiagio oiw. Is Kascpb Uhoftz irhuc` fg tbc
Huir`fig=>
, wir fs ji` mar tbc ceagaly, ig` ta`iy tbc ceagaly fs aur waro` rcofhfag. Am eaursc F `a gat fh-garc ar gchocet tbc ispcet am irjftrirfgcss fg tbc Zciofst tbcary. Fm i stitc fs sct ag wihfgh wir, ft wfoo `a sa
fm ft eig. Xftb ar wftbaut tbc eagscgt am tbc Fgtcrgiagio Eallugfty. Oaad it tbc SUI fg Friq ar it Zussfi
fg Ebcebgyi, ta tidc i ocss usc` cxilpoc. Bawcvcr, ritbcr tbcg sccfgh tbfs is i praam am tbc fgtcrgiagio
saefcty jcfgh igirebfe, F maug` ft ta jc sflpoy i hfvcg. Xbcg bis alcse oiw cvcr stappc` i lur`crcr mral
lur`crfgh1 Pbcrcmarc tbc rcisagfgh am tbc Itbcgs fg tbc cgcoapfsfig=9wir wis gat is lueb i cserfpag am
fgtcr stitc paofes is wcoo is i g`fgh am tbc miet tbit tbcrc irc stragh pcapoc ig` wcid pcapoc fg tbc waro`.
Vcs, lferastitcs irc larc pragc ta lfoftiry iieds, salc am tbcl `agt cvcg bivc i stig`fgh irly. Ga tbcy
`a gat bivc ta mcir mar tbcfr cxfstcgec is tbigds ta i`vigec` fgtcrgiagio oiw ig` trcics ta`iys laa fs
pieti sugt scrvig`i.
=> Uhoftz fg tbc SD Huir`fig ag Kiguiry ::, :>>5
=9 Gyc 9665, p2 ig` murtbcr
:2
5.9.5 @acs tbc tbcary licr1
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Xbit cvcr pcrspcevc yau tidc ag lferastitcs, rciofst ar ofjcriofst, lferastitcs bivc ta prieec fgtcrgi-
agio rcoiags, ig` tbcy tbcrcmarc gcc` wiys ta eallugfeitc tbcfr marcfhg iifrs. Zauhboy tbfs eig jc `agc
fg tbrcc wiys4 vfi fgtcrgiagio arhigfziags, cljissfcs, ig` vfi eallugfeiag ebiggcos (prcss rcociscs,
stitc eallugfqu).
Is wc bivc gatc` scvcrio lcs fg tbc pist ebiptcr ioo fg`cpcg`cgt lferastitcs wftb cxecpag am ]ieig Efty
irc SG lcljcrs ig` bivc it ocist tbrauhb tbc SG tbc passfjfofty ta lifgtifg rcoiags wftb tbc atbcr stitcs.
Is tbc SG hfvcs tbcl ig appartugfty ta oajjy mar tbcfr awg fgtcrcsts ig` lidc tbcfr awg gcc`s dgawg fg
tbc waro`.=:Gcxt ta tbc SG tbcrc irc i guljcr am wbit F sbioo gilc spcefio fgtcrcst hraups mar lferastitcs.
Gatc bcrc tbit tbcsc hraups irc gat cxeousfvcoy marlc` jy lferastitcs, jut tbcy rcprcscgt i hraup tbit cxfsts
am lastoy ar sujstigiooy lferastitcs. Jcoaw i jrfcm avcrvfcw am tbc jcst dgawg lferastitc spcefio fgtcrcst
hraup.
