..\..\DVDVideoSoft\FreeYouTubeDownload\The Presidents of the Philippines- From 1898 to the Present time..mp4

Prof. Lourdes Veneracion-Rallonza, PhDDepartment of Political ScienceAteneo de Manila University

Rule-execution

Rule-administration

Relationship with other branches of government

Presidents (individuals)

- unique personalities

- peculiar cluster of issues and crises they face

- leadership style (i.e. mobilization of public support)

- leadership skills (i.e. administration)

Presidency (institution)

- „fleshing‟ out the office

Legal foundation of presidential power (i.e. constitutional basis)

“presidential power is the power to persuade” (Neustadt): personalized vs. institutionalized presidency

Presidential primacy: president as center of governmental activity

ROLE FUNCTION

Head of Government & Chief

Executive/Administrator

•Provides broad direction for national policy•Supervises implementation of policy through government agencies•Mobilizes support for policy directions•„crises‟ leadership

Head of State •Visible symbol of national unity• „figure head‟ or other symbolic functions

Commander-in-Chief •Epitomizes civilian authority over the military• „supreme commander‟ of the armed forces both in times of war and peace

Chief Diplomat • represents the state in the international stage• power to grant diplomatic recognition

Chief „Legislator‟ •provides leadership to Congress• power to initiate or veto legislations

ROLE FUNCTION

Chief of Party/Party Leader Right to lead her/his political party

„Voice‟ of the People „moral‟ spokesperson of the people

Protector of Peace acts decisively and quickly in order to avert the disruption of peace

Manager of Prosperity responsibility to maintain a robust economy

World Leader Takes an active role in world politics

Executive- Chief Executive (law execution)- Commander-in-Chief (peace and order)

Administrative- Chief Administrator (bureaucracy as extension of president‟s personality)

Legislative- Chief Legislator (policy initiation and right to veto)

Diplomatic- Chief Diplomat

Political- Political Chief (partisan political leader; heads a political organization that owes its primary allegiance to her/him, personally)

Power to make decisions with major consequences

Has command over major hierarchies and organizations in society

Rule big corporations

Run state machinery and claims its prerogatives

Direct military establishment

Centralization of power and wealth

President

Vice President

Cabinet

Departments

Began from a position of strength and dominance (Tongco)

President is the personification of the “Filipino idea of leadership residing in one man with broad powers exercised in a highly personalized manner” (Grossholtz)

Power bloc-presidency relationship is operationalized through various institutions, both formal (i.e. military, church, media, business) and informal (i.e. NGOs, POs and political clans)

Executive is „super-ordinate‟ to the legislature, owing to the principle of the dominance of the executive

Cultural value of pagdamay (or sharing with and caring for one another)

Emilio Aguinaldo: -1st pangulo regime

- purported desire to rescue the Filipinos from slavery and oppression

Jose Laurel: - 2nd pangulo regime

- self-sacrifice and willingness to offer his life for the Filipinos

Ferdinand Marcos

- 3rd pangulo regime

- chief exponent of „Bagong Lipunan‟

..\..\DVDVideoSoft\FreeYouTubeDownload\Bagong Lipunan Hymn _ Bagong Pagsilang (lyrics on-screen).mp4