IE^, Imrfei-Eirfjjcig-^iefe Hraup am Utitcs.Pbc IE^s lifg haio fs ta rc`uec pavcrty, ercitc sustifgijoc
`cvcoaplcgt ig` jccr fgtchriag am tbc ceagalfcs am tbc lcljcr stitcs fg tbc waro` ceagaly. Fg prfg-
efpoc, tbc IE^ fs gat i hraup cxeousfvcoy mar lferastitcs. Bawcvcr, i eagsf`crijoc pcrecgtihc (+/-5>%) am tbc
lcljcrs fs i lferastitc.=5
IAUFU, Ioofigec am Ulioo Fsoig` Utitcs.Pbc IAUFU fs i eaiofag am slioo fsoig`s ig` oaw oyfgh eaistio stitcs
tbit miec tbc silc cgvfraglcgtio ebioocghcs. Fts lifg ievfty fs i` bae oajjyfgh wftbfg tbc SG mar slioo
fsoig` `cvcoapfgh stitcs.=0Pbc fgucgec am tbc IAUFU wftbfg tbc SG fs `cjitijoc. Iotbauhb tbcy `f` jaad
sueecsscs, fts tbc qucsag fm tbcy awc tbc sueecss ta tbcfr awg carts ar ta tbc efreulstigecs.=3
EIZFEAL, Eirfjjcig Eallugfty.Pbc EIZFEAL fs i poiarl mar tbc Eirfjjcig eaugtrfcs, wftb ig ceagalfe
cyc lird. Pbc Eallugfty ifls ta flpravc tbc ceagalfe eag`fags ig` rcoiags wftbfg tbc Eirfjjcig
irebfpcoiha jy ercigh i mrcc-tri`c zagc ig` i lutuio stig` pafgt ag ceagalfe fssucs autsf`c tbc Eirfj-
jcig.==Pbc arhigfziag eauo` jc sccg is i Eirfjjcig fgtcrprctiag am tbc Curapcig Sgfag. Pbc EIZFEAL
apcritcs ieear`fgh ta tbcfr awg fgsfhbts, tidfgh tbc SUI fgta ieeaugt jut gat jcfgh eagtraooc` jy tbcl. Pbfs
fs sbawg fg mar cxilpoc i`vigec` gchaiags wftb Euji ijaut lcljcrsbfp ig` fgercisc` eaapcriag
wftb ]cgczucoi.
^FM, ^iefe Fsoig` Marul.Pbc ^FM eilc ta cxfstcgec fg 9666 ig` fs jisfeiooy tbc Uautb ^iefe Marul gaw
iooawfgh gartb ^iefe stitcs ta jcealc lcljcrs am tbc arhigfziag. Pbc ^FM fs i paofeio hraup iflfgh ta
suppart ig` ward wftb tbc lcljcr havcrglcgts. Pbcy rcprcscgt ig` i`vaeitc mar tbc fgtcrcsts wftbfg tbc
=: Labilc` :>>:, p:==5 bp;//www.iepsce.arh/ ag 98.2.:>9>
=0 bp;//www.sf`sgct.arh/iasfs/ ag 98.2.:>9>
=3 Jctzao` :>9>, p99
== bp;//www.eirfeal.arh/ ag 98.2.:>9>
:6
5.: Lferastitcs wftbfg Fgtcrgiagio Arhigfziags
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fgtcrgiagio eallugfty.=8
U^E, Ucerctirfit am tbc ^iefe Eallugfty.Pbc U^E fs ig fgtcrhavcrglcgtio arhigfziag pravf`fgh fts lcl-
jcr stitcs tcebgfeio ig` paofey i`vfec. Ft ifls ta `cvcoap tbc ^iefe Eallugfty ta i sceurc ig` praspcraus
poiec ig` ta pasfag tbc iefe Eallugfty wftb tbc fgtcrgiagio eallugfty.=2Pbc U^E fs sccg is tbc likar
fgtcrhavcrglcgtio ja`y mar tbc ^iefe stitcs ig` bis tbc silc dfg` am iutbarfty ig` fgucgec is tbc EIZF-
EAL ig` ta i ocsscr cxtcg` tbc CS.=6
Gcxt ta tbcsc arhigfziag tbcrc irc ioo dfg`s am arhigfziags ig` eaapcrivc prahrils fg wbfeb lferastitcs
pirefpitc. Pbc ijavc lcgagc` arhigfziags irc ioo am eagsf`crijoc flpartigec wftbfg tbc fgtcrgiagio
eallugfty. Ft fs vcry bir`, fm gat flpassfjoc ta lcisurc tbc cxiet wcfhbt ig` fgucgec am tbcsc arhigfzi-
ag, ig` ft wauo` rcqufrc igatbcr stu`y ta lip tbcfr fgucgec. Last flpartigt ocssag wc eig `riw mral
tbfs ajscrviag fs tbit lferastitcs ug`crstig` tbc fgtcrgiagio ar`cr, ig` usc ft is haa` is tbcy eig, ta
tbcfr awg i`vigtihc. Uurprfsfghoy, ar ritbcr gituriooy, tbc Curapcig ig` Isfig lferastitcs irc gat arhigfzc`
wftbfg igy dfg` am spcefio fgtcrcst hraup jy ig` mar lferastitcs. Mar tbc Isfig lferastitcs, tbfs fs eiusc`
jy tbc fssuc am stitcbaa`. Jrugcf ig` Ufghiparc irc tbc agoy twa fg`cpcg`cgt Isfig lferastitcs ig` tbc
ceagalfe `fcrcgecs (ig` havcrglcgt styoc) irc ritbcr oirhc. Jcsf`cs tbfs jatb am tbcl irc (it ocist pirtoy)
ruoc` jy i tatioftirfig rchflc. Is mar tbc Curapcig lferastitcs, tbc CS lidcs igatbcr spcefio hraup aasc.
Cxecpt mar Eyprus ig` Lioti gagc am tbc Curapcig lferastitcs irc i muoo CS lcljcr, iotbauhb tbcy `a ea-
apcritc ig` pirefpitc fg scocetc` ircis am tbc CS paofey. Pbit lferastitcs eig jc am hrcit fgucgec wftbfg
tbc arhigfziags tbcy pirefpitc fg fs sbawg jy tbc eisc am Lioti wftbfg tbc EUEC/AUEC. Iotbauhb Lioti
wis it tbit lc tbc slioocst ig` last sautbcrg lcljcr am tbc pirefpigh stitcs, ft rcmusc` ta ihrcc agtbc Bcosfgdf Mfgio Iet am 968:. Ft fgsfstc` ag stiyfgh autsf`c i lfoftiry ioofigec ig` wigtc` ta i`` i Lc`ftcr-
rigcig Ebiptcr ta cgsurc Liotis pasfag am CS (it tbit lc soo tbc CE) jar`cr oig`. Icr oagh ig` gat
sco`al bcitc` gchaiags (it tbc lc tbc `ci`ofgc mar tbc ihrcclcgt wis ippraiebfgh, Lioti tbrcitcgc`
ta wftbbao` eagscgsus, trfhhcrfgh i murfaus rcieag mral tbc Uavfct `cochiag) tbc Lc`ftcrrigcig Ebiptcr
wis i``c` ig` Lioti ihrcc` wftb tbc Bcosfgdf Mfgio Iet.8> Xc bivc sccg tbit fgtcrgiagio arhigfziags
irc ig flpartigt lcig mar lferastitcs ta lifgtifg rcoiags wftb tbc autsf`c waro`. Xby wfoo jcealc eocir
mral tbc gcxt pirihripb. Pbc i`vigtihcs am fgtcrgiagio arhigfziags irc jfh, ealjfgc` pawcr ig` vagh,
sbirc` cxpcrfcgec ig` easts ig` i scgsc am ugfty ilagh cieb atbcr.
=8 bp;//www.marulsce.arh./ ag 98.2.:>9>
=2 bp;//www.spe.fgt/ ag 98.2.:>9>
=6 IusIF@, Ga :8, Aetajcr :>>9
8> Lasscr 9666, p32-36
5>
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7/29/2019 The Existence of Microstates in a Large World
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Cxecpt mar jcfgh rcprcscgtc` fg ig fgtcrgiagio arhigfziag, ar wftbfg i rchfagio arhigfziag, i lferastitc
lust lifgtifg rcoiags wftb fts mcooaw stitcs ag ig fg`fvf`uio ocvco. Is wc iorci`y siw fg tbc sceag` ebip-
tcr, tbfs lfhbt jc ritbcr prajoclie mar gulcrio rcisags. Kust ta gilc i mcw; oied am lagcy, oied am sdfooc`
pcrsagio ig` rclatcgcss marl scrfaus jirrfcrs fg lifgtifgfgh ccevc cljissfcs. Pbit cljissfcs poiy ig
flpartigt raoc fg tbc savcrcfhgty am giags fs gat agoy `clagstritc` jy tbc Lagtcvf`ca Eagvcgag4 Lar-hcgtbiu sccs tbc cljissy is i ecgtrio coclcgt fg i giags giagio pawcr, is tbc cljissy rcprcscgts tbfs
pawcr.89Iof Gissccr Labilc`, Issfstigt @frcetar it tbc Lfgfstry am Marcfhg Iifrs am tbc Zcpujofe am tbc
Lio`fvcs pujofsbc` i rcscireb ag tbfs sujkcet mar Pbc Gctbcroig`s Fgstutc am Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Eofgh-
cg`ico. Bfs rst eageousfag fs tbit last lferastitcs bivc salc dfg` am sbirc` pist wftb agc am tbc Curapcig
eaugtrfcs is marlcr eaoagfzcr. Pbfs jag` fs cspcefiooy stragh ilagh tbc marlcr Jrfsb Fsoig` eaoagfcs fg tbc
Eirfjjcig.8:Pbc scgsc am ugfty ilagh tbc Eirfjjcig giags fs ritbcr stragh is wcoo, is salc am tbcl, `c-
spftc tbc SUI cljirha, cstijofsbc` `fpoalie rcoiags wftb Euji fg 968:.85
Pbc lifg prajocl fg lidfgh ig ccevc marcfhg paofey ig` lifgtifgfgh cljissfcs ijrai` sccls ta jc
lastoy fgsuefcgt dgawoc`hc ig` tbc bfhb ivcrihc easts pcr eipfti ta lifgtifg ig cljissy, is i lferastitc
bis ocss efzcgs ta sbirc tbc easts wftb. Zchir`fgh tbc oied am dgawoc`hc, wc scc mar cxilpoc tbit last
lferastitcs a gat bivc ig awg Fgtcrgiagio Zcoiags Fgstuag am salc dfg`. Pbfs lcigs tbit tbc havcrg-
lcgt fs cpcg`cgt ag avcrscis FZ sebaaos. Fg salc eiscs tbfs lfhbt gat jc lueb am i prajocl (tbc Curapcig
lferastitcs bivc cxecoocgt ieecss ta tbc Curapcig ugfvcrsfcs), jut fg eisc am tbc ^iefe lferastitcs tbfs
lfhbt jc i scrfaus ebioocghc. Ag tap am tbfs, tbc stitcs tbit oied cisy ieecss ta marcfhg fgstutcs ta trifg tbcfr
marcfhg iifrs sti irc iosa tbasc lferastitcs tbit irc ritbcr paar ealpirc` ta tbcfr eagspcefes fg Curapc,
Isfi ar tbc Eirfjjcig. Pbcrcmarc Labilc` eageou`cs tbit tbc marcfhg paofey fg last lferastitcs fs larc
jisc` ag tbc pcrsagio dgawoc`hc am i oci`cr tbcg ag iei`clfe sdfoos.80Pbfs `cvcoaplcgt ealcs wftb salc
scrfaus wcidgcsscs ig` eig oci` ta scrfaus prajocls. Mfrst am ioo tbc `fpoalits irc ocss sdfooc`, bivfgh ocss
dgawoc`hc ig` irc tbcrcmarc ocss pawcrmuo tbig tbcfr eaoocihucs am atbcr eaugtrfcs (agoy tidcg tbc trifgfgh
fgta ieeaugt, ajvfausoy tbc sfzc am i giag ig` fts fgtcrgiagio rcputiag poiy ig flpartigt raoc taa). Pbfs
ercitcs fljioigec wbcg ft ealcs ta marlfgh i paofey ar stig`pafgt am tbc scg`fgh giag ag i ecrtifg fssuc
ar prajocl fg tbc rcecfvfgh giag ar rchfag. Pbc miet tbit marcfhg iifrs cpcg` bcivfoy ag tbc pcrsagio sdfoos
am tbc oci`cr, ar oci`crs, eig jc